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Zheng S, Zhang Z, He S, Yang H, Atia H, Abdel-Mageed AM, Wohlrab S, Baráth E, Tin S, Heeres HJ, Deuss PJ, de Vries JG. Benzenoid Aromatics from Renewable Resources. Chem Rev 2024; 124:10701-10876. [PMID: 39288258 PMCID: PMC11467972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
In this Review, all known chemical methods for the conversion of renewable resources into benzenoid aromatics are summarized. The raw materials that were taken into consideration are CO2; lignocellulose and its constituents cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin; carbohydrates, mostly glucose, fructose, and xylose; chitin; fats and oils; terpenes; and materials that are easily obtained via fermentation, such as biogas, bioethanol, acetone, and many more. There are roughly two directions. One much used method is catalytic fast pyrolysis carried out at high temperatures (between 300 and 700 °C depending on the raw material), which leads to the formation of biochar; gases, such as CO, CO2, H2, and CH4; and an oil which is a mixture of hydrocarbons, mostly aromatics. The carbon selectivities of this method can be reasonably high when defined small molecules such as methanol or hexane are used but are rather low when highly oxygenated compounds such as lignocellulose are used. The other direction is largely based on the multistep conversion of platform chemicals obtained from lignocellulose, cellulose, or sugars and a limited number of fats and terpenes. Much research has focused on furan compounds such as furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and 5-chloromethylfurfural. The conversion of lignocellulose to xylene via 5-chloromethylfurfural and dimethylfuran has led to the construction of two large-scale plants, one of which has been operational since 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zheng
- Leibniz
Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Zhenlei Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering
and Environment, China University of Petroleum
(Beijing), 102249 Beijing, China
| | - Songbo He
- Joint International
Research Laboratory of Circular Carbon, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Huaizhou Yang
- Green
Chemical Reaction Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute
Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanan Atia
- Leibniz
Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ali M. Abdel-Mageed
- Leibniz
Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wohlrab
- Leibniz
Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Eszter Baráth
- Leibniz
Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sergey Tin
- Leibniz
Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hero J. Heeres
- Green
Chemical Reaction Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute
Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Deuss
- Green
Chemical Reaction Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute
Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes G. de Vries
- Leibniz
Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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Santolin L, Riedel SL, Brigham CJ. Synthetic biology toolkit of Ralstonia eutropha (Cupriavidus necator). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:450. [PMID: 39207499 PMCID: PMC11362209 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic biology encompasses many kinds of ideas and techniques with the common theme of creating something novel. The industrially relevant microorganism, Ralstonia eutropha (also known as Cupriavidus necator), has long been a subject of metabolic engineering efforts to either enhance a product it naturally makes (polyhydroxyalkanoate) or produce novel bioproducts (e.g., biofuels and other small molecule compounds). Given the metabolic versatility of R. eutropha and the existence of multiple molecular genetic tools and techniques for the organism, development of a synthetic biology toolkit is underway. This toolkit will allow for novel, user-friendly design that can impart new capabilities to R. eutropha strains to be used for novel application. This article reviews the different synthetic biology techniques currently available for modifying and enhancing bioproduction in R. eutropha. KEY POINTS: • R. eutropha (C. necator) is a versatile organism that has been examined for many applications. • Synthetic biology is being used to design more powerful strains for bioproduction. • A diverse synthetic biology toolkit is being developed to enhance R. eutropha's capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Santolin
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian L Riedel
- Berliner Hochschule Für Technik, Department VIII - Mechanical Engineering, Event Technology and Process Engineering, Environmental and Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christopher J Brigham
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA, USA.
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Song W, Chen X, Yu J, Qiao J, Yang J, Chen X, Wang Z. Effects of Bacillus altitudinis inoculants on cigar tobacco leaf fermentation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1417601. [PMID: 39045536 PMCID: PMC11264575 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1417601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Microbial succession and metabolic adjustment during cigar tobacco leaf (CTL) fermentation are key factors to improve the quality and flavor of CTLs. However, the interactions in the above processes remain to be further elucidated. Methods Bacillus altitudinis inoculants were added to the CTLs, and metagenomics and metabolomics were used to analyze the effects of the inoculants on regulating microbial succession, metabolic shift, and aroma production during fermentation. Results and discussion The addition of the inoculants reinforced the CTL macromolecule transformation and facilitated the aroma production efficiently, and the total aroma production was increased by 43% compared with natural fermentation. The omics analysis showed that Staphylococcus was a main contributor to fatty acid degradation, inositol phosphate metabolism, energy supply (oxidative phosphorylation), nutrient transport (ABC transporter and phosphotransferase system [PTS]), and aroma production (terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and degradation of aromatic compounds). Furthermore, Staphylococcus was positively correlated with TCA cycle intermediates (citric acid, fumaric acid, and aconitic acid), cell wall components, peptidoglycan intermediates (GlcNAc-1-P and UDP-GlcNAc), and phytic acid degradation products (inositol). The characteristics collectively showed Staphylococcus to be the most dominant in the microbial community at the genus level during microflora succession. The addition of the inoculants supplemented the nutritional components of the CTLs, enhanced the metabolic activity and diversity of bacteria such as Corynebacterium, improved their competitive advantages in the microflora succession, and facilitated the richness of microbial communities. Additionally, a metabolic shift in nicotine degradation and NAD + anabolism from Staphylococcus to Corynebacterium in fermentation with inoculants was first observed. Meanwhile, the significantly correlative differential metabolites with Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium were a metabolic complement, thus forming a completely dynamic fermentation ecosystem. The results provided evidence for CTL fermentation optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Song
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education and Hubei Province), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education and Hubei Province), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Hubei Institute of Tobacco Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education and Hubei Province), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinpeng Yang
- Hubei Institute of Tobacco Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education and Hubei Province), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education and Hubei Province), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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Yoshida KI, Bott M. Microbial synthesis of health-promoting inositols. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 87:103114. [PMID: 38520822 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
D-chiro-inositol and scyllo-inositol are known for their health-promoting properties and promising as ingredients for functional foods. Strains of Bacillus subtilis and Corynebacterium glutamicum were created by metabolic engineering capable of inexpensive production of these two rare inositols from myo-inositol, which is the most common inositol in nature. In addition, further modifications have enabled the synthesis of the two rare inositols from the much-cheaper carbon sources, glucose or sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, University of Kobe, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Michael Bott
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
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Ji G, Jin X, Shi F. Metabolic engineering Corynebacterium glutamicum for D-chiro-inositol production. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:154. [PMID: 38568465 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03969-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is a potential drug for the treatment of type II diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome. In order to effectively synthesize DCI in Corynebacterium glutamicum, the genes related to inositol catabolism in clusters iol1 and iol2 were knocked out in C. glutamicum SN01 to generate the chassis strain DCI-1. DCI-1 did not grow in and catabolize myo-inositol (MI). Subsequently, different exogenous and endogenous inosose isomerases were expressed in DCI-1 and their conversion ability of DCI from MI were compared. After fermentation, the strain DCI-7 co-expressing inosose isomerase IolI2 and inositol dehydrogenase IolG was identified as the optimal strain. Its DCI titer reached 3.21 g/L in the presence of 20 g/L MI. On this basis, the pH, temperature and MI concentration during whole-cell conversion of DCI by strain DCI-7 were optimized. Finally, the optimal condition that achieved the highest DCI titer of 6.96 g/L were obtained at pH 8.0, 37 °C and addition of 40 g/L MI. To our knowledge, it is the highest DCI titer ever reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Ji
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xia Jin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Osman R, Lee S, Almubarak A, Han JI, Yu IJ, Jeon Y. Antioxidant Effects of Myo-Inositol Improve the Function and Fertility of Cryopreserved Boar Semen. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1673. [PMID: 37759976 PMCID: PMC10525680 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During cryopreservation, sperm undergoes structural and molecular changes such as ice crystal formation, DNA fragmentation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, leading to decreased sperm quality after thawing. Antioxidants play a crucial role in preventing these damages, both in vivo and in vitro. One potent antioxidant is myo-inositol, known for its protective effects on sperm against ROS. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of myo-inositol on cryopreserved boar semen. The semen was diluted, cooled, and cryopreserved using a BF5 extender. It was then divided into five groups: control and different concentrations of myo-inositol (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mg/mL). The post-thaw evaluation included assessments of motility, viability, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), caspase activity, gene expression, ROS levels, apoptosis, and IVF with treated semen. Results showed that myo-inositol at 0.5 mg/mL improved motility, acrosome integrity, and fertilization ability. It also reduced the expression of pro-apoptotic genes and increased SMCP expression. Lower concentrations also demonstrated improved viability and reduced apoptosis and ROS levels. In conclusion, myo-inositol treatment during cryopreservation improved sperm quality, reduced apoptosis and ROS levels, and enhanced fertility rates in boar semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Osman
- Department of Theriogenology and Reproductive Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; (R.O.); (S.L.); (A.A.); (I.-J.Y.)
| | - Seongju Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Reproductive Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; (R.O.); (S.L.); (A.A.); (I.-J.Y.)
| | - Areeg Almubarak
- Department of Theriogenology and Reproductive Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; (R.O.); (S.L.); (A.A.); (I.-J.Y.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 204, Hilat Kuku, Khartoum North 11111, Sudan
| | - Jae-Ik Han
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea;
| | - Il-Jeoung Yu
- Department of Theriogenology and Reproductive Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; (R.O.); (S.L.); (A.A.); (I.-J.Y.)
| | - Yubyeol Jeon
- Department of Theriogenology and Reproductive Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea; (R.O.); (S.L.); (A.A.); (I.-J.Y.)
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Xing H, Wang P, Yan X, Yang Y, Li X, Liu R, Zhou Z. Thermostability enhancement of Escherichia coli phytase by error-prone polymerase chain reaction (epPCR) and site-directed mutagenesis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1167530. [PMID: 37064242 PMCID: PMC10101328 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1167530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytase efficiently hydrolyzes phytate to phosphate; thus, it is widely used to increase phosphorus availability in animal feeds and reduce phosphorus pollution through excretion. Phytase is easily inactivated during feed pelleting at high temperature, and sufficient thermostability of phytase is essential for industrial applications. In this study, directed evolution was performed to enhance phytase thermostability. Variants were initially expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 for screening, then in Pichia pastoris for characterization. Over 19,000 clones were generated from an error-prone Polymerase Chain Reaction (epPCR) library; 5 mutants (G10, D7, E3, F8, and F9) were obtained with approximately 9.6%, 10.6%, 11.5%, 11.6%, and 12.2% higher residual activities than the parent after treatment at 99°C for 60 min. Three of these mutants, D7, E3, and F8, exhibited 79.8%, 73.2%, and 92.6% increases in catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km), respectively. In addition, the specific activities of D7, E3, and F8 were 2.33-, 1.98-, and 2.02-fold higher than parental phytase; they were also higher than the activities of all known thermostable phytases. Sequence analysis revealed that all mutants were substituted at residue 75 and was confirmed that the substitution of cysteine at position 75 was the main contribution to the improvement of thermostability of mutants by saturation mutagenesis, indicating that this amino acid is crucial for the stability and catalytic efficiency of phytase. Docking structure analysis revealed that substitution of the C75 residue allowed the mutants to form additional hydrogen bonds in the active pocket, thereby facilitating binding to the substrate. In addition, we confirmed that the intrinsic C77-C108 disulfide bond in E. coli phytase is detrimental to its stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguan Xing
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Yan
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinliang Li
- CJ Youtell (Shanghai) Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Liu
- CJ Youtell (Shanghai) Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihua Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhihua Zhou,
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Wang X, Wang K, Wang L, Luo H, Wang Y, Wang Y, Tu T, Qin X, Su X, Bai Y, Yao B, Huang H, Zhang J. Engineering Cupriavidus necator H16 for heterotrophic and autotrophic production of myo-inositol. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 368:128321. [PMID: 36379295 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bioconversion of sustainable feedstocks to commodity chemicals is considered as an effective solution for transforming the fossil-based economy into a carbon-neutral model. Here, the CO2-fixing bacterium Cupriavidus necator H16 was exploited for myo-inositol production from renewable substrates. First, by introducing the glucose transportation system, the glucose consumption route was established. Second, two key enzymes involved in myo-inositol biosynthesis were screened and evaluated. A myo-inositol-producing strain was constructed via overexpression of myo-inositol-3-phosphate synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and inositol monophosphatase from Escherichia coli. Finally, carbon flux redirection was achieved through disruption of Entner-Doudoroff pathway and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) synthesis pathway, resulting in a final myo-inositol production of 520.2, 1076.3 and 1054.8 mg/L from glucose, glycerol and CO2, respectively. The myo-inositol production level from CO2 achieved here set up the record. This study underlines the potential of C. necator to be utilized as microbial factory for upcycling the renewable feedstocks and CO2 to high-value biochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kaikai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tao Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xing Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yingguo Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Advances in Komagataella phaffii Engineering for the Production of Renewable Chemicals and Proteins. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8110575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for a more sustainable society has prompted the development of bio-based processes to produce fuels, chemicals, and materials in substitution for fossil-based ones. In this context, microorganisms have been employed to convert renewable carbon sources into various products. The methylotrophic yeast Komagataella phaffii has been extensively used in the production of heterologous proteins. More recently, it has been explored as a host organism to produce various chemicals through new metabolic engineering and synthetic biology tools. This review first summarizes Komagataella taxonomy and diversity and then highlights the recent approaches in cell engineering to produce renewable chemicals and proteins. Finally, strategies to optimize and develop new fermentative processes using K. phaffii as a cell factory are presented and discussed. The yeast K. phaffii shows an outstanding performance for renewable chemicals and protein production due to its ability to metabolize different carbon sources and the availability of engineering tools. Indeed, it has been employed in producing alcohols, carboxylic acids, proteins, and other compounds using different carbon sources, including glycerol, glucose, xylose, methanol, and even CO2.
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Zhang Q, Wang X, Luo H, Wang Y, Wang Y, Tu T, Qin X, Su X, Huang H, Yao B, Bai Y, Zhang J. Metabolic engineering of Pichia pastoris for myo-inositol production by dynamic regulation of central metabolism. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:112. [PMID: 35659241 PMCID: PMC9166411 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01837-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The methylotrophic budding yeast Pichia pastoris GS115 is a powerful expression system and hundreds of heterologous proteins have been successfully expressed in this strain. Recently, P. pastoris has also been exploited as an attractive cell factory for the production of high-value biochemicals due to Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status and high growth rate of this yeast strain. However, appropriate regulation of metabolic flux distribution between cell growth and product biosynthesis is still a cumbersome task for achieving efficient biochemical production. RESULTS In this study, P. pastoris was exploited for high inositol production using an effective dynamic regulation strategy. Through enhancing native inositol biosynthesis pathway, knocking out inositol transporters, and slowing down carbon flux of glycolysis, an inositol-producing mutant was successfully developed and low inositol production of 0.71 g/L was obtained. The inositol production was further improved by 12.7% through introduction of heterologous inositol-3-phosphate synthase (IPS) and inositol monophosphatase (IMP) which catalyzed the rate-limiting steps for inositol biosynthesis. To control metabolic flux distribution between cell growth and inositol production, the promoters of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (ZWF), glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (PGI) and 6-phosphofructokinase (PFK1) genes were replaced with a glycerol inducible promoter. Consequently, the mutant strain could be switched from growth mode to production mode by supplementing glycerol and glucose sequentially, leading to an increase of about 4.9-fold in inositol formation. Ultimately, the dissolved oxygen condition in high-cell-density fermentation was optimized, resulting in a high production of 30.71 g/L inositol (~ 40-fold higher than the baseline strain). CONCLUSIONS The GRAS P. pastoris was engineered as an efficient inositol producer for the first time. Dynamic regulation of cell growth and inositol production was achieved via substrate-dependent modulation of glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways and the highest inositol titer reported to date by a yeast cell factory was obtained. Results from this study provide valuable guidance for engineering of P. pastoris for the production of other high-value bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiquan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yaru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tao Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xing Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingguo Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Industrially Relevant Enzyme Cascades for Drug Synthesis and Their Ecological Assessment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073605. [PMID: 35408960 PMCID: PMC8998672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmentally friendly and sustainable processes for the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) gain increasing attention. Biocatalytic synthesis routes with enzyme cascades support many stated green production principles, for example, the reduced need for solvents or the biodegradability of enzymes. Multi-enzyme reactions have even more advantages such as the shift of the equilibrium towards the product side, no intermediate isolation, and the synthesis of complex molecules in one reaction pot. Despite the intriguing benefits, only a few enzyme cascades have been applied in the pharmaceutical industry so far. However, several new enzyme cascades are currently being developed in research that could be of great importance to the pharmaceutical industry. Here, we present multi-enzymatic reactions for API synthesis that are close to an industrial application. Their performances are comparable or exceed their chemical counterparts. A few enzyme cascades that are still in development are also introduced in this review. Economic and ecological considerations are made for some example cascades to assess their environmental friendliness and applicability.
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Siracusa L, Napoli E, Ruberto G. Novel Chemical and Biological Insights of Inositol Derivatives in Mediterranean Plants. Molecules 2022; 27:1525. [PMID: 35268625 PMCID: PMC8912080 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositols (Ins) are natural compounds largely widespread in plants and animals. Bio-sinthetically they derive from sugars, possessing a molecular structure very similar to the simple sugars, and this aspect concurs to define them as primary metabolites, even though it is much more correct to place them at the boundary between primary and secondary metabolites. This dichotomy is well represented by the fact that as primary metabolites they are essential cellular components in the form of phospholipid derivatives, while as secondary metabolites they are involved in a plethora of signaling pathways playing an important role in the surviving of living organisms. myo-Inositol is the most important and widespread compound of this family, it derives directly from d-glucose, and all known inositols, including stereoisomers and derivatives, are the results of metabolic processes on this unique molecule. In this review, we report the new insights of these compounds and their derivatives concerning their occurrence in Nature with a particular emphasis on the plant of the Mediterranean area, as well as the new developments about their biological effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giuseppe Ruberto
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (L.S.); (E.N.)
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Zhang J, Luo W, Wang Z, Chen X, Lv P, Xu J. A novel strategy for D-psicose and lipase co-production using a co-culture system of engineered Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli and bioprocess analysis using metabolomics. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:77. [PMID: 38650263 PMCID: PMC10992840 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00429-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop an economically feasible fermentation process, this study designed a novel bioprocess based on the co-culture of engineered Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli for the co-production of extracellular D-psicose and intracellular lipase. After optimizing the co-culture bioprocess, 11.70 g/L of D-psicose along with 16.03 U/mg of lipase was obtained; the glucose and fructose were completely utilized. Hence, the conversion rate of D-psicose reached 69.54%. Compared with mono-culture, lipase activity increased by 58.24%, and D-psicose production increased by 7.08%. In addition, the co-culture bioprocess was explored through metabolomics analysis, which included 168 carboxylic acids and derivatives, 70 organooxygen compounds, 34 diazines, 32 pyridines and derivatives, 30 benzene and substituted derivatives, and other compounds. It also could be found that the relative abundance of differential metabolites in the co-culture system was significantly higher than that in the mono-culture system. Pathway analysis revealed that, tryptophan metabolism and β-alanine metabolism had the highest correlation and played an important role in the co-culture system; among them, tryptophan metabolism regulates protein synthesis and β-alanine metabolism, which is related to the formation of metabolic by-products. These results confirm that the co-cultivation of B. subtilis and E. coli can provide a novel idea for D-psicose and lipase biorefinery, and are beneficial for the discovery of valuable secondary metabolites such as turanose and morusin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wen Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pengmei Lv
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jingliang Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 , China.
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