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Farrokhi A, Atre T, Salitra S, Aletaha M, Márquez AC, Gynn M, Fidanza M, Jo S, Rolf N, Simmons K, Duque-Afonso J, Cleary ML, Seif AE, Kollmann T, Gantt S, Reid GSD. Early-life infection depletes preleukemic cells in a mouse model of hyperdiploid B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2024; 144:809-821. [PMID: 38875504 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2024025038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Epidemiological studies report opposing influences of infection on childhood B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Although infections in the first year of life appear to exert the largest impact on leukemia risk, the effect of early pathogen exposure on the fetal preleukemia cells (PLC) that lead to B-ALL has yet to be reported. Using cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection as a model early-life infection, we show that virus exposure within 1 week of birth induces profound depletion of transplanted E2A-PBX1 and hyperdiploid B-ALL cells in wild-type recipients and in situ-generated PLC in Eμ-ret mice. The age-dependent depletion of PLC results from an elevated STAT4-mediated cytokine response in neonates, with high levels of interleukin (IL)-12p40-driven interferon (IFN)-γ production inducing PLC death. Similar PLC depletion can be achieved in adult mice by impairing viral clearance. These findings provide mechanistic support for potential inhibitory effects of early-life infection on B-ALL progression and could inform novel therapeutic or preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Farrokhi
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tanmaya Atre
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Samuel Salitra
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Maryam Aletaha
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ana Citlali Márquez
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Matthew Gynn
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mario Fidanza
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sumin Jo
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nina Rolf
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Karen Simmons
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jesus Duque-Afonso
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Michael L Cleary
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Alix E Seif
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tobias Kollmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Soren Gantt
- Department of Microbiology, Infection, and Immunology, Université de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gregor S D Reid
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Li Y, Yang HS, Klasse PJ, Zhao Z. The significance of antigen-antibody-binding avidity in clinical diagnosis. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024:1-15. [PMID: 39041650 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2379286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) testing are commonly used to determine infection status. Typically, the detection of IgM indicates an acute or recent infection, while the presence of IgG alone suggests a chronic or past infection. However, relying solely on IgG and IgM antibody positivity may not be sufficient to differentiate acute from chronic infections. This limitation arises from several factors. The prolonged presence of IgM can complicate diagnostic interpretations, and false positive IgM results often arise from antibody cross-reactivity with various antigens. Additionally, IgM may remain undetectable in prematurely collected samples or in individuals who are immunocompromised, further complicating accurate diagnosis. As a result, additional diagnostic tools are required to confirm infection status. Avidity is a measure of the strength of the binding between an antigen and antibody. Avidity-based assays have been developed for various infectious agents, including toxoplasma, cytomegalovirus (CMV), SARS-CoV-2, and avian influenza, and are promising tools in clinical diagnostics. By measuring the strength of antibody binding, they offer critical insights into the maturity of the immune response. These assays are instrumental in distinguishing between acute and chronic or past infections, monitoring disease progression, and guiding treatment decisions. The development of automated platforms has optimized the testing process by enhancing efficiency and minimizing the risk of manual errors. Additionally, the recent advent of real-time biosensor immunoassays, including the label-free immunoassays (LFIA), has further amplified the capabilities of these assays. These advances have expanded the clinical applications of avidity-based assays, making them useful tools for the diagnosis and management of various infectious diseases. This review is structured around several key aspects of IgG avidity in clinical diagnosis, including: (i) a detailed exposition of the IgG affinity maturation process; (ii) a thorough discussion of the IgG avidity assays, including the recently emerged biosensor-based approaches; and (iii) an examination of the applications of IgG avidity in clinical diagnosis. This review is intended to contribute toward the development of enhanced diagnostic tools through critical assessment of the present landscape of avidity-based testing, which allows us to identify the existing knowledge gaps and highlight areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - He S Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - P J Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Greig J, Bamford A, Chadwick D, Darley A, Gamoudi D, Palit J. British HIV Association guidelines on the management of opportunistic infection in people living with HIV: Considerations in pregnancy 2024. HIV Med 2024; 25 Suppl 3:3-19. [PMID: 38811357 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- J Greig
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - A Bamford
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - D Chadwick
- Centre for Clinical Infection, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - A Darley
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | | | - J Palit
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Ye X, Shih DJH, Ku Z, Hong J, Barrett DF, Rupp RE, Zhang N, Fu TM, Zheng WJ, An Z. Transcriptional signature of durable effector T cells elicited by a replication defective HCMV vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:70. [PMID: 38561339 PMCID: PMC10984989 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00860-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a leading infectious cause of birth defects and the most common opportunistic infection that causes life-threatening diseases post-transplantation; however, an effective vaccine remains elusive. V160 is a live-attenuated replication defective HCMV vaccine that showed a 42.4% efficacy against primary HCMV infection among seronegative women in a phase 2b clinical trial. Here, we integrated the multicolor flow cytometry, longitudinal T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing, and single-cell RNA/TCR sequencing approaches to characterize the magnitude, phenotype, and functional quality of human T cell responses to V160. We demonstrated that V160 de novo induces IE-1 and pp65 specific durable polyfunctional effector CD8 T cells that are comparable to those induced by natural HCMV infection. We identified a variety of V160-responsive T cell clones which exhibit distinctive "transient" and "durable" expansion kinetics, and revealed a transcriptional signature that marks durable CD8 T cells post-vaccination. Our study enhances the understanding of human T-cell immune responses to V160 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Ye
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - David J H Shih
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Zhiqiang Ku
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Junping Hong
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Diane F Barrett
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Richard E Rupp
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tong-Ming Fu
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - W Jim Zheng
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Mohammed K. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Rubella and Cytomegalovirus Infections Among Pregnant Women in Makkah: Implications for Screening and Vaccination Programs. Cureus 2024; 16:e57269. [PMID: 38686268 PMCID: PMC11057681 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Contracting rubella virus or cytomegalovirus (CMV) while pregnant can lead to severe health issues for both the mother and the unborn child. This study aims to determine the prevalence of these infections in pregnant women and identify associated risk factors. Methods A total of 146 pregnant women consented to participate in this research. Data were collected through a detailed questionnaire and blood samples were obtained from each participant. Blood was drawn into vacutainer tubes, and plasma was separated and stored at -20°C for analysis. We utilized specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Immunoglobulin M (IgM) to detect antibodies against rubella and CMV in the plasma samples. Results The study revealed that the prevalence rates of IgG antibodies for rubella and CMV were 68.5% and 97.3%, respectively. No samples tested positive for IgM antibodies for either disease. A significant relationship was found between chronic rubella infection and women aged 26 to 35 years (p < 0.05). A significant association was also observed between chronic CMV infection and women with lower income (p < 0.05). Conclusion This study confirms the widespread presence of chronic rubella and CMV infections among pregnant women in Makkah. The findings highlight the impact of socioeconomic factors on infection rates and underscore the importance of implementing vaccination programs to mitigate the severity of these infections in pregnant women and protect fetal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Mohammed
- Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, SAU
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Sartori P, Baud D, de Tejada BM, Farin A, Rossier MC, Rieder W, Rouiller S, Robyr R, Grant G, Eggel B, Bruno A, Pretalli M, Gainon B, Capoccia-Brugger R, Ammon-Chansel L, De Courten C, Beurret-Lepori N, Baert J, Vial Y, Pomar L. Cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy: cross-sectional survey of knowledge and prevention practices of healthcare professionals in French-speaking Switzerland. Virol J 2024; 21:45. [PMID: 38383491 PMCID: PMC10882847 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02318-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lack of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) knowledge among healthcare professionals has been proven to be the main threat to pregnant women's awareness, preventing them from reducing the risk of infection. The aims of this study were to assess the knowledge and practices of French-speaking Swiss perinatal professionals in terms of CMV prevention, as well as the sociodemographic-professional factors that influence them. METHODS This observational study used a cross-sectional design to collect data-via an anonymous electronic questionnaire in French distributed to gynecologists-obstetricians, general practitioners and midwives via various channels: e-mails and social networks of partner centers, professional associations, and conferences. The 41-item questionnaire collected data on sociodemographic and professional characteristics, general CMV knowledge, national recommendation knowledge and prevention practices. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed. RESULTS A total of 110 gynecologist-obstetricians, 5 general practitioners and 226 midwives participated in the study. While more than 80% of practitioners were familiar with protective hygiene measures, significant gaps were highlighted concerning the transmission routes, as well as the signs of short- and long-term congenital CMV infection. Regarding practice, 63.3% of participants provided information on CMV to their patients, mainly during the first antenatal visit. Among those who did not, lack of knowledge and forgetfulness were the two main reasons cited. Concerning systematic screening, 45.7% of participants offered it to their patients, and 37.3% only offered it to "at risk" groups. The existence of national guidelines on CMV was known by 62.0% of participants. Multivariable analysis revealed that working as a gynecologist-obstetrician was independently associated with higher score of preventive practices, while performing ultrasound or preconception consultations was independently associated with a higher score of general CMV knowledge, and working in a university hospital was independently associated with a higher score of Swiss recommendation knowledge. A level of training higher than the basic medical or midwifery diploma and participation in fetal medicine symposia both promote a higher score of CMV knowledge and prevention practices in line with current recommendations. CONCLUSION This study confirms the significant gaps in CMV knowledge among French-speaking Swiss caregivers along with the heterogeneity of their prevention practices. To raise awareness among pregnant women and reduce the burden of congenital CMV infections, improving professional knowledge through access to specific training and standardizing practices should be a national priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Sartori
- School of Health Sciences (HESAV), HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Avenue de Beaumont 21, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Baud
- Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Begoña Martinez de Tejada
- Obstetrics Division, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Farin
- Obstetrics Unit, Hospital Riviera-Chablais, 1847, Rennaz, Switzerland
| | | | - Wawrzyniec Rieder
- Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Dianecho, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Rouiller
- Service of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ensemble Hospitalier de La Côte, 1110, Morges, Switzerland
| | | | - Gaston Grant
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Cantonal Hospital, 1752, Villars-Sur-Glâne, Switzerland
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Point-f Women's Medical Centre, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Béatrice Eggel
- Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adrien Bruno
- School of Health Sciences (HESAV), HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Avenue de Beaumont 21, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maeva Pretalli
- Maternity Ward, Hôpital du Jura, 2800, Delémont, Switzerland
| | - Bertrand Gainon
- Maternity Ward, Hôpital du Jura, 2800, Delémont, Switzerland
| | - Romina Capoccia-Brugger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Réseau Hospitalier Neuchâtelois, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Clarisse De Courten
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Regional Hospital EHNV, 1400, Yverdon, Switzerland
| | | | - Jonathan Baert
- Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yvan Vial
- Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Léo Pomar
- School of Health Sciences (HESAV), HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Avenue de Beaumont 21, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Radoi CL, Zlatian O, Balasoiu M, Dragomir TL, Sorop MI, Bagiu IC, Boeriu E, Susan M, Sorop B, Oprisoni LA, Iliescu DG. Seroprevalence of Anti-Cytomegalovirus Antibodies in Pregnant Women from South-West Romania. Microorganisms 2024; 12:268. [PMID: 38399672 PMCID: PMC10893531 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV), in addition to other agents, is part of the TORCH complex (Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex viruses, and other agents). CMV infection is the most frequent cause of congenital malformations. This study aimed to establish the variation of prevalence of anti-CMV antibodies in pregnant women from the South-West region of Romania, according to demographic factors, such as age and area of residence, in two separate time periods (2013-2016 and 2019-2022). We collected from the hospital records the age, place of residence, and anti-CMV antibody test results using immune electrochemiluminescence and chemiluminescence. This study found that the seroprevalence of anti-CMV IgM antibodies increased slightly from 2013-2016 to 2019-2022, from 1.92% to 2.26%, and for IgG antibodies from 93.68% to 94.96%. In both groups was observed a descending trend of anti-CMV IgM seroprevalence with an increase in age, showing a decrease in seroprevalence from 3.57% to 1.09% in pregnant women from rural areas in the 31-35 years age group, while in urban areas, we observed a decrease in seroprevalence from 11.11% to 3.06% in the <20 years age group. The IgG seroprevalence showed an increase both in rural areas (from 93.97% to 95.52%) and urban areas (from 93.52% to 94.27%). In both groups, seroprevalence was higher in rural areas compared to urban regions. These results show a high rate of immunization against CMV in pregnant women in South-West Romania, which led to a low risk of acquiring the primary infection during pregnancy. However, the increase in the rate of primary CMV infections in pregnancy suggests the need for prioritizing screening programs and improving the existing protocols to enhance maternal and child healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Luiza Radoi
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Ovidiu Zlatian
- Medical Laboratory, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (O.Z.); (M.B.)
- Microbiology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Maria Balasoiu
- Medical Laboratory, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (O.Z.); (M.B.)
- Microbiology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Tiberiu-Liviu Dragomir
- Department of Internal Medicine I, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Madalina Ioana Sorop
- Doctoral School, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Iulia Cristina Bagiu
- Department of Microbiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), Microbiology Department, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Estera Boeriu
- Department of Pediatrics, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Monica Susan
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Centre for Preventive Medicine,”Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Bogdan Sorop
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Licinia Andrada Oprisoni
- Department of Pediatrics, Discipline of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Dominic Gabriel Iliescu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
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Mirsalehi N, Yavarian J, Ghavami N, Naseri M, Khodakhah F, Shatizadeh Malekshahi S, Zadheidar S, Mokhtari-Azad T, Shafiei-Jandaghi NZ. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in newborns suspected of congenital rubella syndrome in Iran: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:31. [PMID: 38200453 PMCID: PMC10777647 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04502-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following rubella virus control, the most important cause of congenital infections is human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Congenital CMV (cCMV) may happen both in primary and non-primary maternal infections. The present study aimed to screen cCMV in symptomatic newborns suspected of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in Iran. METHODS Out of 1629 collected infants' serum samples suspected of CRS but negative for rubella IgM, 524 samples were selected regarding cCMV complications. These samples were divided into two age groups: 1- one month and younger, 2- older than 1 month up to one year. Anti-HCMV IgM detection was performed on these serums. Then HCMV IgG avidity assay and HCMV DNA detection were carried out on all samples with positive and borderline results in IgM detection. RESULTS Herein, 3.67% of symptomatic infants aged one month and younger had positive and borderline HCMV IgM, 12.5% of which had a low avidity index (AI). HCMV IgM detection rate among symptomatic infants older than one month to one year was 14.5%. Identified genotypes in this study were gB-1(63.63%), gB2 (18.18%), and gB3 (18.18%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS This comprehensive study was performed on serum samples of symptomatic infants clinically suspected of cCMV from all over Iran. There was a good correlation between serology findings and PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Mirsalehi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jila Yavarian
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Ghavami
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Naseri
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Khodakhah
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sevrin Zadheidar
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin-Zahra Shafiei-Jandaghi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Calado AM, Seixas F, Pires MDA. Updating an Overview of Teratology. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2753:1-38. [PMID: 38285332 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3625-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
In this chapter, the authors aim to update an overview of the principles of teratology, beginning with the definition of teratology, the critical point at which this process occurs, and some of the most common etiological agents that improve our understanding of teratology.Modern teratology has greatly improved in recent years with advances in new methods in molecular biology, toxicology, animal laboratory science, and genetics, increasing our knowledge of ambient influences. Nevertheless, there is a lot to do to reduce the influence of hazardous intervening agents, whether they target our genetics or not, that can negatively affect pregnancy and induce congenital development disorders, including morphological, biochemical, or behavioral defects.Certain agents might indeed be related to certain defects, but we have not been able to identify the cause of most congenital defects, which highlights the importance of finding and testing out new genetics techniques and conducting laboratory animal science to unravel the etiology and pathogenicity of each congenital defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Calado
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, and Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4Animals), Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Seixas
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, and Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4Animals), Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria Dos Anjos Pires
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, and Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4Animals), Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
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Chen YN, Hsu KH, Huang CG, Chiang MC, Chu SM, Chen CL, Hsu JF, Chueh HY. Clinical Characteristics of Infants with Symptomatic Congenital and Postnatal Cytomegalovirus Infection-An 11-Year Multicenter Cohort Study in Taiwan. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 11:17. [PMID: 38255331 PMCID: PMC10813870 DOI: 10.3390/children11010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
(1) Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a prevalent viral disease among infants. The prevalence typically ranges from 0.2% to 2.4% among all newborns. There are limited data regarding the demographic characteristics of infants with symptomatic CMV infections. (2) Methods: In this retrospective cohort study using the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital multicenter database, infants with CMV infection determined by a positive urine culture, positive blood polymerase chain reaction assay or positive immunoglobulin M result for CMV from 2011 through 2021 were included. Clinical characteristics at initial diagnosis, management and outcomes were investigated. Congenital CMV (cCMV) infection is diagnosed within three weeks after birth; postnatal CMV (pCMV) is diagnosed when CMV is detected after the first 3 weeks of life. (3) Results: Among the 505 CMV-infected infants identified, 272 were included in the analysis. According to the age at initial presentation, 21 infants had cCMV infection and 251 had pCMV infection. Higher incidences of prematurity and being small for gestational age and a lower Z score for weight at diagnosis were observed in the cCMV group. While thrombocytopenia (61.9%) was the leading presentation in the cCMV group, hepatitis (59.8%) and prolonged jaundice (21.9%) were more common in the pCMV group. (4) Conclusions: Utilizing an 11-year multicenter database, we demonstrated the characteristics of infants with CMV infection in Taiwan and highlighted the demographic disparities and differing symptoms between the cCMV and pCMV groups. These findings emphasize the necessity for future research to refine screening policies, explore treatment options, and establish follow-up protocols for affected infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ning Chen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33382, Taiwan; (Y.-N.C.); (K.-H.H.); (M.-C.C.); (S.-M.C.); (J.-F.H.)
| | - Kai-Hsiang Hsu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33382, Taiwan; (Y.-N.C.); (K.-H.H.); (M.-C.C.); (S.-M.C.); (J.-F.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Guei Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33382, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chou Chiang
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33382, Taiwan; (Y.-N.C.); (K.-H.H.); (M.-C.C.); (S.-M.C.); (J.-F.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ming Chu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33382, Taiwan; (Y.-N.C.); (K.-H.H.); (M.-C.C.); (S.-M.C.); (J.-F.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chyi-Liang Chen
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33382, Taiwan;
| | - Jen-Fu Hsu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33382, Taiwan; (Y.-N.C.); (K.-H.H.); (M.-C.C.); (S.-M.C.); (J.-F.H.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Yen Chueh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
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11
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Gupta A, Lawrence SM, Fraley SI. A broad-based probe-free qPCR assay for detection and discrimination of three human herpes viruses. J Virol Methods 2023; 322:114824. [PMID: 37778538 PMCID: PMC11175599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Primary infection or reactivation of latent human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) or herpes simplex viruses (HSV) 1 or 2 during pregnancy can transmit the virus in utero or during natural childbirth to the fetus. The majority of these infections are asymptomatic at birth but may present later with potentially lethal disseminated infection or meningitis (HSV), or long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae including sensorineural hearing loss or neurodevelopmental impairments (HCMV). Unfortunately, early signs and symptoms of disseminated viral infections may be misdiagnosed as bacterial sepsis. Therefore, immediate testing for viral etiologies may not be ordered or even considered by skilled clinicians. In asymptomatic HCMV infections, early detection is necessary to monitor for and treat future neurologic sequelae. In acutely ill-appearing infants, specific detection of viruses against other disease-causing agents is vital to inform correct patient management, including early administration of the correct antimicrobial(s). An ideal test should be rapid, inexpensive, require low sample volumes, and demonstrate efficacy in multiple tissue matrices to aid in timely clinical decision-making for neonatal infections. This work discusses the development of a rapid probe-free qPCR assay for HSV and HCMV that enables early and specific detection of these viruses in neonates. The assay's probe free chemistry would allow easier extension to a broad-based multiplexed pathogenic panel as compared to assays utilizing sequence-specific probes or nested PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Gupta
- Jacobs School of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shelley M Lawrence
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Stephanie I Fraley
- Jacobs School of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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12
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Gao F, Mora MC, Constantinides M, Coenon L, Multrier C, Vaillant L, Zhang T, Villalba M. g-NK cells from umbilical cord blood are phenotypically and functionally different than g-NK cells from peripheral blood. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2283353. [PMID: 38126036 PMCID: PMC10732642 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2283353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
FcRγ-deficient natural killer (NK) cells, designated as g-NK cells, exhibit enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) capacity and increased IFN-γ and TNF-α production, rendering them promising for antiviral and antitumor responses. g-NK cells from peripheral blood (PB) are often associated with prior human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. However, the prevalence, phenotype, and function of g-NK cells in umbilical cord blood (UCB-g-NK) remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate significant phenotypical differences between UCB-g-NK and PB-g-NK cells. Unlike PB-g-NK cells, UCB-g-NK cells did not show heightened cytokine production upon CD16 engagement, in contrast to the conventional NK (c-NK) cell counterparts. Interestingly, following in vitro activation, UCB-g-NK cells also exhibited elevated levels of IFN-γ production, particularly when co-cultured with HCMV and plasma from g-NK+ adults. Furthermore, g-NK+ plasma from PB even facilitated the in vitro expansion of UCB-g-NK cells. These findings underscore the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of g-NK cells based on their origin and demonstrate that components within g-NK+ plasma may directly contribute to the acquisition of an adult phenotype by the "immature" UCB-g-NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- IRMB, INSERM, CHRU de Montpellier, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Loïs Coenon
- IRMB, INSERM, CHRU de Montpellier, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Multrier
- IRMB, INSERM, CHRU de Montpellier, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Loïc Vaillant
- IRMB, INSERM, CHRU de Montpellier, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Tianxiang Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Martin Villalba
- IRMB, INSERM, CHRU de Montpellier, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut du Cancer Avignon-Provence Sainte Catherine, Avignon, France
- IRMB, INSERM, CHRU de Montpellier, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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13
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Chu C, Yu S, Min F, Sun L, Liu M, Meng Q. Establishment and application of a point-of-care testing and diagnosis method for early immediate expression gene IE1 of cytomegalovirus in maternal urine based on isothermal amplification. Virus Res 2023; 337:199229. [PMID: 37769815 PMCID: PMC10579523 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Cytomegalovirus virus (HCMV) is a worldwide virus that causes no serious symptoms in most adults. However, HCMV infection during pregnancy, it may lead to a series of serious complications, such as hearing loss, mental retardation, visual impairment, microcephaly and developmental retardation. AIM The aim of this study was to develop a simple, low dependence on equipment and accurate method for HCMV detection based on the recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and lateral flow chromatography strip (LFS) reading. METHODS In order to meet the feasibility of HCMV early screening, three pairs of RPA primers were designed based on the UL123 gene encoding IE1, which was expressed immediately in the early stage of HCMV. In order to improve the specificity of the reaction and satisfy the visual detection, a specific probe was designed to insert THF site between upstream and downstream primers, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and C3spacer were used to modify the 5' end and the 3' end respectively, and Biotin was used to modify the 5' end of the reverse primer. HCMV standard strain AD169 was enriched by ARPE-19 cells culture, and its genome was extracted. The primers and probes were screened by RPA-LFS test, and the optimal reaction temperature and time were determined The specificity was verified in different viruses, bacteria and parasites. The standard curve was drawn based on the constructed recombinant plasmid of pMD18T-HCMV-UL123 and used for HCMV genomic DNA quantification and determination of the detection sensitivity. Urine samples from artificial HCMV contamination or clinical collection were prepared to evaluate the consistency with the results of real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS The results showed that the primers and probes for HCMV RPA-LFS detection based on UL123 gene were successfully screened, the amplification of HCMV genomic DNA with as low as 30 copies could be completed at 37 °C within 15 min, it did not react with Human herpesvirus 1, Streptococcus pyogenes, Candida albicans, Listeria monocytogenes, Y. enterocolitica, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, Vibrio alginnolyfificus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, S. typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Trichomonas vaginalis. The positive rate of PCR was 96.67 % in 30 simulated urine samples and 100 % in 127 clinical urine samples with the same UL123 gene detection. CONCLUSIONS To sum up, we developed a diagnostic method for HCMV based on UL123 gene combined with RPA and LFS, which is low dependent on equipment, fast, sensitive and specific, provide reference for point-of-care testing HCMV in grass-roots laboratories and remote areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Chu
- Obstetrical Department, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222006, China
| | - Shijiao Yu
- Obstetrical Department, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222006, China
| | - Fanli Min
- Obstetrical Department, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222006, China
| | - Lizhou Sun
- Obstetrical Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 222006, China
| | - Meilin Liu
- Obstetrical Department, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222006, China.
| | - Qian Meng
- Obstetrical Department, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222006, China.
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14
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Suominen H, Suominen N, Syrjänen K, Waterboer T, Grénman S, Syrjänen S, Louvanto K. Effect of a Second Pregnancy on the HPV Serology in Mothers Followed Up in the Finnish Family HPV Study. Viruses 2023; 15:2109. [PMID: 37896886 PMCID: PMC10612095 DOI: 10.3390/v15102109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of pregnancy on human papillomavirus (HPV) natural antibody levels is not fully understood. We tested the seroprevalence and levels of HPV 6, 11, 16, 18 and 45 antibodies at different time points among 89 women with a second pregnancy and 238 nonpregnant women during their 36-month followup. All participants were unvaccinated for HPV and pregnant at the enrollment of the study. Serum samples were collected from the mothers at baseline and at the 12-month, 24-month, and 36-month followup visits. No statistically significant differences in mean antibody levels were observed in women who developed a second pregnancy compared to their nonpregnant counterparts. Between these two groups, statistically significant differences in serostatus were observed, particularly if the second pregnancy was ongoing at the 24-month timepoint. Accordingly, women with a second pregnancy were more likely to be seronegative for HPV 6, 11, 18, and 45 as compared to the nonpregnant women, the reverse being true for HPV16. In contrast, the women with an ongoing second pregnancy showed a higher prevalence of HPV16 seropositivity at the 36-month followup. These data suggest that a second pregnancy does not seem to have a major impact on the levels of HPV antibodies, but it might influence the serological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmi Suominen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland;
| | - Nelli Suominen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; (N.S.); (S.G.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vaasa Central Hospital, 65130 Vaasa, Finland
| | | | - Tim Waterboer
- Division of Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Seija Grénman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; (N.S.); (S.G.)
| | - Stina Syrjänen
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, 20014 Turku, Finland;
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Karolina Louvanto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland;
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tampere University Hospital, 33100 Tampere, Finland
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15
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Creisher PS, Perry JL, Zhong W, Lei J, Mulka KR, Ryan WH, Zhou R, Akin EH, Liu A, Mitzner W, Burd I, Pekosz A, Klein SL. Adverse outcomes in SARS-CoV-2-infected pregnant mice are gestational age-dependent and resolve with antiviral treatment. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e170687. [PMID: 37581940 PMCID: PMC10575736 DOI: 10.1172/jci170687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy is associated with severe COVID-19 and adverse fetal outcomes, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Moreover, clinical studies assessing therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 in pregnancy are limited. To address these gaps, we developed a mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. Outbred CD1 mice were infected at E6, E10, or E16 with a mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 (maSCV2) virus. Outcomes were gestational age-dependent, with greater morbidity, reduced antiviral immunity, greater viral titers, and impaired fetal growth and neurodevelopment occurring with infection at E16 (third trimester equivalent) than with infection at either E6 (first trimester equivalent) or E10 (second trimester equivalent). To assess the efficacy of ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir, which is recommended for individuals who are pregnant with COVID-19, we treated E16-infected dams with mouse-equivalent doses of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir. Treatment reduced pulmonary viral titers, decreased maternal morbidity, and prevented offspring growth restriction and neurodevelopmental impairments. Our results highlight that severe COVID-19 during pregnancy and fetal growth restriction is associated with heightened virus replication in maternal lungs. Ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir mitigated maternal morbidity along with fetal growth and neurodevelopment restriction after SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings prompt the need for further consideration of pregnancy in preclinical and clinical studies of therapeutics against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S. Creisher
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jamie L. Perry
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Weizhi Zhong
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jun Lei
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathleen R. Mulka
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - W. Hurley Ryan
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruifeng Zhou
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elgin H. Akin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anguo Liu
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wayne Mitzner
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Irina Burd
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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16
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Guo L, Liu X, Su X. The role of TEMRA cell-mediated immune senescence in the development and treatment of HIV disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1284293. [PMID: 37901239 PMCID: PMC10602809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1284293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has plagued human society for a long time since its discovery, causing a large number of patients to suffer and costing hundreds of millions of medical services every year. Scientists have found that HIV and antiretroviral therapy accelerate immune aging by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, and that terminal effector memory T cells (TEMRA cells) are crucial in immune aging. This specific subset of effector memory T cells has terminally differentiated properties and exhibits high cytotoxicity and proinflammatory capacity. We therefore explored and described the interplay between exhaustion features, essential markers, functions, and signaling pathways from previous studies on HIV, antiretroviral therapy, immune senescence, and TEMRA cells. Their remarkable antiviral capacity is then highlighted by elucidating phenotypic changes in TEMRA cells during HIV infection, describing changes in TEMRA cells before, during, and after antiretroviral therapy and other drug treatments. Their critical role in complications and cytomegalovirus (CMV)-HIV superinfection is highlighted. These studies demonstrate that TEMRA cells play a key role in the antiviral response and immune senescence during HIV infection. Finally, we review current therapeutic strategies targeting TEMRA cells that may be clinically beneficial, highlight their potential role in HIV-1 vaccine development, and provide perspectives and predictions for related future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Guo
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shen Yang, China
| | - Xudong Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shen Yang, China
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
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17
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Singh S, Maheshwari A, Boppana S. CMV-induced Hearing Loss. NEWBORN (CLARKSVILLE, MD.) 2023; 2:249-262. [PMID: 38348106 PMCID: PMC10860330 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-11002-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection is the most common fetal viral infection and contributes to about 25% of childhood hearing loss by the age of 4 years. It is the leading nongenetic cause of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Infants born to seroimmune mothers are not completely protected from SNHL, although the severity of their hearing loss may be milder than that seen in those whose mothers had a primary infection. Both direct cytopathic effects and localized inflammatory responses contribute to the pathogenesis of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-induced hearing loss. Hearing loss may be delayed onset, progressive or fluctuating in nature, and therefore, a significant proportion will be missed by universal newborn hearing screening (NHS) and warrants close monitoring of hearing function at least until 5-6 years of age. A multidisciplinary approach is required for the management of hearing loss. These children may need assistive hearing devices or cochlear implantation depending on the severity of their hearing loss. In addition, early intervention services such as speech or occupational therapy could help better communication, language, and social skill outcomes. Preventive measures to decrease intrauterine CMV transmission that have been evaluated include personal protective measures, passive immunoprophylaxis and valacyclovir treatment during pregnancy in mothers with primary CMV infection. Several vaccine candidates are currently in testing and one candidate vaccine in phase 3 trials. Until a CMV vaccine becomes available, behavioral and educational interventions may be the most effective strategy to prevent maternal CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijan Singh
- Department of Neonatology, Kailash Hospital, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Global Newborn Society (https://www.globalnewbornsociety.org/), Clarksville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Akhil Maheshwari
- Global Newborn Society (https://www.globalnewbornsociety.org/), Clarksville, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Suresh Boppana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
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18
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Moglad EH, Hassan AO, Atta Elmanan MS, Saeed SM, Abdalla WM, Mohammedsalih KA, Ali HT, Abd Elaziz MS, Ahmed HH. Seroepidemiological Survey of Cytomegalovirus Infection among Pregnant Women in Sudan. Pol J Microbiol 2023; 72:269-275. [PMID: 37668434 PMCID: PMC10508969 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2023-026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a leading healthcare problem associated with stillbirth and congenital abnormalities. Determining the seroprevalence and the possible risk factors related to HCMV infections may be a cornerstone in preventing its complications. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Kassala and River Nile States to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with HCMV infection in pregnant women. One hundred eighty-four (n = 184) blood specimens were collected from pregnant women from February 2018 to January 2020. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect HCMV-specific IgG and IgM antibodies. Socio-demographical characteristics of the women were collected using structured questionnaires. The results showed that HCMV IgG was detected in 170 (92.4%) of the blood specimens, and IgM was detected in 29/93 (31.2%). There was a significant relationship between the history of miscarriage and the presence of IgG and IgM with a p-value = 0.001 and between HCMV IgM and gestational stage (p-value = 0.028). The study found a strikingly high seroprevalence of HCMV infections among pregnant women in the investigated States. This high percentage of illiterate housewives living in rural areas makes it possible to reduce the incidence of HCMV infection in pregnant women by improving their knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding the route of viral transmission, which may reflect in lowering the rate of congenital diseases in their infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehssan H. Moglad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, The National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ahmed O. Hassan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mawada S. Atta Elmanan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Samar M. Saeed
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Wafaa Mohammed Abdalla
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Hatim T. Ali
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Siddig Abd Elaziz
- Department of Histology, Pathology and Cytology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
- Scientific Affair, University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hind Haidar Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
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19
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Aldè M, Binda S, Primache V, Pellegrinelli L, Pariani E, Pregliasco F, Di Berardino F, Cantarella G, Ambrosetti U. Congenital Cytomegalovirus and Hearing Loss: The State of the Art. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4465. [PMID: 37445500 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In developed countries, congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection is the most common congenital viral infection, representing the leading non-genetic cause of sensorineural hearing loss (HL). Diagnosis of cCMV infection can be performed by detection of CMV DNA in urine or saliva within 2-3 weeks after birth, or later in dried blood samples on the Guthrie card. Currently, there are many controversies regarding the preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches to cCMV infection. HL secondary to cCMV is highly variable in onset, side, degree, audiometric configuration, and threshold changes over time. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to perform a long and thorough audiological follow-up in children with cCMV infection to ensure early identification and prompt treatment of progressive and/or late-onset HL. Early cochlear implantation appears to be a valid solution not only for children with bilateral profound HL, but also for those with single-sided deafness, improving localization ability and understanding speech in noisy environments. Moreover, the decision to apply a unilateral cochlear implant in children with cCMV is strengthened by the non-negligible possibility of hearing deterioration of the contralateral ear over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Aldè
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Audiology Unit, Department of Specialist Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Sandro Binda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Primache
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Pellegrinelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Pariani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Pregliasco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Di Berardino
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Audiology Unit, Department of Specialist Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cantarella
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Otolaryngology Unit, Department of Specialist Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Umberto Ambrosetti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Lalagkas PN, Iliou J, Rigo R, Miarons M, Fernández-Alarcon B, Bestard O, Cruzado JM, Melilli E, Torras J, Grinyó JM, Lloberas N, Colom H. Comparison of Three Renal Function Formulas for Ganciclovir/Valganciclovir Dose Individualization in CMV-Infected Solid Organ Transplantation Patients Using a Population Approach. Clin Pharmacokinet 2023; 62:861-880. [PMID: 37140726 PMCID: PMC10256675 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-023-01237-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The gold standard treatment of established cytomegalovirus infection or prevention in solid organ transplantation is the intravenous administration of ganciclovir (GCV) or oral administration of valganciclovir (VGCV), both adjusted to the renal function. In both instances, there is a high interindividual pharmacokinetic variability, mainly owing to the wide range of variation of both the renal function and body weight. Therefore, accurate estimation of the renal function is crucial for GCV/VGCV dose optimization. This study aimed to compare three different formulas for estimating the renal function in solid organ transplantation patients with cytomegalovirus infection, for individualizing antiviral therapy with GCV/VGCV, using a population approach. METHODS A population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using NONMEM 7.4. A total of 650 plasma concentrations obtained after intravenous GCV and oral VGCV administrations were analyzed, from intensive and sparse sampling designs. Three different population pharmacokinetic models were built with the renal function given by Cockcroft-Gault, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease, or Chronic Kidney Disease EPIdemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formulas. Pharmacokinetic parameters were allometrically scaled to body weight. RESULTS The CKD-EPI formula was identified as the best predictor of between-patient variability in GCV clearance. Internal and external validation techniques showed that the CKD-EPI model had better stability and performed better compared with the others. CONCLUSIONS The model based on the more accurate estimation of the renal function with the CKD-EPI formula and body weight as a size metric most used in the clinical practice can refine initial dose recommendations and contribute to GCV and VGCV dose individualization when required in the prevention or treatment of cytomegalovirus infection in solid organ transplantation patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Nikolaos Lalagkas
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII, s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Iliou
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII, s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raul Rigo
- Biochemistry Department, IDIBELL, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Miarons
- Pharmacy Service, Hospital de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Alarcon
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII, s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Bestard
- Nephrology Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Lab Exp Nephrology 4122, Pav. Govern, 4a planta, UB, Feixa Llarga s/n, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Cruzado
- Nephrology Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Lab Exp Nephrology 4122, Pav. Govern, 4a planta, UB, Feixa Llarga s/n, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edoardo Melilli
- Nephrology Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Lab Exp Nephrology 4122, Pav. Govern, 4a planta, UB, Feixa Llarga s/n, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Torras
- Nephrology Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Lab Exp Nephrology 4122, Pav. Govern, 4a planta, UB, Feixa Llarga s/n, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Grinyó
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Lloberas
- Nephrology Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Lab Exp Nephrology 4122, Pav. Govern, 4a planta, UB, Feixa Llarga s/n, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Helena Colom
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII, s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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21
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Canfield D, Gabby L, Vaziri Fard E, Gyamfi-Bannerman C. Cytomegalovirus in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2023; 50:263-277. [PMID: 37149309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ogc.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus is a pervasive DNA herpesvirus that, while clinically insignificant to an immunocompetent adult host, can cause significant morbidity to a congenitally infected fetus. Although detection is often possible with several common ultrasonographic markers and good diagnostic accuracy using polymerase chain reaction testing of amniotic fluid, there are no proven prenatal prevention or antenatal treatment options. Therefore, universal screening is not currently recommended in pregnancy. Strategies that have been studied in the past include immunoglobulins, antivirals, and the development of a vaccine. In this review, we will further discuss the themes above, along with future direction for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Canfield
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lauryn Gabby
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Elmira Vaziri Fard
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia Gyamfi-Bannerman
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Trinh QD, Pham NTK, Takada K, Ushijima H, Komine-Aizawa S, Hayakawa S. Roles of TGF-β1 in Viral Infection during Pregnancy: Research Update and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076489. [PMID: 37047462 PMCID: PMC10095195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a pleiotropic growth factor playing various roles in the human body including cell growth and development. More functions of TGF-β1 have been discovered, especially its roles in viral infection. TGF-β1 is abundant at the maternal-fetal interface during pregnancy and plays an important function in immune tolerance, an essential key factor for pregnancy success. It plays some critical roles in viral infection in pregnancy, such as its effects on the infection and replication of human cytomegalovirus in syncytiotrophoblasts. Interestingly, its role in the enhancement of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection and replication in first-trimester trophoblasts has recently been reported. The above up-to-date findings have opened one of the promising approaches to studying the mechanisms of viral infection during pregnancy with links to corresponding congenital syndromes. In this article, we review our current and recent advances in understanding the roles of TGF-β1 in viral infection. Our discussion focuses on viral infection during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester. We highlight the mutual roles of viral infection and TGF-β1 in specific contexts and possible functions of the Smad pathway in viral infection, with a special note on ZIKV infection. In addition, we discuss promising approaches to performing further studies on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Duy Trinh
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Ngan Thi Kim Pham
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Takada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Shihoko Komine-Aizawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hayakawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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23
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Sartori P, Egloff C, Hcini N, Vauloup Fellous C, Périllaud-Dubois C, Picone O, Pomar L. Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040819. [PMID: 37112800 PMCID: PMC10146889 DOI: 10.3390/v15040819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus infection is the most common congenital infection, affecting about 1% of births worldwide. Several primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies are already available during the prenatal period to help mitigate the immediate and long-term consequences of this infection. In this review, we aim to present and assess the efficacy of these strategies, including educating pregnant women and women of childbearing age on their knowledge of hygiene measures, development of vaccines, screening for cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy (systematic versus targeted), prenatal diagnosis and prognostic assessments, and preventive and curative treatments in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Sartori
- School of Health Sciences (HESAV), University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charles Egloff
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris APHP, Nord, Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, Hôpital Louis Mourier, 92700 Colombes, France
- Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
- INSERM, IAME, B.P. 416, 75870 Paris, France
| | - Najeh Hcini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, West French Guiana Hospital Center, French 97320, Guyana
- CIC Inserm 1424 et DFR Santé Université Guyane, 97320 ST Laurent du Maroni, France
| | - Christelle Vauloup Fellous
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1193, 94804 Villejuif, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, 94804 Villejuif, France
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Infections Pendant la Grossesse (GRIG), 75000 Paris, France
| | - Claire Périllaud-Dubois
- Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
- INSERM, IAME, B.P. 416, 75870 Paris, France
- Virology Laboratory, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Picone
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris APHP, Nord, Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, Hôpital Louis Mourier, 92700 Colombes, France
- Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
- INSERM, IAME, B.P. 416, 75870 Paris, France
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Infections Pendant la Grossesse (GRIG), 75000 Paris, France
| | - Léo Pomar
- School of Health Sciences (HESAV), University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Diena D, Allesina A, Fop F, Mella A, Cavallo R, Costa C, Dolla C, Gallo E, De Rosa FG, Lavacca A, Giraudi R, Mariano F, Biancone L. Relationship between Cytomegalovirus Viremia and Long-Term Outcomes in Kidney Transplant Recipients with Different Donor Ages. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020458. [PMID: 36838423 PMCID: PMC9961719 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the Cytomegalovirus (CMV) burden on the long-term post-transplant course in different donor ages, we evaluated the incidence and risk factors for CMV in our kidney-transplanted patients (KTs) with extensive adoption of expanded-criteria donors (ECDs). METHODS Retrospective evaluation of 929 consecutive first KTs (49.5% receiving an organ from a donor ≥ 60 years) performed between 01-2003 and 12-2013. Overall survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier curves; cumulative incidence function was additionally analyzed to consider the potential role of death with a functioning graft as a competitive event with graft dysfunction and to avoid overestimation. Apart from regular DNAemia monitoring in all patients, prophylaxis was adopted in high-risk groups (D+/R- or recipients of anti-thymocyte globulin induction), with pre-emptive therapy in the remaining groups. RESULTS CMV incidence was 19.5% (4-34.9% according to serostatus combination: D-/R-, D-/R+, D+/R+, D+/R-). Donor and recipient age, recipient pre-transplant hypertension, DR antigen compatibility, cold ischemia time, and post-transplant early complications, including rejection, urologic and renal artery stenosis, and lower renal function and proteinuria ≥ 0.5 g/day at one year after KT were associated with CMV. CMV determined lower death-censored graft survival (DCGS) (p < 0.01), with a prominent effect in R+ (p < 0.01) and without impact in R- (p = 0.32 in D-/R- and p = 0.006 in D+/R-). Interestingly, CMV occurrence influenced DCGS only in KTs who received grafts from donors < 50 or 50-69 years old (p < 0.01), while it was not significant with older donors (p = 0.07). The analysis of the cumulative incidence of graft loss accounting for death as a competing risk confirmed all these findings. In multivariate analysis, CMV replication/disease in the first year was an independent predictor for DCGS (HR 1.73 [1.3-2.3]). CONCLUSIONS In a large population with extensive ECD adoption, CMV viremia in the first year demonstrates its harmful effect with an independent role for graft loss and significant impact among R+ recipients and KTs with donors < 70 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Diena
- Renal Transplant Center “A. Vercellone”, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Division, “Città Della Salute e Della Scienza” Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Renal Unit, Santa Croce e Carle Hospital, 12100 Cuneo, Italy
| | - Anna Allesina
- Renal Transplant Center “A. Vercellone”, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Division, “Città Della Salute e Della Scienza” Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Fop
- Renal Transplant Center “A. Vercellone”, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Division, “Città Della Salute e Della Scienza” Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Mella
- Renal Transplant Center “A. Vercellone”, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Division, “Città Della Salute e Della Scienza” Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Rossana Cavallo
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Costa
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Caterina Dolla
- Renal Transplant Center “A. Vercellone”, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Division, “Città Della Salute e Della Scienza” Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Ester Gallo
- Renal Transplant Center “A. Vercellone”, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Division, “Città Della Salute e Della Scienza” Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Giuseppe De Rosa
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, A.O.U. Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavacca
- Renal Transplant Center “A. Vercellone”, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Division, “Città Della Salute e Della Scienza” Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Roberta Giraudi
- Renal Transplant Center “A. Vercellone”, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Division, “Città Della Salute e Della Scienza” Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Filippo Mariano
- Renal Transplant Center “A. Vercellone”, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Division, “Città Della Salute e Della Scienza” Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Luigi Biancone
- Renal Transplant Center “A. Vercellone”, Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplant Division, “Città Della Salute e Della Scienza” Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-6336797
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Liao EN, Stephans J, Taketa E, Mohamad NI, Kaur Khalsa I, Naugle K, Chan DK. Factors associated with congenital cytomegalovirus infection detected by dried blood spot testing in children with hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 165:111446. [PMID: 36657329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2023.111446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection in infants leads to an increased risk of developing sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), even if they are asymptomatic at birth. There are currently no national guidelines for universal screening for CMV, placing children with cCMV at a high risk for unidentified and untreated HL, which in turn places them at greater risk for lasting impacts on quality of life and cognitive and behavioral abilities. We sought to describe the sociodemographic and hearing loss characteristics of children with HL due to cCMV. DESIGN We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients 0-18 years of age who completed CMV dried blood spot (DBS) testing in our HL clinic before April 1, 2022. Home ZIP codes were entered into the Healthy Places Index (HPI) database to quantify the health of the community in which the patient lived. Severity of HL was determined by pure tone averages (PTA) of hearing thresholds for frequencies of 500Hz, 1000Hz, 2000Hz, and 4000Hz. Progression was defined as those who referred on newborn hearing screen and then had a >15 dB increase in PTA, and those who passed newborn hearing screen and were found to have HL later in life. Logistic regression was used to compare variables. RESULTS Of 365 children who received a CMV DBS test, 15 (4%) had a positive test, indicating the presence of cCMV infection, and 350 (96%) had a negative test. 192 (53%) were male, 212 (58%) were URM, 202 (55%) had public insurance, the median number of ICD-10 codes was 2 (range 0-53), and the median HPI percentile score was 71.2 (range: 3.4-99.9). Although CMV DBS testing was ordered for those with suspicion of SNHL, ultimately diagnostic testing found 333 (91%) with SNHL, 4 (1%) with CHL, 13 (4%) with mixed HL, 9 (3%) with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder, and 5 (4%) with unspecified HL, and 11 (3%) without HL. Of the 353 patients with HL, 126 (36%) had unilateral, 156 (44%) had symmetric bilateral, and 71 (20%) had asymmetric bilateral HL; 183 (52%) had progressive and 138 (39%) had stable HL. In children with SNHL (n = 333), we tested the association of socio-demographic and audiologic factors with cCMV. Those with asymmetric bilateral SNHL (OR 5.19, 95% CI 1.81-14.90) or profound SNHL (>90 dB) in either ear (OR 13.91, 95% CI 3.82-50.67) had higher odds of having cCMV. Those with symmetric bilateral SNHL had lower odds of a positive CMV DBS test result (OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.02-0.76). All sociodemographic variables, medical comorbidities, and other audiologic variables were not associated with CMV DBS test results. CONCLUSION Congenital CMV infection is associated with asymmetric bilateral and profound SNHL. More research is warranted to determine best practices for universal screening for cCMV to identify these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth N Liao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jihyun Stephans
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emily Taketa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Noura I Mohamad
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Inderpreet Kaur Khalsa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kendyl Naugle
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dylan K Chan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Mappa I, De Vito M, Flacco ME, di Mascio D, D'Antonio F, Rizzo G. Prenatal predictors of adverse perinatal outcome in congenital cytomegalovirus infection: a retrospective multicenter study. J Perinat Med 2023; 51:102-110. [PMID: 35993868 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2022-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify predictors of adverse perinatal outcome in congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. METHODS In a multicenter study fetuses with congenital CMV infection diagnosed by PCR on amniotic fluid and normal prenatal imaging at the time of diagnosis were included. Primary outcome was the occurrence of structural anomalies at follow-up ultrasound or prenatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Secondary outcomes were the occurrence of anomalies detected exclusively postnatally and the rate of symptomatic infection. RESULTS One hundred and four fetuses with congenital CMV were included in the study. Anomalies were detected at follow-up ultrasound or MRI in 18.3% (19/104) cases. Additional anomalies were found after birth in 11.9% (10/84) of cases and 15.5% (13/85) of newborns showed clinical symptoms related to CMV infection. There was no difference in either maternal age (p=0.3), trimester (p=0.4) of infection and prenatal therapy (p=0.4) between fetuses with or whiteout anomalies at follow-up. Conversely, median viral load in the amniotic fluid was higher in fetuses with additional anomalies at follow-up (p=0.02) compared to those without. At multivariate logistic regression analysis, high viral load in the amniotic fluid, defined as ≥100,000 copies/mL was the only independent predictor for the occurrence of anomalies detected exclusively at follow-up ultrasound assessment or MRI, with an OR of 3.12. CONCLUSIONS Viral load in the amniotic fluid is a strong predictor of adverse perinatal outcome in congenital CMV infection. The results of this study emphasize the importance of adequate follow up even in case of negative neurosonography to better predict postnatal adverse outcomes of infected newborns, especially in amniotic fluid high viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Mappa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Marika De Vito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Daniele di Mascio
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco D'Antonio
- Centre for Fetal Care and High-risk Pregnancy, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chieti, Chiety, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rizzo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Kirschen GW, Burd I. Modeling of vertical transmission and pathogenesis of cytomegalovirus in pregnancy: Opportunities and challenges. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY 2023; 3:1106634. [PMID: 36908829 PMCID: PMC9997718 DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2023.1106634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In addition to facilitating nutrient, oxygen, and waste transfer between developing fetus and mother, the placenta provides important immune barrier function against infection. Elucidation of the complexity of placental barrier function at the maternal-fetal interface has been greatly aided through experimental model organism systems. In this review, we focus on models of vertical transmission of cytomegalovirus (CMV), a ubiquitous double-stranded DNA viruses whose vertical transmission during pregnancy can lead to devastating neurological and obstetric sequelae. We review the current evidence related to guinea pig and murine models of congenital CMV infection, discuss the possible translatability of a non-human primate model, and conclude with recently developed technology using human placental organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Kirschen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Irina Burd
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Challenges, Recent Advances and Perspectives in the Treatment of Human Cytomegalovirus Infections. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7120439. [PMID: 36548694 PMCID: PMC9784992 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7120439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is ubiquitous worldwide and elicits global health problems. The diseases associated with HCMV are a serious threat to humans, especially for the sick, infant, elderly and immunocompromised/immunodeficient individuals. Although traditional antiviral drugs (e.g., ganciclovir, valganciclovir, cidofovir, foscarnet) can be used to treat or prevent acute HCMV infections, their efficacy is limited because of toxicity, resistance issues, side effects and other problems. Fortunately, novel drugs (e.g., letermovir and maribavir) with less toxicity and drug/cross-resistance have been approved and put on the market in recent years. The nucleic acid-based gene-targeting approaches including the external guide sequences (EGSs)-RNase, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs)/CRISPRs-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) have been investigated to remove both lytic and latent CMV in vitro and/or in vivo. Cell therapy including the adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) and immunotherapy have been tried against drug-resistant and recurrent HCMV in patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or solid organ transplant (SOT), and they have also been used to treat glioblastoma (GBM) associated with HCMV infections. These newly developed antiviral strategies are expected to yield fruitful results and make a significant contribution to the treatment of HCMV infections. Despite this progress, the nucleic acid-based gene-targeting approaches are still under study for basic research, and cell therapy is adopted in a small study population size or only successful in case reports. Additionally, no current drugs have been approved to be indicated for latent infections. Therefore, the next strategy is to develop antiviral strategies to elevate efficacy against acute and/or latent infections and overcome challenges such as toxicity, resistance issues, and side effects. In this review, we would explore the challenges, recent advances and perspectives in the treatment of HCMV infections. Furthermore, the suitable therapeutic strategies as well as the possibility for compassionate use would be evaluated.
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Human Maternal-Fetal Interface Cellular Models to Assess Antiviral Drug Toxicity during Pregnancy. REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/reprodmed3040024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is a period of elevated risk for viral disease severity, resulting in serious health consequences for both the mother and the fetus; yet antiviral drugs lack comprehensive safety and efficacy data for use among pregnant women. In fact, pregnant women are systematically excluded from therapeutic clinical trials to prevent potential fetal harm. Current FDA-recommended reproductive toxicity assessments are studied using small animals which often do not accurately predict the human toxicological profiles of drug candidates. Here, we review the potential of human maternal-fetal interface cellular models in reproductive toxicity assessment of antiviral drugs. We specifically focus on the 2- and 3-dimensional maternal placental models of different gestational stages and those of fetal embryogenesis and organ development. Screening of drug candidates in physiologically relevant human maternal-fetal cellular models will be beneficial to prioritize selection of safe antiviral therapeutics for clinical trials in pregnant women.
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Walsh CJ, Rosenberg SL, Hale EW. Obstetric complications in mothers with ADHD. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2022; 4:1040824. [PMID: 36419963 PMCID: PMC9678343 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2022.1040824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently limited research on the intersection of pregnancy and ADHD and the unique pregnancy risk factors for mothers with an ADHD diagnosis. With an increased population of patients with ADHD in the recent decades and an increase in ADHD medication use during pregnancy it is important to consider what unique risks mothers with ADHD face during the perinatal period. OBJECTIVE Investigate a variety of outcomes in maternal ADHD. METHODS We identified female patients with a diagnosis of pregnancy and ADHD diagnosis. We also further separated the ADHD cohort for separate sub-analyses based on medication type. Odds ratios and relative risk were calculated from outcome incidence within each cohort. Cohorts were balanced on age, sex, and race. RESULTS We identified 45,737 pregnant females with ADHD. We matched these patients to pregnant females without ADHD, for a total of 42,916 pairs. Compared to the group without ADHD, mothers with ADHD had higher rates of every outcome except for HPV infection, which was statistically insignificant (P = 0.768). The odds ratios ranged from 1.08 for anemia complicating pregnancy to 2.63 for depressive episodes. Most outcomes were between 1.2 and 1.8 times more likely to occur in the cohort with ADHD. CONCLUSION This study presents substantial advancements in our knowledge of pregnancy-related ADHD care. Armed with an increased awareness of these potential complications and their relationship with ADHD, obstetricians, psychiatrists, and providers of all specialties may be able to reduce the rate of complications within this specific patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elijah W. Hale
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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Plotogea M, Isam AJ, Frincu F, Zgura A, Bacinschi X, Sandru F, Duta S, Petca RC, Edu A. An Overview of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Pregnancy. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12102429. [PMID: 36292118 PMCID: PMC9600407 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12102429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review was to bring to attention cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection during pregnancy, taking into consideration all relevant aspects, such as maternal diagnosis, fetal infection and prevention, prenatal diagnosis, and postnatal prognosis. A literature review was performed regarding adult and congenital infection. General information regarding this viral infection and potential related medical conditions was provided, considering the issues of maternal infection during pregnancy, transmission to the fetus, and associated congenital infection management. Prenatal diagnosis includes maternal serum testing and the confirmation of the infection in amniotic fluid or fetal blood. Additionally, prenatal diagnosis requires imaging techniques, ultrasound, and complementary magnetic resonance to assess cortical and extracortical anomalies. Imaging findings can predict both fetal involvement and the postnatal prognosis of the newborn, but they are difficult to assess, even for highly trained physicians. In regard to fetal sequelae, the early diagnosis of a potential fetal infection is crucial, and methods to decrease fetal involvement should be considered. Postnatal evaluation is also important, because many newborns may be asymptomatic and clinical anomalies can be diagnosed when sequelae are permanent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Plotogea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Nicolae Malaxa” Clinical Hospital, 022441 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Al Jashi Isam
- Faculty of Medicine, “Titu Maiorescu” University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.J.I.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesca Frincu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.J.I.); (F.F.)
| | - Anca Zgura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Xenia Bacinschi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florica Sandru
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Duta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan Cosmin Petca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Antoine Edu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Nicolae Malaxa” Clinical Hospital, 022441 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
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Jin Y, Liu X, Chen S, Xiang J, Peng Z, Sun Y. Analysis of the Results of Cytomegalovirus Testing Combined with Genetic Testing in Children with Congenital Hearing Loss. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11185335. [PMID: 36142981 PMCID: PMC9504080 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11185335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the etiological diagnosis of congenital hearing loss by combining whole-exome sequencing (WES) with cytomegalovirus (CMV) testing and to explore the potential benefits of adding CMV screening to newborn hearing screening, 80 children under 2 years of age with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss were recruited. Peripheral venous blood was extracted from the children for WES analysis. Saliva after mouthwash and the first urine in the morning were collected and used as samples to quantify CMV DNA copy number in urine and saliva by qPCR; among the 80 children with congenital deafness, 59 (74%) were found to have genetic variants that may cause congenital deafness, including 44 with GJB2 or SLC26A4 gene variant, 1 with STRC gene variant, and 14 with other genetic variants. A total of 12 children carried deafness gene variants associated with a syndrome; CMV test results showed that in two children, the CMV DNA copy number in saliva was >1000/mL, which indicates that they were CMV-positive, and their genetic test results were negative. A neonatal CMV test combined with genetic screening can improve the etiological diagnosis rate of congenital deafness, and the direct evidence of neonatal CMV infection deserves further verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Jin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaozhou Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Sen Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jiale Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiyu Peng
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Correspondence:
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Evaluation of neurological and cardiac development of newborn infants born to mothers infected with COVID-19. JOURNAL OF SURGERY AND MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.28982/josam.7293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim: In the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has been affecting the world for the last 2 years, pulmonary, cardiovascular, and neurological adverse effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been reported. These negative influences entail a risk for fetal progress. In this study, by performing a detailed clinical evaluation, postnatal ultrasonography, and echocardiography, we aimed to investigate potential neurological and cardiac complications of newborns born to pregnant women infected with COVID-19.
Methods: This prospective and cross-sectional study was conducted between January and July 2021. Newborn infants (0–28 days postpartum) born to mothers with proven COVID-19 infection by positive RT-PCR test during pregnancy were enrolled. Fetal cardiac development was evaluated by a pediatric cardiologist with an echocardiographic examination. Fetal neurologic evaluation was performed by a pediatric neurologist using both neurologic examination and transfontanelle ultrasonography (TFUS). Infants were reevaluated every 2 months until 6 months of age.
Results: Thirty-three female and 32 male infants born to 64 pregnant women, one being a twin birth, were included in the study. Seven women developed COVID-19 infection in the first trimester, 11 in the second trimester, and 46 in the third trimester. Neurological examination and TFUS were normal in all newborns except one with microcephaly. The etiologic cause could not be detected in this infant, and his neurodevelopment was normal in the follow-up. The cardiac examination did not reveal any significant disorders. Eleven infants failed the standard “Auditory Brainstem Response” (ABR) hearing screening test, so a second test was performed. Only two infants required further investigation after the second test.
Conclusion: We did not observe any neurologic and cardiologic teratogenic effects associated with COVID-19 infection during pregnancy.
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Iijima S. Pitfalls in the Serological Evaluation of Maternal Cytomegalovirus Infection as a Potential Cause of Fetal and Neonatal Involvements: A Narrative Literature Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11175006. [PMID: 36078936 PMCID: PMC9457027 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11175006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common cause of intrauterine infection and serological assays are the primary tools for assessing CMV infections during pregnancy. CMV-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies have been used as a diagnostic marker for primary CMV infection in pregnant women, although CMV-IgM has been detected in non-primary CMV infections. IgG avidity testing may aid the distinguishing of primary from non-primary CMV infection; however, there is no standardized assay for detecting this difference. Moreover, when maternal serology shows positive CMV-IgG with negative CMV-IgM findings, vertical transmission probability following primary CMV infection is often excluded. However, symptomatic congenital CMV infections in the context of negative findings for maternal CMV-IgM have been reported recently. The absence of CMV-IgM is recognized in both primary and non-primary CMV infections. Furthermore, maternal non-primary CMV infections during pregnancy may yield a greater proportion of symptomatic congenital CMV infections than previously thought. If universal prenatal screening is performed, ultrasonography for abnormal fetal findings should be conducted regardless of CMV-IgM antibody status. If not universally screened, CMV antibody screening should be performed whenever routine fetal ultrasound reveals abnormal findings. For suspected fetal CMV infection, amniotic fluid or postnatal infant urine CMV-DNA testing is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Iijima
- Department of Regional Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 4313192, Japan
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Kirschen GW, Panda S, Burd I. Congenital Infection Influence on Early Brain Development Through the Gut-Brain Axis. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:894955. [PMID: 35844234 PMCID: PMC9280077 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.894955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which various pathogens cause congenital infections have been studied extensively, aiding in the understanding of the detrimental effects these infections can have on fetal/neonatal neurological development. Recent studies have focused on the gut-brain axis as pivotal in neurodevelopment, with congenital infections causing substantial disruptions. There remains controversy surrounding the purported sterility of the placenta as well as concerns regarding the effects of exposure to antibiotics used during pregnancy on neonatal microbiome development and how early exposure to microbes or antibiotics can shape the gut-brain axis. Long-term neurodevelopmental consequences, such as autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and cerebral palsy, may be attributable, in part, to early life infection and changes in the immature gut microbiome. The goal of this review is thus to critically evaluate the current evidence related to early life infection affecting neurodevelopment through the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W. Kirschen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Integrated Center for Fetal Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Snigdha Panda
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Irina Burd
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Integrated Center for Fetal Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Ren J, Gao X, Guo X, Wang N, Wang X. Research Progress in Pharmacological Activities and Applications of Cardiotonic Steroids. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:902459. [PMID: 35721110 PMCID: PMC9205219 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.902459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiotonic steroids (CTS) are a group of compounds existing in animals and plants. CTS are commonly referred to cardiac glycosides (CGs) which are composed of sugar residues, unsaturated lactone rings and steroid cores. Their traditional mechanism of action is to inhibit sodium-potassium ATPase to strengthen the heart and regulate heart rate, so it is currently widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure and tachyarrhythmia. It is worth noticing that recent studies have found an avalanche of inestimable values of CTS applications in many fields such as anti-tumor, anti-virus, neuroprotection, and immune regulation through multi-molecular mechanisms. Thus, the pharmacological activities and applications of CTS have extensive prospects, which would provide a direction for new drug research and development. Here, we review the potential applications of CTS in cardiovascular system and other systems. We also provide suggestions for new clinical practical strategies of CTS, for many diseases. Four main themes will be discussed, in relation to the impact of CTS, on 1) tumors, 2) viral infections, 3) nervous system diseases and 4) immune-inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xi Guo
- Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Bacterial and Viral Infection and Sepsis in Kidney Transplanted Patients. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030701. [PMID: 35327510 PMCID: PMC8944970 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplanted patients are a unique population with intrinsic susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections, mainly (but not exclusively) due to continuous immunosuppression. In this setting, infectious episodes remain among the most important causes of death, with different risks according to the degree of immunosuppression, time after transplantation, type of infection, and patient conditions. Prevention, early diagnosis, and appropriate therapy are the goals of infective management, taking into account that some specific characteristics of transplanted patients may cause a delay (the absence of fever or inflammatory symptoms, the negativity of serological tests commonly adopted for the general population, or the atypical anatomical presentation depending on the surgical site and graft implantation). This review considers the recent available findings of the most common viral and bacterial infection in kidney transplanted patients and explores risk factors and outcomes in septic evolution.
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Girsch JH, Mejia Plazas MC, Olivier A, Farah M, Littlefield D, Behl S, Punia S, Sakemura R, Hemsath JR, Norgan A, Enninga EAL, Johnson EL, Chakraborty R. Host-Viral Interactions at the Maternal-Fetal Interface. What We Know and What We Need to Know. FRONTIERS-A JOURNAL OF WOMEN STUDIES 2022; 2:833106. [PMID: 36742289 PMCID: PMC9894500 DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2022.833106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the hemochorial placenta is a unique temporary organ that forms during pregnancy to support fetal development, gaseous exchange, delivery of nutrition, removal of waste products, and provides immune protection, while maintaining tolerance to the HLA-haploidentical fetus. In this review, we characterize decidual and placental immunity during maternal viral (co)-infection with HIV-1, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and Zika virus. We discuss placental immunology, clinical presentation, and epidemiology, before characterizing host susceptibility and cellular tropism, and how the three viruses gain access into specific placental target cells. We describe current knowledge on host-viral interactions with decidual and stromal human placental macrophages or Hofbauer cells, trophoblasts including extra villous trophoblasts, T cells, and decidual natural killer (dNK) cells. These clinically significant viral infections elicit both innate and adaptive immune responses to control replication. However, the three viruses either during mono- or co-infection (HIV-1 and HCMV) escape detection to initiate placental inflammation associated with viral transmission to the developing fetus. Aside from congenital or perinatal infection, other adverse pregnancy outcomes include preterm labor and spontaneous abortion. In addition, maternal HIV-1 and HCMV co-infection are associated with impaired fetal and infant immunity in postnatal life and poor clinical outcomes during childhood in exposed infants, even in the absence of vertical transmission of HIV-1. Given the rapidly expanding numbers of HIV-1-exposed uninfected infants and children globally, further research is urgently needed on neonatal immune programming during maternal mono-and co-infection. This review therefore includes sections on current knowledge gaps that may prompt future research directions. These gaps reflect an emerging but poorly characterized field. Their significance and potential investigation is underscored by the fact that although viral infections result in adverse consequences in both mother and developing fetus/newborn, antiviral and immunomodulatory therapies can improve clinical outcomes in the dyad.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H. Girsch
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States,,Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Maria C. Mejia Plazas
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Amanda Olivier
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mohamed Farah
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Dawn Littlefield
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Supriya Behl
- Department of Pediatric Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Sohan Punia
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Reona Sakemura
- Department of Hematology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jack R. Hemsath
- Department of Infectious Diseases Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Andrew Norgan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. L. Enninga
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States,,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Erica L. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rana Chakraborty
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States,,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States,,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States,Correspondence: Rana Chakraborty
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Vueba A, Faria C, Almendra R, Santana P, Sousa MDC. Seroepidemiology study of Cytomegalovirus and Rubella in pregnant women in Luanda, Angola: geospatial distribution and its association with socio-demographic and clinical-obstetric determinants. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:124. [PMID: 35123414 PMCID: PMC8818202 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both CMV and Rubella virus infections are associated with the risk of vertical transmission, fetal death or congenital malformations. In Angola, there are no reports of CMV and Rubella studies. Therefore, our objectives were to study the seroprevalence of anti-CMV and anti-Rubella antibodies in pregnant women of Luanda (Angola), identify the risk of primary infection during pregnancy and evaluate the socio-demographic risk factors associated with both infections. Methods A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2016 to May 2017. Specific anti-CMV and anti-Rubella antibodies were quantified by electrochemiluminescence and demographic and clinical data were collected using standardized questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to quantify the effect of clinical and obstetric risk factors on virus seroprevalence. Results We recruited 396 pregnant women aged from 15 to 47. Among them, 335 (84.6%) were immune to both CMV and Rubella virus infections, while 8 (2.0%) had active CMV infection and 4 (1.0%) active RV infection but none had an active dual infection. Five women (1.2%) were susceptible to only CMV infection, 43 (10.9%) to only RV infection, and 1 (0.3) to both infections. Multivariate analysis showed a significant association between Rubella virus infection and number of previous births and suffering spontaneous abortion. Conclusions Overall, this study showed that there is a high prevalence of anti-CMV and anti-Rubella antibodies in pregnant women in Luanda. It also showed that a small but important proportion of pregnant women, about 11%, are at risk of primary infection with rubella during pregnancy. This emphasizes the need for vaccination. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07087-x.
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Arnouts L, Van Mechelen K, Laroche S, Meuwissen M, Boudewyns A, Martens M, Mahieu L. Non-primary CMV infection not always innocent. A case-report and literature review. Acta Clin Belg 2022; 77:96-100. [PMID: 32491959 DOI: 10.1080/17843286.2020.1773651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common infectious cause of congenital malformations. CMV infections are frequently symptomatic in case of a primary infection during pregnancy. Generally, maternal immunity protects the newborn against a symptomatic course of the CMV infection. METHODS We present clinical information and medical images of a neonate with non-primary congenital CMV infection. RESULTS We report the case of a severe congenital infection in a newborn clinically presenting with diffuse petechia, facial dysmorphisms, respiratory distress, hepatomegaly and hypotonia. The girl was born to a mother with CMV immunity. Blood results demonstrated thrombocytopenia and elevated transaminases. Brain MRI revealed ventricular dilatation and germinolytic cysts, compatible with CMV infection. Auditory brain stem response testing was abnormal. CMV culture of saliva was positive. This led to the diagnosis of a severe congenital CMV infection due to a non-primary maternal infection. Antiviral treatment with valganciclovir was initiated immediately and continued for 6 months. CONCLUSION Our case illustrates that, even when the mother was demonstrated CMV immune, congenital CMV infection is still an important differential diagnostic consideration in neonates presenting with congenital cerebral abnormalities, thrombocytopenia and/or hearing loss. ABBREVIATIONS ABR: auditory brainstem responses; CMV: Cytomegalovirus; CPAP: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; CRP: C-Reactive Protein; dBnHL: Decibel Above Normal Adult Hearing Level; IV: intravenously; MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; SGA: Small for Gestational Age; SNHL: Sensorineural Hearing Loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselot Arnouts
- Department of Neonatology, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - K. Van Mechelen
- Department of Neonatology, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - S. Laroche
- Department of Neonatology, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - M. Meuwissen
- Department of Genetics, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - A. Boudewyns
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - M. Martens
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital AZ Turnhout, Belgium
| | - L. Mahieu
- Department of Neonatology, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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de Castro Alves CE, Pinheiro-Silva R, Silva MT, Galvão TF, de Melo Silva J, Moura Neto JP, Pontes GS. Seroprevalence of Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus infections in Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas, Brazil. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2022; 43:67-77. [PMID: 34152262 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2021.1942043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections affect around 95% of the world's population. In Brazil, there are few epidemiological reports related to EBV and CMV infection, especially in the western Amazon region. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of EBV and CMV infection in individuals residents in Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas, Brazil. Blood samples of 443 individuals were tested for the presence of anti-EBV and anti-CMV IgG antibodies through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. EBV (95.9%; 95% CI: 0.94;0.98), CMV (96.8%; 95% CI: 0.95;0.98) and CMV/EBV (93%;95% CI: 0.91-0.95) coinfection were highly prevalent in the study population. Children (1 to 5 years) not attending school were less susceptible to EBV (OR 0.15; 95% CI: 0.05-0.52; p = 0.017) and CMV infections (OR 0.05; 95% CI: 0.02 - 0.17; p < 0.0001). Teenagers at high school showed increased susceptibility to CMV infection (OR 4.65; 95%CI: 1.43-15.08; p = .013) and EBV/CMV co-infection (OR 3.04; 95%CI: 1.44-6.45; p = 0.005). The seroprevalence of CMV and EBV infections were preeminent and tend to increase with age in the study population. Either attendance to a daycare facility or primary school before the age of 5 years may increase the susceptibility to EBV or CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo de Castro Alves
- Instituto De Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal Do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Renato Pinheiro-Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Hematologia, Universidade Do Estado Do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Taís Freire Galvão
- Faculdade De Farmácia, Universidade Estadual De Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean de Melo Silva
- Instituto De Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal Do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Gemilson Soares Pontes
- Instituto De Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal Do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Hematologia, Universidade Do Estado Do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.,Coordenação Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde, Laboratório De Virologia e Imunologia, Instituto Nacional De Pesquisas Da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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42
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Guo D, He D, Shen Q, Lin N, He S, Dai Y, Li Y, Xu L, Wu X. Comprehensive Assessment of Fetal Bilateral Ventriculomegaly Based on Genetic Disorders, Cytomegalovirus Infection, Extra Prenatal Imaging and Pregnancy Outcomes in a Tertiary Referral Center. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:7719-7728. [PMID: 34764685 PMCID: PMC8577530 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s335011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This retrospective study aimed to systematically evaluate the genetic disorders, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, extra ultrasound findings and outcomes of fetuses with bilateral ventriculomegaly (BVM). Methods Data from pregnancies with fetal BVM were obtained between 2014 and 2020. The cases were divided into groups of isolated bilateral ventriculomegaly (IBVM) and non-isolated bilateral ventriculomegaly (NIBVM) according to the presence of extra prenatal imaging. Subgroups of mild, moderate, and severe were determined according to lateral ventricle widths. The NIBVM group was further classified into pregnancies with soft markers, non-structural abnormalities, and structural abnormalities. Results A total of 353 pregnancies were enrolled, including 153 cases of IBVM and 200 cases of NIBVM. Conventional karyotyping was performed on 192 samples, and 15 cases of numerical abnormalities and 3 cases of unbalanced structural abnormalities were identified. Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) was concurrently performed on 108 of them and revealed additional 5 cases (4.7%) of copy number variants with clinical significance. CMV DNA testing was performed on 154 of the 192 cases that underwent invasive prenatal diagnosis, and a positive result was found in 2 (1.3%) cases. In the IBVM group, the percentage of favorable prognosis in the mild, moderate and severe pregnancies were 94.4%, 79.2%, and 4.8%, respectively, and the termination of pregnancy (TOP) rates were 4.6%, 20.8%, and 85.7%, respectively. In both the mild and moderate NIBVM, the TOP rates progressively increased and the favorable prognosis survival rates progressively decreased relative to the soft markers, non-structural abnormalities, and structural abnormalities, respectively. Approximately 94.1% of severe NIBVM ended in termination. Conclusion Genetic disorders and fetal infection are important etiology of BVM. CMA is highly recommended for genetic disorders’ evaluation. Pregnancies with severe BVM always ended in TOP, while in mild-to-moderate NIBVM, prenatal imaging by ultrasound and/or MRI plays important roles in the pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danhua Guo
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Provincial Maternity and Child Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Deqin He
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Provincial Maternity and Child Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingmei Shen
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Provincial Maternity and Child Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Lin
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Provincial Maternity and Child Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuqiong He
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Provincial Maternity and Child Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifang Dai
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Provincial Maternity and Child Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Provincial Maternity and Child Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangpu Xu
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Provincial Maternity and Child Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Wu
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Provincial Maternity and Child Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, People's Republic of China
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43
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Vos B, Noll D, Whittingham J, Pigeon M, Bagatto M, Fitzpatrick EM. Cytomegalovirus-A Risk Factor for Childhood Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review. Ear Hear 2021; 42:1447-1461. [PMID: 33928914 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000001055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Permanent hearing loss is an important public health issue in children with consequences for language, social, and academic functioning. Early hearing detection, intervention, and monitoring are important in mitigating the impact of permanent childhood hearing loss. Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a leading cause of hearing loss. The purpose of this review was to synthesize the evidence on the association between CMV infection and permanent childhood hearing loss. DESIGN We performed a systematic review and examined scientific literature from the following databases: MEDLINE, Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily and Ovid MEDLINE(R), Embase, and CINAHL. The primary outcome was permanent bilateral or unilateral hearing loss with congenital onset or onset during childhood (birth to 18 years). The secondary outcome was progressive hearing loss. We included studies reporting data on CMV infection. Randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies, nonrandomized comparative and noncomparative studies, and case series were considered. Data were extracted and the quality of individual studies was assessed with the Qualitative Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies (McMaster University). The quality and strength of the evidence were graded using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). A narrative synthesis was completed. RESULTS Sixty-five articles were included in the review. Prevalence of hearing loss at birth was over 33% among symptomatic CMV-infected newborns and less than 15% in asymptomatic infections. This difference in prevalence was maintained during childhood with more than 40% prevalence reported for symptomatic and less than 30% for asymptomatic CMV. Late-onset and progressive hearing loss appear to be characteristic of congenital CMV infections. Definitions of hearing loss, degree of loss, and reporting of laterality varied across studies. All degrees and both bilateral and unilateral loss were reported, regardless of symptomatic and asymptomatic status at birth, and no conclusions about the characteristics of hearing loss could be drawn. Various patterns of hearing loss were reported including stable, progressive, and fluctuating, and improvement in hearing (sometimes to normal hearing) was documented. These changes were reported in children with symptomatic/asymptomatic congenital CMV infection, presenting with congenital/early onset/late-onset hearing loss and in children treated and untreated with antiviral medication. CONCLUSIONS Symptomatic and asymptomatic congenital CMV infection should be considered a risk factor for hearing loss at birth and during childhood and for progressive hearing loss. Therefore, CMV should be included as a risk factor in screening and surveillance programs and be taken into account in clinical follow-up of children with hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Vos
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Public Health, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dorie Noll
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Marlene Bagatto
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders and the National Centre for Audiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth M Fitzpatrick
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Congenital Human Cytomegalovirus Infection: A Narrative Review of Maternal Immune Response and Diagnosis in View of the Development of a Vaccine and Prevention of Primary and Non-Primary Infections in Pregnancy. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081749. [PMID: 34442828 PMCID: PMC8398868 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital cytomegalovirus infection (cCMV) may affect about 1% of all newborns all over the world as a result of either a primary or recurrent human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. While about 90% of infants affected by cCMV are asymptomatic at birth, the remaining 10% are symptomatic often with neurodevelopmental impairment and sensorineural hearing loss. In view of identifying the best approach to vaccine prevention of cCMV, this review will examine the most important steps made in the study of the immune response to, and diagnosis of, HCMV infection. The maternal immune response and immune correlates of protection are being partially identified with a partial contribution given by our laboratory. The diagnosis of primary infection is often difficult to achieve in the first three months of pregnancy, which is the time primarily involved in virus transmission to the fetus in association with the most severe symptoms and sequelae. Prevention of cCMV is anticipated by prevention of primary infection in early pregnancy by means of different measures, such as (i) behavioral-educational measures, (ii) immunoglobulin administration, (iii) antiviral treatment with valaciclovir. However, the most promising approach to cCMV prevention appears to be the development of a non-living vaccine, including at least three viral antigens: gB, pentamer complex gHgLpUL128L, and pp65, which have been shown to be able to stimulate both the humoral and the cellular arms of the maternal immune response. Primary HCMV infection may be managed in pregnancy by counseling of the couples involved by a team of specialists that includes virologists, obstetricians, infectivologists and neonatologists.
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45
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Viral and Prion Infections Associated with Central Nervous System Syndromes in Brazil. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071370. [PMID: 34372576 PMCID: PMC8310075 DOI: 10.3390/v13071370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-induced infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are among the most serious problems in public health and can be associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, mainly in low- and middle-income countries, where these manifestations have been neglected. Typically, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, varicella-zoster, and enterovirus are responsible for a high number of cases in immunocompetent hosts, whereas other herpesviruses (for example, cytomegalovirus) are the most common in immunocompromised individuals. Arboviruses have also been associated with outbreaks with a high burden of neurological disorders, such as the Zika virus epidemic in Brazil. There is a current lack of understanding in Brazil about the most common viruses involved in CNS infections. In this review, we briefly summarize the most recent studies and findings associated with the CNS, in addition to epidemiological data that provide extensive information on the circulation and diversity of the most common neuro-invasive viruses in Brazil. We also highlight important aspects of the prion-associated diseases. This review provides readers with better knowledge of virus-associated CNS infections. A deeper understanding of these infections will support the improvement of the current surveillance strategies to allow the timely monitoring of the emergence/re-emergence of neurotropic viruses.
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46
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Berkebile ZW, Putri DS, Abrahante JE, Seelig DM, Schleiss MR, Bierle CJ. The Placental Response to Guinea Pig Cytomegalovirus Depends Upon the Timing of Maternal Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:686415. [PMID: 34211475 PMCID: PMC8239309 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.686415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects the placenta, and these placental infections can cause fetal injury and/or demise. The timing of maternal HCMV infection during pregnancy is a determinant of fetal outcomes, but how development affects the placenta's susceptibility to infection, the likelihood of placental injury post-infection, and the frequency of transplacental HCMV transmission remains unclear. In this study, guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) was used to model primary maternal infection and compare the effects of infection at two different times on the placenta. When guinea pigs were infected with GPCMV at either 21- or 35-days gestation (dGA), maternal and placental viral loads, as determined by droplet digital PCR, were not significantly affected by the timing of maternal infection. However, when the transcriptomes of gestational age-matched GPCMV-infected and control placentas were compared, significant infection-associated changes in gene expression were only observed after maternal infection at 35 dGA. Notably, transcripts associated with immune activation (e.g. Cxcl10, Ido1, Tgtp1, and Tlr8) were upregulated in the infected placenta. A GPCMV-specific in situ hybridization assay detected rare infected cells in the main placenta after maternal infection at either time, and maternal infection at 35 dGA also caused large areas of GPCMV-infected cells in the junctional zone. As GPCMV infection after mid-gestation is known to cause high rates of stillbirth and/or fetal growth restriction, our results suggest that the placenta becomes sensitized to infection-associated injury late in gestation, conferring an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes after cytomegalovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W. Berkebile
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Dira S. Putri
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Juan E. Abrahante
- Informatics Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Davis M. Seelig
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Mark R. Schleiss
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Craig J. Bierle
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Prevention of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection with Vaccines: State of the Art. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050523. [PMID: 34069321 PMCID: PMC8158681 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common cause of congenital infection and non-genetic sensorineural hearing loss in childhood. Up to 2% of neonates, with the highest percentages found in developing countries, are congenitally infected with CMV. At birth, most of these infants are asymptomatic. However, approximately 10% have signs and symptoms of the disease, and 40–60% of symptomatic neonates will later develop permanent neurologic sequelae. To reduce congenital CMV (cCMV) infection, a vaccine able to prevent primary infection is essential. In this narrative review, actual ongoing research about the development of a CMV vaccine is discussed. The progressive increase in knowledge on the ways in which the host’s immune system and CMV relate has made it possible to clarify that the development of a vaccine that is certainly capable of reducing the risk of cCMV infection, and preventing both primary and nonprimary infections is extremely difficult. Many of the ways in which the virus evades the immune system and causes cCMV infection are not yet fully understood, especially in cases of nonprimary infection. Moreover, the schedule that should be recommended and that subjects must be vaccinated to obtain the greatest effect have not been precisely defined. Further studies are needed before the problem of cCMV infection and its related challenges can be totally solved.
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Al Beloushi M, Kalache K, Ahmed B, Konje JC. Ultrasound diagnosis of infections in pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2021; 262:188-197. [PMID: 34062306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a unique period in which several changes occur in the mother, to ensure that the semiallograft fetus is not rejected. Some of these changes decrease the immunity of the mother to infections. As such, some infections in pregnancy which may not ordinarily cause severe symptoms can be more severe in the mother and importantly some of these infections pose a danger to the fetus either directly or indirectly. In dealing with infections in pregnancy, attention should focus on both the consequences of the infection on the mother as well as in the fetus. Over the last decade, some of these infections have significantly influenced clinical practice. This series on Infections in Pregnancy in this journal provides a comprehensive cover of this topic. Here we focus on the fetal impact of infections in pregnancy and how ultrasound scan can help in identifying some of these infections and more importantly map out pathways for managing the pregnancies including counselling and additional invasive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Al Beloushi
- Senior Consultant Fetal Medicine, Womens Wellness and Research Center, Doha, Qatar and Assistant Professor Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Qatar University
| | - Karim Kalache
- Division Chief Maternal-Fetal Medicine Women's Clinical Management Group Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar and Professor of Fetal Medicine, Weil Cornell Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Badreldeen Ahmed
- Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fetal Medicine Centre, Doha, Qatar; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University of Qatar and Weil Cornell Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Justin C Konje
- Emeritus Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Health Sciences University of Leicester, UK.
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Xia W, Yan H, Zhang Y, Wang C, Gao W, Lv C, Wang W, Liu Z. Congenital Human Cytomegalovirus Infection Inducing Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:649690. [PMID: 33936007 PMCID: PMC8079719 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.649690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the primary cause of congenital infections. Despite its clinical significance, congenital HCMV infection is frequently overlooked clinically since most affected infants are asymptomatic. Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is one of the most widely known disorders caused by congenital HCMV infection. The potential mechanism, however, remains unknown to date. The mechanism by which congenital HCMV infection induces sensorineural deafness has been partly characterized, leading to advancements in diagnosis, therapy, and prevention strategies. HCMV-induced hearing loss primarily involves immune responses, the release of inflammatory factors by natural killer (NK) cells, apoptosis of cochlear spiral ganglion, and potential changes due to vascular dysfunction. The diagnosis of HCMV induced SNHL includes serological examination to mothers, imaging, and amniotic fluid examination. Ganciclovir, mainly used for antiviral therapy and behavioral prevention, can, to some degree, prevent congenital HCMV infection. The role of HCMV infection in hearing loss needs further investigation since the mechanism of hearing loss caused by cytomegalovirus infection is not well understood. Although some advancement has been made in diagnosing and treating SNHL, more improvement is needed. A comprehensive understanding of cytomegalovirus’s pathogenesis is of key importance for preventing, diagnosing, and treating SNHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Xia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Hui Yan
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yiyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Changning Lv
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Wentao Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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Rodent Models of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33555596 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1111-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a leading viral cause of congenital infections in the central nervous system (CNS) and may result in severe long-term sequelae. High rates of sequelae following congenital HCMV infection and insufficient antiviral therapy in the perinatal period makes the development of an HCMV-specific vaccine a high priority of modern medicine. Due to the species specificity of HCMV, animal models are frequently used to study CMV pathogenesis. Studies of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infections of adult mice have played a significant role as a model of CMV biology and pathogenesis, while MCMV infection of newborn mice has been successfully used as a model of perinatal CMV infection. Newborn mice infected with MCMV have high levels of viremia during which the virus establishes a productive infection in most organs, coupled with a robust inflammatory response. Productive infection in the brain parenchyma during early postnatal period leads to an extensive nonnecrotizing multifocal widespread encephalitis characterized by infiltration of components of both innate and adaptive immunity. As a result, impairment in postnatal development of mouse cerebellum leads to long-term motor and sensor disabilities. This chapter summarizes current findings of rodent models of perinatal CMV infection and describes methods for analysis of perinatal MCMV infection in newborn mice.
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