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Li G, Yang H, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Liu B, Wang Y, Zhou H, Xu ZX, Wang Y. The role of macrophages in fibrosis of chronic kidney disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:117079. [PMID: 38968801 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are widely distributed throughout various tissues of the body, and mounting evidence suggests their involvement in regulating the tissue microenvironment, thereby influencing disease onset and progression through direct or indirect actions. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), disturbances in renal functional homeostasis lead to inflammatory cell infiltration, tubular expansion, glomerular atrophy, and subsequent renal fibrosis. Macrophages play a pivotal role in this pathological process. Therefore, understanding their role is imperative for investigating CKD progression, mitigating its advancement, and offering novel research perspectives for fibrosis treatment from an immunological standpoint. This review primarily delves into the intrinsic characteristics of macrophages, their origins, diverse subtypes, and their associations with renal fibrosis. Particular emphasis is placed on the transition between M1 and M2 phenotypes. In late-stage CKD, there is a shift from the M1 to the M2 phenotype, accompanied by an increased prevalence of M2 macrophages. This transition is governed by the activation of the TGF-β1/SMAD3 and JAK/STAT pathways, which facilitate macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition (MMT). The tyrosine kinase Src is involved in both signaling cascades. By thoroughly elucidating macrophage functions and comprehending the modes and molecular mechanisms of macrophage-fibroblast interaction in the kidney, novel, tailored therapeutic strategies for preventing or attenuating the progression of CKD can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangtao Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Hongxia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yanghe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yuxiong Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Honglan Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Zhi-Xiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yishu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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Burgess MO, Janas P, Berry K, Mayr H, Mack M, Jenkins SJ, Bain CC, McSorley HJ, Schwarze J. Helminth induced monocytosis conveys protection from respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice. Allergy 2024. [PMID: 38924546 DOI: 10.1111/all.16206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in infants is a major cause of viral bronchiolitis and hospitalisation. We have previously shown in a murine model that ongoing infection with the gut helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus protects against RSV infection through type I interferon (IFN-I) dependent reduction of viral load. Yet, the cellular basis for this protection has remained elusive. Given that recruitment of mononuclear phagocytes to the lung is critical for early RSV infection control, we assessed their role in this coinfection model. METHODS Mice were infected by oral gavage with H. polygyrus. Myeloid immune cell populations were assessed by flow cytometry in lung, blood and bone marrow throughout infection and after secondary infection with RSV. Monocyte numbers were depleted by anti-CCR2 antibody or increased by intravenous transfer of enriched monocytes. RESULTS H. polygyrus infection induces bone marrow monopoiesis, increasing circulatory monocytes and lung mononuclear phagocytes in a IFN-I signalling dependent manner. This expansion causes enhanced lung mononuclear phagocyte counts early in RSV infection that may contribute to the reduction of RSV load. Depletion or supplementation of circulatory monocytes prior to RSV infection confirms that these are both necessary and sufficient for helminth induced antiviral protection. CONCLUSIONS H. polygyrus infection induces systemic monocytosis contributing to elevated mononuclear phagocyte numbers in the lung. These cells are central to an anti-viral effect that reduces the peak viral load in RSV infection. Treatments to promote or modulate these cells may provide novel paths to control RSV infection in high risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O Burgess
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Piotr Janas
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karla Berry
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hannah Mayr
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephen J Jenkins
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Calum C Bain
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Henry J McSorley
- Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Jurgen Schwarze
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Child Life and Health, Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Nian Z, Mao Y, Xu Z, Deng M, Xu Y, Xu H, Chen R, Xu Y, Huang N, Mao F, Xu C, Wang Y, Niu M, Chen A, Xue X, Zhang H, Guo G. Multi-omics analysis uncovered systemic lupus erythematosus and COVID-19 crosstalk. Mol Med 2024; 30:81. [PMID: 38862942 PMCID: PMC11167821 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00851-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have highlighted a possible crosstalk between the pathogeneses of COVID-19 and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); however, the interactive mechanisms remain unclear. We aimed to elucidate the impact of COVID-19 on SLE using clinical information and the underlying mechanisms of both diseases. METHODS RNA-seq datasets were used to identify shared hub gene signatures between COVID-19 and SLE, while genome-wide association study datasets were used to delineate the interaction mechanisms of the key signaling pathways. Finally, single-cell RNA-seq datasets were used to determine the primary target cells expressing the shared hub genes and key signaling pathways. RESULTS COVID-19 may affect patients with SLE through hematologic involvement and exacerbated inflammatory responses. We identified 14 shared hub genes between COVID-19 and SLE that were significantly associated with interferon (IFN)-I/II. We also screened and obtained four core transcription factors related to these hub genes, confirming the regulatory role of the IFN-I/II-mediated Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway on these hub genes. Further, SLE and COVID-19 can interact via IFN-I/II and IFN-I/II receptors, promoting the levels of monokines, including interleukin (IL)-6/10, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IFN-γ, and elevating the incidence rate and risk of cytokine release syndrome. Therefore, in SLE and COVID-19, both hub genes and core TFs are enriched within monocytes/macrophages. CONCLUSIONS The interaction between SLE and COVID-19 promotes the activation of the IFN-I/II-triggered JAK-STAT signaling pathway in monocytes/macrophages. These findings provide a new direction and rationale for diagnosing and treating patients with SLE-COVID-19 comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekai Nian
- Second Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yicheng Mao
- Ophthalmology College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zexia Xu
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ming Deng
- Public Health and Management College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yixi Xu
- School of Public Administration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanlu Xu
- Ophthalmology College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ruoyao Chen
- Second Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiliu Xu
- Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Nan Huang
- Public Health and Management College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Feiyang Mao
- Second Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chenyu Xu
- Wenzhou Collaborative Innovation Center of Gastrointestinal Cancer in Basic Research and Precision Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Cancer-Related Pathogens and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- Public Health and Management College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mengyuan Niu
- Wenzhou Collaborative Innovation Center of Gastrointestinal Cancer in Basic Research and Precision Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Cancer-Related Pathogens and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Aqiong Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiangyang Xue
- Wenzhou Collaborative Innovation Center of Gastrointestinal Cancer in Basic Research and Precision Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Cancer-Related Pathogens and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Huidi Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Gangqiang Guo
- Wenzhou Collaborative Innovation Center of Gastrointestinal Cancer in Basic Research and Precision Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Cancer-Related Pathogens and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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Chappin K, Besteman SB, Hennus MP, Wildenbeest JG, Mokry M, Bont LJ, van der Vlist M, Calis JJA. Airway and Blood Monocyte Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals an Antiviral Phenotype in Infants With Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:S100-S111. [PMID: 37941411 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the primary cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children <5 years of age. Monocytes, especially in the respiratory tract, are suggested to contribute to RSV pathology, but their role is incompletely understood. With transcriptomic profiling of blood and airway monocytes, we describe the role of monocytes in severe RSV infection. METHODS Tracheobronchial aspirates and blood samples were collected from control patients (n = 9) and those infected with RSV (n = 14) who were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. Monocytes (CD14+) were sorted and analyzed by RNA sequencing for transcriptomic profiling. RESULTS Peripheral blood and airway monocytes of patients with RSV demonstrated increased expression of antiviral and interferon-responsive genes as compared with controls. Cytokine signaling showed a shared response between blood and airway monocytes while displaying responses that were more pronounced according to the tissue of origin. Airway monocytes upregulated additional genes related to migration and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS We found that the RSV-induced interferon response extends from the airways to the peripheral blood. Moreover, RSV induces a migration-promoting transcriptional program in monocytes. Unraveling the monocytic response and its role in the immune response to RSV infection could help the development of therapeutics to prevent severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chappin
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University
| | | | - M P Hennus
- Department of Paediatric Intensive Care, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht
| | | | - M Mokry
- Experimental Cardiology, Department of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Centre Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - L J Bont
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology
| | - M van der Vlist
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University
| | - J J A Calis
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University
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Ke PF, Zhu YT, Cao SL, Wang Y, Wu ST, He QQ, Liang LF, Li JC. Identification of pattern recognition receptor genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and monocytes as biomarkers for the diagnosis of lupus nephritis. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 554:117785. [PMID: 38228224 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.117785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of lupus-related pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and monocytes (MONs) for lupus nephritis (LN). METHODS PBMCs were isolated from a cohort with 37 LN patients and 39 healthy controls (HCs), and MONs were derived from another cohort with 70 LN patients and 66 HCs. Q-PCR was used to measure the mRNA levels of CGAS, IFNB1, AIM2, IL1Β, NLRC4, NLRP3, NLRP12 and ZBP1 in the PBMCs and MONs. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the data in LN patients and HCs. Eleven GEO datasets of SLE/LN were used to perform differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis to these PRR genes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was employed to assess the performance of individual genes or the disease prediction model established by combining multiple genes in LN diagnosis. Spearman correlation method was done to analyze the correlation between these PRRs and other clinical characteristics. RESULTS The mRNA levels of five genes (AIM2, NLRC4, IL1B, NLRP12 and ZBP1) in PBMCs, and seven genes (CGAS, IFNB1, AIM2, IL1B, NLRP3, NLRP12 and ZBP1) in MONs of LN patients were significantly higher than those of HCs (P < 0.05). DEGs analysis based on the GEO datasets showed that ZBP1, AIM2 and IL1B were significantly increased in several datasets. The ROC curve analysis indicated that the area under curve (AUC) of the LN prediction models derived from PBMCs or MONs were 0.82 or 0.91 respectively. In addition, the expression levels of these PRRs were correlated with other clinical features in LN patients, including Anti-Sm, ESR, serum Cr, and C3. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that these lupus-related PRRs might be served as potential biomarkers of LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Feng Ke
- Medical Research Center, Yue Bei People's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan 512025, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yan-Ting Zhu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Song-Ling Cao
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China; Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Shi-Ting Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Qian-Qian He
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Li-Fang Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Ji-Cheng Li
- Medical Research Center, Yue Bei People's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan 512025, China; Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310031, China.
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Lin CMA, Isaacs JD, Cooles FAH. Role of IFN-α in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2024; 26:37-52. [PMID: 38051494 PMCID: PMC10787895 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-023-01125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Type 1 interferons (IFN-I) are of increasing interest across a wide range of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Historically, research into their role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been relatively neglected, but recent work continues to highlight a potential contribution to RA pathophysiology. RECENT FINDINGS We emphasise the importance of disease stage when examining IFN-I in RA and provide an overview on how IFN-I may have a direct role on a variety of relevant cellular functions. We explore how clinical trajectory may be influenced by increased IFN-I signalling, and also, the limitations of scores composed of interferon response genes. Relevant environmental triggers and inheritable RA genetic risk relating to IFN-I signalling are explored with emphasis on intriguing data potentially linking IFN-I exposure, epigenetic changes, and disease relevant processes. Whilst these data cumulatively illustrate a likely role for IFN-I in RA, they also highlight the knowledge gaps, particularly in populations at risk for RA, and suggest directions for future research to both better understand IFN-I biology and inform targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung M A Lin
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Musculoskeletal Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John D Isaacs
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Musculoskeletal Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Faye A H Cooles
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Musculoskeletal Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Tanaka Y, Kusuda M, Yamaguchi Y. Interferons and systemic lupus erythematosus: Pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatments in interferon-driven disease. Mod Rheumatol 2023; 33:857-867. [PMID: 36440704 DOI: 10.1093/mr/roac140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) have recently received a lot of attention with the elucidation of the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Type I IFNs are associated with many SLE symptoms and play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases that may occur concurrently with SLE, such as Sjögren's syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome, myositis, scleroderma, and interferonopathy. Type I IFNs could be the link between these diseases. However, direct measurement of type I IFN levels and the IFN gene signature is currently unavailable in clinical practice. This review discusses type I IFN signalling in SLE, investigates the role of type I IFN in the clinical manifestations and symptoms associated with SLE and other IFN-related diseases, and discusses the clinical tests that can be used to diagnose SLE and measure disease activity. In addition, the role of type I IFN-blocking therapies as potential treatments for SLE is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiya Tanaka
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Chen S, Saeed AFUH, Liu Q, Jiang Q, Xu H, Xiao GG, Rao L, Duo Y. Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:207. [PMID: 37211559 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 172.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages exist in various tissues, several body cavities, and around mucosal surfaces and are a vital part of the innate immune system for host defense against many pathogens and cancers. Macrophages possess binary M1/M2 macrophage polarization settings, which perform a central role in an array of immune tasks via intrinsic signal cascades and, therefore, must be precisely regulated. Many crucial questions about macrophage signaling and immune modulation are yet to be uncovered. In addition, the clinical importance of tumor-associated macrophages is becoming more widely recognized as significant progress has been made in understanding their biology. Moreover, they are an integral part of the tumor microenvironment, playing a part in the regulation of a wide variety of processes including angiogenesis, extracellular matrix transformation, cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, immunosuppression, and resistance to chemotherapeutic and checkpoint blockade immunotherapies. Herein, we discuss immune regulation in macrophage polarization and signaling, mechanical stresses and modulation, metabolic signaling pathways, mitochondrial and transcriptional, and epigenetic regulation. Furthermore, we have broadly extended the understanding of macrophages in extracellular traps and the essential roles of autophagy and aging in regulating macrophage functions. Moreover, we discussed recent advances in macrophages-mediated immune regulation of autoimmune diseases and tumorigenesis. Lastly, we discussed targeted macrophage therapy to portray prospective targets for therapeutic strategies in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanze Chen
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Critic Care Unit, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Abdullah F U H Saeed
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Quan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Qiong Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Critic Care Unit, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Haizhao Xu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Critic Care Unit, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Gary Guishan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
| | - Lang Rao
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China.
| | - Yanhong Duo
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Li M, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Sun J, Liu R, Pan Z, Zhang P, Liu S. Type 1 interferon signature in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and monocytes of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy patients with different myositis-specific autoantibodies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1169057. [PMID: 37228600 PMCID: PMC10203462 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1169057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSAs) are clinically used to diagnose and define idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) subsets. However, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of patients with different MSAs remain unclear. Methods A total of 158 Chinese patients with IIM and 167 gender- and age-matched healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), followed by the identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and analysis of gene set enrichment analysis, immune cell infiltration, and WGCNA. Monocyte subsets and related cytokines/chemokines were quantified. The expressions of interferon (IFN)-related genes were validated using qRT-PCR and Western blot in both PBMCs and monocytes. We also performed correlation analysis and ROC analysis to explore the potential clinical significance of the IFN-related genes. Results There were 1,364 genes altered in patients with IIM, including 952 upregulated and 412 downregulated genes. The type I interferon (IFN-I) pathway was remarkably activated in patients with IIM. Compared with patients with other MSAs, IFN-I signatures were significantly activated in patients with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) antibodies. In total, 1,288 hub genes associated with IIM onset were identified using WGCNA, including 29 key DEGs associated with IFN signaling. The patients had more CD14brightCD16- classical, CD14brightCD16+ intermediate, and fewer CD14dimCD16+ non-classical monocyte subsets. Plasma cytokines like IL-6 and TNF and chemokines including CCL3 and MCPs increased. The validation of IFN-I-related gene expressions was consistent with the findings from RNA-Seq. The IFN-related genes were correlated with laboratory parameters and helpful for IIM diagnosis. Conclusion Gene expressions were remarkably altered in the PBMCs of IIM patients. Anti-MDA5+ IIM patients had a more pronounced activated IFN signature than others. Monocytes exhibited a proinflammatory feature and contributed to the IFN signature of IIM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yusheng Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenzhe Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinlei Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhou Pan
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shengyun Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Sequí-Sabater JM, Beretta L. Defining the Role of Monocytes in Sjögren's Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112765. [PMID: 36361554 PMCID: PMC9654893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome is one of the most prevalent autoimmune diseases after rheumatoid arthritis, with a preference for middle age, and is characterised by exocrine glandular involvement leading to xerostomia and xerophthalmia. It can have systemic implications with vascular, neurological, renal, and pulmonary involvement, and in some cases, it may evolve to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. For a long time, B- and T-lymphocytes have been the focus of research and have been considered key players in Sjögren's syndrome pathogenesis and evolution. With the development of new technologies, including omics, more insights have been found on the different signalling pathways that lead to inflammation and activation of the immune system. New evidence indicates that a third actor linking innate and adaptive immunity plays a leading role in the Sjögren's syndrome play: the monocyte. This review summarises the recent insights from transcriptomic, proteomic, and epigenetic studies that help us to understand more about the Sjögren's syndrome pathophysiology and redefine the involvement of monocytes in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Miguel Sequí-Sabater
- Rheumatology Department, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Menéndez Pidal Ave., 14005 Córdoba, Spain
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Menéndez Pidal Ave., 14005 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Beretta
- Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Francesco Sforza St. 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
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11
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Han S, Zhuang H, Arja RD, Reeves WH. A novel monocyte differentiation pattern in pristane-induced lupus with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. eLife 2022; 11:e76205. [PMID: 36264674 PMCID: PMC9584606 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pristane causes chronic peritoneal inflammation resulting in lupus, which in C57BL/6 mice is complicated by lung microvascular injury and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH). Mineral oil (MO) also causes inflammation, but not lupus or DAH. Since monocyte depletion prevents DAH, we examined the role of monocytes in the disease. Impaired bone marrow (BM) monocyte egress in Ccr2-/- mice abolished DAH, confirming the importance of monocyte recruitment to the lung. Circulating Ly6Chi monocytes from pristane-treated mice exhibited increased annexin-V staining in comparison with MO-treated controls without evidence of apoptosis, suggesting that pristane alters the distribution of phosphatidylserine in the plasma membrane before or shortly after monocyte egress from the BM. Plasma membrane asymmetry also was impaired in Nr4a1-regulated Ly6Clo/- 'patrolling' monocytes, which are derived from Ly6Chi precursors. Patrolling Ly6Clo/- monocytes normally promote endothelial repair, but their phenotype was altered in pristane-treated mice. In contrast to MO-treated controls, Nr4a1-regulated Ly6Clo/- monocytes from pristane-treated mice were CD138+, expressed more TremL4, a protein that amplifies TLR7 signaling, and exuberantly produced TNFα in response to TLR7 stimulation. TremL4 expression on these novel CD138+ monocytes was regulated by Nr4a1. Thus, monocyte CD138, high TremL4 expression, and annexin-V staining may define an activated/inflammatory subtype of patrolling monocytes associated with DAH susceptibility. By altering monocyte development, pristane exposure may generate activated Ly6Chi and Ly6Clo/- monocytes, contributing to lung microvascular endothelial injury and DAH susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Han
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, & Clinical Immunology, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Haoyang Zhuang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, & Clinical Immunology, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Rawad Daniel Arja
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, & Clinical Immunology, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Westley H Reeves
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, & Clinical Immunology, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
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12
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Chikhaoui A, Jones M, Režen T, Ben Ahmed M, Naouali C, Komel R, Zghal M, Boubaker S, Abdelhak S, Yacoub-Youssef H. Inflammatory landscape in Xeroderma pigmentosum patients with cutaneous melanoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13854. [PMID: 35974070 PMCID: PMC9381529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17928-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a DNA repair disease that predisposes to early skin cancers as cutaneous melanoma. Melanoma microenvironment contains inflammatory mediators, which would be interesting biomarkers for the prognosis or for the identification of novel therapeutic targets. We used a PCR array to evaluate the transcriptional pattern of 84 inflammatory genes in melanoma tumors obtained from XP patients (XP-Mel) and in sporadic melanoma (SP-Mel) compared to healthy skin. Commonly expressed inflammatory genes were further explored via GTEx and GEPIA databases. The differentially expressed inflammatory genes in XP were compared to their expression in skin exposed to UVs, and evaluated on the basis of the overall survival outcomes of patients with melanoma. Monocyte subsets of patients with SP-Mel, XP and healthy donors were also assessed. PCR array data revealed that 34 inflammatory genes were under-expressed in XP-Mel compared to SP-Mel. Differentially expressed genes that were common in XP-Mel and SP-Mel were correlated with the transcriptomic datasets from GEPIA and GTEx and highlighted the implication of KLK1 and IL8 in the tumorigenesis. We showed also that in XP-Mel tumors, there was an overexpression of KLK6 and KLK10 genes, which seems to be associated with a bad survival rate. As for the innate immunity, we observed a decrease of intermediate monocytes in patients with SP-Mel and in XP. We highlight an alteration in the immune response in XP patients. We identified candidate biomarkers involved in the tumorigenesis, and in the survival of patients with melanoma. Intermediate monocyte's in patients at risk could be a prognostic biomarker for melanoma outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Chikhaoui
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale Et Oncogénétique (LR16IPT05), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Meriem Jones
- Département de Dermatologie, Hôpital Charles Nicolle de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Tadeja Režen
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips and Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Melika Ben Ahmed
- Laboratoire de Transmission, Contrôle Et Immunobiologie de L'infection, LR16IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis Université de Tunis El Manar I, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Chokri Naouali
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale Et Oncogénétique (LR16IPT05), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Radovan Komel
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips and Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mohamed Zghal
- Département de Dermatologie, Hôpital Charles Nicolle de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Samir Boubaker
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale Et Oncogénétique (LR16IPT05), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Abdelhak
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale Et Oncogénétique (LR16IPT05), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Houda Yacoub-Youssef
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale Et Oncogénétique (LR16IPT05), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia. .,Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
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13
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Almquist J, Kuruvilla D, Mai T, Tummala R, White WI, Tang W, Roskos L, Chia YL. Nonlinear Population Pharmacokinetics of Anifrolumab in Healthy Volunteers and Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 62:1106-1120. [PMID: 35383948 PMCID: PMC9540432 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
We characterized the population pharmacokinetics of anifrolumab, a type I interferon receptor–blocking antibody. Pharmacokinetic data were analyzed from the anifrolumab (intravenous [IV], every 4 weeks) arms from 5 clinical trials in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (n = 664) and healthy volunteers (n = 6). Population pharmacokinetic modeling was performed using a 2‐compartment model with parallel linear and nonlinear elimination pathways. The impact of covariates (demographics, interferon gene signature [IFNGS, high/low], disease characteristics, renal/hepatic function, SLE medications, and antidrug antibodies) on pharmacokinetics was evaluated. Time‐varying clearance (CL) was characterized using an empirical sigmoidal time‐dependent function. Anifrolumab exposure increased more than dose‐proportionally from 100 to 1000 mg IV every 4 weeks. Based on population pharmacokinetics modeling, the baseline median linear CL was 0.193 L/day in IFNGS‐high patients and 0.153 L/day in IFNGS‐low/healthy volunteers. After a year, median anifrolumab linear CL decreased by 8.4% from baseline. Body weight and IFNGS were significant pharmacokinetic covariates, whereas age, sex, race, disease activity, SLE medications, and presence of antidrug antibodies had no significant effect on anifrolumab pharmacokinetics. Anifrolumab at a concentration of 300 mg IV every 4 weeks was predicted to be below the lower limit of quantitation in 95% of patients ≈10 weeks after a single dose and ≈16 weeks after stopping dosing at steady state. To conclude, anifrolumab exhibited nonlinear pharmacokinetics and time‐varying linear CL; doses ≥300 mg IV every 4 weeks provided sustained anifrolumab concentrations. This study provides further evidence to support the use of anifrolumab 300 mg IV every 4 weeks in patients with moderate to severe SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Almquist
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Denison Kuruvilla
- BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tu Mai
- BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Raj Tummala
- Clinical Development, Late Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
| | - Wendy I White
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
| | - Weifeng Tang
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
| | - Lorin Roskos
- BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yen Lin Chia
- BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, California, USA
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14
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He Y, Chen R, Zhang M, Wang B, Liao Z, Shi G, Li Y. Abnormal Changes of Monocyte Subsets in Patients With Sjögren’s Syndrome. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864920. [PMID: 35309355 PMCID: PMC8931697 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have proven the existence of distinct monocyte subsets, which play a significant role in the development of some rheumatic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study was performed to define the changes of monocyte subsets in patients with Sjögren’s Syndrome (SjS). Methods Single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data of monocytes from SjS patients and controls were analyzed. The transcriptomic changes in monocyte subsets between SjS and controls were identified and potential key functional pathways involved in SjS development were also explored. Results A total of 11 monocyte subsets were identified in the scRNA-seq analyses of monocytes. A new monocyte subset characterized by higher expression of VNN2 (GPI-80) and S100A12 (Monocyte cluster 3) was identified, and it was increased in SjS patients. Compared with controls, almost all monocyte subsets from SjS patients had increased expression of TNFSF10 (TRAIL). Moreover, interferon (IFN)-related and neutrophil activation-associated pathways were main up-regulated pathways in the monocytes of SjS patients. Conclusion This study uncovered the abnormal changes in monocyte subsets and their transcriptomic changes in SjS patients, and identified TNFSF10 high/+ monocytes as a potential key player in SjS pathogenesis and a promising target for SjS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen Science and Technology Bureau, Xiamen, China
| | - Rongjuan Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen Science and Technology Bureau, Xiamen, China
| | - Mengqin Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen Science and Technology Bureau, Xiamen, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen Science and Technology Bureau, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhangdi Liao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen Science and Technology Bureau, Xiamen, China
| | - Guixiu Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen Science and Technology Bureau, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Guixiu Shi, ; Yan Li,
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen Science and Technology Bureau, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Guixiu Shi, ; Yan Li,
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15
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Inaba R, Kawahara-Miki R, Shinozawa A, Yasuhara T, Fujii T, Koyama K, Murata-Okubo M, Souma K, Hirayama H. Impaired placentomal interferon signaling as the possible cause of retained fetal membrane in parturition-induced cows. J Reprod Dev 2021; 68:30-37. [PMID: 34719558 PMCID: PMC8872748 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2021-094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hormonal induction of parturition in cattle results in the successful delivery of healthy calves, the risk of retained fetal membrane is significantly increased. In a previous
study, a combination of the long-acting glucocorticoid, triamcinolone acetonide, with a high dose of betamethasone partially normalized the placentomal gene expression during parturition;
however, the incidence of retained fetal membrane remained high. This study further explored placentomal dysfunction and aimed to elucidate the mechanism of retained fetal membrane in
parturition-induced cows. In this study, transcriptome analysis revealed that enhanced glucocorticoid exposure normalized the expression of a substantial fraction of genes in the cotyledons.
In contrast, a significant reduction in the multiple signaling pathway activities, including interferon signaling, was found in the caruncles during induced parturition. Real-time PCR showed
that the expression of interferon-tau in the caruncles, but not interferon-alpha or interferon-gamma, was significantly lower in induced parturition than spontaneous parturition.
Interferon-stimulated gene expression was also significantly decreased in the caruncles during induced parturition. These results indicate that interferon signaling could be important for
immunological control in placentomes during parturition. Additionally, this suggests that interferon-tau might be a pivotal ligand for interferon receptors in the caruncles. This study
revealed that peripheral blood leukocytes in prepartum cows transcribed interferon-tau. Macrophage infiltration in the placentome is known to participate in the detachment of the fetal
membrane from the caruncle. Thus, this study raised the possibility that immune cells migrating into the caruncles at parturition may act as a source of ligands that activate interferon
signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Inaba
- Department of Bioproduction, Graduate School of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
| | - Ryouka Kawahara-Miki
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Akihisa Shinozawa
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Taichi Yasuhara
- Department of Bioproduction, Graduate School of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujii
- Animal Biotechnology Group, Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido 081-0038, Japan
| | - Keisuke Koyama
- Dairy Cow Group, Daily Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Nakashibetsu, Hokkaido 086-1135, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Michiko Murata-Okubo
- Department of Bioproduction, Graduate School of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
| | - Kousaku Souma
- Department of Bioproduction, Graduate School of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hirayama
- Department of Bioproduction, Graduate School of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
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16
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Chuah JJM, Hertzog PJ, Campbell NK. Immunoregulation by type I interferons in the peritoneal cavity. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:337-353. [PMID: 34612523 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0821-147r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The peritoneal cavity, a fluid-containing potential space surrounding the abdominal and pelvic organs, is home to a rich network of immune cells that maintain tissue homeostasis and provide protection against infection. However, under pathological conditions such as peritonitis, endometriosis, and peritoneal carcinomatosis, the peritoneal immune system can become dysregulated, resulting in nonresolving inflammation and disease progression. An enhanced understanding of the factors that regulate peritoneal immune cells under both homeostatic conditions and in disease contexts is therefore required to identify new treatment strategies for these often life-limiting peritoneal pathologies. Type I interferons (T1IFNs) are a family of cytokines with broad immunoregulatory functions, which provide defense against viruses, bacteria, and cancer. There have been numerous reports of immunoregulation by T1IFNs within the peritoneal cavity, which can contribute to both the resolution or propagation of peritoneal disease states, depending on the specifics of the disease setting and local environment. In this review, we provide an overview of the major immune cell populations that reside in the peritoneal cavity (or infiltrate it under inflammatory conditions) and highlight their contribution to the initiation, progression, or resolution of peritoneal diseases. Additionally, we will discuss the role of T1IFNs in the regulation of peritoneal immune cells, and summarize the results of laboratory studies and clinical trials which have investigated T1IFNs in peritonitis/sepsis, endometriosis, and peritoneal carcinomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine J M Chuah
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul J Hertzog
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole K Campbell
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Zhuang H, Han S, Lu L, Reeves WH. Myxomavirus serpin alters macrophage function and prevents diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in pristane-induced lupus. Clin Immunol 2021; 229:108764. [PMID: 34089860 PMCID: PMC10619960 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
C57BL/6 mice with pristane-induced lupus develop macrophage-dependent diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH), which is blocked by treatment with liver X receptor (LXR) agonists and is exacerbated by low IL-10 levels. Serp-1, a myxomavirus-encoded serpin that impairs macrophage activation and plasminogen activation, blocks DAH caused by MHV68 infection. We investigated whether Serp-1 also could block DAH in pristane-induced lupus. Pristane-induced DAH was prevented by treatment with recombinant Serp-1 and macrophages from Serp1-treated mice exhibited an anti-inflammatory M2-like phenotype. Therapy activated LXR, promoting M2 polarization and expression of Kruppel-like factor-4 (KLH4), which upregulates IL-10. In contrast, deficiency of tissue plasminogen activator or plasminogen activator inhibitor had little effect on DAH. We conclude that Serp-1 blocks pristane-induced lung hemorrhage by enhancing LXR-regulated M2 macrophage polarization and KLH4-regulated IL-10 production. In view of the similarities between DAH in pristane-treated mice and SLE patients, Serp-1 may represent a potential new therapy for this severe complication of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Zhuang
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States of America.
| | - Shuhong Han
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States of America
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States of America
| | - Westley H Reeves
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States of America
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18
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Gallucci S, Meka S, Gamero AM. Abnormalities of the type I interferon signaling pathway in lupus autoimmunity. Cytokine 2021; 146:155633. [PMID: 34340046 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs), mostly IFNα and IFNβ, and the type I IFN Signature are important in the pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune chronic condition linked to inflammation. Both IFNα and IFNβ trigger a signaling cascade that, through the activation of JAK1, TYK2, STAT1 and STAT2, initiates gene transcription of IFN stimulated genes (ISGs). Noteworthy, other STAT family members and IFN Responsive Factors (IRFs) can also contribute to the activation of the IFN response. Aberrant type I IFN signaling, therefore, can exacerbate SLE by deregulated homeostasis leading to unnecessary persistence of the biological effects of type I IFNs. The etiopathogenesis of SLE is partially known and considered multifactorial. Family-based and genome wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic and transcriptional abnormalities in key molecules directly involved in the type I IFN signaling pathway, namely TYK2, STAT1 and STAT4, and IRF5. Gain-of-function mutations that heighten IFNα/β production, which in turn maintains type I IFN signaling, are found in other pathologies like the interferonopathies. However, the distinctive characteristics have yet to be determined. Signaling molecules activated in response to type I IFNs are upregulated in immune cell subsets and affected tissues of SLE patients. Moreover, Type I IFNs induce chromatin remodeling leading to a state permissive to transcription, and SLE patients have increased global and gene-specific epigenetic modifications, such as hypomethylation of DNA and histone acetylation. Epigenome wide association studies (EWAS) highlight important differences between SLE patients and healthy controls in Interferon Stimulated Genes (ISGs). The combination of environmental and genetic factors may stimulate type I IFN signaling transiently and produce long-lasting detrimental effects through epigenetic alterations. Substantial evidence for the pathogenic role of type I IFNs in SLE advocates the clinical use of neutralizing anti-type I IFN receptor antibodies as a therapeutic strategy, with clinical studies already showing promising results. Current and future clinical trials will determine whether drugs targeting molecules of the type I IFN signaling pathway, like non-selective JAK inhibitors or specific TYK2 inhibitors, may benefit people living with lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Gallucci
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Sowmya Meka
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ana M Gamero
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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19
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Koster BD, López González M, van den Hout MF, Turksma AW, Sluijter BJ, Molenkamp BG, van Leeuwen PA, Vosslamber S, Scheper RJ, van den Eertwegh AJ, van den Tol MP, Jordanova EJ, de Gruijl TD. T cell infiltration on local CpG-B delivery in early-stage melanoma is predominantly related to CLEC9A +CD141 + cDC1 and CD14 + antigen-presenting cell recruitment. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-001962. [PMID: 33737341 PMCID: PMC7978250 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We previously reported CpG-B injection at the primary tumor excision site prior to re-excision and sentinel node biopsy to result in immune activation of the sentinel lymph node (SLN), increased melanoma-specific CD8+ T cell rates in peripheral blood, and prolonged recurrence-free survival. Here, we assessed recruitment and activation of antigen-presenting cell (APC) subsets in the SLN and at the injection site in relation to T cell infiltration. Methods Re-excision skin specimens from patients with clinical stage I-II melanoma, collected 7 days after intradermal injection of either saline (n=10) or 8 mg CpG-B (CPG7909, n=12), were examined by immunohistochemistry, quantifying immune subsets in the epidermis, papillary, and reticular dermis. Counts were related to flow cytometric data from matched SLN samples. Additional in vitro cultures and transcriptional analyses on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were performed to ascertain CpG-induced APC activation and chemokine profiles. Results Significant increases in CD83+, CD14+, CD68+, and CD123+ APC were observed in the reticular dermis of CpG-B-injected skin samples. Fluorescent double/triple staining revealed recruitment of both CD123+BDCA2+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) and BDCA3/CD141+CLEC9A+ type-1 conventional DC (cDC1), of which only the cDC1 showed considerable levels of CD83 expression. Simultaneous CpG-B-induced increases in T cell infiltration were strongly correlated with both cDC1 and CD14 counts. Moreover, cDC1 and CD14+ APC rates in the reticular dermis and matched SLN suspensions were positively correlated. Flow cytometric, transcriptional, and chemokine release analyses of PBMC, on in vitro or in vivo exposure to CpG-B, indicate a role for the activation and recruitment of both cDC1 and CD14+ monocyte-derived APCs in the release of CXCL10 and subsequent T cell infiltration. Conclusion The CpG-B-induced concerted recruitment of cDC1 and CD14+ APC to the injection site and its draining lymph nodes may allow for both the (cross-)priming of T cells and their subsequent homing to effector sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas D Koster
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marta López González
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mari Fcm van den Hout
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies W Turksma
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Berbel Jr Sluijter
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara G Molenkamp
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Am van Leeuwen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Vosslamber
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rik J Scheper
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons Jm van den Eertwegh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Petrousjka van den Tol
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ekaterina J Jordanova
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Gynecological Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Schulert GS, Pickering AV, Do T, Dhakal S, Fall N, Schnell D, Medvedovic M, Salomonis N, Thornton S, Grom AA. Monocyte and bone marrow macrophage transcriptional phenotypes in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis reveal TRIM8 as a mediator of IFN-γ hyper-responsiveness and risk for macrophage activation syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2020; 80:617-625. [PMID: 33277241 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) confers high risk for macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), a life-threatening cytokine storm driven by interferon (IFN)-γ. SJIA monocytes display IFN-γ hyper-responsiveness, but the molecular basis of this remains unclear. The objective of this study is to identify circulating monocyte and bone marrow macrophage (BMM) polarisation phenotypes in SJIA including molecular features contributing to IFN response. METHODS Bulk RNA-seq was performed on peripheral blood monocytes (n=26 SJIA patients) and single cell (sc) RNA-seq was performed on BMM (n=1). Cultured macrophages were used to define consequences of tripartite motif containing 8 (TRIM8) knockdown on IFN-γ signalling. RESULTS Bulk RNA-seq of SJIA monocytes revealed marked transcriptional changes in patients with elevated ferritin levels. We identified substantial overlap with multiple polarisation states but little evidence of IFN-induced signature. Interestingly, among the most highly upregulated genes was TRIM8, a positive regulator of IFN-γ signalling. In contrast to PBMC from SJIA patients without MAS, scRNA-seq of BMM from a patient with SJIA and MAS identified distinct subpopulations of BMM with altered transcriptomes, including upregulated IFN-γ response pathways. These BMM also showed significantly increased expression of TRIM8. In vitro knockdown of TRIM8 in macrophages significantly reduced IFN-γ responsiveness. CONCLUSIONS Macrophages with an 'IFN-γ response' phenotype and TRIM8 overexpression were expanded in the bone marrow from an MAS patient. TRIM8 is also upregulated in SJIA monocytes, and augments macrophage IFN-γ response in vitro, providing both a candidate molecular mechanism and potential therapeutic target for monocyte hyper-responsiveness to IFNγ in cytokine storms including MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant S Schulert
- Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA .,Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Thuy Do
- Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sanjeev Dhakal
- Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ndate Fall
- Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel Schnell
- Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mario Medvedovic
- Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Nathan Salomonis
- Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sherry Thornton
- Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Alexei A Grom
- Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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21
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Han S, Zhuang H, Lee PY, Li M, Yang L, Nigrovic PA, Reeves WH. NF-E2-Related Factor 2 Regulates Interferon Receptor Expression and Alters Macrophage Polarization in Lupus. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:1707-1720. [PMID: 32500632 DOI: 10.1002/art.41383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pristane-induced lupus is associated with nonresolving inflammation and deficiency of proresolving macrophages. Proresolving nonclassic macrophages (NCMs) are less responsive to type I interferon (IFN) than classic macrophages (CMs; which are proinflammatory), reflecting their relative expression levels of the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR). This study was undertaken to investigate the regulation of IFNAR expression in macrophages. METHODS We carried out gene expression profiling of purified CMs and NCMs from mice treated with pristane (which develop lupus) or mineral oil (non-lupus controls). Macrophage differentiation and IFNAR expression were examined in mice treated with NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activators and inhibitors and in Nrf2-deficient mice. Nrf2 activity was also assessed in blood cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Significant differences were determined by Student's t-test. RESULTS RNA sequencing revealed increased expression of genes regulated by the transcription factor Nrf2 in NCMs from mineral oil-treated versus pristane-treated mice and in NCMs versus CMs. The Nrf2 activator CDDO-imidazole (CDDO-Im) decreased CMs (P < 0.0001) and promoted the development of proresolving NCMs (P = 0.06), whereas the Nrf2 inhibitor brusatol increased CMs (P < 0.05) and decreased NCMs (P < 0.001). CDDO-Im decreased Ifnar1 (P < 0.001) and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression in macrophages and alleviated oxidative stress (P < 0.05), whereas brusatol had the opposite effect (P < 0.01). Moreover, Ifnar1 and ISG expression levels were higher in Nrf2-knockout mice than controls (P < 0.05). As seen in mice with lupus, SLE patients showed evidence of low Nrf2 activity. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that Nrf2 activation favors the resolution of chronic inflammation in lupus. Since autoantibody production and lupus nephritis depend on IFNAR signaling, the ability of Nrf2 activators to repolarize macrophages and reduce the INF signature suggests that these agents may warrant consideration for treating lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pui Y Lee
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Peter A Nigrovic
- Boston Children's Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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22
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Shi Y, Liu H, Yang C, Xu K, Cai Y, Wang Z, Zhao Z, Shao T, Li Y. Transcriptomic Analyses for Identification and Prioritization of Genes Associated With Alzheimer's Disease in Humans. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:31. [PMID: 32154224 PMCID: PMC7047416 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), as important ncRNA regulators, play crucial roles in the regulation of various biological processes, and their aberrant expression is related to the occurrence and development of diseases, which is gradually validated by more and more studies. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that often develops slowly and gradually deteriorates over time. However, which functions the lncRNAs perform in AD are almost unknown. In this study, we performed transcriptome analysis in AD, containing 12,892 known lncRNAs and 19,053 protein-coding genes (PCGs). Further, 14 down-regulated and 39 up-regulated lncRNAs were identified, compared with normal brain samples, which indicated that these lncRNAs might play critical roles in the pathogenesis of AD. In addition, 19 down-regulated and 28 up-regulated PCGs were also detected. Using the differentially expressed lncRNAs and PCGs through the WGCNA method, an lncRNA–mRNA co-expressed network was constructed. The results showed that lncRNAs RP3-522J7, MIR3180-2, and MIR3180-3 were frequently co-expressed with known AD risk PCGs. Interestingly, PCGs in the network are significantly enriched in brain- or AD-related biological functions, including the brain renin–angiotensin system, cell adhesion, neuroprotective role of THOP1 in AD, and so on. Furthermore, it was shown that 18 lncRNAs and 7 PCGs were highly expressed in normal brain tissue relative to other normal tissue types, suggesting their potential as diagnostic markers of AD, especially RP3-522J7, MIR3180-2, MIR3180-3, and CTA-929C8. In total, our study identified a compendium of AD-related dysregulated lncRNAs and characterized the corresponding biological functions of these lncRNAs in AD, which will be helpful to understand the molecular basis and pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Shi
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Changbo Yang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kang Xu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yangyang Cai
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Shao
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yixue Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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