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Zhao L, Jin S, Wang S, Zhang Z, Wang X, Chen Z, Wang X, Huang S, Zhang D, Wu H. Tertiary lymphoid structures in diseases: immune mechanisms and therapeutic advances. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:225. [PMID: 39198425 PMCID: PMC11358547 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are defined as lymphoid aggregates formed in non-hematopoietic organs under pathological conditions. Similar to secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs), the formation of TLSs relies on the interaction between lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells and lymphoid tissue organizer (LTo) cells, involving multiple cytokines. Heterogeneity is a distinguishing feature of TLSs, which may lead to differences in their functions. Growing evidence suggests that TLSs are associated with various diseases, such as cancers, autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection, chronic inflammation, infection, and even ageing. However, the detailed mechanisms behind these clinical associations are not yet fully understood. The mechanisms by which TLS maturation and localization affect immune function are also unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance the understanding of TLS development and function at the cellular and molecular level, which may allow us to utilize them to improve the immune microenvironment. In this review, we delve into the composition, formation mechanism, associations with diseases, and potential therapeutic applications of TLSs. Furthermore, we discuss the therapeutic implications of TLSs, such as their role as markers of therapeutic response and prognosis. Finally, we summarize various methods for detecting and targeting TLSs. Overall, we provide a comprehensive understanding of TLSs and aim to develop more effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianyu Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Song Jin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shengyao Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhanwei Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shengyun Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.
| | - Haiwei Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.
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Debreceni IL, Barr JY, Upton EM, Chen YG, Lieberman SM. IL-27 promotes pathogenic T cells in a mouse model of Sjögren's disease. Clin Immunol 2024; 264:110260. [PMID: 38788885 PMCID: PMC11203157 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Sjögren's disease (SjD) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by focal lymphocytic inflammation in lacrimal and salivary glands. We recently identified IL-27 as a requisite signal for the spontaneous SjD-like manifestations in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Here, we define T cell-intrinsic effects of IL-27 in lacrimal gland disease in NOD mice. IL-27 receptor was required by both CD4 T effector (Te) cells and CD8 T cells to mediate focal inflammation. Intrinsic IL-27 signaling was associated with PD-1 and ICOS expressing T follicular helper (Tfh)-like CD4 Te cells within lacrimal glands, including subsets defined by CD73 or CD39 expression. CD8 T cells capable of IL-27 signaling also expressed PD-1 with subsets expressing ICOS and CD73 demonstrating a T follicular cytotoxic (Tfc)-like cell phenotype and others expressing a CD39hi exhausted-like phenotype. These findings suggest IL-27 is a key early signal driving a follicular-type response in lacrimal gland inflammation in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy L Debreceni
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 500 Newton Road, 2191 Medical Laboratories, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 500 Newton Road, 2191 Medical Laboratories, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Jennifer Y Barr
- Scientific Editing and Research Communication Core, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 451 Newton Road, 130 Medicine Administration Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Ellen M Upton
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 500 Newton Road, 2191 Medical Laboratories, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 451 Newton Road, 200 Medicine Administration Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Yi-Guang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Scott M Lieberman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 500 Newton Road, 2191 Medical Laboratories, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 500 Newton Road, 2191 Medical Laboratories, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Xu WD, Wang DC, Zhao M, Huang AF. An updated advancement of bifunctional IL-27 in inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1366377. [PMID: 38566992 PMCID: PMC10985211 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1366377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-27 (IL-27) is a member of the IL-12 family. The gene encoding IL-27 is located at chromosome 16p11. IL-27 is considered as a heterodimeric cytokine, which consists of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced gene 3 (Ebi3) and IL-27p28. Based on the function of IL-27, it binds to receptor IL-27rα or gp130 and then regulates downstream cascade. To date, findings show that the expression of IL-27 is abnormal in different inflammatory autoimmune diseases (including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren syndrome, Behcet's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada, and ankylosing spondylitis). Moreover, in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that IL-27 is significantly in3volved in the development of these diseases by regulating innate and adaptive immune responses, playing either an anti-inflammatory or a pro-inflammatory role. In this review, we comprehensively summarized information about IL-27 and autoimmunity based on available evidence. It is hoped that targeting IL-27 will hold great promise in the treatment of inflammatory autoimmune disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Dong Xu
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Da-Cheng Wang
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - An-Fang Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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4
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Dong Y, Wang T, Wu H. Tertiary lymphoid structures in autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1322035. [PMID: 38259436 PMCID: PMC10800951 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1322035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are organized lymphoid-like aggregations in non-lymphoid tissues. Tissues with chronic and persistent inflammation infiltration may drive and form ectopic germinal center-like structures, which are very common in autoimmune diseases, chronic infections, and tumor microenvironments. However, the mechanisms governing the formation of TLSs are still being explored. At present, it is not clear whether the formation of TLSs is associated with local uncontrolled immune inflammatory responses. While TLSs suggest a good prognosis in tumors, the opposite is true in autoimmune diseases. This review article will discuss the current views on initiating and maintaining TLSs and the potential therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanji Dong
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huaxiang Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Zou X, Guan C, Gao J, Shi W, Cui Y, Zhong X. Tertiary lymphoid structures in pancreatic cancer: a new target for immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1222719. [PMID: 37529035 PMCID: PMC10388371 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1222719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is extremely malignant and shows limited response to available immunotherapies due to the hypoxic and immunosuppressive nature of its tumor microenvironment (TME). The aggregation of immune cells (B cells, T cells, dendritic cells, etc.), which is induced in various chronic inflammatory settings such as infection, inflammation, and tumors, is known as the tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS). Several studies have shown that TLSs can be found in both intra- and peritumor tissues of PC. The role of TLSs in peritumor tissues in tumors remains unclear, though intratumoral TLSs are known to play an active role in a variety of tumors, including PC. The formation of intratumoral TLSs in PC is associated with a good prognosis. In addition, TLSs can be used as an indicator to assess the effectiveness of treatment. Targeted induction of TLS formation may become a new avenue of immunotherapy for PC. This review summarizes the formation, characteristics, relevant clinical outcomes, and clinical applications of TLSs in the pancreatic TME. We aim to provide new ideas for future immunotherapy of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Zou
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiary Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Canghai Guan
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiary Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianjun Gao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiary Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wujiang Shi
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiary Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yunfu Cui
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiary Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhong
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiary Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Li H, Ding JY, Zhang MJ, Yu HJ, Sun ZJ. Tertiary lymphoid structures and cytokines interconnections: The implication in cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2023:216293. [PMID: 37392991 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are organized aggregates of lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells that develop in non-lymphoid tissues during chronic inflammation, resembling the structure and features of secondary lymphoid organs. Numerous studies have shown that TLSs may be an important source of antitumor immunity within solid tumors, facilitating T cell and B cell differentiation and the subsequent production of antitumor antibodies, which are beneficial for cancer prognosis and responses to immunotherapy. The formation of TLS relies on the cytokine signaling network between heterogeneous cell populations, such as stromal cells, lymphocytes and cancer cells. The coordinated action of various cytokines drives the complex process of TLS development. In this review, we will comprehensively describe the mechanisms by which various cytokines regulate TLS formation and function, and the recent advancements and therapeutic potential of exploiting these mechanisms to induce TLS as an emerging immunotherapeutic approach or to enhance existing immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China; Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Jia-Yi Ding
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Meng-Jie Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Hai-Jun Yu
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Province Cancer Clinical Study Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zhi-Jun Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China; Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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Cytotoxic CD8 + T cells may be drivers of tissue destruction in Sjögren's syndrome. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15427. [PMID: 36104369 PMCID: PMC9475031 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19397-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder whose pathogenesis is poorly understood and that lacks effective therapies. Detailed quantitative and spatial analyses of tissues affected by Sjögren's syndrome were undertaken, including the quantitation of the frequency of selected cell-cell interactions in the disease milieu. Quantitative analyses of CD4+ T cell subsets and of CD8+ T cells in the labial salivary glands from untreated patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome revealed that activated CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CD8+CTLs) were the most prominent T cells in these infiltrates. An accumulation of apoptotic glandular epithelial cells, mainly ductal and acinar cells, was observed, consistent with the impaired salivary secretion often observed in patients with this disease. FasL expressing activated CD8+ T cells were seen to accumulate around Fas expressing apoptotic epithelial cells. Quantitative analyses of apoptotic cell types and of conjugates between cytotoxic T cells and epithelial cells undergoing apoptosis suggest that Sjögren's syndrome is primarily driven by CD8+CTL mediated execution of epithelial cells mainly represented by ductal and acinar cells.
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Jia W, Zhang T, Yao Q, Li J, Nie Y, Lei X, Mao Z, Wang Y, Shi W, Song W. Tertiary Lymphatic Structures in Primary Hepatic Carcinoma: Controversy Cannot Overshadow Hope. Front Immunol 2022; 13:870458. [PMID: 35844587 PMCID: PMC9278517 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.870458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are organized aggregates of immune cells found in the tumor microenvironment. TLS can influence primary hepatic carcinoma (PHC) occurrence and have an active role in cancer. TLS can promote or inhibit the growth of PHC depending on their location, and although available findings are controversial, they suggest that TLS have a protective role in PHC tissues and a non-protective role in paracancerous tissues. In addition, the cellular composition of TLS can also influence the outcome of PHC. As an immunity marker, TLS can act as a marker of immunotherapy to predict its effect and help to identify patients who will respond well to immunotherapy. Modulation of TLS formation through the use of chemokines/cytokines, immunotherapy, or induction of high endothelial vein to interfere with tumor growth has been studied extensively in PHC and other cancers. In addition, new tools such as genetic interventions, cellular crosstalk, preoperative radiotherapy, and advances in materials science have been shown to influence the prognosis of malignant tumors by modulating TLS production. These can also be used to develop PHC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Jia
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tianchen Zhang
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qianyun Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jianhui Li
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ye Nie
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinjun Lei
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhenzhen Mao
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wen Shi
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wenjie Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Wenjie Song,
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A Mechanistic Insight into the Pathogenic Role of Interleukin 17A in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:6600264. [PMID: 35620115 PMCID: PMC9129985 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6600264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 17A (IL-17A) has been put forward as a strong ally in our fight against invading pathogens across exposed epithelial surfaces by serving an antimicrobial immunosurveillance role in these tissues to protect the barrier integrity. Amongst other mechanisms that prevent tissue injury mediated by potential microbial threats and promote restoration of epithelial homeostasis, IL-17A attracts effector cells to the site of inflammation and support the host response by driving the development of ectopic lymphoid structures. Accumulating evidence now underscores an integral role of IL-17A in driving the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations in three potentially life-threatening autoimmune diseases, namely, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren’s syndrome, and systemic sclerosis. Available studies provide convincing evidence that the abundance of IL-17A in target tissues and its prime source, which is T helper 17 cells (Th17) and double negative T cells (DNT), is not an innocent bystander but in fact seems to be prerequisite for organ pathology. In this regard, IL-17A has been directly implicated in critical steps of autoimmunity. This review reports on the synergistic interactions of IL-17A with other critical determinants such as B cells, neutrophils, stromal cells, and the vasculature that promote the characteristic immunopathology of these autoimmune diseases. The summary of observations provided by this review may have empowering implications for IL-17A-based strategies to prevent clinical manifestations in a broad spectrum of autoimmune conditions.
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Millrine D, Jenkins RH, Hughes STO, Jones SA. Making sense of IL-6 signalling cues in pathophysiology. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:567-588. [PMID: 34618359 PMCID: PMC9673051 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Unravelling the molecular mechanisms that account for functional pleiotropy is a major challenge for researchers in cytokine biology. Cytokine-receptor cross-reactivity and shared signalling pathways are considered primary drivers of cytokine pleiotropy. However, reports epitomized by studies of Jak-STAT cytokine signalling identify interesting biochemical and epigenetic determinants of transcription factor regulation that affect the delivery of signal-dependent cytokine responses. Here, a regulatory interplay between STAT transcription factors and their convergence to specific genomic enhancers support the fine-tuning of cytokine responses controlling host immunity, functional identity, and tissue homeostasis and repair. In this review, we provide an overview of the signalling networks that shape the way cells sense and interpret cytokine cues. With an emphasis on the biology of interleukin-6, we highlight the importance of these mechanisms to both physiological processes and pathophysiological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Millrine
- Division of Infection & ImmunitySchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityUK
- Systems Immunity University Research InstituteCardiff UniversityUK
- Present address:
Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation UnitSir James Black CentreSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Dundee3rd FloorDundeeUK
| | - Robert H. Jenkins
- Division of Infection & ImmunitySchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityUK
- Systems Immunity University Research InstituteCardiff UniversityUK
| | - Stuart T. O. Hughes
- Division of Infection & ImmunitySchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityUK
- Systems Immunity University Research InstituteCardiff UniversityUK
| | - Simon A. Jones
- Division of Infection & ImmunitySchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityUK
- Systems Immunity University Research InstituteCardiff UniversityUK
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Cui J, Li H, Wang T, Shen Q, Yang Y, Yu X, Hu H. Novel Immune-Related Genetic Expression for Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:719958. [PMID: 35047519 PMCID: PMC8761677 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.719958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To identify novel immune-related genes expressed in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). Methods: Gene expression profiles were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened. The differences in immune cell proportion between normal and diseased tissues were compared, weighted gene co-expression network analysis was conducted to identify key modules, followed by a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network generation and enrichment analysis. The feature genes were screened and verified using the GEO datasets and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Results: A total of 345 DEGs were identified, and the proportions of gamma delta T cells, memory B cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and activated dendritic cells differed significantly between the control and pSS groups. The turquoise module indicated the highest correlation with pSS, and 252 key genes were identified. The PPI network of key genes showed that RPL9, RBX1, and RPL31 had a relatively higher degree. In addition, the key genes were mainly enriched in coronavirus disease-COVID-2019, hepatitis C, and influenza A. Fourteen feature genes were obtained using the support vector machine model, and two subtypes were identified. The genes in the two subtypes were mainly enriched in the JAK-STAT, p53, and toll-like receptor signaling pathways. The majority of the feature genes were upregulated in the pSS group, verified using the GEO datasets and RT-qPCR analysis. Conclusions: Memory B cells, gamma delta T cells, Tregs, activated dendritic cells, RPL9, RBX1, RPL31, and the feature genes possible play vital roles in the development of pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Cui
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, East Hospital of the Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, East Hospital of the Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang, China
| | - Tianling Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, East Hospital of the Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang, China
| | - Qin Shen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, East Hospital of the Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yuanhao Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, East Hospital of the Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang, China
| | - Xiujuan Yu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, East Hospital of the Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang, China
| | - Huaixia Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, East Hospital of the Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang, China
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12
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The Clinical and Immunological Activity Depending on the Presence of Interferon γ in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome—A Pilot Study. J Clin Med 2021; 11:jcm11010003. [PMID: 35011744 PMCID: PMC8745422 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The upregulation of IFN pathways and their stimulated genes is associated with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS). The recent studies also indicate the involvement of interferon γ (IFNγ) in the pathogenesis of pSS. The study aimed to assess the clinical and immunological activity depending on the concentration of IFNγ in the peripheral blood in pSS patients. Methods: The study group consisted of patients over 18 years of age with a confirmed diagnosis of pSS. Based on the collected data, disease activity was assessed using the EULAR Sjögren’s syndrome disease activity index (ESSDAI) and the EULAR Sjögren’s syndrome patient reported index (ESSPRI). Results: Among 40 pSS patients, 33 (82%) showed increased levels of IFNγ. The group with positive IFNγ was younger (43 years) than the group with negative IFNγ (57 years) (p < 0.05). In the positive IFNγ group, the time to diagnosis was shorter (p < 0.05). There was a difference in ESSDAI among patients with and without IFNγ (p < 0.05). There were no differences between the groups in ESSPRI and the presence of cryoglobulins, specific anti-SSA, and anti-SSB antibodies and in C3 and C4 hypocomplementemia. RF occurred in both groups with a similar frequency (p = 0.6), but in patients with IFNγ presence, significantly higher RF titers were observed (34.9 vs. 10.5; p < 0.05). Conclusion: In the group of patients with positive IFNγ, the mean value of RF and ESSDAI was higher. This group was also younger than patients with pSS without IFNγ.
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Pontarini E, Coleby R, Bombardieri M. Cellular and molecular diversity in Sjogren's syndrome salivary glands: Towards a better definition of disease subsets. Semin Immunol 2021; 58:101547. [PMID: 34876330 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a highly heterogeneous disease in terms of clinical presentation ranging from a mild disease localised to the salivary and lacrimal glands, to multiorgan complications of various degrees of severity, finishing with the evolution, in around 5% of pSS patients, to B cell lymphomas most commonly arising in the inflamed salivary glands. Currently, there are poor positive or negative predictors of disease evolution able to guide patient management and treatment at early stages of the diseases. Recent understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms driving immunopathology in pSS, particularly through histological and transcriptomic analysis of minor and parotid salivary gland (SG) biopsies, has highlighted a high degree of cellular and molecular heterogeneity of the inflammatory lesions but also allowed the identification of clusters of patients with similar underlying SG immunopathology. In particular, patients presenting with high degrees of B/T cell infiltration and the formation of ectopic lymphoid structures (ELS) in the SG have been associated, albeit with conflicting results, with higher degree of disease severity and enhanced risk of lymphoma evolution, suggesting that a dysregulated adaptive immune response plays a key role in driving disease manifestations in pSS. Recent data from randomised clinical trials with novel biological therapies in pSS have also highlighted the potential role of SG immunopathology and molecular pathology in stratifying patients for trial inclusion as well as assessing proof of mechanisms in longitudinal SG biopsies before and after treatment. Although significant progress has been made in the understanding of disease pathogenesis and heterogeneity through cellular and molecular SG pathology, further work is needed to validate their clinical utility in routine clinical settings and in randomised clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pontarini
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Coleby
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Bombardieri
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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Chatzis L, Vlachoyiannopoulos PG, Tzioufas AG, Goules AV. New frontiers in precision medicine for Sjogren's syndrome. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 17:127-141. [PMID: 33478279 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1879641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Sjögren's syndrome is a unique systemic autoimmune disease, placed in the center of systemic autoimmunity and at the crossroads of autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation. The diverse clinical picture of the disease, the inefficacy of current biologic treatments, and the co-existence with lymphoma conferring to the patients' morbidity and mortality force the scientific community to review disease pathogenesis and reveal the major implicated cellular and molecular elements.Areas covered: Biomarkers for early diagnosis, prediction, stratification, monitoring, and targeted treatments can serve as a tool to interlink and switch from the clinical phenotyping of the disease into a more sophisticated classification based on the underlying critical molecular pathways and endotypes. Such a transition may define the establishment of the so-called precision medicine era in which patients' management will be based on grouping according to pathogenetically related biomarkers. In the current work, literature on Sjogren's syndrome covering several research fields including clinical, translational, and basic research has been reviewed.Expert opinion: The perspectives of clinical and translational research are anticipated to define phenotypic clustering of high-risk pSS patients and link the clinical picture of the disease with fundamental molecular mechanisms and molecules implicated in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loukas Chatzis
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Athanasios G Tzioufas
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas V Goules
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Xuan J, Ji Z, Wang B, Zeng X, Chen R, He Y, Rao P, Wu P, Shi G. Serological Evidence for the Association Between Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Sjögren's Syndrome. Front Immunol 2020; 11:590444. [PMID: 33193425 PMCID: PMC7662096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.590444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has been hypothesized to be an important risk factor for multiple rheumatic diseases, but the serological evidence so far for its role in Sjögren’s syndrome (SjS) is not clearly established yet. This study aimed to assess the seroepidemiological associations of antibodies to EBV with SjS. Methods A seroepidemiological study containing 119 patients with SjS and 65 healthy controls was first performed, in which the associations of SjS with four commonly studied EBV antibodies including IgM-anti-viral capsid antigen (anti-VCA) antibody, IgG-anti-VCA antibody, IgG-anti-early antigen (anti-EA) antibody, and IgG-anti-EBV nuclear antigen 1 (anti-EBNA1) antibody were evaluated. A systematic review and meta-analysis of eligible seroepidemiological studies was also carried out, and data syntheses were performed using random-effect meta-analysis. Results In the case-control study, the patients with SjS had both a significantly higher prevalence of IgG-anti-EA antibody positivity (31.9% vs. 3.1%, P < 0.001) and high titers of IgG-anti-EA antibody (P < 0.001) than healthy controls. The titer of IgG-anti-VCA antibody was significantly increased in the patients with SjS compared with healthy controls (P < 0.001). IgG-anti-EA antibody seropositive patients with SjS had lower levels of both C3 (P = 0.002) and C4 (P = 0.02), and the titer of IgG-anti-EA antibody was inversely related to the levels of both C3 (r = -0.31, P < 0.001) and C4 (r = -0.20, P = 0.03). A total of 14 eligible studies on the serological associations between EBV infection and SjS were finally included into the meta-analysis, which suggested obvious associations of SjS with IgM-anti-VCA antibody [Odds ratio (OR) = 5.77, 95%CI 1.73–19.25, P = 0.004] and IgG-anti-EA antibody (OR = 9.97, 95%CI 4.58-21.67, P < 0.00001). Conclusions The findings from this study provide strong serological evidence for the association between EBV infection and SjS. SjS has obvious associations with IgM-anti-VCA antibody and IgG-anti-EA antibody. IgG-anti-EA antibody is linked to low levels of C3 and C4 in the patients with SjS, the significance of which needs to be addressed in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiu Xuan
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Science & Technology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhiqian Ji
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaoli Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Rongjuan Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Science & Technology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Science & Technology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen, China
| | - Peishi Rao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Science & Technology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen, China
| | - Puqi Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Science & Technology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen, China
| | - Guixiu Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Science & Technology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen, China
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