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Muacevic A, Adler JR. Pericentric Inversion of Chromosome 9 in Twins With Cyclopia: A Rare Entity. Cureus 2023; 15:e34562. [PMID: 36743908 PMCID: PMC9894573 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 (inv(9)) is one of the most common variants seen in a normal human karyotype that occurs during meiosis. Despite being categorized as a normal variant, some studies using classical cytogenetics have recently shown that inv(9) could be associated with azoospermia, congenital anomalies, growth retardation, and rarely with abnormal karyotype. However, there is no reported association with cyclopia. Interestingly this genetic variant involves twin fetuses. A 36-year-old multiparous lady with dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy presented to the fetomaternal unit with fetal growth restriction at 34 weeks of gestation. An ultrasound scan revealed both have microcephaly, fisting hands, holoprosencephaly, and proboscis suspicious of Patau syndrome. Amniocentesis was not issued due to late pregnancy and guarded prognosis. The mother presented with pre-eclampsia at 35 weeks of gestation. The pregnancy managed to prolong up to 36 weeks after which caesarean section was performed due to the leading twin being in a transverse lie. Two baby twin girls were born 3 minutes apart with microcephaly and cyclops appearance. Chromosomal analysis of both twins revealed similar karyotypes of 46, XX, inv(9)(p11,q13). Pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 is regarded as a normal chromosomal variation in the general population, but in twins with cyclops is considered rare. Early referral to a tertiary hospital for twin management is highly required. It may identify fetuses with such abnormalities and counsel the parents with appropriate management.
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2
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Terashima M, Ishikawa A, Männer J, Yamada S, Takakuwa T. Early development of the cortical layers in the human brain. J Anat 2021; 239:1039-1049. [PMID: 34142368 PMCID: PMC8546516 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cortical plate (CP) first appears at seven postconceptional weeks (pcw), when it splits the preexisting preplate into two layers, the marginal zone and the presubplate (pSP). Although three-dimensional (3D) analysis using fetal magnetic resonance imaging and two-dimensional tissue observations have been reported, there have been no studies analyzing the early development of the layer structure corresponding to the pSP stage in 3D. Here, we reconstructed 3-D models of the brain with a focus on the cortical layers in pSP stage. To achieve this, we digitized serial tissue sections of embryos between CS20 and CS23 from the Kyoto Collection (n = 7, approximately 7-8.5 pcw), and specimens at early fetal phase from the Blechschmidt Collection (n = 2, approximately 9.5-12 pcw, crown rump length [CRL] 39 and 64 mm). We observed tissue sections and 3D images and performed quantitative analysis of the thickness, surface area, and volume. Because the boundary between pSP and the intermediate zone (IZ) could not be distinguished in hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections, the two layers were analyzed together as a single layer in this study. The histology of the layers was observed from CS21 and became distinct at CS22. Subsequently, we observed the 3-D models; pSP-IZ was present in a midlateral region of the cerebral wall at CS21, and an expansion centered around this region was observed after CS22. We observed it over the entire cerebral hemisphere at early fetal phase (CRL 39 mm). The thickness of pSP-IZ was visible in 3D and was greater in the midlateral region. At the end of the pSP stage (CRL 64 mm), the thick region expanded to lateral, superior, and posterior regions around the primordium of the insula. While, the region near the basal ganglia was not included in the thickest 10% of the pSP-IZ area. Middle cerebral artery was found in the midlateral region of the cerebral wall, near the area where pSP-IZ was observed. Feature of layer structure growth was revealed by quantitative assessment as thickness, surface area, and volume. The maximum thickness value of pSP-IZ and CP increased significantly according to CRL, whereas the median value increased slightly. The layer structure appeared to grow and spread thin, rather than thickening during early development, which is characteristic during pSP stages. The surface area of the cerebral total tissue, CP, and pSP-IZ increased in proportion to the square of CRL. The surface area of CP and pSP-IZ approached that of the total tissue at the end of the pSP stage. Volume of each layer increased in proportion to the cube of CRL. pSP-IZ and CP constituted over 50% of the total tissue in volume at the end of the pSP stages. We could visualize the growth of pSP-IZ in 3D and quantify it during pSP stage. Our approach allowed us to observe the process of rapid expansion of pSP-IZ from the midlateral regions of the cerebral wall, which subsequently becomes the insula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Terashima
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Aoi Ishikawa
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Jörg Männer
- Institute of Anatomy and EmbryologyUMGGeorg‐August‐University of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- Congenital Anomaly Research CenterGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Tetsuya Takakuwa
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
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3
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Obara-Moszyńska M, Budny B, Kałużna M, Zawadzka K, Jamsheer A, Rohde A, Ruchała M, Ziemnicka K, Niedziela M. CDON gene contributes to pituitary stalk interruption syndrome associated with unilateral facial and abducens nerve palsy. J Appl Genet 2021; 62:621-629. [PMID: 34235642 PMCID: PMC8571149 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-021-00649-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between congenital defects of the brain and facial anomalies was proven. The Hedgehog signaling pathway plays a fundamental role in normal craniofacial development in humans. Mutations in the sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling gene CDON have been recently reported in patients with holoprosencephaly and with pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS). This study’s aim was an elucidation of an 18-year-old patient presenting PSIS, multiple pituitary hormone deficiency, and congenital unilateral facial and abducens nerve palsy. Additionally, bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, dominating at the right site, was diagnosed. From the second year of life, growth deceleration was observed, and from the age of eight, anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies were gradually confirmed and substituted. At the MRI, characteristic triad for PSIS (anterior pituitary hypoplasia, interrupted pituitary stalk and ectopic posterior lobe) was diagnosed. We performed a comprehensive genomic screening, including microarrays for structural rearrangements and whole-exome sequencing for a monogenic defect. A novel heterozygous missense variant in the CDON gene (c.1814G > T; p.Gly605Val) was identified. The variant was inherited from the mother, who, besides short stature, did not show any disease symptoms. The variant was absent in control databases and 100 healthy subjects originating from the same population. We report a novel variant in the CDON gene associated with PSIS and congenital cranial nerve palsy. The variant revealed autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance in concordance with previous studies reporting CDON defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Obara-Moszyńska
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27/33 Szpitalna Str, 60-572, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Bartłomiej Budny
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego Str., 60-355, Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kałużna
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego Str., 60-355, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zawadzka
- MNM Diagnostics Sp. z o.o., 64 Macieja Rataja Str., 61-695, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksander Jamsheer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 8 Rokietnicka Str, 60-806, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Rohde
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27/33 Szpitalna Str, 60-572, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Ruchała
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego Str., 60-355, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ziemnicka
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego Str., 60-355, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Niedziela
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27/33 Szpitalna Str, 60-572, Poznan, Poland
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Shiota K. A life-table analysis of the intrauterine fate of malformed human embryos and fetuses. Birth Defects Res 2021; 113:623-632. [PMID: 33660946 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various malformations are frequently encountered in spontaneously aborted embryos and fetuses. Thus, spontaneous abortion appears to be a screening device for abnormal conceptuses ("teratothanasia"). However, the prevalence rate of abnormal conceptuses at each gestational stage is unknown and the true picture of prenatal natural selection remains to be elucidated. METHODS An in utero life-table of normal and malformed human conceptuses was constructed utilizing the data for human embryos and fetuses procured after therapeutic abortion and kept in the Kyoto Collection of Human Embryos (N = 21,798). RESULTS The prevalence of external major malformations was estimated to be 9.6% at the start of the fifth week after fertilization and drop to 9.2, 8.5, and 7.5% during the following weeks. The malformation rate decreased to 5.3% by the end of the embryonic period (the eighth week), 2.8% by the 13th week and 1% at term. The prenatal mortality rate of externally malformed conceptuses between the fifth week of gestation and term was 92.8%, whereas the corresponding rate for externally normal embryos was 24.9%. The prenatal mortality rates of embryos with neural tube defects and holoprosencephaly were 96.0 and 99.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal development occurs frequently early in development and many of the malformed embryos/fetuses die in utero to end in spontaneous abortion. Natural prenatal screening of abnormal conceptuses most likely contributes to reducing the birth of malformed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Shiota
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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5
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Abe Y, Araki R, Sobajima H, Tamura M, Kunikata T, Ohtake A, Yamanouchi H. Nationwide epidemiological survey of holoprosencephaly in Japan. Pediatr Int 2020; 62:593-599. [PMID: 31886593 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a congenital malformation with an estimated prevalence of 0.10-6.06 per 10 000 births but with no nationwide data specific to Japan. METHODS This nationwide retrospective questionnaire survey was conducted from 2011 to 2013. All 467 training hospitals for perinatal and neonatal care certified by the Japan Society of Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine were contacted. The birth prevalence rate (BPR) was assessed from the primary survey and clinical characteristics from the secondary survey. RESULTS We received valid responses from 253 hospitals in the primary survey (54.6%). Of 390 342 live births, 60 were diagnosed with HPE (23 males and 37 females), resulting in an actual BPR of 1.54 per 10 000 live births. The point estimate for HPE cases was 100 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 80.7-120), and the estimated BPR of HPE was calculated to be 0.32 per 10 000 live births (95% CI: 0.26-0.38) based on 3 117 853 live births according to Japanese national statistics during the study period. In the secondary survey, we obtained data for 49 cases (19 males and 30 females). Of these, 20 were alobar (40.8%), 20 were semilobar (40.8%), five were lobar (10.4%), and four were of unknown type. Genetic examination was performed in 37 of the 49 HPE patients and revealed that chromosomes 13, 18, and 7 were affected in eight, six, and four patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This is the most extensive survey on holoprosencephaly to date in Japan. The estimated BPR was consistent with that reported in previous research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Abe
- Department of Pediatrics, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Division of Neurology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Araki
- Community Health Science Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hisanori Sobajima
- Department of Pediatrics, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masanori Tamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kunikata
- Department of Pediatrics, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akira Ohtake
- Department of Pediatrics, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hideo Yamanouchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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Palmquist-Gomes P, Pérez-Pomares JM, Guadix JA. Cellular identities in an unusual presentation of cyclopia in a chick embryo. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2019; 332:179-186. [PMID: 31298492 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopia is a congenital anomaly characterized by the presence of a single or partially divided eye in a single orbit at the body midline. This condition is usually associated with other severe facial malformations, such as the absence of the nose and, on rare occasions, the presence of a proboscis located above the ocular structures. The developmental origin of cyclopia in vertebrates is the failure of the embryonic prosencephalon to divide properly during the formation of the two bilateral eyes. Although the developmental origin of the cyclopia-associated proboscis is not clear, it has been suggested that this unique structure results from the disrupted morphogenesis of the olfactory placodes, the main organizers of the developing nose. In this study, we report a spontaneous congenital case of cyclopia with a proboscis-like appendage in a chick embryo. By means of both conventional histology and immunohistochemical methods, we have analyzed this anomaly in detail to suggest an alternative identity for the anatomical embryonic features of cyclopic vertebrate embryos displaying a proboscis. Our findings are discussed in the context of previously reported cases of cyclopia, and provide additional insight into this complex congenital malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Palmquist-Gomes
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Area of Biotechnology, Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Campanillas, Málaga, Spain
| | - José María Pérez-Pomares
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Area of Biotechnology, Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Campanillas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Guadix
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Area of Biotechnology, Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Campanillas, Málaga, Spain
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7
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Nakamura T, Shinohara H, Okada T, Hisamori S, Tsunoda S, Obama K, Kurahashi Y, Takai A, Shimokawa T, Matsuda S, Makishima H, Takakuwa T, Yamada S, Sakai Y. Revisiting the infracardiac bursa using multimodal methods: topographic anatomy for surgery of the esophagogastric junction. J Anat 2019; 235:88-95. [PMID: 30977530 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In embryology, the infracardiac bursa (ICB) is a well-known derivative separated from the omental bursa. During surgeries around the esophagogastric junction (EGJ), surgeons often encounter a closed space considered to be equivalent to the ICB, but the macroscopic anatomy in adults is hardly known. This study aimed to revisit the ICB using multimodal methods to show its development from the embryonic to adult stage and clarify its persistence and topographic anatomy. Histological sections of 79 embryos from Carnegie stage (CS) 16 to 23 and magnetic resonance (MR) images of 39 fetuses were examined to study the embryological development of the ICB. Horizontal sections around the EGJ obtained from three adult cadavers were examined to determine the topographic anatomy and histology of the ICB. Further, 32 laparoscopic surgical videos before (n = 16) and after (n = 16) the start of this study were reviewed to confirm its remaining rate and topographic anatomy in surgery. The ICB was formed in 1 out of 10 CS17 samples, and in 8 out of 10 CS18 samples. Further, it was observed in all CS19-23 except one CS23 sample and in 25 (64%) out of 39 fetus samples. Three-dimensional reconstructed MR images of fetuses revealed that the ICB was located at the right alongside the esophagus and the cranial side of the diaphragmatic crus. In one adult cadaver, the caudal end of the ICB arose from the level of the esophageal hiatus and the cranial end reached up to the level of the pericardium. The inner surface cells of the space consisted of the mesothelium. In laparoscopic surgery, the ICB was identified in only 11 (69%) out of 16 surgeries before. However, subsequently we were able to identify the ICB reproducibly in 15 (94%) out of 16 surgeries. Thus, the ICB is the structure commonly remaining in almost all adults as a closed space located at the right alongside the esophagus and the cranial side of the diaphragmatic crus. It may be available as a useful landmark in surgery of the EGJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Nakamura
- Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Tomoaki Okada
- Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeo Hisamori
- Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tsunoda
- Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Obama
- Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Akihiro Takai
- Department of HBP and Breast Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shimokawa
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Seiji Matsuda
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Makishima
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takakuwa
- Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Sakai
- Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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8
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Leombroni M, Khalil A, Liberati M, D'Antonio F. Fetal midline anomalies: Diagnosis and counselling part 2: Septal anomalies. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2018; 22:963-971. [PMID: 30470535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Leombroni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Asma Khalil
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Division of Developmental Sciences, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Liberati
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco D'Antonio
- Womeńs Health and Perinatology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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9
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Holmes LB, Nasri H, Beroukhim R, Hunt AT, Roberts DJ, Toufaily MH, Westgate MN. Stillborn Infants: Associated Malformations. Birth Defects Res 2018; 110:114-121. [PMID: 29377646 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stillbirth, defined as death of a fetus in utero after 20 weeks of gestation, occurs in 1 to 2% of pregnancies in the United States. Many of these stillborn infants have associated malformations, including chromosome abnormalities, neural tube defects, and malformation syndromes. Other causes are abnormalities of the placenta and maternal conditions, such as pre-eclampsia and obesity. A consecutive sample of malformed stillborn infants can establish the relative frequency and severity of the associated malformations. METHODS Stillbirths were identified in the Active Malformations Surveillance Program at Brigham and Women's Hospital (1972-2012). The findings at autopsy, including the findings in the placenta and the results of diagnostic studies, were compiled. RESULTS One hundred twenty-seven stillborn infants with malformations were identified at autopsy among 289,365 pregnancies, including trisomies 21, 18, and 13; 45,X; triploidy; anencephaly; lower urinary tract obstruction; holoprosencephaly and severe heart defects, such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome and tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia. The severity of the abnormalities in stillborn infants was more severe than the spectrum of abnormalities identified in live-born infants. CONCLUSION An autopsy of the stillborn fetus, including chromosome microarray and an examination of the placenta, can identify the underlying causes of the stillbirth. This review of stillborn fetuses with malformations showed that several different lethal malformations and heart defects are more common than among live-born infants. These postmortem examinations can improve the counseling of the parents about risks in future pregnancies. Birth Defects Research 110:114-121, 2018.© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis B Holmes
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Medical Genetics Unit, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hanah Nasri
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Medical Genetics Unit, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rebecca Beroukhim
- Division of Pediatric Congenital Cardiology, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Drucilla J Roberts
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - M Hassan Toufaily
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Medical Genetics Unit, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marie-Noel Westgate
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Medical Genetics Unit, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
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10
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Yamada S, Nakano S, Makishima H, Motoki T. Novel Imaging Modalities for Human Embryology and Applications in Education. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1004-1011. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigehito Yamada
- Human Health Sciences; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Shiori Nakano
- Human Health Sciences; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Haruyuki Makishima
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Tamaki Motoki
- Academic Center for Computing and Media Studies; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
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11
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Shiota K. Study of Normal and Abnormal Prenatal Development Using the Kyoto Collection of Human Embryos. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:955-959. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Shiota
- Shiga University of Medical Science; Otsu, Shiga 520-2192 Japan
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12
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Furuichi K, Ishikawa A, Uwabe C, Makishima H, Yamada S, Takakuwa T. Variations of the Circle of Willis at the End of the Human Embryonic Period. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1312-1319. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kana Furuichi
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Aoi Ishikawa
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Chigako Uwabe
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Haruyuki Makishima
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takakuwa
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
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13
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Yamaguchi Y, Miyazaki R, Kamatani M, Uwabe C, Makishima H, Nagai M, Katsube M, Yamamoto A, Imai H, Kose K, Togashi K, Yamada S. Three-dimensional models of the segmented human fetal brain generated by magnetic resonance imaging. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2018; 58:48-55. [PMID: 28493478 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in imaging technology have enabled us to obtain more detailed images of the human fetus in a nondestructive and noninvasive manner. Through detailed images, elaborate three-dimensional (3D) models of the developing brain can be reconstructed. The segmentation of the developing brain has been determined by serial sections. Therefore, in this study, we attempted to develop a 3D model of the fetal brain using magnetic resonance image (MRI). MR images from 19 specimens (11 embryonic specimens and eight fetal specimens from 5.2 to 225 mm in crown rump length) were used to reconstruct 3D models of regionalized developing brains. From this analysis, we succeeded in registering a maximum of nine landmarks on MR images and reconstructing 19 sequential models of the regionalized developing brain. To confirm the validity of the landmarks, we also compared our results with three serial sections from the Kyoto Collection; the same morphological characteristics were observed on both serial sections and MRI. The morphological minutiae could be found on MR images, and regionalized models of the developing brain could be reconstructed. These results will be useful for clinical diagnosis of living fetuses in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Yamaguchi
- Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Reina Miyazaki
- Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mikako Kamatani
- Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chigako Uwabe
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Makishima
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Momoko Nagai
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Motoki Katsube
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Yamamoto
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Imai
- Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsumi Kose
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kaori Togashi
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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14
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Ohtsuki S, Ishikawa A, Yamada S, Imai H, Matsuda T, Takakuwa T. Morphogenesis of the Middle Ear during Fetal Development as Observed Via Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:757-764. [PMID: 29266805 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, our research group has utilized serial histological sections to investigate the morphogenesis of the middle ear, which corresponds to the period of middle ear ossicle (MEO) cartilage formation. However, research regarding middle ear development during the post-embryonic period has been limited. In the present study, we investigated morphogenesis of the middle ear in human fetuses with a crown-rump length (CRL) between 37 and 197 mm using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our findings indicated that the morphology of the MEOs is similar during fetal development and adulthood; further, growth of the MEOs nearly ceases once a CRL of 150 mm is attained. In each MEO, ossification spreads from a single center. The malleus and Meckel's cartilage could be discriminated in samples exhibiting a CRL of 145 mm based on differences in MRI signal intensity. In samples with a CRL of 86 mm, the tympanic cavity (TC) appeared as a thin yet distinct structure attached to the external auditory meatus at the convex surface. Only the handle of the malleus was covered by the TC, while the incus and stapes contacted the cavity at the region of articulation between the two ossicles only, even after a CRL of 145 mm had been attained. Thus, although the TC increased in both diameter and thickness, coverage did not extend across all three MEOs during the observation period. These data are expected to provide a useful standard for morphogenesis and may aid researchers in distinguishing between normal and abnormal development. Anat Rec, 301:757-764, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Ohtsuki
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Aoi Ishikawa
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan.,Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Imai
- Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsuda
- Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takakuwa
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
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15
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Ishikawa A, Ohtsuki S, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Imai H, Matsuda T, Takakuwa T. Formation of the Periotic Space During the Early Fetal Period in Humans. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:563-570. [PMID: 29293291 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The inner ear is a very complicated structure, composed of a bony labyrinth (otic capsule; OC), membranous labyrinth, with a space between them, named the periotic labyrinth or periotic space. We investigated how periotic tissue fluid spaces covered the membranous labyrinth three-dimensionally, leading to formation of the periotic labyrinth encapsulated in the OC during human fetal development. Digital data sets from magnetic resonance images and phase-contrast X-ray tomography images of 24 inner ear organs from 24 human fetuses from the Kyoto Collection (fetuses in trimesters 1 and 2; crown-rump length: 14.4-197 mm) were analyzed. The membranous labyrinth was morphologically differentiated in samples at the end of the embryonic period (Carnegie stage 23), and had grown linearly to more than eight times in size during the observation period. The periotic space was first detected at the 35-mm samples, around the vestibule and basal turn of the cochlea, which elongated rapidly to the tip of the cochlea and semicircular ducts, successively, and almost covered the membranous labyrinth at the 115-mm CRL stage or later. In those samples, several ossification centers were detected around the space. This article thus demonstrated that formation of the membranous labyrinth, periotic space (labyrinth), and ossification of the OC occurs successively, according to an intricate timetable. Anat Rec, 301:563-570, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoi Ishikawa
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Sae Ohtsuki
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Chigako Uwabe
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Imai
- Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsuda
- Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takakuwa
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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16
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Tojima S, Makishima H, Takakuwa T, Yamada S. Tail reduction process during human embryonic development. J Anat 2018; 232:806-811. [PMID: 29315541 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the human tail is completely absent at birth, the embryonic tail is formed just as in other tailed amniotes. Since all morphological variations are created from variations in developmental processes, elucidation of the tail reduction process during embryonic development may be necessary to clarify the human evolutionary process. The tail has also been of great interest to the medical community. The congenital anomaly referred to as 'human tail', i.e. the occurrence of a tail-like structure, has been reported and was thought to represent a vestige of the embryonic tail; however, this hypothesis has not been verified. Accordingly, in this study, we aimed to establish a new method to visualize all somites in an embryo. We used sagittal-sectioned embryos from Carnegie Stage (CS) 13 to CS23. All samples were obtained from the Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Kyoto University, Japan. Combining photomicroscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction, we clearly visualized and labeled all somites. We found that the number of somites peaked at CS16 and dramatically decreased by approximately five somites. Tail reduction with a decrease in somites has also been observed in other short-tailed amniotes; thus, this result suggested the possibility that there is a common mechanism for morphogenesis of short tails in amniote species. Additionally, our findings provided important insights into the cause of the congenital anomaly known as 'human tail'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Tojima
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Makishima
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takakuwa
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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17
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Osaka M, Ishikawa A, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Imai H, Matsuda T, Yoneyama A, Takeda T, Takakuwa T. Positional Changes of the Ocular Organs During Craniofacial Development. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:2107-2114. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miho Osaka
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyoto606‐8507 Japan
| | - Aoi Ishikawa
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyoto606‐8507 Japan
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyoto606‐8507 Japan
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyoto606‐8501 Japan
| | - Chigako Uwabe
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyoto606‐8501 Japan
| | - Hirohiko Imai
- Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of InformaticsKyoto UniversityKyoto606‐8501 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsuda
- Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of InformaticsKyoto UniversityKyoto606‐8501 Japan
| | - Akio Yoneyama
- Allied Health ScienceKitasato UniversityKanagawa252‐0373 Japan
| | - Tohoru Takeda
- Allied Health ScienceKitasato UniversityKanagawa252‐0373 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takakuwa
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyoto606‐8507 Japan
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18
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Cartilage formation in the pelvic skeleton during the embryonic and early-fetal period. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173852. [PMID: 28384153 PMCID: PMC5383024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pelvic skeleton is formed via endochondral ossification. However, it is not known how the normal cartilage is formed before ossification occurs. Furthermore, the overall timeline of cartilage formation and the morphology of the cartilage in the pelvis are unclear. In this study, cartilage formation in the pelvic skeletons of 25 human fetuses (crown-rump length [CRL] = 11.9-75.0 mm) was observed using phase-contrast computed tomography and 7T magnetic resonance imaging. The chondrification center of the ilium, ischium, and pubis first appeared simultaneously at Carnegie stage (CS) 18, was located around the acetabulum, and grew radially in the later stage. The iliac crest formed at CS20 while the iliac body's central part remained chondrified. The iliac body formed a discoid at CS22. The growth rate was greater in the ilium than in the sacrum-coccyx, pubis, and ischium. Connection and articulation formed in a limited period, while the sacroiliac joint formed at CS21. The articulation of the pubic symphysis, connection of the articular column in the sacrum, and Y-shape connection of the three parts of the hip bones to the acetabulum were observed at CS23; the connection of the ischium and pubic ramus was observed at the early-fetal stage. Furthermore, the degree of connection at the center of the sacrum varied among samples. Most of the pelvimetry data showed a high correlation with CRL. The transverse and antero-posterior lengths of the pelvic inlet of the lesser pelvis varied among samples (R2 = 0.11). The subpubic angle also varied (65-90°) and was not correlated with CRL (R2 = 0.22). Moreover, cartilaginous structure formation appeared to influence bone structure. This study provides valuable information regarding the morphogenesis of the pelvic structure.
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19
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Yoshida R, Ishizu K, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Okada T, Togashi K, Takakuwa T. Dynamics of gyrification in the human cerebral cortex during development. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2017; 57:8-14. [PMID: 27500567 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study quantitatively characterized cortical gyrus folding over human neocortical development by calculating the gyrification index (GI) in 22 human fetal specimens from 16 to 40 weeks with magnetic resonance imaging data. GI values remained constant at approximately 1.0 until the fetal specimens reached 500 g body weight and 200 mm crown-rump length (CRL), respectively, and then increased in correlation with the body weight and CRL. The rostrocaudal GI distribution in the cerebral cortex revealed a correspondence of GI peaks with indentations of early-generated primary sulci at 21 weeks of gestation and more frequently increased GI values in the parieto-occipital region than in the fronto-temporal region at 31 and 40 weeks of gestation. These results provide a quantitative reference set for gyrification in normal human cortical development, which may help reveal the mechanism of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ririko Yoshida
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Ishizu
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chigako Uwabe
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Okada
- Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaori Togashi
- Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takakuwa
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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20
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Ozeki-Satoh M, Ishikawa A, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Takakuwa T. Morphogenesis of the middle ear ossicles and spatial relationships with the external and inner ears during the embryonic period. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:1325-37. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maimi Ozeki-Satoh
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Aoi Ishikawa
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Chigako Uwabe
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takakuwa
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
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21
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Takakuwa T, Koike T, Muranaka T, Uwabe C, Yamada S. Formation of the circle of Willis during human embryonic development. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2016; 56:233-6. [PMID: 27037515 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The circle of Willis (CW) is a circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to the brain and adjacent structures. We examined the timing of formation of CW in 20 Japanese human embryo samples by using 3-dimensional reconstruction of serial histological sections. The CW was closed in 1 (n = 6), 2 (n = 8), 2 (n = 3) and 2 (n = 3) samples at Carnegie stages 20, 21, 22, and 23, respectively. The CW was unclosed in 13 samples (unclosed at ACOM alone, 6 samples; ACOM and bilateral P1, 4; left PCOM and right P1, 1; right PCOM and right P1, 1; ACOM and left PCOM, 1). It was difficult to predict whether the circle would close during further development, as such variations frequently exist in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Takakuwa
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teppei Koike
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taiga Muranaka
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chigako Uwabe
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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22
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Ueno S, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Männer J, Shiraki N, Takakuwa T. The Digestive Tract and Derived Primordia Differentiate by Following a Precise Timeline in Human Embryos Between Carnegie Stages 11 and 13. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:439-49. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saki Ueno
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto
| | - Chigako Uwabe
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto
| | - Jörg Männer
- Deptartment of Anatomy and Embryology; Georg-August-University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Naoto Shiraki
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto
| | - Tetsuya Takakuwa
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto
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23
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Kishimoto H, Yamada S, Kanahashi T, Yoneyama A, Imai H, Matsuda T, Takeda T, Kawai K, Suzuki S. Three-dimensional imaging of palatal muscles in the human embryo and fetus: Development of levator veli palatini and clinical importance of the lesser palatine nerve. Dev Dyn 2015; 245:123-31. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kishimoto
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
- Human Health Sciences; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Toru Kanahashi
- Human Health Sciences; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Akio Yoneyama
- Allied Health Sciences; Kitasato University; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Hirohiko Imai
- Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsuda
- Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Tohoru Takeda
- Allied Health Sciences; Kitasato University; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Katsuya Kawai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Shigehiko Suzuki
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
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24
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Toyoda S, Shiraki N, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Imai H, Matsuda T, Yoneyama A, Takeda T, Takakuwa T. Morphogenesis of the Inner Ear at Different Stages of Normal Human Development. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:2081-90. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saki Toyoda
- Human Health Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | | | - Shigehito Yamada
- Human Health Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Chigako Uwabe
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Hirohiko Imai
- Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsuda
- Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Akio Yoneyama
- Allied Health Science, Kitazato University; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Tohoru Takeda
- Allied Health Science, Kitazato University; Kanagawa Japan
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25
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Taketani K, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Okada T, Togashi K, Takakuwa T. Morphological features and length measurements of fetal lateral ventricles at 16-25 weeks of gestation by magnetic resonance imaging. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2015; 55:99-102. [PMID: 25059317 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Normal growth of the lateral ventricles (LVs) was characterized three-dimensionally using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from 16 human fetuses at 16-25 weeks of gestation. The LV was differentiated into four primary regions, the anterior horn, central parts, posterior horn, and inferior horn, at 16 weeks of gestation. The LV changed shape mainly by elongation and narrowing, which corresponded to the external and internal growth of the surrounding cerebrum. Six length parameters measured in the LV correlated with biparietal diameter by simple regression analysis (R(2) range, 0.56-0.93), which may be valuable for establishing a standardized prenatal protocol to assess fetal well-being and development across intrauterine periods. No correlation was found between biparietal diameter and LV volume (R(2) = 0.13).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Taketani
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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26
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Winter TC, Kennedy AM, Woodward PJ. Holoprosencephaly: A Survey of the Entity, with Embryology and Fetal Imaging. Radiographics 2015; 35:275-90. [DOI: 10.1148/rg.351140040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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Endo A, Ueno S, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Takakuwa T. Morphogenesis of the spleen during the human embryonic period. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 298:820-6. [PMID: 25403423 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to observe morphological changes in the spleen from the emergence of the primordium to the end of the embryonic period using histological serial sections of 228 samples. Between Carnegie stages (CSs) 14 and 17, the spleen was usually recognized as a bulge in the dorsal mesogastrium (DM), and after CS 20, the spleen became apparent. Intrasplenic folds were observed later. A high-density area was first recognized in 6 of the 58 cases at CS 16 and in all cases examined after CS 18. The spleen was recognized neither as a bulge nor as a high-density area at CS 13. The mesothelium was pseudostratified until CS 16 and was replaced with high columnar cells and then with low columnar cells. The basement membrane was obvious after CS 17. The mesenchymal cells differentiated from cells in the DM, and sinus formation started at CS 20. Hematopoietic cells were detected after CS 18. The vessels were observed at CS 14 in the DM. Hilus formation was observed after CS 20. The parallel entries of the arteries and veins were observed at CS 23. The rate of increase in spleen length in relation to that of stomach length along the cranial-caudal direction was 0.51 ± 0.11, which remained constant during CSs 19 and 23, indicating that their growths were similar. These data may help to better understand the development of normal human embryos and to detect abnormal embryos in the early stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Endo
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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28
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Watkins SE, Meyer RE, Strauss RP, Aylsworth AS. Classification, epidemiology, and genetics of orofacial clefts. Clin Plast Surg 2014; 41:149-63. [PMID: 24607185 DOI: 10.1016/j.cps.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Orofacial clefts (OFCs) include a broad range of facial conditions that differ in cause and disease burden. In the published literature, there is substantial ambiguity in both terminology and classification of OFCs. This article discusses the terminology and classification of OFCs and the epidemiology of OFCs. Demographic, environmental, and genetic risk factors for OFCs are described, including suggestions for family counseling. This article enables clinicians to counsel families regarding the occurrence and recurrence of OFCs. Although much of the information is detailed, it is intended to be accessible to all health professionals for use in their clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Watkins
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin Luther King Jr Boulevard, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Robert E Meyer
- Birth Defects Monitoring Program, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, State Center for Health Statistics, 222 North Dawson Street, Cotton Building, Raleigh, NC 27603, USA
| | - Ronald P Strauss
- UNC Center for AIDS Research, UNC School of Dentistry, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 South Building, CB# 3000, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3000, USA
| | - Arthur S Aylsworth
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7487, UNC Campus, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7487, USA
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29
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Berry RS, Andrews SW. Holoprosencephaly. Acad Forensic Pathol 2014. [DOI: 10.23907/2014.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S. Berry
- University of New Mexico Department of Pathology, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Sam W. Andrews
- University of New Mexico - Office of the Medical Investigator, Albuquerque, NM
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Blaas HGK. Detection of structural abnormalities in the first trimester using ultrasound. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2013; 28:341-53. [PMID: 24355991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
During the past 25 years, embryonic and early fetal ultrasound and diagnosis have increasingly gained attention in pregnancy care. Modern high-frequency ultrasound transducers make it possible to obtain detailed images of the early conceptus and its organs, and thus move part of the anatomy and anomaly scan from the second to the first trimester. Today, detection of embryonic and fetal structural abnormalities in the first trimester has frequently been reported. One has to distinguish between diagnosis during the early period until about 10 weeks when the embryo or early fetus is small and transvaginal ultrasound is applied, and diagnosis during the late period at the nuchal translucency screening, usually carried out using transabdominal ultrasound. Early first-trimester abnormalities are often diagnosed by chance on clinical indications, whereas late first-trimester diagnoses are the result of systematic screening using ultrasound markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm-Gerd Karl Blaas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, National Center for Fetal Medicine, Norway; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Trondheim, Norway.
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31
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Kaigai N, Nako A, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Kose K, Takakuwa T. Morphogenesis and three-dimensional movement of the stomach during the human embryonic period. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 297:791-7. [PMID: 24227688 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The stomach develops as the local widening of the foregut after Carnegie stage (CS) 13 that moves in a dramatic and dynamic manner during the embryonic period. Using the magnetic resonance images of 377 human embryos, we present the morphology, morphometry, and three-dimensional movement of the stomach during CS16 and CS23. The stomach morphology revealed stage-specific features. The angular incisura and the cardia were formed at CS18. The change in the angular incisura angle was approximately 90° during CS19 and CS20, and was <90° after CS 21. The prominent formations of the fundus and the pylorus differentiate at around CS20. Morphometry of the stomach revealed that the stomach gradually becomes "deflected" during development. The stomach may appear to move to the left laterally and caudally due to its deflection and differential growth. The track of the reference points in the stomach may reflect the visual three-dimensional movement. The movement of point M, representing the movement of the greater curvature, was different from that of points C (cardia) and P (pyloric antrum). The P and C were located just around the midsagittal plane in all the stages observed. Point M moved in the caudal-left lateral direction until CS22. Moreover, the vector CP does not rotate around the dorsoventral axis, as widely believed, but around the transverse axis. The plane CPM rotated mainly around the longitudinal axis. The data obtained will be useful for prenatal diagnosis in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kaigai
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Hamabe Y, Hirose A, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Okada T, Togashi K, Kose K, Takakuwa T. Morphology and morphometry of fetal liver at 16-26 weeks of gestation by magnetic resonance imaging: Comparison with embryonic liver at Carnegie stage 23. Hepatol Res 2013; 43:639-47. [PMID: 23145954 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Normal liver growth was described morphologically and morphometrically using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of human fetuses, and compared with embryonic liver to establish a normal reference chart for clinical use. METHODS MRI images from 21 fetuses at 16-26 weeks of gestation and eight embryos at Carnegie stage (CS)23 were investigated in the present study. Using the image data, the morphology of the liver as well as its adjacent organs was extracted and reconstructed three-dimensionally. Morphometry of fetal liver growth was performed using simple regression analysis. RESULTS The fundamental morphology was similar in all cases of the fetal livers examined. The liver tended to grow along the transversal axis. The four lobes were clearly recognizable in the fetal liver but not in the embryonic liver. The length of the liver along the three axes, liver volume and four lobes correlated with the bodyweight (BW). The morphogenesis of the fetal liver on the dorsal and caudal sides was affected by the growth of the abdominal organs, such as the stomach, duodenum and spleen, and retroperitoneal organs, such as the right adrenal gland and right kidney. The main blood vessels such as inferior vena cava, portal vein and umbilical vein made a groove on the surface of the liver. Morphology of the fetal liver was different from that of the embryonic liver at CS23. CONCLUSION The present data will be useful for evaluating the development of the fetal liver and the adjacent organs that affect its morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Hamabe
- Human Health Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Shiraishi N, Nakashima T, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Kose K, Takakuwa T. Morphogenesis of Lateral Choroid Plexus During Human Embryonic Period. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:692-700. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Shiraishi
- Human Health Science; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Takashi Nakashima
- Human Health Science; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Human Health Science; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Chigako Uwabe
- Congenital Anomaly Research Center; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Katsumi Kose
- Institute of Applied Physics; University of Tsukuba; Ibaragi Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takakuwa
- Human Health Science; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
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Nakashima T, Hirose A, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Kose K, Takakuwa T. Morphometric analysis of the brain vesicles during the human embryonic period by magnetic resonance microscopic imaging. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2012; 52:55-8. [PMID: 22348784 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2011.00345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of the brain vesicles between Carnegie stages (CS) 17 and 23 was analyzed morphometrically using 177 magnetic resonance image data derived from the Kyoto Collection of Human Embryos. Whole embryonic volume was 106.55 ± 21.08 mm(3) at CS17, exponentially increasing to CS23 when it reached 1357.28 ± 392.20 mm(3). Length of brain vesicles was 29.83 ± 2.52 mm at CS17, increased almost linearly and reached 49.31 ± 6.66 mm at CS23. The rate of increase was approximately 4.2 times higher on the dorsal side than on the ventral side. The increase in the length of the brain vesicles resulted mainly from that of the prosencephalon, and the rate of increase was three times higher on the dorsal side than on the ventral side of the prosencephalon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakashima
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Kameda T, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Suganuma N. Digitization of clinical and epidemiological data from the Kyoto Collection of Human Embryos: maternal risk factors and embryonic malformations. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2012; 52:48-54. [PMID: 22348783 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2011.00349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the causes of congenital anomalies is of prime importance to develop management and/or prevention strategies. It is widely accepted that the occurrence of congenital malformations in fetuses and neonates is heavily correlated with maternal genetic makeup and lifestyle. However, very few epidemiologic analyses have been conducted on the embryonic developmental period because of the rarity of data available. Instigated in 1961, the Kyoto Collection of Human Embryos comprises approximately 45,000 specimens of embryos and fetuses. The collection's most unique feature is that most specimens were added to the collection along with epidemiologic information on the respective mothers. This is the first report on the digitization of data from the collection. A total of 22,262 embryonic specimens were selected on the basis of data integrity. Data related to the embryos were then classified according to the following criteria: developmental stage, sampling period, geographical area, maternal determinant, and external malformation. Results indicate that 7.8% of the embryos exhibit external anomalies and 92.2% are without anomalies. The three most common anomalies were nuchal bleb, holoprosencephaly and spina bifida. A special emphasis was placed on the potential association between maternal determinants and embryonic external anomalies, allowing for statistical analyses. The present study provides further evidence that this collection represents a unique source of information to conduct epidemiological analyses, not only to further the understanding of congenital anomalies but also to help establish preventive health guidelines for pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kameda
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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36
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Kagurasho M, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Kose K, Takakuwa T. Movement of the external ear in human embryo. Head Face Med 2012; 8:2. [PMID: 22296782 PMCID: PMC3286420 DOI: 10.1186/1746-160x-8-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction External ears, one of the major face components, show an interesting movement during craniofacial morphogenesis in human embryo. The present study was performed to see if movement of the external ears in a human embryo could be explained by differential growth. Methods In all, 171 samples between Carnegie stage (CS) 17 and CS 23 were selected from MR image datasets of human embryos obtained from the Kyoto Collection of Human Embryos. The three-dimensional absolute position of 13 representative anatomical landmarks, including external and internal ears, from MRI data was traced to evaluate the movement between the different stages with identical magnification. Two different sets of reference axes were selected for evaluation and comparison of the movements. Results When the pituitary gland and the first cervical vertebra were selected as a reference axis, the 13 anatomical landmarks of the face spread out within the same region as the embryo enlarged and changed shape. The external ear did move mainly laterally, but not cranially. The distance between the external and internal ear stayed approximately constant. Three-dimensionally, the external ear located in the caudal ventral parts of the internal ear in CS 17, moved mainly laterally until CS 23. When surface landmarks eyes and mouth were selected as a reference axis, external ears moved from the caudal lateral ventral region to the position between eyes and mouth during development. Conclusion The results indicate that movement of all anatomical landmarks, including external and internal ears, can be explained by differential growth. Also, when the external ear is recognized as one of the facial landmarks and having a relative position to other landmarks such as the eyes and mouth, the external ears seem to move cranially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Kagurasho
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 606-8507, Shogoin Kawahara-cyo 53, Kyoto, Japan
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Hirose A, Nakashima T, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Kose K, Takakuwa T. Embryonic Liver Morphology and Morphometry by Magnetic Resonance Microscopic Imaging. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 295:51-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Orioli IM, Amar E, Bakker MK, Bermejo-Sánchez E, Bianchi F, Canfield MA, Clementi M, Correa A, Csáky-Szunyogh M, Feldkamp ML, Landau D, Leoncini E, Li Z, Lowry RB, Mastroiacovo P, Morgan M, Mutchinick OM, Rissmann A, Ritvanen A, Scarano G, Szabova E, Castilla EE. Cyclopia: an epidemiologic study in a large dataset from the International Clearinghouse of Birth Defects Surveillance and Research. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2011; 157C:344-57. [PMID: 22006661 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopia is characterized by the presence of a single eye, with varying degrees of doubling of the intrinsic ocular structures, located in the middle of the face. It is the severest facial expression of the holoprosencephaly (HPE) spectrum. This study describes the prevalence, associated malformations, and maternal characteristics among cases with cyclopia. Data originated in 20 Clearinghouse (ICBDSR) affiliated birth defect surveillance systems, reported according to a single pre-established protocol. A total of 257 infants with cyclopia were identified. Overall prevalence was 1 in 100,000 births (95%CI: 0.89-1.14), with only one program being out of range. Across sites, there was no correlation between cyclopia prevalence and number of births (r = 0.08; P = 0.75) or proportion of elective termination of pregnancy (r = -0.01; P = 0.97). The higher prevalence of cyclopia among older mothers (older than 34) was not statistically significant. The majority of cases were liveborn (122/200; 61%) and females predominated (male/total: 42%). A substantial proportion of cyclopias (31%) were caused by chromosomal anomalies, mainly trisomy 13. Another 31% of the cases of cyclopias were associated with defects not typically related to HPE, with more hydrocephalus, heterotaxia defects, neural tube defects, and preaxial reduction defects than the chromosomal group, suggesting the presence of ciliopathies or other unrecognized syndromes. Cyclopia is a very rare defect without much variability in prevalence by geographic location. The heterogeneous etiology with a high prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities, and female predominance in HPE, were confirmed, but no effect of increased maternal age or association with twinning was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iêda M Orioli
- Estudo Colaborativo Latino Americano de Malformações Congênitas at Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Mutations in CDON, encoding a hedgehog receptor, result in holoprosencephaly and defective interactions with other hedgehog receptors. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 89:231-40. [PMID: 21802063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE), a common human congenital anomaly defined by a failure to delineate the midline of the forebrain and/or midface, is associated with diminished Sonic hedgehog (SHH)-pathway activity in development of these structures. SHH signaling is regulated by a network of ligand-binding factors, including the primary receptor PTCH1 and the putative coreceptors, CDON (also called CDO), BOC, and GAS1. Although binding of SHH to these receptors promotes pathway activity, it is not known whether interactions between these receptors are important. We report here identification of missense CDON mutations in human HPE. These mutations diminish CDON's ability to support SHH-dependent gene expression in cell-based signaling assays. The mutations occur outside the SHH-binding domain of CDON, and the encoded variant CDON proteins do not display defects in binding to SHH. In contrast, wild-type CDON associates with PTCH1 and GAS1, but the variants do so inefficiently, in a manner that parallels their activity in cell-based assays. Our findings argue that CDON must associate with both ligand and other hedgehog-receptor components, particularly PTCH1, for signaling to occur and that disruption of the latter interactions is a mechanism of HPE.
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Proia AD. A unique case of unilateral synophthalmia. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2011; 14:130-3. [PMID: 20528261 DOI: 10.2350/10-03-0809-cr.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Developmental anomalies resulting in a single eye (cyclopia) or fusion of the eyes (synophthalmia) are rare. Examples of unilateral synophthalmia-in which there are 1 normal and 2 fused eyes from 3 anlagen in 2 orbits, 1 lateral proboscis, and 3 optic nerves-are even more rare. Herein, I report a unique fetus with unilateral synophthalmia that was not associated with a lateral proboscis but instead had an extra cerebral hemisphere. I postulate that the unilateral synophthalmia, accessory cerebral hemisphere, and minor structural abnormalities in the skull base were the result of failure in separating a monozygous twin, a situation similar to that postulated as the cause of fetus in fetu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Proia
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Zhang W, Hong M, Bae GU, Kang JS, Krauss RS. Boc modifies the holoprosencephaly spectrum of Cdo mutant mice. Dis Model Mech 2010; 4:368-80. [PMID: 21183473 PMCID: PMC3097458 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.005744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is caused by a failure to form the midline of the forebrain and/or midface. It is one of the most common human birth defects, but clinical expression is extremely variable. HPE is associated with mutations in the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway. Mice lacking the Shh pathway regulator Cdo (also called Cdon) display HPE with strain-dependent penetrance and expressivity, implicating silent modifier genes as one cause of the variability. However, the identities of potential HPE modifiers of this type are unknown. We report here that whereas mice lacking the Cdo paralog Boc do not have HPE, Cdo;Boc double mutants on a largely Cdo-resistant genetic background have lobar HPE with strong craniofacial anomalies and defects in Shh target gene expression in the developing forebrain. Boc is therefore a silent HPE modifier gene in mice. Furthermore, Cdo and Boc have specific, selective roles in Shh signaling in mammals, because Cdo;Boc double-mutant mice do not display the most severe HPE phenotype seen in Shh-null mice, nor do they have major defects in digit patterning or development of vertebrae, which are also Shh-dependent processes. This is in contrast to reported observations in Drosophila, where genetic removal of the Cdo and Boc orthologs Ihog and Boi results in a complete loss of response to the hedgehog ligand. Therefore, there is evolutionary divergence between mammals and insects in the requirement of the hedgehog pathway for Cdo/Ihog family members, with mammalian development involving additional factors and/or distinct mechanisms at this level of pathway regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Yamada S, Samtani RR, Lee ES, Lockett E, Uwabe C, Shiota K, Anderson SA, Lo CW. Developmental atlas of the early first trimester human embryo. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:1585-95. [PMID: 20503356 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid advances in medical imaging are facilitating the clinical assessment of first-trimester human embryos at increasingly earlier stages. To obtain data on early human development, we used magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and episcopic fluorescence capture (EFIC) to acquire digital images of human embryos spanning the time of dynamic tissue remodeling and organogenesis (Carnegie stages 13 to 23). These imaging data sets are readily resectioned digitally in arbitrary planes, suitable for rapid high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) observation. Using these imaging datasets, a web-accessible digital Human Embryo Atlas (http://apps.devbio.pitt.edu/humanatlas/) was created containing serial 2D images of human embryos in three standard histological planes: sagittal, frontal, and transverse. In addition, annotations and 3D reconstructions were generated for visualizing different anatomical structures. Overall, this Human Embryo Atlas is a unique resource that provides morphologic data of human developmental anatomy that can accelerate basic research investigations into developmental mechanisms that underlie human congenital anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehito Yamada
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Marcorelles P, Laquerriere A. Neuropathology of holoprosencephaly. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 154C:109-19. [PMID: 20104606 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a brain malformation which results from a primary defect in induction and patterning of the rostral neural tube during early embryogenesis and usually considered as an impaired cleavage of the prosencephalon. The review of neuropathologic findings highlights a complex malformation involving not only the prosencephalon but also the whole brain, the eyes, and the cerebral vascularization. The classical form of HPE is divided in three sub-types according to DeMyer classification, although the spectrum is far wider, ranging from the most severe, aprosencephaly/atelencephaly, to milder forms such as syntelencephaly and to the less severe ends of the spectrum. Macroscopy and microscopy abnormality patterns are described extensively, allowing a comparison of the anatomic features between each form. Disturbances observed in the main cerebral structures including the basal ganglia, the commissures, the hippocampus, the brainstem, the cerebellum, and spinal cord are reviewed. Macroscopic and microscopic features of the ophthalmic anomalies are described, as well as brain vascular and associated central nervous system malformations.
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Shiota K, Yamada S. Early pathogenesis of holoprosencephaly. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 154C:22-8. [PMID: 20104600 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is one of the most common malformations encountered in early human embryos. It is assumed that more than 90% of HPE embryos die in utero and are eliminated by spontaneous abortion. Embryonic HPE displays some characteristic craniofacial phenotypes, which are not necessarily comparable to those in postnatal HPE cases. In this article, we summarize our studies on HPE in human embryos and discuss the pathogenesis of HPE malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Shiota
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
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Orioli IM, Castilla EE. Epidemiology of holoprosencephaly: Prevalence and risk factors. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 154C:13-21. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hahn JS, Barnes PD. Neuroimaging advances in holoprosencephaly: Refining the spectrum of the midline malformation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 154C:120-32. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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48
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Roessler E, Pei W, Ouspenskaia MV, Karkera JD, Veléz JI, Banerjee-Basu S, Gibney G, Lupo PJ, Mitchell LE, Towbin JA, Bowers P, Belmont JW, Goldmuntz E, Baxevanis AD, Feldman B, Muenke M. Cumulative ligand activity of NODAL mutations and modifiers are linked to human heart defects and holoprosencephaly. Mol Genet Metab 2009; 98:225-34. [PMID: 19553149 PMCID: PMC2774839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cyclopic and laterality phenotypes in model organisms linked to disturbances in the generation or propagation of Nodal-like signals are potential examples of similar impairments resulting in birth defects in humans. However, the types of gene mutation(s) and their pathogenetic combinations in humans are poorly understood. Here we describe a mutational analysis of the human NODAL gene in a large panel of patients with phenotypes compatible with diminished NODAL ligand function. Significant reductions in the biological activity of NODAL alleles are detected among patients with congenital heart defects (CHD), laterality anomalies (e.g. left-right mis-specification phenotypes), and only rarely holoprosencephaly (HPE). While many of these NODAL variants are typical for family-specific mutations, we also report the presence of alleles with significantly reduced activity among common population variants. We propose that some of these common variants act as modifiers and contribute to the ultimate phenotypic outcome in these patients; furthermore, we draw parallels with strain-specific modifiers in model organisms to bolster this interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Roessler
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wuhong Pei
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maia V. Ouspenskaia
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jayaprakash D. Karkera
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jorge Ivan Veléz
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharmilla Banerjee-Basu
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gretchen Gibney
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Philip J. Lupo
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Laura E. Mitchell
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Towbin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peter Bowers
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - John W. Belmont
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- Division of Cardiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Andreas D. Baxevanis
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin Feldman
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Corresponding author: Maximilian Muenke, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, MSC 3717, Building 35, Room 1B-203, Bethesda, MD 20892-3717, Tel.: (301) 402-8167, Fax.: (301) 480-7876,
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Dhanantwari P, Lee E, Krishnan A, Samtani R, Yamada S, Anderson S, Lockett E, Donofrio M, Shiota K, Leatherbury L, Lo CW. Human cardiac development in the first trimester: a high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and episcopic fluorescence image capture atlas. Circulation 2009; 120:343-51. [PMID: 19635979 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.796698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Preeta Dhanantwari
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1583, USA
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