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Li VWT, Tsui MPM, Chen X, Hui MNY, Jin L, Lam RHW, Yu RMK, Murphy MB, Cheng J, Lam PKS, Cheng SH. Effects of 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) on neuronal and muscular development in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:8275-8285. [PMID: 26888529 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The negative effects of overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in humans, including sunburn and light-induced cellular injury, are of increasing public concern. 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), an organic chemical UV filter, is an active ingredient in sunscreen products. To date, little information is available about its neurotoxicity during early vertebrate development. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to various concentrations of 4-MBC in embryo medium for 3 days. In this study, a high concentration of 4-MBC, which is not being expected at the current environmental concentrations in the environment, was used for the purpose of phenotypic screening. Embryos exposed to 15 μM of 4-MBC displayed abnormal axial curvature and exhibited impaired motility. Exposure effects were found to be greatest during the segmentation period, when somite formation and innervation occur. Immunostaining of the muscle and axon markers F59, znp1, and zn5 revealed that 4-MBC exposure leads to a disorganized pattern of slow muscle fibers and axon pathfinding errors during the innervation of both primary and secondary motor neurons. Our results also showed reduction in AChE activity upon 4-MBC exposure both in vivo in the embryos (15 μM) and in vitro in mammalian Neuro-2A cells (0.1 μM), providing a possible mechanism for 4-MBC-induced muscular and neuronal defects. Taken together, our results have shown that 4-MBC is a teratogen and influences muscular and neuronal development, which may result in developmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Wai Tsun Li
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Mei Po Mirabelle Tsui
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Xueping Chen
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Michelle Nga Yu Hui
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ling Jin
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Raymond H W Lam
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Richard Man Kit Yu
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Margaret B Murphy
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Paul Kwan Sing Lam
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Shuk Han Cheng
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- Department of Biomedical Science, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue SAR, Hong Kong, China.
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Sumner S, Snyder R, Burgess J, Myers C, Tyl R, Sloan C, Fennell T. Metabolomics in the assessment of chemical-induced reproductive and developmental outcomes using non-invasive biological fluids: application to the study of butylbenzyl phthalate. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 29:703-14. [PMID: 19731247 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the use of metabolomics for improving our ability to draw correlations between early life exposures and reproductive and/or developmental outcomes. Pregnant CD rats were exposed by gavage daily during gestation to vehicle or to butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP) in vehicle at a level known to induce effects in the offspring and at a level previously not shown to induce effects. Urine was collected for 24 h (on dry ice using all glass metabolism chambers) from dams on gestational day 18 (during exposure) and on post natal day (pnd) 21, and from pnd 25 pups. Traditional phenotypic anchors were measured in pups (between pnd 0 and pnd 26). Metabolomics of urine collected from dams exposed to vehicle or BBP exhibited different patterns for endogenous metabolites. Even three weeks after gestational exposure, metabolic profiles of endogenous compounds in urine could differentiate dams that received the vehicle, low dose or high dose of BBP. Metabolic profiles could differentiate male from female pups, pups born to dams receiving the vehicle, low or high BBP dose, and pups with observable adverse reproductive effects from pups with no observed effects. Metabolites significant to the separation of dose groups and their relationship with effects measured in the study were mapped to biochemical pathways for determining mechanistic relevance. The application of metabolomics to understanding the mechanistic link between low levels of environmental exposure and disease/dysfunction holds huge promise, because this technology is ideal for the analysis of biological fluids in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Sumner
- Health Sciences, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Abstract
At a time when common regulatory pathways are being identified in several different species and genomics is beginning to allow comparisons of genes, how they are arranged on chromosomes and how they are regulated, zebrafish has emerged as a valuable and complementary vertebrate model. Some of the characteristics that prove of value are described and illustrated. Fluorescent transgenic lines of zebrafish embryos are presented for time-line studies with neurotoxicants. While genetic knockout technology has yet to be developed for the model, the anti-sense, morpholino approach allows for knockdown of expression of genes for the 3 day, embryonic period. This can provide for phenocopies of mutant genes for those genes essential to embryonic development or it can provide for a limited inhibition of gene expression that allows subsequent development of the fish. With the zebrafish genomic sequencing effort, microarray technology is now developing for the model system. These resources and technologies allow one to challenge the system with toxicants, and to view the immediate effects of the toxicants with transgenic embryos that fluoresce in part or all of the nervous system. Behavioral and learning protocols have been developed for the organism so that early exposures can be assayed for effects upon adult fish. Microarray technology should allow for one to identify specific genes and pathways affected by a neurotoxicant. In the future, these approaches should provide a working protocol for exploring molecular mechanisms of neurotoxicants. This type of complementary approach should then allow for more efficient examination and testing of mechanisms in mammalian models.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified/embryology
- Animals, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Antisense Elements (Genetics)/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Chlorpyrifos/toxicity
- Disease Models, Animal
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/drug effects
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/embryology
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/physiology
- Environmental Exposure
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Genomic Library
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Learning/drug effects
- Learning/physiology
- Luminescent Proteins
- Mutation/drug effects
- Mutation/genetics
- Neurotoxins/toxicity
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/methods
- Time Factors
- Zebrafish/embryology
- Zebrafish/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Elwood Linney
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3020, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Love DR, Pichler FB, Dodd A, Copp BR, Greenwood DR. Technology for high-throughput screens: the present and future using zebrafish. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2004; 15:564-71. [PMID: 15560983 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2004.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish is a popular vertebrate model organism with similar organ systems and gene sequences to humans. Zebrafish embryos are optically transparent enabling organ visualisation, which can be complemented with gene expression analysis at the transcript and protein levels. Furthermore, zebrafish can be treated with small molecules and drugs in a microtitre plate format for high-throughput analysis and for the identification and validation of drugs. High-throughput methodologies for use in zebrafish include phenotype-based visualisation, transcript studies using low-density DNA microarrays and proteomic analysis. These technologies offer significant whole-organism biological value in the drug discovery and drug development pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Love
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1001, New Zealand.
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