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Tong Y, Li X, Deng Q, Shi J, Feng Y, Bai L. Advances of the small molecule drugs regulating fibroblast-like synovial proliferation for rheumatoid arthritis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1230293. [PMID: 37547337 PMCID: PMC10400780 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1230293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a type of chronic autoimmune and inflammatory disease. In the pathological process of RA, the alteration of fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) and its related factors is the main influence in the clinic and fundamental research. In RA, FLS exhibits a uniquely aggressive phenotype, leading to synovial hyperplasia, destruction of the cartilage and bone, and a pro-inflammatory environment in the synovial tissue for perpetuation and progression. Evidently, it is a highly promising way to target the pathological function of FLS for new anti-RA drugs. Based on this, we summed up the pathological mechanism of RA-FLS and reviewed the recent progress of small molecule drugs, including the synthetic small molecule compounds and natural products targeting RA-FLS. In the end, there were some views for further action. Compared with MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, the JAK/STAT signaling pathway has great potential for research as targets. A small number of synthetic small molecule compounds have entered the clinic to treat RA and are often used in combination with other drugs. Meanwhile, most natural products are currently in the experimental stage, not the clinical trial stage, such as triptolide. There is an urgent need to unremittingly develop new agents for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Tong
- Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qichuan Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lan Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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2
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Wang J, Han C, Lu Z, Ge P, Cui Y, Zhao D, Yang X, Wu B, Qiang L, Zhang Y, Chai Q, Lei Z, Li L, Hua Liu C, Zhang L. Simulated microgravity suppresses MAPK pathway-mediated innate immune response to bacterial infection and induces gut microbiota dysbiosis. FASEB J 2020; 34:14631-14644. [PMID: 32918764 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001428r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During spaceflight, astronauts are subjected to various physical stressors including microgravity, which could cause immune dysfunction and thus potentially predispose astronauts to infections and illness. However, the mechanisms by which microgravity affects innate immunity remain largely unclear. In this study, we conducted RNA-sequencing analysis to show that simulated microgravity (SMG) suppresses the production of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as well as the activation of the innate immune signaling pathways including the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the Erk1/2 MAPK pathways in the Enteropathogenic escherichia coli (EPEC)-infected macrophage cells. We then adopted hindlimb-unloading (HU) mice, a model mimicking the microgravity of a spaceflight environment, to demonstrate that microgravity suppresses proinflammatory cytokine-mediated intestinal immunity to Citrobacter rodentium infection and induces the disturbance of gut microbiota, both of which phenotypes could be largely corrected by the introduction of VSL#3, a high-concentration probiotic preparation of eight live freeze-dried bacterial species. Taken together, our study provides new insights into microgravity-mediated innate immune suppression and intestinal microbiota disturbance, and suggests that probiotic VSL#3 has great potential as a dietary supplement in protecting individuals from spaceflight mission-associated infections and gut microbiota dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Conghui Han
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pupu Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Dongdong Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Qiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyao Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zehui Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Li
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cui Hua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
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Wang J, Zhao Q. Linc02381 Exacerbates Rheumatoid Arthritis Through Adsorbing miR-590-5p and Activating the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway in Rheumatoid arthritis-fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Cell Transplant 2020; 29:963689720938023. [PMID: 32608996 PMCID: PMC7563894 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720938023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease. New evidence suggested that linc02381 suppressed colorectal cancer progression by regulating PI3 K signaling pathway, but the role of linc02381 in other diseases, such as RA, remains unclear. This study aimed to reveal the mechanism of linc02381 in RA progression. In vivo and in vitro, we found that linc02381 was upregulated in RA synovial tissues or RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLSs, P < 0.01), which were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cell Counting Kit-8, EDU, and Transwell assays revealed that linc02381 overexpression enhanced cell proliferation and invasion, and linc02381 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation and invasion in FLSs. Moreover, the results of bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter gene assay, and pull-down assay verified that linc02381 could directly bind with miR-590-5p. MiR-590-5p was downregulated in RA-FLSs, and overexpression of linc02381 suppressed expression of miR-590-5p that post-transcriptionally suppressed the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 (MAP2K3), and overexpression of miR-590-5p reversed the effect of linc02381 overexpression on MAP2K3 expression. MiR-590-5p inhibitor reversed the inhibition effect of linc02381 knockdown on proliferation and invasion of FLSs, which enhanced expression of MAP2K3, and activation of p38 and AP-1 in the MAPK signaling pathway. In summary, linc02381 was upregulated in RA synovial tissues and RA-FLSs, and it exacerbated RA by adsorbing miR-590-5p to activate the MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, People’s Republic of China
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Su YL, Chen JP, Mo ZQ, Zheng JY, Lv SY, Li PH, Wei YS, Liang YL, Wang SW, Yang M, Dan XM, Huang XH, Huang YH, Qin QW, Sun HY. A novel MKK gene (EcMKK6) in Epinephelus coioides: Identification, characterization and its response to Vibrio alginolyticus and SGIV infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:500-507. [PMID: 31247318 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (MKK6) is one of the major important central regulatory proteins response to environmental and physiological stimuli. In this study, a novel MKK6, EcMKK6, was isolated from Epinephelus coioides, an economically important cultured fish in China and Southeast Asian counties. The open reading frame (ORF) of EcMKK6 is 1077 bp encoding 358 amino acids. EcMKK6 contains a serine/threonine protein kinase (S_TKc) domain, a tyrosine kinase catalytic domain, a conserved dual phosphorylation site in the SVAKT motif and a conserved DVD domain. By in situ hybridization (ISH) with Digoxigenin-labeled probe, EcMKK6 mainly located at the cytoplasm of cells, and a little appears in the nucleus. EcMKK6 mRNA can be detected in all eleven tissues examined, but the expression level is different in these tissues. After challenge with Vibrio alginolyticus and Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), the transcription level of EcMKK6 was apparently up-regulated in the tissues examined. The data demonstrated that the sequence and the characters of EcMKK6 were conserved, EcMKK6 showed tissue-specific expression profiles in healthy grouper, and the expression was significantly varied after pathogen infection, indicating that EcMKK6 may play important roles in E. coioides during pathogen-caused inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Su
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jin-Peng Chen
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Ze-Quan Mo
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jia-Ying Zheng
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Shun-You Lv
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Pin-Hong Li
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yu-Si Wei
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yu-Lin Liang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Shao-Wen Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Min Yang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xue-Ming Dan
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hong Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - You-Hua Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Qi-Wei Qin
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Hong-Yan Sun
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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Gu BH, Sprouse ML, Madison MC, Hong MJ, Yuan X, Tung HY, Landers CT, Song LZ, Corry DB, Bettini M, Kheradmand F. A Novel Animal Model of Emphysema Induced by Anti-Elastin Autoimmunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:349-359. [PMID: 31182478 PMCID: PMC6688643 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Loss of immune tolerance to self-antigens can promote chronic inflammation and disrupt the normal function of multiple organs, including the lungs. Degradation of elastin, a highly insoluble protein and a significant component of the lung structural matrix, generates proinflammatory molecules. Elastin fragments (EFs) have been detected in the serum of smokers with emphysema, and elastin-specific T cells have also been detected in the peripheral blood of smokers with emphysema. However, an animal model that could recapitulate T cell-specific autoimmune responses by initiating and sustaining inflammation in the lungs is lacking. In this study, we report an animal model of autoimmune emphysema mediated by the loss of tolerance to elastin. Mice immunized with a combination of human EFs plus rat EFs but not mouse EFs showed increased infiltration of innate and adaptive immune cells to the lungs and developed emphysema. We cloned and expanded mouse elastin-specific CD4+ T cells from the lung and spleen of immunized mice. Finally, we identified TCR sequences from the autoreactive T cell clones, suggesting possible pathogenic TCRs that can cause loss of immune tolerance against elastin. This new autoimmune model of emphysema provides a useful tool to examine the immunological factors that promote loss of immune tolerance to self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Hee Gu
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Maran L Sprouse
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Matthew C Madison
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Monica J Hong
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Xiaoyi Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Hui-Ying Tung
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Cameron T Landers
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Li-Zhen Song
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - David B Corry
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Center for Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; and
- Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Maria Bettini
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030;
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; and
- Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030;
- Center for Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; and
- Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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Evaluation of the therapeutic potential of the selective p38 MAPK inhibitor Skepinone-L and the dual p38/JNK 3 inhibitor LN 950 in experimental K/BxN serum transfer arthritis. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 27:1217-1227. [PMID: 31037574 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00593-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling plays an important role in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA).The aim of our study was to elucidate the therapeutic potential of the highly selective p38 MAPK inhibitor Skepinone-L and the dual inhibitor LN 950 (p38 MAPK and JNK 3) in the K/BxN serum transfer model of RA. Additionally, we aimed to monitor MAPK treatment non-invasively in vivo using the hypoxia tracer [18F]fluoromisonidazole ([18F]FMISO) and positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS To induce experimental arthritis, we injected glucose-6-phosphate isomerase autoantibody-containing serum in BALB/c mice. MAPK inhibitor or Sham treatment was administered per os once daily. On days 3 and 6 after arthritis induction, we conducted PET imaging with [18F]FMISO. At the end of the experiment, ankles were harvested for histopathological analysis. RESULTS Skepinone-L and LN 950 were applicable to suppress the severity of experimental arthritis confirmed by reduced ankle swelling and histopathological analysis. Skepinone-L (3.18 ± 0.19 mm) and LN 950 (3.40 ± 0.13 mm) treatment yielded a significantly reduced ankle thickness compared to Sham-treated mice (3.62 ± 0.11 mm) on day 5 after autoantibody transfer, a time-point characterized by severe arthritis. Hypoxia imaging with [18F]FMISO revealed non-conclusive results and might not be an appropriate tool to monitor MAPK therapy in experimental RA. CONCLUSION Both the selective p38 MAPK inhibitor Skepinone-L and the dual (p38 MAPK and JNK 3) inhibitor LN 950 exhibited significant therapeutic effects during experimental arthritis. Thus, our study contributes to the ongoing discussion on the use of p38 MAPK as a potential target in RA.
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Qu F, Tang J, Liao J, Chen B, Song P, Luo W, Xiong D, Liu T, Gao Q, Lu S, Liu Z. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 is involved in the immune response to bacterial di-/tripeptide challenge in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:795-801. [PMID: 30393177 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 (MKK6) is an essential component of the p38MAPK signaling pathway, which is involved in the modulation of inflammation, cell apoptosis and survival responses in mammals. However, the function of MKK6s in teleosts is still unclear. In this study, a fish MKK6 homolog (CiMKK6) was first identified from the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), a freshwater fish. CiMKK6 cDNA encodes a putative protein of 357 amino acids that contains conserved structural characteristics of the MKK6 family, including the S_TKc domain, SVAKT motif and DVD site. The deduced CiMKK6 protein exhibits high sequence homology with other reported fish MKK6s and shares the closest relationship with MKK6 from Danio rerio. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that CiMKK6 mRNA was widely expressed in all tested tissues and stages of embryonic development. Additionally, the transcript levels of CiMKK6 in the intestine were significantly upregulated in response to bacterial muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-meso-diaminopimelic acid (Tri-DAP) stimulation. Moreover, subcellular localization analysis indicated that CiMKK6 was distributed in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of HEK293T cells. Finally, overexpression of CiMKK6 significantly enhanced the transcriptional activity of the AP-1 reporter gene in HEK293T cells. Overall, these findings may help better clarify the immune function of teleost MKK6s and provide new insight into the immune defense mechanisms of grass carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fufa Qu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China; State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jianzhou Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Jinting Liao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Bei Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Peng Song
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Wenjie Luo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China; State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Ding Xiong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Tianting Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Qianting Gao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Shuangqing Lu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China; State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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8
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Yu M, Fu Y, Liang Y, Song H, Yao Y, Wu P, Yao Y, Pan Y, Wen X, Ma L, Hexige S, Ding Y, Luo S, Lu B. Suppression of MAPK11 or HIPK3 reduces mutant Huntingtin levels in Huntington's disease models. Cell Res 2017; 27:1441-1465. [PMID: 29151587 PMCID: PMC5717400 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2017.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most neurodegenerative disorders are associated with accumulation of disease-relevant proteins. Among them, Huntington disease (HD) is of particular interest because of its monogenetic nature. HD is mainly caused by cytotoxicity of the defective protein encoded by the mutant Huntingtin gene (HTT). Thus, lowering mutant HTT protein (mHTT) levels would be a promising treatment strategy for HD. Here we report two kinases HIPK3 and MAPK11 as positive modulators of mHTT levels both in cells and in vivo. Both kinases regulate mHTT via their kinase activities, suggesting that inhibiting these kinases may have therapeutic values. Interestingly, their effects on HTT levels are mHTT-dependent, providing a feedback mechanism in which mHTT enhances its own level thus contributing to mHTT accumulation and disease progression. Importantly, knockout of MAPK11 significantly rescues disease-relevant behavioral phenotypes in a knockin HD mouse model. Collectively, our data reveal new therapeutic entry points for HD and target-discovery approaches for similar diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuhua Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yijiang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Haikun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Peng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuwei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuyin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xue Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lixiang Ma
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Saiyin Hexige
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shouqing Luo
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Research Way, Plymouth, PL68BU, UK
| | - Boxun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Tesch GH, Ma FY, Nikolic-Paterson DJ. ASK1: a new therapeutic target for kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F373-81. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00208.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress-induced activation of p38 MAPK and JNK signaling is a feature of both acute and chronic kidney disease and is associated with disease progression. Inhibitors of p38 MAPK or JNK activation provide protection against inflammation and fibrosis in animal models of kidney disease; however, clinical trials of p38 MAPK and JNK inhibitors in other diseases (rheumatoid arthritis and pulmonary fibrosis) have been disappointing. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) acts as an upstream regulator for the activation of p38 MAPK and JNK in kidney disease. Mice lacking the Ask1 gene are healthy with normal homeostatic functions and are protected from acute kidney injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion and from renal interstitial fibrosis induced by ureteric obstruction. Recent studies have shown that a selective ASK1 inhibitor substantially reduced renal p38 MAPK activation and halted the progression of nephropathy in diabetic mice, and this has led to a current clinical trial of an ASK1 inhibitor in patients with stage 3 or 4 diabetic kidney disease. This review explores the rationale for targeting ASK1 in kidney disease and the therapeutic potential of ASK1 inhibitors based on current experimental evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg H. Tesch
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia;, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and
- Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frank Y. Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia;, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and
- Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J. Nikolic-Paterson
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia;, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and
- Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Chan DD, Xiao W, Li J, de la Motte CA, Sandy JD, Plaas A. Deficiency of hyaluronan synthase 1 (Has1) results in chronic joint inflammation and widespread intra-articular fibrosis in a murine model of knee joint cartilage damage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:1879-89. [PMID: 26521733 PMCID: PMC4630789 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Articular cartilage defects commonly result from traumatic injury and predispose to degenerative joint diseases. To test the hypothesis that aberrant healing responses and chronic inflammation lead to osteoarthritis (OA), we examined spatiotemporal changes in joint tissues after cartilage injury in murine knees. Since intra-articular injection of hyaluronan (HA) can attenuate injury-induced osteoarthritis in wild-type (WT) mice, we investigated a role for HA in the response to cartilage injury in mice lacking HA synthase 1 (Has1(-/-)). DESIGN Femoral groove cartilage of WT and Has1(-/-) mice was debrided to generate a non-bleeding wound. Macroscopic imaging, histology, and gene expression were used to evaluate naïve, sham-operated, and injured joints. RESULTS Acute responses (1-2 weeks) in injured joints from WT mice included synovial hyperplasia with HA deposition and joint-wide increases in expression of genes associated with inflammation, fibrosis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) production. By 4 weeks, some resurfacing of damaged cartilage occurred, and early cell responses were normalized. Cartilage damage in Has1(-/-) mice also induced early responses; however, at 4 weeks, inflammation and fibrosis genes remained elevated with widespread cartilage degeneration and fibrotic scarring in the synovium and joint capsule. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the ineffective repair of injured cartilage in Has1(-/-) joints can be at least partly explained by the markedly enhanced expression of particular genes in pathways linked to ECM turnover, IL-17/IL-6 cytokine signaling, and apoptosis. Notably, Has1 ablation does not alter gross HA content in the ECM, suggesting that HAS1 has a unique function in the metabolism of inflammatory HA matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deva D. Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center; Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Wenfeng Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center; Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - John D. Sandy
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center; Chicago, Illinois, USA,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center; Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anna Plaas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center; Chicago, Illinois, USA,Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center; Chicago, Illinois, USA,Corresponding author: Anna Plaas, Ph.D., 1653 West Congress Parkway, Jelke Building, Suite 1413, Chicago, IL 60612, Phone: +1-312-942-7194, Fax: +1-312-563-2267,
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Hammaker D, Boyle DL, Topolewski K, Firestein GS. Differential regulation of anti-inflammatory genes by p38 MAP kinase and MAP kinase kinase 6. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2014; 11:14. [PMID: 24855454 PMCID: PMC4030013 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-11-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Conventional p38α inhibitors have limited efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis, possibly because p38 blockade suppresses the counter-regulatory mechanisms that limit inflammation. In contrast, targeting the upstream MAP kinase kinases, MKK3 and MKK6, partially maintains p38-mediated anti-inflammatory responses in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). In this study, we explored the mechanisms that preserve anti-inflammatory gene expression by evaluating differential regulation of IL-10 and p38-dependent anti-inflammatory genes in MKK3−/−, MKK6−/−, and p38 inhibitor-treated wildtype cells. Methods BMDM from wild type (WT), MKK3−/−, and MKK6−/− mice were pre-treated with p38 inhibitor SB203580 (SB), JNK inhibitor SP600125 (SP), and/or ERK inhibitor PD98059 (PD) and stimulated with LPS. Supernatant protein levels were measured by multiplex bead immunoassay. mRNA expression was determined by qPCR and protein expression by Western blot analysis. De novo IL-10 mRNA synthesis was quantified in cells treated with ethynyl-uridine and LPS followed by reverse transcription and qPCR. mRNA half-life was measured in LPS-treated cells that were then incubated with actinomycin D ± SB203580. Results Pre-treatment of WT BMDM with p38 inhibitor significantly reduced IL-10 production in the three groups, while ERK and JNK inhibitors had minimal effects. IL-10 production was significantly decreased in MKK3−/− BMDM compared with either WT or MKK6−/− cells. IL-10 mRNA expression was modestly reduced in MKK3−/− BMDM but was preserved in MKK6−/− cells compared with WT. De novo IL-10 mRNA synthesis was inhibited in MKK3−/− and p38 inhibitor pre-treated cells, but not MKK6−/− cells compared with WT. IL-10 mRNA half-life was markedly reduced in p38 inhibitor-treated WT cells while MKK-deficiency had minimal effect. DUSP1 mRNA levels were preserved in MKK-deficient cells but not in p38 inhibitor-treated WT cells. Tristetraprolin mRNA and protein levels were reduced in p38 inhibitor-treated WT cells compared with MKK6−/− cells. Conclusion Unlike p38-inhibition, the absence of MKK6 mostly preserves IL-10 and TTP protein expression in BMDM. MKK6-deficiency also spares DUSP1 and IL-1RA, which are key negative regulators of the inflammatory response. Together, these data suggest that MKK6 is a potential therapeutic target in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Hammaker
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David L Boyle
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Gary S Firestein
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
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12
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Criado G, Risco A, Alsina-Beauchamp D, Pérez-Lorenzo MJ, Escós A, Cuenda A. Alternative p38 MAPKs Are Essential for Collagen-Induced Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:1208-17. [DOI: 10.1002/art.38327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Criado
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria and Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre; Madrid Spain
| | - Ana Risco
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC; Madrid Spain
| | | | - María J. Pérez-Lorenzo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria and Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre; Madrid Spain
| | | | - Ana Cuenda
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC; Madrid Spain
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13
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Boyle DL, Hammaker D, Edgar M, Zaiss MM, Teufel S, David JP, Schett G, Firestein GS. Differential roles of MAPK kinases MKK3 and MKK6 in osteoclastogenesis and bone loss. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84818. [PMID: 24400116 PMCID: PMC3882259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone mass is maintained by osteoclasts that resorb bone and osteoblasts that promote matrix deposition and mineralization. Bone homeostasis is altered in chronic inflammation as well as in post-menopausal loss of estrogen, which favors osteoclast activity that leads to osteoporosis. The MAPK p38α is a key regulator of bone loss and p38 inhibitors preserve bone mass by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis. p38 function is regulated by two upstream MAPK kinases, namely MKK3 and MKK6. The goal of this study was to assess the effect of MKK3- or MKK6-deficiency on osteoclastogenesis in vitro and on bone loss in ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in mice. We demonstrated that MKK3 but not MKK6, regulates osteoclast differentiation from bone marrow cells in vitro. Expression of NFATc1, a master transcription factor in osteoclastogenesis, is decreased in cells lacking MKK3 but not MKK6. Expression of osteoclast-specific genes Cathepsin K, osteoclast-associated receptor and MMP9, was inhibited in MKK3−/− cells. The effect of MKK-deficiency on ovariectomy-induced bone loss was then evaluated in female WT, MKK3−/− and MKK6−/− mice by micro-CT analysis. Bone loss was partially inhibited in MKK3−/− as well as MKK6−/− mice, despite normal osteoclastogenesis in MKK6−/− cells. This correlated with the lower osteoclast numbers in the MKK-deficient ovariectomized mice. These studies suggest that MKK3 and MKK6 differentially regulate bone loss due to estrogen withdrawal. MKK3 directly mediates osteoclastogenesis while MKK6 likely contributes to pro-inflammatory cytokine production that promotes osteoclast formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Boyle
- Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Deepa Hammaker
- Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Meghan Edgar
- Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Mario M. Zaiss
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédèrale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Teufel
- Institute of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jean Pierre David
- Institute of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gary S. Firestein
- Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Boyle DL, Kim HR, Topolewski K, Bartok B, Firestein GS. Novel phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ,γ inhibitor: potent anti-inflammatory effects and joint protection in models of rheumatoid arthritis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 348:271-80. [PMID: 24244039 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.205955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases γ and δ (PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ) are expressed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium and regulate innate and adaptive immune responses. We determined the effect of a potent PI3Kδ,γ inhibitor, IPI-145, in two preclinical models of RA. IPI-145 was administered orally in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) and intraperitoneally in mouse collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Efficacy was assessed by paw swelling, clinical scores, histopathology and radiography, and microcomputed tomography scanning. Gene expression and Akt phosphorylation in joint tissues were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Serum concentrations of anti-type II collagen (CII) IgG and IgE were measured by immunoassay. T-cell responses to CII were assayed using thymidine incorporation and immunoassay. IPI-145 significantly reduced arthritis severity in both RA models using dosing regimens initiated before onset of clinical disease. Treatment of established arthritis with IPI-145 in AA, but not CIA, significantly decreased arthritis progression. In AA, histology scores, radiographic joint damage, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 expression were reduced in IPI-145-treated rats. In CIA, joint histology scores and expression of MMP-3 and MMP-13 mRNA were lower in the IPI-145 early treatment group than in the vehicle group. The ratio of anti-CII IgG2a to total IgG in CIA was modestly reduced. Interleukin-17 production in response to CII was decreased in the IPI-145-treated group, suggesting an inhibitory effect on T-helper cell 17 differentiation. These data show that PI3Kδ,γ inhibition suppresses inflammatory arthritis, as well as bone and cartilage damage, through effects on innate and adaptive immunity and that IPI-145 is a potential therapy for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Boyle
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Kinase inhibitors: A new tool for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Immunol 2013; 148:66-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Guma M, Hammaker D, Topolewski K, Corr M, Boyle DL, Karin M, Firestein GS. Antiinflammatory functions of p38 in mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis: advantages of targeting upstream kinases MKK-3 or MKK-6. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:2887-95. [PMID: 22488549 DOI: 10.1002/art.34489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inhibitors of p38 demonstrate limited benefit in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), perhaps due to the antiinflammatory functions of p38α. This study was performed to determine if selective deletion of p38α in macrophages affects the severity of arthritis and whether blocking upstream kinases in the p38 pathway, such as MKK-3 or MKK-6, avoids some of the limitations of p38 blockade. METHODS Wild-type (WT) mice and mice with selective deletion of p38α in macrophages (p38α(ΔLysM) ) were injected with K/BxN sera. Antigen-induced arthritis was also induced in p38α(ΔLysM) mice. Mouse joint extracts were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and Western blot analysis. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and were evaluated by qPCR and Western blotting. Bone marrow chimeras were generated using MKK-3(-/-) and MKK-6(-/-) mice, and K/BxN serum was administered to induce arthritis. RESULTS Compared to WT mice, p38α(ΔLysM) mice had increased disease severity and delayed resolution of arthritis, which correlated with higher synovial inflammatory mediator expression and ERK phosphorylation. In contrast to WT BMMs cultured in the presence of a p38α/β inhibitor, LPS-stimulated MKK-6- and MKK-3-deficient BMMs had suppressed LPS-mediated interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression but had normal IL-10 production, dual-specificity phosphatase 1 expression, and MAPK phosphorylation. WT chimeric mice with MKK-6- and MKK-3-deficient bone marrow had markedly decreased passive K/BxN arthritis severity. CONCLUSION Inhibiting p38α in a disease that is dominated by macrophage cytokines, such as RA, could paradoxically suppress antiinflammatory functions and interfere with clinical efficacy. Targeting an upstream kinase that regulates p38 could be more effective by suppressing proinflammatory cytokines while preventing decreased IL-10 expression and increased MAPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Guma
- University of California at San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093-0656, USA
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