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Kobayashi-Sun J, Kobayashi I, Kashima M, Hirayama J, Kakikawa M, Yamada S, Suzuki N. Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields facilitate both osteoblast and osteoclast activity through Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the zebrafish scale. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1340089. [PMID: 38385024 PMCID: PMC10879286 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1340089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have received widespread attention as effective, noninvasive, and safe therapies across a range of clinical applications for bone disorders. However, due to the various frequencies of devices, their effects on tissues/cells are vary, which has been a bottleneck in understanding the effects of EMFs on bone tissue. Here, we developed an in vivo model system using zebrafish scales to investigate the effects of extremely low-frequency EMFs (ELF-EMFs) on fracture healing. Exposure to 10 millitesla (mT) of ELF-EMFs at 60 Hz increased the number of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the fractured scale, whereas 3 or 30 mT did not. Gene expression analysis revealed that exposure to 10 mT ELF-EMFs upregulated wnt10b and Wnt target genes in the fractured scale. Moreover, β-catenin expression was enhanced by ELF-EMFs predominantly at the fracture site of the zebrafish scale. Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by IWR-1-endo treatment reduced both osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the fractured scale exposed to ELF-EMFs. These results suggest that ELF-EMFs promote both osteoblast and osteoclast activity through activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in fracture healing. Our data provide in vivo evidence that ELF-EMFs generated with a widely used commercial AC power supply have a facilitative effect on fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Kobayashi-Sun
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Science, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Ishikawa, Japan
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Isao Kobayashi
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Kashima
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun Hirayama
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Science, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Makiko Kakikawa
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Sotoshi Yamada
- Department of Production System Engineering and Sciences, Faculty of Production System Engineering and Sciences, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Ishikawa, Japan
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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Suzuki N, Kakikawa M, Oda Y, Kobayashi-Sun J, Yamada S, Kuroda K, Kobayashi I, Honda M, Matsubara H, Tabuchi Y, Shimizu N, Watanabe K, Hirayama J, Hattori A. Bone regeneration-enhancing effects of extremely low-frequency electromag- netic fields: Analysis using fish scales as a bone model. Biomed Res 2024; 45:187-195. [PMID: 39370297 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.45.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) noninvasively promote fracture healing, prevent osteoporosis, promote diaphyseal growth, enhance differentiation, and stimulate cell division. However, no good model systems for analyzing bone regeneration have been reported. In this study, we examined the in vivo regeneration of scales having osteoblasts and osteoclasts using a new magnetic field generator for exposing aquatic animals to EMFs at a sine-wave frequency of 60 Hz. Goldfish scales were put into a fish-breeding space with the developed magnetic field generator and exposed to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) of 60 Hz at an intensity of 1, 3, and 5 mT for 10 days while being regenerated the scales. After exposure, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activities in the goldfish scales were measured as markers of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, respectively. As a result, both ALP and TRAP activities in regenerating scales exposed to 3 mT ELF-EMFs were higher than those in regenerating scales exposed to 1 and 5 mT ELF-EMFs. Exposure of scales to 3 mT ELF-EMFs significantly enhanced the scale regeneration rate. Exposure of rat calvaria to 3 mT ELF-EMFs also increased both ALP and TRAP activities like in goldfish scales. Thus, we concluded that 3 mT ELF-EMFs contribute to the medical treatment of bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Noto-cho, Japan
| | - Makiko Kakikawa
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yuta Oda
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Jingjing Kobayashi-Sun
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Japan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
| | - Sotoshi Yamada
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Noto-cho, Japan
| | - Kouhei Kuroda
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Noto-cho, Japan
| | - Isao Kobayashi
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masato Honda
- Botanical Garden, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hajime Matsubara
- Noto Center for Fisheries Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Noto-cho, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shimizu
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Noto-cho, Japan
| | - Kazuki Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Japan
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jun Hirayama
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Japan
- Faculty of Education, Bunkyo University, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hattori
- Department of Sport and Wellness, College of Sport and Wellness, Rikkyo University, Saitama, Japan
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Yang B, Yang Z, Cheng L, Li Y, Zhou T, Han Y, Du H, Xu A. Effects of 10 T static magnetic field on the function of sperms and their offspring in Caenorhabditis elegans. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 240:113671. [PMID: 35653972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the wide application of static magnetic fields (SMFs), the risk of living organisms exposed to man-made magnetic fields that the intensity is much higher than geomagnetic field has gradually increased. Reproductive system is highly sensitive to environmental stress; however, the influence of high SMFs on reproduction system is still largely unknown. Here we explored the biological responses of SMFs exposure at an intensity of 10 T on the sperms and their offspring in him-5 male mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The size of unactivated sperms was deceased by 10 T SMF exposure, instead of the morphology. Exposure to 10 T SMF significantly altered the function of sperms in him-5 worms including the activation of sperms and the non-transferred ratio of sperms. In addition, the brood size assay revealed that 10 T SMF exposure eventually diminished the reproductive capacity of him-5 male worms. The lifespan of outcrossed offspring from exposed him-5 male mutants and unexposed fog-2 female mutants was decreased by 10 T SMF in a time dependent manner. Together, our findings provide novel information regarding the adverse effects of high SMFs on the sperms of C. elegans and their offspring, which can improve our understanding of the fundamental aspects of high SMFs on biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Yuyan Han
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Hua Du
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China.
| | - An Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China.
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Sun A, Zhao X, Li Z, Gao Y, Liu Q, Zhou H, Dong G, Wang C. Effects of Long-Term and Multigeneration Exposure of Caenorhabditis elegans to 9.4 GHz Microwaves. Bioelectromagnetics 2022; 43:336-346. [PMID: 35544783 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A large number of studies on the biological effects of microwaves are carried out using rodents and cells, but the conditions are difficult to control, and the irradiation period is short; the results obtained have always been controversial and difficult to reproduce. In this study, we expose nematodes to an electromagnetic environment for a long-term and multigeneration period to explore the possible biological effects. Wild-type N2 strains of Caenorhabditis elegans are exposed to 9.4 GHz microwaves at a specific adsorption rate of 4 W/kg for 10 h per day from L1 larvae to adults. Then, adult worms are washed off, and the laid eggs are kept to hatch L1 larvae, which are continuously exposed to microwaves until passing through 20 generations. The worms of the 10th, 15th, and 20th generations are collected for index detection. Interestingly, we found that the fecundity of C. elegans decreased significantly in the exposed group from the 15th generation. At the same time, we found that the growth of C. elegans decreased, motility decreased, and oxidative stress occurred in the exposed group from the 10th generation, which may play roles in the decreased spawning in worms. We preliminarily believe that the microwave energy received by worms leads to oxidative stress, which causes a decrease in the spawning rate, and the underlying mechanism needs to be further studied. © 2022 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Sun
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelong Zhao
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guofu Dong
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Changzhen Wang
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
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Sun A, Li Z, Zhao X, Zhou H, Gao Y, Liu Q, Zhou S, Zhang C, Dong G, Wang C. Pulsed High-Peak Power Microwaves at 9.4 GHz Do Not Affect Basic Endpoints in Caenorhabditis elegans. Bioelectromagnetics 2021; 43:5-13. [PMID: 34962293 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Because of the extensive application of electromagnetic technology, its health impact on humans has attracted widespread attention. Due to the lack of a model organism with a stable response to electromagnetic waves, the research conclusions on the biological effects of electromagnetic waves have been vague. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of irradiation by pulsed 9.4 GHz high-power microwaves with a peak power density of 2126 W/cm2 using Caenorhabditis elegans. The development, movement, egg production, ROS, and lifespan of C. elegans were detected at different times after irradiation with different repetitive frequencies of 10, 20, and 50 Hz for 30 min. The results indicated that no obvious changes in basic life indices were induced compared with the sham radiation group, but the survival rate of positive control was significantly decreased compared with other groups, which is of interest for microwave protection research based on C. elegans and provides data for updating safety standards with respect to pulsed high-peak power microwave. © 2021 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Sun
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelong Zhao
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Zhou
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chenggang Zhang
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guofu Dong
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Changzhen Wang
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Biological Effects, Beijing Institute of Radiation and Medicine, Beijing, China
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Sun Y, Shi Z, Wang Y, Tang C, Liao Y, Yang C, Cai P. Coupling of oxidative stress responses to tricarboxylic acid cycle and prostaglandin E2 alterations in Caenorhabditis elegans under extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:1159-1166. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1524943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongyan Sun
- Physical Environment Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Shi
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Environmental Bioelectrochemistry Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yahong Wang
- Physical Environment Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Chao Tang
- Physical Environment Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Liao
- Physical Environment Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Chuanjun Yang
- Physical Environment Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Peng Cai
- Physical Environment Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Xiamen, P. R. China
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Shi Z, Yu H, Sun Y, Yang C, Lian H, Cai P. The Energy Metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans under The Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8471. [PMID: 25683579 PMCID: PMC4329544 DOI: 10.1038/srep08471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A literal mountain of documentation generated in the past five decades showing unmistakable health hazards associated with extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) exposure. However, the relation between energy mechanism and ELF-EMF exposure is poorly understood. In this study, Caenorhabditis elegans was exposed to 50 Hz ELF-EMF at intensities of 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mT, respectively. Their metabolite variations were analyzed by GC-TOF/MS-based metabolomics. Although minimal metabolic variations and no regular pattern were observed, the contents of energy metabolism-related metabolites such as pyruvic acid, fumaric acid, and L-malic acid were elevated in all the treatments. The expressions of nineteen related genes that encode glycolytic enzymes were analyzed by using quantitative real-time PCR. Only genes encoding GAPDH were significantly upregulated (P < 0.01), and this result was further confirmed by western blot analysis. The enzyme activity of GAPDH was increased (P < 0.01), whereas the total intracellular ATP level was decreased. While no significant difference in lifespan, hatching rate and reproduction, worms exposed to ELF-EMF exhibited less food consumption compared with that of the control (P < 0.01). In conclusion, C. elegans exposed to ELF-EMF have enhanced energy metabolism and restricted dietary, which might contribute to the resistance against exogenous ELF-EMF stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Shi
- 1] Physical Environment Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China [2] University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yu
- Physical Environment Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Yongyan Sun
- 1] Physical Environment Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China [2] University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chuanjun Yang
- Physical Environment Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Huiyong Lian
- Physical Environment Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Peng Cai
- Physical Environment Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
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Njus Z, Feldmann D, Brien R, Kong T, Kalwa U, Pandey S. Characterizing the Effect of Static Magnetic Fields on <i>C. elegans</i> Using Microfluidics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2015.69061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Magnetic and electric fields induce directional responses in Steinernema carpocapsae. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:781-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Fedrowitz M, Hass R, Löscher W. Effects of 50 Hz magnetic field exposure on the stress marker α-amylase in the rat mammary gland. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:556-64. [PMID: 22563858 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.691614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Concerns about adverse health effects of environmental exposure to 50/60 Hz magnetic fields (MF) have initiated numerous studies on laboratory animals with varying outcomes. Previously, we reported that rat strains responded differently to MF regarding mammary cell proliferation and tumor development indicating that (epi)genetic factors might influence MF effects in the breast tissue, yet without any identified mechanism. In the present study, α-amylase, recently introduced as a stress marker in humans, was investigated in the mammary gland of Fischer 344 (F344) and Lewis rats, two strains with distinct stress sensitivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS F344 rats were sham- and MF-exposed (50 Hz, 100 μT) for different time periods, Lewis rats for two weeks. For comparison, diethylstilbestrol was administered at single or repeated doses. RESULTS α-Amylase activity was significantly enhanced in the F344 mammary glands after 2 and 4 weeks of MF, whereas no reproducible effects were observed in Lewis rats. Diethylstilbestrol increased the α-amylase after repeated dosing. CONCLUSIONS Although α-amylase represents a difficult parameter in animal studies because of its stress sensitivity, it should be considered for investigations in humans and cell cultures as a biomarker for MF susceptibility and a target to examine possible MF mechanisms since α-amylase affects cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Fedrowitz
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
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Lee CH, Chen HM, Yeh LK, Hong MY, Huang GS. Dosage-dependent induction of behavioral decline in Caenorhabditis elegans by long-term treatment of static magnetic fields. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2012; 53:24-32. [PMID: 22302042 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.11057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to explore the molecular mechanisms associated with possible health hazards induced by static magnetic fields (SMFs). Nematodes were grown under SMFs at field strengths from 0 to 200 mT, and the speed of body movement was measured. The effects of exposure to static magnetic fields were observed to be significant in the higher field strength and longer treatment. To explore the possible molecular mechanisms responsible for these effects, semi-quantitative real-time RT-PCR was performed using primers specific to 120 randomly selected genes. Twenty-six differentially expressed genes among apoptosis-, oxidative stress-, and cancer-related genes were identified, indicating that a global molecular response to SMF treatment occurred. The induction of apoptosis was verified by the increase of fluorescence in a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, by the caspase-3 activity assay, and by immunostaining using an antibody against the ced-3 gene product. Mutations in genes involved in major apoptotic pathways, that is, ced-3, ced-4, and ced-9, abolished this SMF-induced behavioral decline; this is consistent with the hypothesis that the apoptosis pathways are involved in the SMF-induced mobility decline. Here we show that long-term and low-dosage exposure to SMF is capable of inducing an apoptosis-mediated behavioral decline in nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hui Lee
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, ROC
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12
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Hong ME, Yoon KH, Jung YY, Lee TJ, Park ES, Sohn UD, Jeong JH. Influence of exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic field on neuroendocrine cells and hormones in stomach of rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 15:137-42. [PMID: 21860591 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2011.15.3.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) have the ability to produce a variety of behavioral and physiological changes in animals. The stomach, as the most sensitive part of the neuroendocrine organ of the gastrointestinal tract, is crucial for the initiation of a full stress response against all harmful stress. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine whether ELF-MF stimuli induce changes in the activity of neuroendocrine cells, considering their involvement in endocrine or paracrine effect on surrounding cells. The exposure to ELF-MF (durations of 24 h and 1 or 2 weeks, 60 Hz frequency, 0.1 mT intensity) altered the distribution and occurrence of gastrin, ghrelin and somatostatin-positive endocrine cells in the stomach of rats. The change, however, in the secretion of those hormones into blood from endocrine cells did not appear significantly with ELF-MF exposure. Comparing with sham control, ELF-MF exposure for 1 and 2 week induced an increase in BaSO(4) suspension propelling ratio of gastrointestinal tract, indicating that ELF-MF affects gastrointestinal motility. Our study revealed that ELF-MF exposure might influence the activity of endocrine cells, an important element of the intrinsic regulatory system in the digestive tract. The pathophysiological character of these changes and the mechanism responsible for neuroendocrine cell are still unclear and require further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Eui Hong
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
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13
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Hung YC, Lee JH, Chen HM, Huang GS. Effects of static magnetic fields on the development and aging of Caenorhabditis elegans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 213:2079-85. [PMID: 20511522 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.039768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated the possible effects of static magnetic fields (SMFs) on the developmental and aging processes of Caenorhabditis elegans. Nematodes were grown in the presence of SMFs of strengths varying from 0 to 200 mT. The rate of development and the lifespan were recorded. Treatment with a 200 mT SMF reduced the development time from the L2 to the L3 stage by 20%, from L3 to L4 by 23%, and from L4 to young adult by 31%. After SMF treatment, the average lifespan was reduced from 31 days to 24 days for wild-type nematodes. The up-regulation of clk-1, lim-7, daf-2, unc-3 and age-1 after SMF treatment was verified by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Apparently, induction of gene expression is selective and dose dependent. The total developmental time was significantly reduced for the lin-4, lin-14, lin-41 and lim-7 mutants, but not for the let-7, clk-1, unc-3 and age-1 mutants. Lifespan analyses revealed that the let-7, unc-3 and age-1 mutants were not affected by SMF treatment. Here we show that SMFs accelerate nematode development and shorten nematode lifespan through pathways associated with let-7, clk-1, unc-3 and age-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Ching Hung
- Section of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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Kimura T, Takahashi K, Suzuki Y, Konishi Y, Ota Y, Mori C, Ikenaga T, Takanami T, Saito R, Ichiishi E, Awaji S, Watanabe K, Higashitani A. The effect of high strength static magnetic fields and ionizing radiation on gene expression and DNA damage inCaenorhabditis elegans. Bioelectromagnetics 2008; 29:605-14. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.20425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bernardini C, Zannoni A, Turba ME, Bacci ML, Forni M, Mesirca P, Remondini D, Castellani G, Bersani F. Effects of 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic fields on Hsp27, Hsp70, Hsp90 expression in porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAEC). Bioelectromagnetics 2007; 28:231-7. [PMID: 17080460 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field on Hsp27, Hsp70, and Hsp90 expression in a model of primary culture of porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAEC). We took into consideration the Hsp profile in terms of mRNA expression, protein expression and protein localization inside the cells. The choice of the cell system was motivated by the involvement of the endothelial cells in the onset of many diseases; moreover, only few reports describe the effects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) on such cells. ELF-MF exposure induced an increase in the mRNA levels of the three proteins, which was statistically significant for Hsp70. On the contrary, we did not observe any influence on Hsp27, Hsp70, and Hsp90 protein levels. Analysis in situ by immunofluorescence revealed that ELF-MF exposure affected the cellular distribution of Hsp27; in particular a partial relocalization in the nucleus was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bernardini
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production DIMORFIPA, Bologna University, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
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Effects of radio-frequency fields on bacterial cell membranes and nematode temperature-sensitive mutants. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Laubitz D, Jankowska A, Sikora A, Woliński J, Zabielski R, Grzesiuk E. Gut myoelectrical activity induces heat shock response in Escherichia coli and Caco-2 cells. Exp Physiol 2006; 91:867-75. [PMID: 16728456 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2006.033365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The heat shock response is associated with the intracellular expression of a number of highly conserved heat shock proteins (Hsps). According to their molecular size, Hsps have been divided into several groups, which are strongly conserved and show high homology between the species, e.g., Hsp70, MW 70 kDa (Lindquist & Craig, 1998; Morimoto, 1998; Jolly & Morimoto, 2000; Zylicz et al. 2001). In all organisms the Hsp expression under stress conditions is regulated at transcriptional level, e.g., in humans by the heat shock transcription factor Hsf1 (Morimoto, 1998; Wu, 1995), while in Escherichia coli by replacement of the sigma factor sigma(70) in RNA polymerase by the sigma factor sigma(32) (Gross, 1987). The Hsps allow cell survival under stress conditions by renaturating of denaturated proteins, protecting of stress-labile proteins, preventing protein aggregation (chaperone functions), and by degradation of damaged proteins (protease activities) (Lindquist & Craig, 1988; Morimoto, 1998; Jolly & Morimoto, 2000). They have also many housekeeping functions under non-stressful conditions during the cell cycle, growth, development, and differentiation (Morimoto, 1998). Among a number of plausible inducing factors already studied, extremely low artificial electromagnetic fields have been shown to induce stress response in various cells, such as expression of sigma(32) mRNA (Cairo et al. 1998) and induction of DnaJ and DnaK proteins in Eschericha coli (Chow & Tung, 2000); expression of hsp-16 gene in Caenorhabditis elegans (Miyakawa et al., 2001); induction of heat shock transcription factor Hsf1 and Hsp70, Hsp90 and Hsp27 in human cells (Lin et al. 1997; Lin et al. 1998; Goodman & Blank, 1998; Pipkin et al. 1999). Nevertheless, the role of endogenous electromagnetic fields, i.e., generated by electrically active cells within a body remains controversial. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) protect cells against various environmental and endogenous stressors. Cytoprotection caused by Hsps involves tolerance induced by one agent against other, more severe agents. We have found that exposure of prokaryotic (Escherichia coli) and eukaryotic (Caco-2) cells to an electrical field (EF) connected with a myoelectrical migrating complex (MMC) generated by the small intestine smooth muscle induces the heat shock response. Using Western blot analysis, we have detected an elevated level of sigma factor 32 in E. coli cells exposed to MMC-related EF, and confocal microscopy indicated an increased level of the inducible form of Hsp70 protein in EF-stimulated Caco-2 cells. Additionally, we have found that this induced level of Hsp70 protected the Caco-2 cells against apoptosis caused by camptothecin. Our observations suggest that the myoelectrical activity of the gut may induce heat shock mechanisms in the cells of gut epithelium as well as in gastrointestinal micro-organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Laubitz
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Robertson JA, Thomas AW, Bureau Y, Prato FS. The influence of extremely low frequency magnetic fields on cytoprotection and repair. Bioelectromagnetics 2006; 28:16-30. [PMID: 16917871 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injuries, such as those suffered from various types of cardiovascular disease, are major causes of death and disability. For relatively short periods of ischemia, much of the damage is potentially reversible and in fact, does not occur until the influx of oxygen during the reperfusion stage. Because of this, there is a window of opportunity to protect the ischemic tissue. Here, we review several mechanisms of protection, such as heat shock proteins, opioids, collateral blood flow, and nitric oxide induction, and the evidence indicating that magnetic fields may be used as a means of providing protection via each of these mechanisms. While there are few studies demonstrating direct protection with magnetic field therapies, there are a number of published reports indicating that electromagnetic fields may be able to influence some of the biochemical systems with protective applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Robertson
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bioelectromagnetics, Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
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Bodega G, Forcada I, Suárez I, Fernández B. Acute and chronic effects of exposure to a 1-mT magnetic field on the cytoskeleton, stress proteins, and proliferation of astroglial cells in culture. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2005; 98:355-62. [PMID: 15910790 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2004.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2004] [Revised: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/06/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the effects of exposure to static, sinusoidal (50 Hz), and combined static/sinusoidal magnetic fields on cultured astroglial cells. Confluent primary cultures of astroglial cells were exposed to a 1-mT sinusoidal, static, or combined magnetic field for 1h. In another experiment, cells were exposed to the combined magnetic field for 1, 2, and 4h. The hsp25, hsp60, hsp70, actin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein contents of the astroglial cells were determined by immunoblotting 24h after exposure. No significant differences were seen between control and exposed cells with respect to their contents of these proteins, neither were any changes in cell morphology observed. In a third experiment to determine the effect of a chronic (11-day) exposure to a combined 1-mT static/sinusoidal magnetic field on the proliferation of cultured astroglial cells, no significant differences were seen between control, sham-exposed, or exposed cells. These results suggest that exposure to 1-mT sinusoidal, static, or combined magnetic fields has no significant effects on the stress, cytoskeletal protein levels in, or proliferation of cultured astroglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bodega
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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Cranfield CG, Dawe A, Karloukovski V, Dunin-Borkowski RE, de Pomerai D, Dobson J. Biogenic magnetite in the nematode caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Biol Sci 2005; 271 Suppl 6:S436-9. [PMID: 15801597 PMCID: PMC1810097 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2004.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is widely used as a model system in biological research. Recently, examination of the production of heat-shock proteins in this organism in response to mobile phone-type electromagnetic field exposure produced the most robust demonstration to date of a non-thermal, deleterious biological effect. Though these results appear to be a sound demonstration of non-thermal bioeffects, to our knowledge, no mechanism has been proposed to explain them. We show, apparently for the first time, that biogenic magnetite, a ferrimagnetic iron oxide, is present in C. elegans. Its presence may have confounding effects on experiments involving electromagnetic fields as well as implications for the use of this nematode as a model system for iron biomineralization in multi-cellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Cranfield
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
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Coulton LA, Harris PA, Barker AT, Pockley AG. Effect of 50 Hz Electromagnetic Fields on the Induction of Heat-Shock Protein Gene Expression in Human Leukocytes. Radiat Res 2004; 161:430-4. [PMID: 15038769 DOI: 10.1667/rr3145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Although evidence is controversial, exposure to environmental power-frequency magnetic fields is of public concern. Cells respond to some abnormal physiological conditions by producing cytoprotective heat-shock (or stress) proteins. In this study, we determined whether exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields in the range 0-100 microT rms either alone or concomitant with mild heating induced heat-shock protein gene expression in human leukocytes, and we compared this response to that induced by heat alone. Samples of human peripheral blood were simultaneously exposed to a range of magnetic-field amplitudes using a regimen that was designed to allow field effects to be distinguished from possible artifacts due to the position of the samples in the exposure system. Power-frequency magnetic-field exposure for 4 h at 37 degrees C had no detectable effect on expression of the genes encoding HSP27, HSP70A or HSP70B, as determined using reverse transcriptase-PCR, whereas 2 h at 42 degrees C elicited 10-, 5- and 12-fold increases, respectively, in the expression of these genes. Gene expression in cells exposed to power-frequency magnetic fields at 40 degrees C was not increased compared to cells incubated at 40 degrees C without field exposure. These findings and the extant literature suggest that power-frequency electromagnetic fields are not a universal stressor, in contrast to physical agents such as heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Les A Coulton
- Division of Clinical Sciences (North), University of Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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Malagoli D, Lusvardi M, Gobba F, Ottaviani E. 50 Hz magnetic fields activate mussel immunocyte p38 MAP kinase and induce HSP70 and 90. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2004; 137:75-9. [PMID: 14984706 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2003.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2003] [Revised: 11/21/2003] [Accepted: 11/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fifty hertz magnetic fields (MFs) induced the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) 70 and 90 in immunocytes of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Animals exposed at 300 microT for three different times (30; 2 x 30; 3 x 30 min), did not show differences in the HSP densitometric values in comparison with non-exposed mussels. At 400 microT, exposed animals showed a time-dependent increase in HSP expression as revealed by Western blot. After exposure to 600 microT, the HSP densitometric values were significantly higher than controls but not related to exposure duration. The induction of HSPs is concomitant with the activation of p38 MAP kinase signalling pathway. The present findings suggest the possibility to modulate the expression of HSPs by an appropriate time-intensity magnetic field exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Malagoli
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 213/D, 41100 Modena, Italy
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Ben-Izhak Monselise E, Parola AH, Kost D. Low-frequency electromagnetic fields induce a stress effect upon higher plants, as evident by the universal stress signal, alanine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 302:427-34. [PMID: 12604366 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00194-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
15N NMR analysis reveals alanine production in Duckweed plants exposed to low intensity sinusoidally varying magnetic fields (SVMF) at 60 and 100Hz, and fed by 15N-labeled ammonium chloride. Alanine does not accumulate in the absence of SVMF. Addition of vitamin C, a radical scavenger, reduced alanine production by 82%, indicating the roll of free radicals in the process. Alanine accumulation in plants and animals in response to exposure to a variety of stress conditions, including SVMF, is a general phenomenon. It is proposed that alanine is a universal first stress signal expressed by cells.
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Chapter 25 Electric fields and currents of the small intestine and their effects on Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1823(09)70141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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