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Lee S, Choi S, Kim MS. Intra-articular hydrogel formulation prolongs the in vivo stability of Toll-like receptor antagonistic peptides for rheumatoid arthritis treatment. J Control Release 2024; 372:467-481. [PMID: 38917954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by systemic inflammation that primarily affects joint tissue and requires frequent medication. Recently, we developed cyclic phage-display-derived inhibitory peptides (CPs), which act as Toll-like Receptor 4 antagonists. These CPs exhibited therapeutic efficacy against joint diseases by alleviating inflammatory factors. Nonetheless, CP exhibits in vivo instability and a short half-life. Therefore, this study sought to improve the in vivo stability of CP, thereby reducing the frequency of CP administration through the development of an injectable hydrogel depot formulation. To improve in vivo stability, CP was chemically conjugated to hyaluronic acid (HA-CP) and subsequently mixed into a temperature-sensitive hydrogel [methoxy polyethylene glycol-b-poly(ε-caprolactone)-ran-poly(lactide) (PC)] as an injectable depot (PC+(HA-CP)). For comparison, CP was physically mixed with HA and PC (PC+(HA+CP)). Both PC+(HA-CP) and PC+(HA+CP) were found to rapidly form depots upon injection into the joint space. Cell viability assays confirmed the non-toxic nature of PC+(HA-CP) and PC+(HA+CP), whereas both formulations exhibited inhibition of inflammatory factors. Furthermore, PC+(HA-CP) retained CP for a longer duration compared to PC+(HA+CP) in the presence of hyaluronidase and within the RA joint space. Following intra-articular injection, both the PC+(HA-CP) and PC+(HA+CP) depots exhibited reductions in RA symptoms, cartilage regeneration, and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Specifically, by extending the in vivo retention of CP, PC+(HA-CP) demonstrated superior RA treatment efficacy compared to PC+(HA+CP). In conclusion, intra-articular injection of PC+(HA-CP) was validated as an effective strategy for treating RA, owing to its ability to prolong the in vivo retention of CP. This approach holds promise for improving RA management and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; Research Institute, Medipolymers, Woncheon Dong 332-2, Suwon 16522, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Guimarães-Pinto K, Leandro M, Corrêa A, Maia EP, Rodrigues L, da Costa ALA, Rafael Machado Ferreira J, Claudio-Etienne E, Siebenlist U, He J, Rigoni TDS, Ferreira TPT, Jannini-Sa YAP, Matos-Guedes HL, Costa-da-Silva AC, Lopes MF, Silva PMR, Kelsall BL, Filardy AA. Differential regulation of lung homeostasis and silicosis by the TAM receptors MerTk and Axl. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1380628. [PMID: 38774866 PMCID: PMC11106457 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1380628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction TAM receptor-mediated efferocytosis plays an important function in immune regulation and may contribute to antigen tolerance in the lungs, a site with continuous cellular turnover and generation of apoptotic cells. Some studies have identified failures in efferocytosis as a common driver of inflammation and tissue destruction in lung diseases. Our study is the first to characterize the in vivo function of the TAM receptors, Axl and MerTk, in the innate immune cell compartment, cytokine and chemokine production, as well as the alveolar macrophage (AM) phenotype in different settings in the airways and lung parenchyma. Methods We employed MerTk and Axl defective mice to induce acute silicosis by a single exposure to crystalline silica particles (20 mg/50 μL). Although both mRNA levels of Axl and MerTk receptors were constitutively expressed by lung cells and isolated AMs, we found that MerTk was critical for maintaining lung homeostasis, whereas Axl played a role in the regulation of silica-induced inflammation. Our findings imply that MerTk and Axl differently modulated inflammatory tone via AM and neutrophil recruitment, phenotype and function by flow cytometry, and TGF-β and CXCL1 protein levels, respectively. Finally, Axl expression was upregulated in both MerTk-/- and WT AMs, confirming its importance during inflammation. Conclusion This study provides strong evidence that MerTk and Axl are specialized to orchestrate apoptotic cell clearance across different circumstances and may have important implications for the understanding of pulmonary inflammatory disorders as well as for the development of new approaches to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Guimarães-Pinto
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Health Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Center for Health Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Monique Leandro
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Health Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonia Corrêa
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Health Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ester P. Maia
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Health Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leticia Rodrigues
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Health Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Amorim da Costa
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Health Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Estefannia Claudio-Etienne
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Maryland, MD, United States
| | - Ulrich Siebenlist
- Mucosal Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Maryland, MD, United States
| | - Jianping He
- Mucosal Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Maryland, MD, United States
| | - Thaís da Silva Rigoni
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Center for Health Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Herbert Leonel Matos-Guedes
- Laboratório de Imunobiotecnologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Costa-da-Silva
- Oral Immunobiology Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Maryland, MD, United States
| | - Marcela Freitas Lopes
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Center for Health Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Brian Lee Kelsall
- Mucosal Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Maryland, MD, United States
| | - Alessandra Almeida Filardy
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Health Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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3
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Nerviani A, Boutet MA, Ghirardi GM, Goldmann K, Sciacca E, Rivellese F, Pontarini E, Prediletto E, Abatecola F, Caliste M, Pagani S, Mauro D, Bellan M, Cubuk C, Lau R, Church SE, Hudson BM, Humby F, Bombardieri M, Lewis MJ, Pitzalis C. Axl and MerTK regulate synovial inflammation and are modulated by IL-6 inhibition in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2398. [PMID: 38493215 PMCID: PMC10944458 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46564-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The TAM tyrosine kinases, Axl and MerTK, play an important role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, using a unique synovial tissue bioresource of patients with RA matched for disease stage and treatment exposure, we assessed how Axl and MerTK relate to synovial histopathology and disease activity, and their topographical expression and longitudinal modulation by targeted treatments. We show that in treatment-naive patients, high AXL levels are associated with pauci-immune histology and low disease activity and inversely correlate with the expression levels of pro-inflammatory genes. We define the location of Axl/MerTK in rheumatoid synovium using immunohistochemistry/fluorescence and digital spatial profiling and show that Axl is preferentially expressed in the lining layer. Moreover, its ectodomain, released in the synovial fluid, is associated with synovial histopathology. We also show that Toll-like-receptor 4-stimulated synovial fibroblasts from patients with RA modulate MerTK shedding by macrophages. Lastly, Axl/MerTK synovial expression is influenced by disease stage and therapeutic intervention, notably by IL-6 inhibition. These findings suggest that Axl/MerTK are a dynamic axis modulated by synovial cellular features, disease stage and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Nerviani
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London & NIHR BRC Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Marie-Astrid Boutet
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London & NIHR BRC Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Nantes Université, Oniris, INSERM, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, RMeS, UMR 1229, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Giulia Maria Ghirardi
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London & NIHR BRC Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Katriona Goldmann
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London & NIHR BRC Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Elisabetta Sciacca
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London & NIHR BRC Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Felice Rivellese
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London & NIHR BRC Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Elena Pontarini
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London & NIHR BRC Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Edoardo Prediletto
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London & NIHR BRC Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Federico Abatecola
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London & NIHR BRC Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Mattia Caliste
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London & NIHR BRC Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Sara Pagani
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London & NIHR BRC Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Daniele Mauro
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London & NIHR BRC Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Mattia Bellan
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London & NIHR BRC Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Eastern Piedmont and Maggiore della Carita Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Cankut Cubuk
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London & NIHR BRC Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Rachel Lau
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London & NIHR BRC Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Frances Humby
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London & NIHR BRC Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Michele Bombardieri
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London & NIHR BRC Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Myles J Lewis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London & NIHR BRC Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London & NIHR BRC Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University & IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy.
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4
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Miao YR, Rankin EB, Giaccia AJ. Therapeutic targeting of the functionally elusive TAM receptor family. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:201-217. [PMID: 38092952 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00846-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The TAM receptor family of TYRO3, AXL and MERTK regulates tissue and immune homeostasis. Aberrant TAM receptor signalling has been linked to a range of diseases, including cancer, fibrosis and viral infections. Specifically, the dysregulation of TAM receptors can enhance tumour growth and metastasis due to their involvement in multiple oncogenic pathways. For example, TAM receptors have been implicated in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, maintaining the stem cell phenotype, immune modulation, proliferation, angiogenesis and resistance to conventional and targeted therapies. Therapeutically, multiple TAM receptor inhibitors are in preclinical and clinical development for cancers and other indications, with those targeting AXL being the most clinically advanced. Although there has been notable clinical advancement in recent years, challenges persist. This Review aims to provide both biological and clinical insights into the current therapeutic landscape of TAM receptor inhibitors, and evaluates their potential for the treatment of cancer and non-malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Rebecca Miao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erinn B Rankin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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5
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Martínez-Ramos S, Rafael-Vidal C, Malvar-Fernández B, Pérez N, Mouriño C, Pérez SG, Maceiras Pan FJ, Conde C, Pego-Reigosa JM, García S. Semaphorin3B promotes an anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving phenotype in macrophages from rheumatoid arthritis patients in a MerTK-dependent manner. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1268144. [PMID: 38283352 PMCID: PMC10811190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1268144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous works from our group show that Semaphorin3B (Sema3B) is reduced in RA and plays a protective role in a mouse arthritis model. In turn, MerTK plays a protective function in murine arthritis models, is expressed by synovial tissue macrophages and is linked to remission in patients with RA. In this study, we examined the role of Sema3B in the phenotypic characteristics of RA macrophages and the implication of MerTK. Peripheral blood monocytes from RA patients were differentiated into IFN-γ (RA MØIFN-γ) or M-CSF (RA MØM-CSF) macrophages and stimulated with LPS, Sema3B or their combination. Alternatively, RA fibroblast like synoviocytes (FLS) were stimulated with RA MØIFN-γ and RA MØM-CSF supernatants. Gene expression was determined by qPCR and protein expression and activation by flow cytometry, ELISA and western blot. Sema3B down-regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, in both RA MØIFN-γ and RA MØM-CSF. We observed a similar reduction in RA FLS stimulated with the supernatant of Sema3B-treated RA MØIFN-γ and RA MØM-CSF. Sema3B also modulated cell surface markers in macrophages towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Besides, MerTK expression and activation was up-regulated by Sema3B, just as GAS6 expression, Resolvin D1 secretion and the phagocytic activity of macrophages. Importantly, the inhibition of MerTK and neuropilins 1 and 2 abrogated the anti-inflammatory effect of Sema3B. Our data demonstrate that Sema3B modulates the macrophage characteristics in RA, inducing a skewing towards an anti-inflammatory/pro-resolving phenotype in a MerTK-dependant manner. Therefore, here we identify a new mechanism supporting the protective role of Sema3B in RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Martínez-Ramos
- Rheumatology and Immuno-mediated Diseases Research Group (IRIDIS), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Carlos Rafael-Vidal
- Rheumatology and Immuno-mediated Diseases Research Group (IRIDIS), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Malvar-Fernández
- Rheumatology and Immuno-mediated Diseases Research Group (IRIDIS), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Nair Pérez
- Rheumatology and Immuno-mediated Diseases Research Group (IRIDIS), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Coral Mouriño
- Rheumatology and Immuno-mediated Diseases Research Group (IRIDIS), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Sara García Pérez
- Rheumatology and Immuno-mediated Diseases Research Group (IRIDIS), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Maceiras Pan
- Rheumatology and Immuno-mediated Diseases Research Group (IRIDIS), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Carmen Conde
- Laboratorio de Reumatologia Experimental y Observacional y Servicio de Reumatologia, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saude (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose María Pego-Reigosa
- Rheumatology and Immuno-mediated Diseases Research Group (IRIDIS), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Samuel García
- Rheumatology and Immuno-mediated Diseases Research Group (IRIDIS), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital Complex of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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6
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Payet M, Septembre-Malaterre A, Gasque P, Guillot X. Human Synovial Mesenchymal Stem Cells Expressed Immunoregulatory Factors IDO and TSG6 in a Context of Arthritis Mediated by Alphaviruses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15932. [PMID: 37958918 PMCID: PMC10649115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by arthritogenic alphaviruses (aavs) can lead to reactive arthritis, which is characterized by inflammation and persistence of the virus; however, its mechanisms remain ill-characterized. Intriguingly, it has been shown that viral persistence still takes place in spite of robust innate and adaptive immune responses, characterized notably by the infiltration of macrophages (sources of TNF-alpha) as well as T/NK cells (sources of IFN-gamma) in the infected joint. Aavs are known to target mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the synovium, and we herein tested the hypothesis that the infection of MSCs may promote the expression of immunoregulators to skew the anti-viral cellular immune responses. We compared the regulated expression via human synovial MSCs of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g., IL-1β, IL6, CCL2, miR-221-3p) to that of immunoregulators (e.g., IDO, TSG6, GAS6, miR146a-5p). We used human synovial tissue-derived MSCs which were infected with O'Nyong-Nyong alphavirus (ONNV, class II aav) alone, or combined with recombinant human TNF-α or IFN-γ, to mimic the clinical settings. We confirmed via qPCR and immunofluorescence that ONNV infected human synovial tissue-derived MSCs. Interestingly, ONNV alone did not regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. In contrast, IDO, TSG6, and GAS6 mRNA expression were increased in response to ONNV infection alone, but particularly when combined with both recombinant cytokines. ONNV infection equally decreased miR-146a-5p and miR-221-3p in the untreated cells and abrogated the stimulatory activity of the recombinant TNF-α but not the IFN-gamma. Our study argues for a major immunoregulatory phenotype of MSCs infected with ONNV which may favor virus persistence in the inflamed joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Payet
- Research Unit ‘Etudes Pharmaco-Immunologiques’ UR EPI, Université de la Réunion, 97400 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France; (M.P.); (A.S.-M.)
| | - Axelle Septembre-Malaterre
- Research Unit ‘Etudes Pharmaco-Immunologiques’ UR EPI, Université de la Réunion, 97400 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France; (M.P.); (A.S.-M.)
| | - Philippe Gasque
- Research Unit ‘Etudes Pharmaco-Immunologiques’ UR EPI, Université de la Réunion, 97400 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France; (M.P.); (A.S.-M.)
- Immunology Laboratory (LICE-OI), CHU Bellepierre, Reunion University Hospital, 97400 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Xavier Guillot
- Research Unit ‘Etudes Pharmaco-Immunologiques’ UR EPI, Université de la Réunion, 97400 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France; (M.P.); (A.S.-M.)
- Rheumatology Clinical Department, CHU Bellepierre, Reunion University Hospital, 97400 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
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7
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Schneider K, Arandjelovic S. Apoptotic cell clearance components in inflammatory arthritis. Immunol Rev 2023; 319:142-150. [PMID: 37507355 PMCID: PMC10615714 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the synovial joints that affects ~1% of the human population. Joint swelling and bone erosion, hallmarks of RA, contribute to disability and, sometimes, loss of life. Mechanistically, disease is driven by immune dysregulation characterized by circulating autoantibodies, inflammatory mediators, tissue degradative enzymes, and metabolic dysfunction of resident stromal and recruited immune cells. Cell death by apoptosis has been therapeutically explored in animal models of RA due to the comparisons drawn between synovial hyperplasia and paucity of apoptosis in RA with the malignant transformation of cancer cells. Several efforts to induce cell death have shown benefits in reducing the development and/or severity of the disease. Apoptotic cells are cleared by phagocytes in a process known as efferocytosis, which differs from microbial phagocytosis in its "immuno-silent," or anti-inflammatory, nature. Failures in efferocytosis have been linked to autoimmune disease, whereas administration of apoptotic cells in RA models effectively inhibits inflammatory indices, likely though efferocytosis-mediated resolution-promoting mechanisms. However, the nature of signaling pathways elicited and the molecular identity of clearance mediators in RA are understudied. Furthermore, canonical efferocytosis machinery elements also play important non-canonical functions in homeostasis and pathology. Here, we discuss the roles of efferocytosis machinery components in models of RA and discuss their potential involvement in disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schneider
- University of Virginia, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sanja Arandjelovic
- University of Virginia, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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8
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Gao L, He C, Yang A, Zhou H, Lu Q, Birge RB, Wu Y. Receptor tyrosine kinases Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk differentially contribute to antibody-induced arthritis. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:195. [PMID: 37537628 PMCID: PMC10398921 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk (abbreviated TAMs) comprise a family of homologous type 1 receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that have been implicated as inhibitory receptors that dampen inflammation, but their roles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis remains understudied. Here, to investigate TAMs in an inflammatory arthritis model, antibody-induced arthritis in single TAM-deficient mice (Tyro3- KO, Axl-KO, Mertk-KO) was induced by K/BxN serum injection. Subsequently, joint inflammation and cytokine levels, as well as the expression of Fcγ Rs and complement receptors were assessed in WT and TAM-deficient mice. Compared with littermate control mice, Axl-/- and Mertk-/- mice developed more severe antibody-induced arthritis, while in contrast, Tyro3-/- mice showed diminished joint inflammation. Concomitantly, the levels of cytokines in joints of Axl-/- and Mertk-/- mice were also significantly increased, while cytokines in the Tyro3-/- joint tissues were decreased. At the molecular and cellular level, TAMs showed distinct expression patterns, whereby monocytes expressed Axl and Mertk, but no Tyro3, while neutrophils expressed Axl and Tyro3 but little Mertk. Moreover, expression of Fcγ receptors and C5aR showed different patterns with TAMs expression, whereby FcγRIV was higher in monocytes of Axl-/- and Mertk-/- mice compared to wild-type mice, while Tyro3-/- neutrophils showed lower expression levels of FcγRI, FcγRIII and FcγRIV. Finally, expression of C5aR was increased in Mertk-/- monocytes, and was decreased in Tyro3-/- neutrophils. These data indicate that Axl, Mertk and Tyro3 have distinct functions in antibody-induced arthritis, due in part to the differential regulation of cytokines production, as well as expression of FcγRs and C5aR. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chao He
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Aizhen Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Haibin Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qingxian Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Raymond B Birge
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.
| | - Yi Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Prevention, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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9
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Vago JP, Valdrighi N, Blaney-Davidson EN, Hornikx DLAH, Neefjes M, Barba-Sarasua ME, Thielen NGM, van den Bosch MHJ, van der Kraan PM, Koenders MI, Amaral FA, van de Loo FAJ. Gas6/Axl Axis Activation Dampens the Inflammatory Response in Osteoarthritic Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes and Synovial Explants. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050703. [PMID: 37242486 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint disease, and it is characterized by cartilage degeneration, synovitis, and bone sclerosis, resulting in swelling, stiffness, and joint pain. TAM receptors (Tyro3, Axl, and Mer) play an important role in regulating immune responses, clearing apoptotic cells, and promoting tissue repair. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of a TAM receptor ligand, i.e., growth arrest-specific gene 6 (Gas6), in synovial fibroblasts from OA patients. TAM receptor expression was determined in synovial tissue. Soluble Axl (sAxl), a decoy receptor for the ligand Gas6, showed concentrations 4.6 times higher than Gas6 in synovial fluid of OA patients. In OA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (OAFLS) exposed to inflammatory stimuli, the levels of sAxl in the supernatants were increased, while the expression of Gas6 was downregulated. In OAFLS under TLR4 stimulation by LPS (Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide), the addition of exogenous Gas6 by Gas6-conditioned medium (Gas6-CM) reduced pro-inflammatory markers including IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, CCL2, and CXCL8. Moreover, Gas6-CM downregulated IL-6, CCL2, and IL-1β in LPS-stimulated OA synovial explants. Pharmacological inhibition of TAM receptors by a pan inhibitor (RU301) or by a selective Axl inhibitor (RU428) similarly abrogated Gas6-CM anti-inflammatory effects. Mechanistically, Gas6 effects were dependent on Axl activation, determined by Axl, STAT1, and STAT3 phosphorylation, and by the downstream induction of the suppressors of the cytokine signaling family (SOCS1 and SOCS3). Taken together, our results showed that Gas6 treatment dampens inflammatory markers of OAFLS and synovial explants derived from OA patients associated with SOCS1/3 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana P Vago
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Natália Valdrighi
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Esmeralda N Blaney-Davidson
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel L A H Hornikx
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Margot Neefjes
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - María E Barba-Sarasua
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie G M Thielen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn H J van den Bosch
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marije I Koenders
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Flávio A Amaral
- Departament of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fons A J van de Loo
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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10
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Gavile CM, Kazmers NH, Novak KA, Meeks HD, Yu Z, Thomas JL, Hansen C, Barker T, Jurynec MJ. Familial Clustering and Genetic Analysis of Severe Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint Osteoarthritis in a Large Statewide Cohort. J Hand Surg Am 2022; 47:923-933. [PMID: 36184273 PMCID: PMC9547951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our goals were to identify individuals who required surgery for thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joint osteoarthritis (OA), determine if CMC joint OA clusters in families, define the magnitude of familial risk of CMC joint OA, identify risk factors associated with CMC joint OA, and identify rare genetic variants that segregate with familial CMC joint OA. METHODS We searched the Utah Population Database to identify a cohort of CMC joint OA patients who required surgery. Affected individuals were mapped to pedigrees to identify high-risk families with excess clustering of CMC joint OA. Cox regression models were used to calculate familial risk of CMC joint OA in related individuals. Risk factors were evaluated using logistic regression models. Whole exome sequencing was used to identify rare coding variants associated with familial CMC joint OA. RESULTS We identified 550 pedigrees with excess clustering of severe CMC joint OA. The relative risk of CMC joint OA requiring surgical treatment was elevated significantly in first- and third-degree relatives of affected individuals, and significant associations with advanced age, female sex, obesity, and tobacco use were observed. We discovered candidate genes that dominantly segregate with severe CMC joint OA in 4 independent families, including a rare variant in Chondroitin Sulfate Synthase 3 (CHSY3). CONCLUSIONS Familial clustering of severe CMC joint OA was observed in a statewide population. Our data indicate that genetic and environmental factors contribute to the disease process, further highlighting the multifactorial nature of the disease. Genomic analyses suggest distinct biological processes are involved in CMC joint OA pathogenesis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Awareness of associated comorbidities may guide the diagnosis of CMC joint OA in at-risk populations and help identify individuals who may not do well with nonoperative treatment. Further pursuit of the genes associated with severe CMC joint OA may lead to assays for detection of early stages of disease and have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kendra A Novak
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Huong D Meeks
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Utah Population Database, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Zhe Yu
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Utah Population Database, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Joy L Thomas
- Intermountain Healthcare, Precision Genomics, St. George, UT
| | - Channing Hansen
- Intermountain Healthcare, Biorepository, South Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Tyler Barker
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Intermountain Healthcare, Precision Genomics, Murray, UT; Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Michael J Jurynec
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.
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11
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How Pyroptosis Contributes to Inflammation and Fibroblast-Macrophage Cross-Talk in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081307. [PMID: 35455985 PMCID: PMC9028325 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
About thirty years ago, a new form of pro-inflammatory lytic cell death was observed and termed pyroptosis. Only in 2015, gasdermins were defined as molecules that create pores at the plasma membrane and drive pyroptosis. Today, we know that gasdermin-mediated death is an important antimicrobial defence mechanism in bacteria, yeast and mammals as it destroys the intracellular niche for pathogen replication. However, excessive and uncontrolled cell death also contributes to immunopathology in several chronic inflammatory diseases, including arthritis. In this review, we discuss recent findings where pyroptosis contributes to tissue damage and inflammation with a main focus on injury-induced and autoimmune arthritis. We also review novel functions and regulatory mechanisms of the pyroptotic executors gasdermins. Finally, we discuss possible models of how pyroptosis may contribute to the cross-talk between fibroblast and macrophages, and also how this cross-talk may regulate inflammation by modulating inflammasome activation and pyroptosis induction.
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12
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Sheng L, Hu F, Yu H, Tao X, Jia R, Gu Y, Chen L, Kong H, Miao C, Fei W, Yang Y, Jia J, Zhu X, He X, Hu L, Ma J, Liu WT, Yang M. Paeoniflorin Inhibits ASK1-TF Axis by Up-Regulating SOCS3 to Alleviate Radiation Enteritis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:743708. [PMID: 35359871 PMCID: PMC8964139 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.743708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation enteritis is one of the main adverse effects of radiotherapy, presenting with a poorly understood etiology and limited options for therapy. Intestinal inflammation and ischemia are the core mechanisms of radiation enteritis. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) is an endogenous “inflammation brake.” We hypothesized that paeoniflorin, a pinane monoterpene bitter glycoside, could increase SOCS3 expression to reduce inflammation and ischemia and improve enteritis in mice. Laser Doppler flowmetry was used to detect changes in intestinal blood flow. RAW264.7 and human umbilical vein endothelial cells were used to investigate the mechanism of action of paeoniflorin. It was observed that radiation caused high mortality, intestinal inflammatory responses, and low blood flow in mice. Paeoniflorin effectively alleviated intestinal atrophy, prevented thrombosis, improved radiation enteritis, and reduced mortality in mice undergoing radiotherapy. In addition, paeoniflorin increased the release of growth arrest-specific gene 6 (Gas6) and phosphorylation of the Axl receptor, subsequently inducing the expression of SOCS3 and inhibiting the expression of p-apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 and tissue factor in vivo and in vitro. Based on our findings, we suggest that paeoniflorin is potentially effective in alleviating radiation enteritis via the activation of the Gas6/Axl/SOCS3 axis and subsequent reduction in intestinal inflammation and ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sheng
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanqing Yu
- Department of clinical laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueyou Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yangzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated with Yangzhou Medical University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Rumeng Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yufeng Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Miao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjing Fei
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhui Jia
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xia Zhu
- Center for Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Xueming He
- Center for Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Liang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Mi Yang, ; Liang Hu, ; Jianxin Ma, ; Wen-Tao Liu,
| | - Jianxin Ma
- Center for Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, China
- *Correspondence: Mi Yang, ; Liang Hu, ; Jianxin Ma, ; Wen-Tao Liu,
| | - Wen-Tao Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Mi Yang, ; Liang Hu, ; Jianxin Ma, ; Wen-Tao Liu,
| | - Mi Yang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Mi Yang, ; Liang Hu, ; Jianxin Ma, ; Wen-Tao Liu,
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13
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Zhenghai S. Increased serum AXL is associated with radiographic knee osteoarthritis severity. Int J Rheum Dis 2021; 25:32-37. [PMID: 34841689 PMCID: PMC9298778 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the expression and clinical significance of serum soluble AXL in patients with radiographic knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Methods There were 183 patients with KOA who were selected and divided based on the Kellgren‐Lawrence (KL) score into KL 0 subgroups (n = 42), KL I‐II subgroups (n = 90), and KL III‐IV subgroups (n = 51). Healthy volunteers (n = 170) in our hospital were selected with matched age and gender as the control group. AXL level in serum was detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The correlation between serum AXL with severity and clinical indicators of osteoarthritis was analyzed. Results The level of serum AXL was significantly higher in the osteoarthritis group than that in the control group (P < .05). In the osteoarthritis patients, serum AXL level was increased with the increase of KL score. Serum AXL level was positively correlated with age, body mass index, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum C‐reactive protein, cartilage oligomeric protein, matrix metalloproteinase‐13, and transforming growth factor‐β1 levels. The cut‐off value for serum AXL was determined as 33.375 ng/mL by receiver operating curve analysis. Conclusion The level of serum AXL in patients with osteoarthritis is significantly higher than in healthy controls, and is closely related to the severity of radiographic osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Zhenghai
- Shanghai Kaiyuan Orthopedic Hospital, Shanghai, China
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14
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Wanke F, Gutbier S, Rümmelin A, Steinberg M, Hughes LD, Koenen M, Komuczki J, Regan-Komito D, Wagage S, Hesselmann J, Thoma R, Brugger D, Christopeit T, Wang H, Point F, Hallet R, Ghosh S, Rothlin CV, Patsch C, Geering B. Ligand-dependent kinase activity of MERTK drives efferocytosis in human iPSC-derived macrophages. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:538. [PMID: 34035216 PMCID: PMC8149813 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03770-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Removal of apoptotic cells by phagocytes (also called efferocytosis) is a crucial process for tissue homeostasis. Professional phagocytes express a plethora of surface receptors enabling them to sense and engulf apoptotic cells, thus avoiding persistence of dead cells and cellular debris and their consequent effects. Dysregulation of efferocytosis is thought to lead to secondary necrosis and associated inflammation and immune activation. Efferocytosis in primarily murine macrophages and dendritic cells has been shown to require TAM RTKs, with MERTK and AXL being critical for clearance of apoptotic cells. The functional role of human orthologs, especially the exact contribution of each individual receptor is less well studied. Here we show that human macrophages differentiated in vitro from iPSC-derived precursor cells express both AXL and MERTK and engulf apoptotic cells. TAM RTK agonism by the natural ligand growth-arrest specific 6 (GAS6) significantly enhanced such efferocytosis. Using a newly-developed mouse model of kinase-dead MERTK, we demonstrate that MERTK kinase activity is essential for efferocytosis in peritoneal macrophages in vivo. Moreover, human iPSC-derived macrophages treated in vitro with blocking antibodies or small molecule inhibitors recapitulated this observation. Hence, our results highlight a conserved MERTK function between mice and humans, and the critical role of its kinase activity in homeostatic efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wanke
- Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Ophthalmology (I2O) Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Simon Gutbier
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Rümmelin
- Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Ophthalmology (I2O) Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland.,Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Malte Steinberg
- Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Ophthalmology (I2O) Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lindsey D Hughes
- Yale School of Medicine, Department for Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mascha Koenen
- Yale School of Medicine, Department for Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Juliana Komuczki
- Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Ophthalmology (I2O) Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Regan-Komito
- Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Ophthalmology (I2O) Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sagie Wagage
- Yale School of Medicine, Department for Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Julia Hesselmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Thoma
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Doris Brugger
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tony Christopeit
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center München, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Hayian Wang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Floriane Point
- Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Ophthalmology (I2O) Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Remy Hallet
- Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Ophthalmology (I2O) Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Yale School of Medicine, Department for Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Yale School of Medicine, Department for Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Yale School of Medicine, Department for Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Yale School of Medicine, Department for Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christoph Patsch
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland.,BlueRock Therapeutics, New York, New York, USA
| | - Barbara Geering
- Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Ophthalmology (I2O) Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Vago JP, Amaral FA, van de Loo FAJ. Resolving inflammation by TAM receptor activation. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 227:107893. [PMID: 33992683 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The control of inflammation is strictly regulated to ensure the adequate intensity and duration of an inflammatory response, enabling the removal of the trigger factors and the restoration of the integrity of the tissues and their functions. This process is coordinated by anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving mediators that regulate the cellular and molecular events necessary to restore homeostasis, and defects in this control are associated with the development of chronic and autoimmune diseases. The TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases-Tyro3, Axl, and MerTK-plays an essential role in efferocytosis, a key process for the resolution of inflammation. However, new studies have demonstrated that TAM receptor activation not only reduces the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators by different cell types in response to some stimuli but also stimulates the production of anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving molecules that control the inflammation. This review provides a comprehensive view of TAM receptor family members as important players in controlling inflammatory responses through anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana P Vago
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Flávio A Amaral
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fons A J van de Loo
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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16
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Wu H, Zheng J, Xu S, Fang Y, Wu Y, Zeng J, Shao A, Shi L, Lu J, Mei S, Wang X, Guo X, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Zhang J. Mer regulates microglial/macrophage M1/M2 polarization and alleviates neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:2. [PMID: 33402181 PMCID: PMC7787000 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Microglial/macrophage activation and neuroinflammation are key cellular events following TBI, but the regulatory and functional mechanisms are still not well understood. Myeloid-epithelial-reproductive tyrosine kinase (Mer), a member of the Tyro-Axl-Mer (TAM) family of receptor tyrosine kinases, regulates multiple features of microglial/macrophage physiology. However, its function in regulating the innate immune response and microglial/macrophage M1/M2 polarization in TBI has not been addressed. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of Mer in regulating microglial/macrophage M1/M2 polarization and neuroinflammation following TBI. METHODS The controlled cortical impact (CCI) mouse model was employed. Mer siRNA was intracerebroventricularly administered, and recombinant protein S (PS) was intravenously applied for intervention. The neurobehavioral assessments, RT-PCR, Western blot, magnetic-activated cell sorting, immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy analysis, Nissl and Fluoro-Jade B staining, brain water content measurement, and contusion volume assessment were performed. RESULTS Mer is upregulated and regulates microglial/macrophage M1/M2 polarization and neuroinflammation in the acute stage of TBI. Mechanistically, Mer activates the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1)/suppressor of cytokine signaling 1/3 (SOCS1/3) pathway. Inhibition of Mer markedly decreases microglial/macrophage M2-like polarization while increases M1-like polarization, which exacerbates the secondary brain damage and sensorimotor deficits after TBI. Recombinant PS exerts beneficial effects in TBI mice through Mer activation. CONCLUSIONS Mer is an important regulator of microglial/macrophage M1/M2 polarization and neuroinflammation, and may be considered as a potential target for therapeutic intervention in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Jingwei Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shenbin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingxi Wu
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Jianxiong Zeng
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ligen Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianan Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuhao Mei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinying Guo
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Yirong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China. .,Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Ortiz Wilczyñski JM, Olexen CM, Errasti AE, Schattner M, Rothlin CV, Correale J, Carrera Silva EA. GAS6 signaling tempers Th17 development in patients with multiple sclerosis and helminth infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009176. [PMID: 33347509 PMCID: PMC7785232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a highly disabling neurodegenerative autoimmune condition in which an unbalanced immune response plays a critical role. Although the mechanisms remain poorly defined, helminth infections are known to modulate the severity and progression of chronic inflammatory diseases. The tyrosine kinase receptors TYRO3, AXL, and MERTK (TAM) have been described as inhibitors of the immune response in various inflammatory settings. We show here that patients with concurrent natural helminth infections and MS condition (HIMS) had an increased expression of the negative regulatory TAM receptors in antigen-presenting cells and their agonist GAS6 in circulating CD11bhigh and CD4+ T cells compared to patients with only MS. The Th17 subset was reduced in patients with HIMS with a subsequent downregulation of its pathogenic genetic program. Moreover, these CD4+ T cells promoted lower levels of the co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, and CD40 on dendritic cells compared with CD4+ T cells from patients with MS, an effect that was GAS6-dependent. IL-10+ cells from patients with HIMS showed higher GAS6 expression levels than Th17 cells, and inhibition of phosphatidylserine/GAS6 binding led to an expansion of Th17 effector genes. The addition of GAS6 on activated CD4+ T cells from patients with MS restrains the Th17 gene expression signature. This cohort of patients with HIMS unravels a promising regulatory mechanism to dampen the Th17 inflammatory response in autoimmunity. Helminths have co-evolved with human civilization, and the rapid exclusion from their environment, in the last few decades, has tremendously affected the immune development and regulation. Moreover, several epidemiological studies have shown an inverse correlation between the exposure of these organisms and the development of autoimmunity in industrialized countries. In this sense, helminth therapy appears to be a promising concept to oppose chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases because they are master manipulators of host immunity, albeit the mechanisms remain poorly defined. For this reason, it is essential to decipher the main regulatory pathways to hijack the immune response in the absence of parasite infection. Our research described how helminth infection promotes regulatory mechanisms based on the tyrosine kinase TYRO3, AXL, MERTK (TAM) receptors, and their ligand GAS6 to dampen Th17 development and the inflammatory response in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), a neurodegenerative autoimmune disorder. We show here that GAS6 plays a critical role in the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, transcriptional programs, and plasticity of IL-17 subset. Our work substantiates the hypothesis that enhancing the TAM axis in a manner similar to helminth infection could be a promising alternative for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Ortiz Wilczyñski
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, CONICET-National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cinthia M. Olexen
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, CONICET-National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea E. Errasti
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirta Schattner
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, CONICET-National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla V. Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology and Pharmacology, Yale University, Connecticut, United States of America
| | | | - Eugenio A. Carrera Silva
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, CONICET-National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Di Stasi R, De Rosa L, D'Andrea LD. Therapeutic aspects of the Axl/Gas6 molecular system. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:2130-2148. [PMID: 33002607 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Axl receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and its ligand, growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6), are involved in several biological functions and participate in the development and progression of a range of malignancies and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we present this molecular system from a drug discovery perspective, highlighting its therapeutic implications and challenges that need to be addressed. We provide an update on Axl/Gas6 axis biology, exploring its role in fields ranging from angiogenesis, cancer development and metastasis, immune response and inflammation to viral infection. Finally, we summarize the molecules that have been developed to date to target the Axl/Gas6 molecular system for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Di Stasi
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Lucia De Rosa
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luca D D'Andrea
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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Selective Increment of Synovial Soluble TYRO3 Correlates with Disease Severity and Joint Inflammation in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:9690832. [PMID: 32964059 PMCID: PMC7502136 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9690832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the role of TAM receptors in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by determining synovial tissue TAM receptor expression, synovial fluid levels of soluble TAM receptors, and the relationship between soluble TAM receptors, joint inflammation and disease activity. Methods TAM receptor expression was determined by immunohistochemistry on the synovium from RA and osteoarthritis (OA) patients. Soluble (s) Tyro3, sAxl, sMer, and their ligand Gas6 were measured by ELISA in the synovial fluid of RA (n = 28) and OA (n = 12) patients and cytokine levels by multiplex immunoassay in RA samples. Correlation analyses were performed among sTAM receptors with local cytokine levels; systemic disease parameters like erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), rheumatoid factor (RF), and anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA); and disease activity scores (DAS28-ESR) in RA patients. Results TAM receptors were expressed on different locations in the synovial tissue (lining, sublining, and blood vessels), and a similar expression pattern was observed in RA and OA patients. Synovial fluid sTyro3 and sMer were significantly enhanced in RA compared to OA patients, whereas no significant differences in sAxl and Gas6 levels were found. In RA samples, sTyro3 levels, but not sMer, correlated positively with proinflammatory local cytokines and the systemic factor erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Moreover, stratification analysis showed high sTyro3 levels positively correlated with higher DAS28-ESR and in RF and ACPA double positive RA patients. Conclusion sTyro3 in the synovial fluid of RA patients correlates with local inflammatory molecules and systemic disease activity. These findings suggest that the reduced negative control of cell activation by TAM receptors due to their shedding in the synovial fluid, mainly sTyro3, favoring joint inflammation in RA patients.
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20
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Inhibition of Rheumatoid Arthritis Using Bark, Leaf, and Male Flower Extracts of Eucommia ulmoides. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3260278. [PMID: 32855647 PMCID: PMC7443016 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3260278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., a native Chinese plant species, has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine formulation to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA), strengthen bones and muscles, and lower blood pressure. Various parts of this plant such as the bark, leaves, and flowers have been found to have anti-inflammatory properties. E. ulmoides has potential applications as a therapeutic agent against bone disorders, which were investigated in this study. In vitro, RA joint fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLS) were treated with different concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1000 μg/mL) of E. ulmoides bark, leaf, and male flower alcoholic extracts (EB, EL, and EF, respectively) to determine their potential cytotoxicity. Tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α and nitric oxide (NO) levels in RA-FLS were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Furthermore, collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats were treated with EB, EL, EF, Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycoside (TG) or the normal control (Nor), and then ankle joint pathology, bone morphology, and serum and spleen inflammatory cytokine levels were evaluated. The results showed that, in RA-FLS, EB, EL, and EF were not cytotoxic; EB and EF reduced TNF-α supernatant levels; and EB, EL, and EF reduced NO levels. The results of in vivo experiments showed that EB, EL, and EF alleviated ankle swelling and joint inflammation, while all extracts diminished inflammatory cell infiltration, pannus and bone destruction, and bone erosion. All tested extracts inhibited interleukin- (IL-) 6, IL-17, and TNF-α mRNA in the spleen of CIA rats, while EB most effectively reduced osteoclasts and inhibited bone erosion. EF showed the most obvious inhibition of inflammatory factors and pannus. Thus, EB, EL, and EF may alleviate bone destruction by inhibiting inflammation.
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21
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New Insights into the Role of Tyro3, Axl, and Mer Receptors in Rheumatoid Arthritis. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:1614627. [PMID: 32051695 PMCID: PMC6995487 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1614627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is the most common chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints. Among several pathogenic mechanisms, the impairment of homeostatic regulators of inflammation seems to be critically important to sustain persistent infiltration and activation of immune and stromal cells within the diseased synovium. Tyrosine kinase receptors Tyro3, Axl, and Mer are members of the TAM family. Upon binding their ligands Growth Arrest-Specific gene 6 (Gas6) and Protein S (ProS1), TAM receptors (TAMs) exert numerous and diverse biologic functions. Activated Axl and Mer, for instance, can negatively regulate the inflammatory cascade and mediate phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, contributing to prevent the development of autoimmunity. Thus, a role for TAMs has been hypothesized in RA. In this review, we will summarise unmet clinical needs in RA, depict the biology of TAMs and TAM ligands, focussing on their ability to regulate the immune system and inflammation cascade, and finally offer an overview of the state-of-the-art literature about the putative role of TAM axis in RA.
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22
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Waterborg CEJ, Broeren MGA, Blaney Davidson EN, Koenders MI, van Lent PLEM, van den Berg WB, van der Kraan PM, van de Loo FAJ. The level of synovial AXL expression determines the outcome of inflammatory arthritis, possibly depending on the upstream role of TGF-β1. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 58:536-546. [PMID: 30508140 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/key337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of AXL, a member of the anti-inflammatory TYRO3, AXL MER (TAM) receptor family, in arthritis. METHODS KRN serum transfer arthritis was induced in Axl-/- and wild-type mice. Knee and ankle joints were scored macro- and microscopically. Synovial gene and protein expression of Axl was determined in naïve and TGF-β1-overexpressing joints. AXL expression was determined in M1-like or M2-like macrophages and RA synovium. Human macrophages, fibroblasts and synovial micromasses were stimulated with TGF-β1 or the AXL inhibitor R428. RESULTS Ankle joints of Axl-/- mice showed exacerbated arthritis pathology, whereas no effect of Axl gene deletion was observed on gonarthritis pathology. To explain this spatial difference, we examined the synovium of naïve mice. In contrast to the knee, the ankle synovial cells prominently expressed AXL. Moreover, the M2-like macrophage phenotype was the dominant cell type in the naïve ankle joint. Human M2-like macrophages expressed higher levels of AXL and blocking AXL increased their inflammatory response. In the murine ankle synovium, gene expression of Tgfb1 was increased and Tgb1 correlated with Axl. Moreover, TGFB1 and AXL expression also correlated in human RA synovium. In human macrophages and synovial micromasses, TGF-β1 enhanced AXL expression. Moreover, TGF-β1 overexpression in naïve murine knee joints induced synovial AXL expression. CONCLUSION Differences in synovial AXL expression are in accordance with the observation that AXL dampens arthritis in ankle, but not in knee joints. We provide evidence that the local differences in AXL expression could be due to TGF-β1, and suggest similar pathways operate in RA synovium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E J Waterborg
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mathijs G A Broeren
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Esmeralda N Blaney Davidson
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marije I Koenders
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter L E M van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Wim B van den Berg
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Fons A J van de Loo
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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TAM Receptor Pathways at the Crossroads of Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:2387614. [PMID: 31636733 PMCID: PMC6766163 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2387614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that pathogenic mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration are strongly linked with neuroinflammatory responses. Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk (TAM receptors) constitute a subgroup of the receptor tyrosine kinase family, cell surface receptors which transmit signals from the extracellular space to the cytoplasm and nucleus. TAM receptors and the corresponding ligands, Growth Arrest Specific 6 and Protein S, are expressed in different tissues, including the nervous system, playing complex roles in tissue repair, inflammation and cell survival, proliferation, and migration. In the nervous system, TAM receptor signalling modulates neurogenesis and neuronal migration, synaptic plasticity, microglial activation, phagocytosis, myelination, and peripheral nerve repair, resulting in potential interest in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Multiple Sclerosis. In Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, a role of TAM receptors in neuronal survival and pathological protein aggregate clearance has been suggested, while in Multiple Sclerosis TAM receptors are involved in myelination and demyelination processes. To better clarify roles and pathways involving TAM receptors may have important therapeutic implications, given the fine modulation of multiple molecular processes which could be reached. In this review, we summarise the roles of TAM receptors in the central nervous system, focusing on the regulation of immune responses and microglial activities and analysing in vitro and in vivo studies regarding TAM signalling involvement in neurodegeneration.
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Arienti S, Barth ND, Dorward DA, Rossi AG, Dransfield I. Regulation of Apoptotic Cell Clearance During Resolution of Inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:891. [PMID: 31456686 PMCID: PMC6701246 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) has an important role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis as well as the progression and ultimate resolution of inflammation. During apoptosis, the cell undergoes morphological and biochemical changes [e.g., phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) exposure, caspase activation, changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA cleavage] that act to shut down cellular function and mark the cell for phagocytic clearance. Tissue phagocytes bind and internalize apoptotic cells, bodies, and vesicles, providing a mechanism for the safe disposal of apoptotic material. Phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells before they undergo secondary necrosis reduces the potential for bystander damage to adjacent tissue and importantly initiates signaling pathways within the phagocytic cell that act to dampen inflammation. In a pathological context, excessive apoptosis or failure to clear apoptotic material results in secondary necrosis with the release of pro-inflammatory intracellular contents. In this review, we consider some of the mechanisms by which phagocytosis of apoptotic cells can be controlled. We suggest that matching apoptotic cell load with the capacity for apoptotic cell clearance within tissues may be important for therapeutic strategies that target the apoptotic process for treatment of inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Arienti
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole D Barth
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David A Dorward
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Dransfield
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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25
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Peng CK, Wu CP, Lin JY, Peng SC, Lee CH, Huang KL, Shen CH. Gas6/Axl signaling attenuates alveolar inflammation in ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute lung injury by up-regulating SOCS3-mediated pathway. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219788. [PMID: 31318922 PMCID: PMC6638944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Axl is a cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase, and activation of the Axl attenuates inflammation induced by various stimuli. Growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6) has high affinity for Axl receptor. The role of Gas6/Axl signaling in ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute lung injury (IR-ALI) has not been explored previously. We hypothesized that Gas6/Axl signaling regulates IR-induced alveolar inflammation via a pathway mediated by suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3). Methods IR-ALI was induced by producing 30 min of ischemia followed by 90 min of reperfusion in situ in an isolated and perfused rat lung model. The rats were randomly allotted to a control group and IR groups, which were treated with three different doses of Gas6. Mouse alveolar epithelium MLE-12 cells were cultured in control and hypoxia-reoxygenation (HR) conditions with or without Gas6 and Axl inhibitor R428 pretreatment. Results We found that Gas6 attenuated IR-induced lung edema, the production of proinflammatory cytokines in perfusates, and the severity of ALI ex vivo. IR down-regulated SOCS3 expression and up-regulated NF-κB, and Gas6 restored this process. In the model of MLE-12 cells with HR, Gas6 suppressed the activation of TRAF6 and NF-κB by up-regulating SOCS3. Axl expression of alveolar epithelium was suppressed in IR-ALI but Gas6 restored phosphorylation of Axl. The anti-inflammatory effect of Gas6 was antagonized by R428, which highlighted that phosphorylation of Axl mediated the protective role of Gas6 in IR-ALI. Conclusions Gas6 up-regulates phosphorylation of Axl on alveolar epithelium in IR-ALI. The Gas6/Axl signaling activates the SOCS3-mediated pathway and attenuates IR-related inflammation and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Kan Peng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Pyng Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Landseed Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jr-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chi Peng
- Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsing Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Lun Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Shen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Degboé Y, Rauwel B, Baron M, Boyer JF, Ruyssen-Witrand A, Constantin A, Davignon JL. Polarization of Rheumatoid Macrophages by TNF Targeting Through an IL-10/STAT3 Mechanism. Front Immunol 2019; 10:3. [PMID: 30713533 PMCID: PMC6345709 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages contribute to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). They can display different states of activation or “polarization,” notably the so-called inflammatory “M1” and the various alternative “M2” polarizations, characterized by distinct functions. Data regarding the effects of RA anti-cytokine biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) on macrophage polarization are scarce. We aimed to assess in vitro modulation of macrophage polarization by bDMARDs targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines in RA. We generated monocyte derived macrophages using blood samples from 20 RA patients with active RA and 30 healthy controls. We evaluated in vitro the impact on M1 inflammatory macrophages of: etanercept (ETA), adalimumab (ADA), certolizumab (CZP), tocilizumab (TCZ), and rituximab (RTX). We assessed the impact on macrophage polarization using flow cytometry and RTqPCR to study the expression of surface markers and perform functional studies of cytokine production, phagocytosis, and negative feedback control of inflammation. Among evaluated bDMARDs, anti-TNF agents modulated the polarization of inflammatory macrophages by decreasing inflammatory surface markers (CD40, CD80) and favoring alternative markers (CD16, CD163, MerTK). Anti-TNF agents also induced alternative functions in macrophages activated in inflammatory condition with (i) the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-6, IL-12), (ii) an increase in phagocytosis. These findings were mechanistically related to an increase in early IL-10 production, responsible for higher negative feedback control of inflammation involving SOCS3 and Gas6. This IL-10 effect was STAT3-dependent. Anti-TNF agents not only inhibit in vitro inflammatory functions of macrophages, but also favor resolution of inflammation through polarization toward alternative features specifically involving the IL-10/STAT3 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Degboé
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Rhumatologie, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Benjamin Rauwel
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Baron
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Frédéric Boyer
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Rhumatologie, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Adeline Ruyssen-Witrand
- Centre de Rhumatologie, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,UMR1027, INSERM-Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Arnaud Constantin
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Rhumatologie, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Luc Davignon
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Rhumatologie, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower tidal volumes are increasingly used in acute respiratory distress syndrome, but mortality has changed little in the last 20 yr. Therefore, in addition to ventilator settings, it is important to target molecular mediators of injury. Sepsis and other inflammatory states increase circulating concentrations of Gas6, a ligand for the antiinflammatory receptor Axl, and of a soluble decoy form of Axl. We investigated the effects of lung stretch on Axl signaling. METHODS We used a mouse model of early injury from high tidal volume and assessed the effects of inhibiting Axl on in vivo lung injury (using an antagonist R428, n = 4/group). We further determined the effects of stretch on Axl activation using in vitro lung endothelial cells. RESULTS High tidal volume caused mild injury (compliance decreased 6%) as intended, and shedding of the Axl receptor (soluble Axl in bronchoalveolar fluid increased 77%). The Axl antagonist R428 blocked the principal downstream Axl target (suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 [SOCS3]) but did not worsen lung physiology or inflammation. Cyclic stretch in vitro caused Axl to become insensitive to activation by its agonist, Gas6. Finally, in vitro Axl responses were rescued by blocking stretch-activated calcium channels (using guanidinium chloride [GdCl3]), and the calcium ionophore ionomycin replicated the effect of stretch. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that lung endothelial cell overdistention activates ion channels, and the resultant influx of Ca inactivates Axl. Downstream inactivation of Axl by stretch was not anticipated; preventing this would be required to exploit Axl receptors in reducing lung injury.
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Wu J, Zhao FT, Fan KJ, Zhang J, Xu BX, Wang QS, Tang TT, Wang TY. Dihydromyricetin Inhibits Inflammation of Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes through Regulation of Nuclear Factor- κB Signaling in Rats with Collagen-Induced Arthritis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 368:218-228. [PMID: 30530730 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.253369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydromyricetin (DMY), the main flavonoid of Ampelopsis grossedentata, has potent anti-inflammatory activity. However, the effect of DMY on chronic autoimmune arthritis remains undefined. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of DMY on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Wistar rats were immunized with bovine type II collagen to establish CIA and were then administered DMY intraperitoneally (5, 25, and 50 mg/kg) every other day for 5 weeks. Paw swelling, clinical scoring, and histologic analysis were assessed to determine the therapeutic effects of DMY on the development of arthritis in CIA rats. The results showed that treatment with DMY significantly reduced erythema and swelling in the paws of CIA rats. Pathologic analysis of the knee joints and peripheral blood cytokine assay results confirmed the antiarthritic effects of DMY on synovitis and inflammation. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) were isolated from the synovium of CIA rats and treated with 10 ng/ml interleukin (IL)-1β DMY significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and inflammation of IL-1β-induced FLSs, whereas it significantly increased IL-1β-induced FLS apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner (6.25-25 μM). Moreover, DMY suppressed phosphorylation of IκB kinase (IKK) and inhibitor of NF-κB α and subsequently reduced the IL-1β-induced nucleus translocation of NF-κB in FLSs. Through a molecular docking assay, we demonstrated that DMY could directly bind to the Thr9 and Asp88 residues in IKKα and the Asp95, Asn142, and Gln167 residues in IKKβ These findings demonstrate that DMY could alleviate inflammation in CIA rats and attenuate IL-1β-induced activities in FLSs through suppression of NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Departments of Pharmacy (J.W., K.-J.F., B.-X.X., Q.-S.W., T.-Y.W.) and Rheumatology and Immunology (F.-T.Z.), and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (T.-T.T.), Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; and Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Fu-Tao Zhao
- Departments of Pharmacy (J.W., K.-J.F., B.-X.X., Q.-S.W., T.-Y.W.) and Rheumatology and Immunology (F.-T.Z.), and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (T.-T.T.), Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; and Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Kai-Jian Fan
- Departments of Pharmacy (J.W., K.-J.F., B.-X.X., Q.-S.W., T.-Y.W.) and Rheumatology and Immunology (F.-T.Z.), and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (T.-T.T.), Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; and Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Jun Zhang
- Departments of Pharmacy (J.W., K.-J.F., B.-X.X., Q.-S.W., T.-Y.W.) and Rheumatology and Immunology (F.-T.Z.), and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (T.-T.T.), Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; and Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Bing-Xing Xu
- Departments of Pharmacy (J.W., K.-J.F., B.-X.X., Q.-S.W., T.-Y.W.) and Rheumatology and Immunology (F.-T.Z.), and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (T.-T.T.), Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; and Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Qi-Shan Wang
- Departments of Pharmacy (J.W., K.-J.F., B.-X.X., Q.-S.W., T.-Y.W.) and Rheumatology and Immunology (F.-T.Z.), and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (T.-T.T.), Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; and Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Ting-Ting Tang
- Departments of Pharmacy (J.W., K.-J.F., B.-X.X., Q.-S.W., T.-Y.W.) and Rheumatology and Immunology (F.-T.Z.), and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (T.-T.T.), Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; and Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Ting-Yu Wang
- Departments of Pharmacy (J.W., K.-J.F., B.-X.X., Q.-S.W., T.-Y.W.) and Rheumatology and Immunology (F.-T.Z.), and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (T.-T.T.), Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; and Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (J.Z.)
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29
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Waterborg CEJ, Koenders MI, van Lent PLEM, van der Kraan PM, van de Loo FAJ. Tyro3/Axl/Mertk-deficient mice develop bone marrow edema which is an early pathological marker in rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205902. [PMID: 30335822 PMCID: PMC6193696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is an auto-immune disease of the synovial joints, hallmarked by chronic inflammation and subsequent progressive tissue destruction. TYRO3, AXL and MER (gene name Mertk) (TAM) receptors are part of a negative feedback signaling system in the immune reaction and mediate efferocytosis thereby tempering the inflammatory process. We have shown that Axl-/- and Mertk-/- mice develop more severe arthritis whereas activating these receptors by overexpressing their ligands Pros1 and Gas6 ameliorates arthritis. Mice genetically ablated for the three genes of the TAM receptor family Tyro3/Axl/Mertk (TAM triple knock-out or TKO) have been described to spontaneously develop macroscopic signs of arthritis. In this study we aimed to analyze arthritis development in TAM TKO mice histologically to determine the extent and sequence of pathological changes in the joint. Ankle joints of three different age groups, adolescence (14 weeks), mature adult (34 weeks) and middle-age (52 weeks), of TAM TKO or wild-type mice were examined macroscopically, histologically and immunohistochemically. Surprisingly, until the age of 52 weeks, none of the mice examined developed spontaneous macroscopic signs of arthritis. There was no synovial inflammation nor any signs of damage to the cartilage or bone. However, bone marrow edema was observed in TAM TKO mice in the two latter age groups. The infiltrate in the bone marrow was characterized by both myeloid cells and lymphocytes. This study showed that TAM TKO mice developed a pre-stage (pre-clinical phase) of arthritis marked by bone marrow edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. J. Waterborg
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marije I. Koenders
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter L. E. M. van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter M. van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Fons A. J. van de Loo
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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30
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Waterborg CEJ, Beermann S, Broeren MGA, Bennink MB, Koenders MI, van Lent PLEM, van den Berg WB, van der Kraan PM, van de Loo FAJ. Protective Role of the MER Tyrosine Kinase via Efferocytosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis Models. Front Immunol 2018; 9:742. [PMID: 29706963 PMCID: PMC5908888 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and progressive joint disease. It appears that anti-inflammatory feedback mechanisms that could restrain joint inflammation and restore homeostasis are insufficient to perform this control. In this study, we investigated the contribution of the MER tyrosine kinase-mediated anti-inflammatory response on arthritis and whether targeting MER could be a valid approach to treat RA. Methods KRN serum transfer arthritis (KRN STA) was induced in either Mertk-deficient mice or in mice that adenovirally overexpressed Pros1. Human synovial micromasses were treated with MER-specific antibodies or PROS1. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice were treated with MER-specific agonistic antibodies or by viral overexpression of Pros1. Results Mertk−/− mice showed exacerbated arthritis pathology, whereas Pros1 overexpression diminished joint pathology in KRN STA. Human synovial micromasses challenged with MER-specific antibodies enhanced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, whereas stimulating MER with PROS1 reduced the secretion of these cytokines, confirming the protective role of MER. Next, we treated CIA mice with MER-specific agonistic antibodies, and this unexpectedly resulted in exacerbated arthritis pathology. This was associated with increased numbers of apoptotic cells in their knee joints and higher serum levels of interleukin (IL)-16C, a cytokine released by secondary necrotic neutrophils. Apoptotic cell numbers and IL-16C levels were enhanced during arthritis in Mertk−/− mice and reduced in Pros1-overexpressing mice. Conclusion MER plays a protective role during joint inflammation and activating MER by its ligand PROS1 ameliorates disease. Treatment of mice with MER receptor agonistic antibodies is deleterious due to its counterproductive effect of blocking efferocytosis in the arthritic joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E J Waterborg
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Silke Beermann
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mathijs G A Broeren
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Miranda B Bennink
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marije I Koenders
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Peter L E M van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wim B van den Berg
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Fons A J van de Loo
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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31
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Alivernini S, Tolusso B, Ferraccioli G, Gremese E, Kurowska-Stolarska M, McInnes IB. Driving chronicity in rheumatoid arthritis: perpetuating role of myeloid cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 193:13-23. [PMID: 29315512 PMCID: PMC6038003 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute inflammation is a complex and tightly regulated homeostatic process that includes leucocyte migration from the vasculature into tissues to eliminate the pathogen/injury, followed by a pro‐resolving response promoting tissue repair. However, if inflammation is uncontrolled as in chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), it leads to tissue damage and disability. Synovial tissue inflammation in RA patients is maintained by sustained activation of multiple inflammatory positive‐feedback regulatory pathways in a variety of cells, including myeloid cells. In this review, we will highlight recent evidence uncovering biological mechanisms contributing to the aberrant activation of myeloid cells that contributes to perpetuation of inflammation in RA, and discuss emerging data on anti‐inflammatory mediators contributing to sustained remission that may inform a novel category of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alivernini
- Institute of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - B Tolusso
- Institute of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - G Ferraccioli
- Institute of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - E Gremese
- Institute of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - M Kurowska-Stolarska
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow.,Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence (RACE), Glasgow, UK
| | - I B McInnes
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow.,Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence (RACE), Glasgow, UK
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32
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Kurowska-Stolarska M, Alivernini S, Melchor EG, Elmesmari A, Tolusso B, Tange C, Petricca L, Gilchrist DS, Di Sante G, Keijzer C, Stewart L, Di Mario C, Morrison V, Brewer JM, Porter D, Milling S, Baxter RD, McCarey D, Gremese E, Lemke G, Ferraccioli G, McSharry C, McInnes IB. MicroRNA-34a dependent regulation of AXL controls the activation of dendritic cells in inflammatory arthritis. Nat Commun 2017. [PMID: 28639625 PMCID: PMC5489689 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) do not reverse underlying aberrant immune function. A genetic predisposition to RA, such as HLA-DR4 positivity, indicates that dendritic cells (DC) are of crucial importance to pathogenesis by activating auto-reactive lymphocytes. Here we show that microRNA-34a provides homoeostatic control of CD1c+ DC activation via regulation of tyrosine kinase receptor AXL, an important inhibitory DC auto-regulator. This pathway is aberrant in CD1c+ DCs from patients with RA, with upregulation of miR-34a and lower levels of AXL compared to DC from healthy donors. Production of pro-inflammatory cytokines is reduced by ex vivo gene-silencing of miR-34a. miR-34a-deficient mice are resistant to collagen-induced arthritis and interaction of DCs and T cells from these mice are reduced and do not support the development of Th17 cells in vivo. Our findings therefore show that miR-34a is an epigenetic regulator of DC function that may contribute to RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Kurowska-Stolarska
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Stefano Alivernini
- Division of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Emma Garcia Melchor
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Aziza Elmesmari
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Barbara Tolusso
- Division of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Clare Tange
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Luca Petricca
- Division of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Derek S Gilchrist
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Gabriele Di Sante
- Division of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Chantal Keijzer
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Lynn Stewart
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Clara Di Mario
- Division of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Vicky Morrison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - James M Brewer
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Duncan Porter
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Simon Milling
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Ronald D Baxter
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.,NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, 1055 Great Western Road, Glasgow G12 0XH, UK
| | - David McCarey
- NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, 1055 Great Western Road, Glasgow G12 0XH, UK
| | - Elisa Gremese
- Division of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Greg Lemke
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Gianfranco Ferraccioli
- Division of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Charles McSharry
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Iain B McInnes
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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Tong LS, Shao AW, Ou YB, Guo ZN, Manaenko A, Dixon BJ, Tang J, Lou M, Zhang JH. Recombinant Gas6 augments Axl and facilitates immune restoration in an intracerebral hemorrhage mouse model. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:1971-1981. [PMID: 27389179 PMCID: PMC5464693 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16658490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Axl, a tyrosine kinase receptor, was recently identified as an essential component regulating innate immune response. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 are potent Axl-inducible negative inflammatory regulators. This study investigated the role of Axl signaling pathway in immune restoration in an autologous blood-injection mouse model of intracerebral hemorrhage. Recombinant growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6) and R428 were administrated as specific agonist and antagonist. In vivo knockdown of Axl or suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 by siRNA was applied. After intracerebral hemorrhage, the expression of endogenous Axl, soluble Axl, and Gas6 was increased, whereas the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 was inhibited. Recombinant growth arrest-specific 6 administration alleviated brain edema and improved neurobehavioral performances. Moreover, enhanced Axl phosphorylation with cleavage of soluble Axl (sAxl), and an upregulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 were observed. In vivo knockdown of Axl and R428 administration both abolished the effect of recombinant growth arrest-specific 6 on brain edema and also decreased the expression suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3. In vivo knockdown of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 aggravated cytokine releasing despite of recombinant growth arrest-specific 6. In conclusion, Axl plays essential role in immune restoration after intracerebral hemorrhage. And recombinant growth arrest-specific 6 attenuated brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage, probably by enhancing Axl phosphorylation and production of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Sha Tong
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA, USA.,2 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - An-Wen Shao
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA, USA.,3 Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Bo Ou
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA, USA.,4 Department of Neurosurgery, Tong-ji Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen-Ni Guo
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA, USA.,5 Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Anatol Manaenko
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA, USA
| | - Brandon J Dixon
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- 2 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Lou
- 2 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - John H Zhang
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA, USA
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Growth Arrest-Specific 6 Enhances the Suppressive Function of CD4 +CD25 + Regulatory T Cells Mainly through Axl Receptor. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:6848430. [PMID: 28270700 PMCID: PMC5320320 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6848430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Growth arrest-specific (Gas) 6 is one of the endogenous ligands of TAM receptors (Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk), and its role as an immune modulator has been recently emphasized. Naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for the active suppression of autoimmunity. The present study was designed to investigate whether Tregs express TAM receptors and the potential role of Gas6-TAM signal in regulating the suppressive function of Tregs. Methods. The protein and mRNA levels of TAM receptors were determined by using Western blot, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and RT-PCR. Then, TAM receptors were silenced using targeted siRNA or blocked with specific antibody. The suppressive function of Tregs was assessed by using a CFSE-based T cell proliferation assay. Flow cytometry was used to determine the expression of Foxp3 and CTLA4 whereas cytokines secretion levels were measured by ELISA assay. Results. Tregs express both Axl and Mertk receptors. Gas6 increases the suppressive function of Tregs in vitro and in mice. Both Foxp3 and CTLA-4 expression on Tregs are enhanced after Gas6 stimulation. Gas6 enhances the suppressive activity of Tregs mainly through Axl receptor. Conclusion. Gas6 has a direct effect on the functions of CD4+CD25+Tregs mainly through its interaction with Axl receptor.
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35
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Protective Effects of Pterostilbene Against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Inflammation 2017; 40:578-588. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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36
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Peña-Ortega F. Pharmacological Tools to Activate Microglia and their Possible use to Study Neural Network Patho-physiology. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:595-619. [PMID: 27697040 PMCID: PMC5543677 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160928151546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia are the resident immunocompetent cells of the CNS and also constitute a unique cell type that contributes to neural network homeostasis and function. Understanding microglia cell-signaling not only will reveal their diverse functions but also will help to identify pharmacological and non-pharmacological tools to modulate the activity of these cells. METHODS We undertook a search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature to identify microglial activators and their cell-specificity. We also looked for their effects on neural network function and dysfunction. RESULTS We identified several pharmacological targets to modulate microglial function, which are more or less specific (with the proper control experiments). We also identified pharmacological targets that would require the development of new potent and specific modulators. We identified a wealth of evidence about the participation of microglia in neural network function and their alterations in pathological conditions. CONCLUSION The identification of specific microglia-activating signals provides experimental tools to modulate the activity of this heterogeneous cell type in order to evaluate its impact on other components of the nervous system, and it also helps to identify therapeutic approaches to ease some pathological conditions related to microglial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Peña-Ortega
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Campus Juriquilla, México
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37
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Bassyouni IH, El-Wakd MM, Azab NA, Bassyouni RH. Diminished soluble levels of growth arrest specific protein 6 and tyrosine kinase receptor Axl in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis 2017; 20:53-59. [PMID: 24702788 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Growth arrest specific protein 6 (Gas-6) and its tyrosine kinase receptor Axl plays an important role in apoptosis, and regulation of innate immune response, therefore, we investigated their plasma concentrations in Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and correlated them to clinical, laboratory and radiological parameters of the disease. METHODS Plasma from 77 RA patients and 50 normal healthy subjects were assayed for plasma Gas6 and Axl levels. Demographic, clinical and serological data were prospectively assessed. Rheumatoid arthritis disease activity was assessed using 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS-28) and functional capacity by modified health assessment questionnaire (mHAQ). Standardized x-rays for hands and feet were done to all participants. RESULTS The level of Gas6 and Axl were significantly decreased in the RA patients compared to those of the healthy control subjects. Levels of Gas6 correlated positively with Axl levels in both patients and healthy control. Gas6 levels were remarkably reduced in those patients with erosive RA than those without. Levels of Gas6 were found to be negatively correlated with the presence of erosive disease and positively correlated with DAS-28, ESR, Leucocytosis and IL6. CONCLUSION The plasma concentrations of Gas6 and Axl are altered in RA patients and thus may have a role in RA pathogenesis. Further mechanistic studies on the involvement of all TAM receptors tyrosine kinases pathway in RA are needed to help in understanding the pathogenesis and possibly aid in diagnosis and future treatments of RA especially for patients with erosive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman H Bassyouni
- Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M El-Wakd
- Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha A Azab
- Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rasha H Bassyouni
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, El-Fayoum University, Cairo, Egypt
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38
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The Role of TAM Family Receptors in Immune Cell Function: Implications for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8100097. [PMID: 27775650 PMCID: PMC5082387 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The TAM receptor protein tyrosine kinases-Tyro3, Axl, and Mer-are essential regulators of immune homeostasis. Guided by their cognate ligands Growth arrest-specific gene 6 (Gas6) and Protein S (Pros1), these receptors ensure the resolution of inflammation by dampening the activation of innate cells as well as by restoring tissue function through promotion of tissue repair and clearance of apoptotic cells. Their central role as negative immune regulators is highlighted by the fact that deregulation of TAM signaling has been linked to the pathogenesis of autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. Importantly, TAM receptors have also been associated with cancer development and progression. In a cancer setting, TAM receptors have a dual regulatory role, controlling the initiation and progression of tumor development and, at the same time, the associated anti-tumor responses of diverse immune cells. Thus, modulation of TAM receptors has emerged as a potential novel strategy for cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of how TAM receptors control immunity, with a particular focus on the regulation of anti-tumor responses and its implications for cancer immunotherapy.
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Batchu N, Hughson A, Wadosky KM, Morrell CN, Fowell DJ, Korshunov VA. Role of Axl in T-Lymphocyte Survival in Salt-Dependent Hypertension. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1638-1646. [PMID: 27365404 PMCID: PMC5096552 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Survival of immune and nonimmune cells relies on Axl, a receptor tyrosine kinase, which is implicated in hypertension. Activated T lymphocytes are involved in regulation of high blood pressure. The goal of the study was to investigate the role of Axl in T-lymphocyte functions and its contribution to salt-dependent hypertension. APPROACH AND RESULTS We report increased apoptosis in peripheral blood from Axl(-/-) mice because of lower numbers of white blood cells mostly lymphocytes. In vitro studies showed modest reduction in interferon gamma production in Axl(-/-) type 1 T helper cells. Axl did not affect basic proliferation capacity or production of interleukin 4 in Axl(-/-) type 2 T helper cells. However, competitive repopulation of Axl(-/-) bone marrow or adoptive transfer of Axl(-/-) CD4(+) T cells to Rag1(-/-) mice showed robust effect of Axl on T lymphocyte expansion in vivo. Adoptive transfer of Axl(-/-) CD4(+) T cells was protective in a later phase of deoxycorticosterone-acetate and salt hypertension. Reduced numbers of CD4(+) T cells in circulation and in perivascular adventitia decreased vascular remodeling and increased vascular apoptosis in the late phase of hypertension. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that Axl is critical for survival of T lymphocytes, especially during vascular remodeling in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Batchu
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Angie Hughson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Kristine M Wadosky
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Craig N Morrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Deborah J Fowell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Vyacheslav A Korshunov
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA.,Biomedical Genetics, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
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Analysis of receptor tyrosine kinase genetics identifies two novel risk loci in GAS6 and PROS1 in Behçet's disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26662. [PMID: 27222359 PMCID: PMC4879572 DOI: 10.1038/srep26662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The TAM kinase (Tyro3, Axl, Mer) and its two ligands (Gas6 and protein S) have been shown to play an important regulatory role in the innate immune response. The present study aimed to investigate whether the tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (tag SNPs) of these 5 protein-coding genes are associated with Behçet’s disease (BD). A two-stage association study was performed in a total of 907 BD patients and 1780 healthy controls. Altogether 32 polymorphisms were tested, using a Sequenom MassARRAY genotyping method in the first stage and a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay in the replication phase. Real-time PCR was performed to test the relative mRNA expression level of GAS6 and PROS1 from different SNP genotyped healthy individuals. The frequency of the C allele and CC genotype of rs9577873 in GAS6 (Pc = 4.92 × 10−5, Pc = 1.91 × 10−5, respectively) and A allele and AA genotype of rs4857037 in PROS1 (Pc = 1.85 × 10−6, Pc = 4.52 × 10−7, respectively) were significantly increased in BD. GAS6 expression in CC carriers of rs9577873 was significantly lower than that in CT/TT individuals (P = 0.001). Decreased expression of GAS6 and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IFN-γ: P = 4.23 × 10−4, P = 0.011, respectively) in individuals carrying the CC genotype suggest that the TAM-GAS6/PROS1 signal pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of BD.
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Yuan X, Tong B, Dou Y, Wu X, Wei Z, Dai Y. Tetrandrine ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by restoring the balance between Th17 and Treg cells via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 101:87-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Discovering Molecules That Regulate Efferocytosis Using Primary Human Macrophages and High Content Imaging. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145078. [PMID: 26674639 PMCID: PMC4686065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective clearance of apoptotic cells can result in sustained inflammation and subsequent autoimmunity. Macrophages, the “professional phagocyte” of the body, are responsible for efficient, non-phlogistic, apoptotic cell clearance. Controlling phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages is an attractive therapeutic opportunity to ameliorate inflammation. Using high content imaging, we have developed a system for evaluating the effects of antibody treatment on apoptotic cell uptake in primary human macrophages by comparing the Phagocytic Index (PI) for each antibody. Herein we demonstrate the feasibility of evaluating a panel of antibodies of unknown specificities obtained by immunization of mice with primary human macrophages and show that they can be distinguished based on individual PI measurements. In this study ~50% of antibodies obtained enhance phagocytosis of apoptotic cells while approximately 5% of the antibodies in the panel exhibit some inhibition. Though the specificities of the majority of antibodies are unknown, two of the antibodies that improved apoptotic cell uptake recognize recombinant MerTK; a receptor known to function in this capacity in vivo. The agonistic impact of these antibodies on efferocytosis could be demonstrated without addition of either of the MerTK ligands, Gas6 or ProS. These results validate applying the mechanism of this fundamental biological process as a means for identification of modulators that could potentially serve as therapeutics. This strategy for interrogating macrophages to discover molecules regulating apoptotic cell uptake is not limited by access to purified protein thereby increasing the possibility of finding novel apoptotic cell uptake pathways.
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The TAM receptor Mertk protects against neuroinvasive viral infection by maintaining blood-brain barrier integrity. Nat Med 2015; 21:1464-72. [PMID: 26523970 PMCID: PMC4674389 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The TAM receptors Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk are receptor tyrosine kinases that dampen host innate immune responses following engagement with their ligands, Gas6 and Protein S, which recognize phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cells. In a form of apoptotic mimicry, many enveloped viruses display phosphatidylserine on the outer leaflet of their membranes, enabling TAM receptor activation and down-regulation of antiviral responses. Accordingly, we hypothesized that a deficiency of TAM receptors would enhance antiviral responses and protect against viral infection. Unexpectedly, mice lacking Mertk and/or Axl but not Tyro3 exhibited greater vulnerability to infection with neuroinvasive West Nile and La Crosse viruses. This phenotype was associated with increased blood-brain barrier permeability, which enhanced virus entry into and infection of the brain. Activation of Mertk synergized with IFN-β to tighten cell junctions and prevent virus transit across brain microvascular endothelial cells. Because TAM receptors restrict pathogenesis of neuroinvasive viruses, these findings have implications for TAM antagonists that are currently in clinical development.
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Ma GZ, Giuffrida LL, Gresle MM, Haartsen J, Laverick L, Butzkueven H, Field J, Binder MD, Kilpatrick TJ. Association of plasma levels of Protein S with disease severity in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2015; 1:2055217315596532. [PMID: 28607700 PMCID: PMC5433335 DOI: 10.1177/2055217315596532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases (TYRO3, AXL and MERTK) play important roles in modulating innate immune responses and central demyelination. The TAM receptor ligand Protein S (PROS) has also been shown to modulate innate immune cell responses. Objectives We assessed whether plasma levels of PROS are changed in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and whether changes are associated with disease severity. Methods Plasma levels of total and free PROS were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in a discovery cohort (MS: 65, control: 14) and an independent replication cohort (MS: 29, control: 29). The Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS) was used to evaluate associations between plasma PROS levels and disease severity. Results We found plasma levels of total, but not free PROS, were decreased in MS patients compared with controls. In female MS patients, we observed decreases in total and free PROS levels compared with controls. In addition, we also observed higher MSSS in patients with very low levels of plasma free PROS. Conclusions These data suggest PROS may represent a potential marker of disease severity in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry Zm Ma
- Multiple Sclerosis Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lauren L Giuffrida
- Multiple Sclerosis Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Jodi Haartsen
- Eastern Clinical Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Monash University, Australia
| | - Louise Laverick
- The Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Judith Field
- Multiple Sclerosis Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michele D Binder
- Multiple Sclerosis Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Trevor J Kilpatrick
- Multiple Sclerosis Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
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Cabezón R, Carrera-Silva EA, Flórez-Grau G, Errasti AE, Calderón-Gómez E, Lozano JJ, España C, Ricart E, Panés J, Rothlin CV, Benítez-Ribas D. MERTK as negative regulator of human T cell activation. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:751-60. [PMID: 25624460 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0714-334r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis whether MERTK, which is up-regulated in human DCs treated with immunosuppressive agents, is directly involved in modulating T cell activation. MERTK is a member of the TAM family and contributes to regulating innate immune response to ACs by inhibiting DC activation in animal models. However, whether MERTK interacts directly with T cells has not been addressed. Here, we show that MERTK is highly expressed on dex-induced human tol-DCs and participates in their tolerogenic effect. Neutralization of MERTK in allogenic MLR, as well as autologous DC-T cell cultures, leads to increased T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production. Additionally, we identify a previously unrecognized noncell-autonomous regulatory function of MERTK expressed on DCs. Mer-Fc protein, used to mimic MERTK on DCs, suppresses naïve and antigen-specific memory T cell activation. This mechanism is mediated by the neutralization of the MERTK ligand PROS1. We find that MERTK and PROS1 are expressed in human T cells upon TCR activation and drive an autocrine proproliferative mechanism. Collectively, these results suggest that MERTK on DCs controls T cell activation and expansion through the competition for PROS1 interaction with MERTK in the T cells. In conclusion, this report identified MERTK as a potent suppressor of T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Cabezón
- *Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; 3ra Cátedra de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - E Antonio Carrera-Silva
- *Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; 3ra Cátedra de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Georgina Flórez-Grau
- *Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; 3ra Cátedra de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrea E Errasti
- *Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; 3ra Cátedra de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Elisabeth Calderón-Gómez
- *Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; 3ra Cátedra de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Juan José Lozano
- *Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; 3ra Cátedra de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Carolina España
- *Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; 3ra Cátedra de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Elena Ricart
- *Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; 3ra Cátedra de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Julián Panés
- *Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; 3ra Cátedra de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Carla Vanina Rothlin
- *Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; 3ra Cátedra de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daniel Benítez-Ribas
- *Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; 3ra Cátedra de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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Rothlin CV, Carrera-Silva EA, Bosurgi L, Ghosh S. TAM receptor signaling in immune homeostasis. Annu Rev Immunol 2015; 33:355-91. [PMID: 25594431 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The TAM receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)-TYRO3, AXL, and MERTK-together with their cognate agonists GAS6 and PROS1 play an essential role in the resolution of inflammation. Deficiencies in TAM signaling have been associated with chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Three processes regulated by TAM signaling may contribute, either independently or collectively, to immune homeostasis: the negative regulation of the innate immune response, the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, and the restoration of vascular integrity. Recent studies have also revealed the function of TAMs in infectious diseases and cancer. Here, we review the important milestones in the discovery of these RTKs and their ligands and the studies that underscore the functional importance of this signaling pathway in physiological immune settings and disease.
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Zheng S, Hedl M, Abraham C. TAM receptor-dependent regulation of SOCS3 and MAPKs contributes to proinflammatory cytokine downregulation following chronic NOD2 stimulation of human macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1928-37. [PMID: 25567680 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microbial-induced cytokine regulation is critical to intestinal immune homeostasis. Acute stimulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), the Crohn's disease-associated sensor of bacterial peptidoglycan, induces cytokines. However, cytokines are attenuated after chronic NOD2 and pattern recognition receptor stimulation of macrophages; similar attenuation is observed in intestinal macrophages. The role of Tyro3, Axl, and Mer (TAM) receptors in regulating chronic pattern recognition receptor stimulation and NOD2-induced outcomes has not been examined. Moreover, TAM receptors have been relatively less investigated in human macrophages. Whereas TAM receptors did not downregulate acute NOD2-induced cytokines in primary human macrophages, they were essential for downregulating signaling and proinflammatory cytokine secretion after chronic NOD2 and TLR4 stimulation. Axl and Mer were similarly required in mice for cytokine downregulation after chronic NOD2 stimulation in vivo and in intestinal tissues. Consistently, TAM expression was increased in human intestinal myeloid-derived cells. Chronic NOD2 stimulation led to IL-10- and TGF-β-dependent TAM upregulation in human macrophages, which, in turn, upregulated suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 expression. Restoring suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 expression under TAM knockdown conditions restored chronic NOD2-mediated proinflammatory cytokine downregulation. In contrast to the upregulated proinflammatory cytokines, attenuated IL-10 secretion was maintained in TAM-deficient macrophages upon chronic NOD2 stimulation. The level of MAPK activation in TAM-deficient macrophages after chronic NOD2 stimulation was insufficient to upregulate IL-10 secretion; however, full restoration of MAPK activation under these conditions restored c-Fos, c-Jun, musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog K, and PU.1 binding to the IL-10 promoter and IL-10 secretion. Therefore, TAM receptors are critical for downregulating proinflammatory cytokines under the chronic NOD2 stimulation conditions observed in the intestinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zheng
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Matija Hedl
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Clara Abraham
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
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Lew ED, Oh J, Burrola PG, Lax I, Zagórska A, Través PG, Schlessinger J, Lemke G. Differential TAM receptor-ligand-phospholipid interactions delimit differential TAM bioactivities. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25265470 PMCID: PMC4206827 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The TAM receptor tyrosine kinases Tyro3, Axl, and Mer regulate key features of cellular physiology, yet the differential activities of the TAM ligands Gas6 and Protein S are poorly understood. We have used biochemical and genetic analyses to delineate the rules for TAM receptor–ligand engagement and find that the TAMs segregate into two groups based on ligand specificity, regulation by phosphatidylserine, and function. Tyro3 and Mer are activated by both ligands but only Gas6 activates Axl. Optimal TAM signaling requires coincident TAM ligand engagement of both its receptor and the phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PtdSer): Gas6 lacking its PtdSer-binding ‘Gla domain’ is significantly weakened as a Tyro3/Mer agonist and is inert as an Axl agonist, even though it binds to Axl with wild-type affinity. In two settings of TAM-dependent homeostatic phagocytosis, Mer plays a predominant role while Axl is dispensable, and activation of Mer by Protein S is sufficient to drive phagocytosis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03385.001 Cells send out and receive signals to communicate with other cells. Detecting these signals is largely carried out by proteins called receptors that span the cell surface membrane. These proteins typically have extracellular domains outside of the cell that can bind to specific signaling molecules and an intracellular domain inside the cell that relays the information inwards to trigger a response. Three such receptor proteins are collectively known as the TAM receptors. Each day, many billions of cells in the human body die and are engulfed by other cells and broken down so that their building blocks can be reused. TAM receptors are required for this process; and the TAM receptors also help prevent the immune system from going out of control, which would damage the body's own tissues. Two different signaling proteins, called Gas6 and Protein S, can bind to and activate TAM receptors. Both of the signaling proteins can also bind to a phospholipid molecule that is found on the surface membrane of dead cells. However, it is not known if all three TAM receptors bind to both signaling proteins equally, and the importance of the phospholipid-binding domain in the signaling proteins remains unclear. To shed light on the workings of these receptors, Lew et al. created mouse cells that each only express one out of the three TAM receptors. These cells were then exposed to intact Gas6 and Protein S, or shortened versions that lacked the phospholipid-binding domain. Lew et al. found that Gas6 could trigger a response through all three TAM receptors but that Protein S was specific for only two out of the three receptors. Signaling proteins with or without their phospholipid-binding domains bound equally well to the receptors, but the maximum level of response was only triggered when both signaling proteins were intact and the phospholipid molecule was present. This is important since the phospholipid can be thought of as an ‘eat-me’ signal by which the dead cells are recognized by the TAM receptor-expressing cells that will engulf them. Using mice that only produce a TAM receptor called Mer, Lew et al. show that Protein S alone can trigger the process that engulfs and breaks down cells in a living organism. These data and previous work suggest that two TAM receptors—including Mer—are involved in the daily engulfment of dying cells, whereas the third mediates this process during infection and tissue damage. Molecules that inhibit or activate the function of TAM receptors are currently being developed to treat cancer and other diseases. By revealing which receptors respond to which signaling molecules, the findings of Lew et al. will serve to guide these efforts. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03385.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Lew
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Jennifer Oh
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Patrick G Burrola
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Irit Lax
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Anna Zagórska
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Paqui G Través
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Joseph Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Greg Lemke
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
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Zagórska A, Través PG, Lew ED, Dransfield I, Lemke G. Diversification of TAM receptor tyrosine kinase function. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:920-8. [PMID: 25194421 PMCID: PMC4169336 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The clearance of apoptotic cells is critical for both tissue homeostasis and the resolution of inflammation. We found that the TAM receptor tyrosine kinases Axl and Mer had distinct roles as phagocytic receptors in these two settings, in which they exhibited divergent expression, regulation and activity. Mer acted as a tolerogenic receptor in resting macrophages and during immunosuppression. In contrast, Axl was an inflammatory response receptor whose expression was induced by proinflammatory stimuli. Axl and Mer differed in their ligand specificities, ligand-receptor complex formation in tissues, and receptor shedding upon activation. These differences notwithstanding, phagocytosis by either protein was strictly dependent on receptor activation triggered by bridging of TAM receptor-ligand complexes to the 'eat-me' signal phosphatidylserine on the surface of apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zagórska
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Paqui G Través
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Erin D Lew
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ian Dransfield
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Greg Lemke
- 1] Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
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Shao WH, Cohen PL. The role of tyrosine kinases in systemic lupus erythematosus and their potential as therapeutic targets. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:573-82. [PMID: 24678775 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.893827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus is characterized by loss of tolerance to nuclear antigens. Breakdown of tolerance is associated with alterations in T-cell and B-cell receptor signal transduction, including increased protein phosphorylation that may underlie pathogenesis and explain the characteristic hyperactivity of T and B cells and other immune cells in active disease. Tyrosine kinases play a central role in signaling processes in cells known to be important in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the function of tyrosine kinases in immune cell signaling pathways. In this review, we will summarize the function of tyrosine kinases and their novel inhibitors from studies made in animal lupus models and systemic lupus erythematosus patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hai Shao
- Department of Medicine and Temple Autoimmunity Center, Section of Rheumatology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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