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Velagala V, Soundarrajan DK, Unger MF, Gazzo D, Kumar N, Li J, Zartman J. The multimodal action of G alpha q in coordinating growth and homeostasis in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.08.523049. [PMID: 36711848 PMCID: PMC9881979 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.08.523049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background G proteins mediate cell responses to various ligands and play key roles in organ development. Dysregulation of G-proteins or Ca 2+ signaling impacts many human diseases and results in birth defects. However, the downstream effectors of specific G proteins in developmental regulatory networks are still poorly understood. Methods We employed the Gal4/UAS binary system to inhibit or overexpress Gαq in the wing disc, followed by phenotypic analysis. Immunohistochemistry and next-gen RNA sequencing identified the downstream effectors and the signaling cascades affected by the disruption of Gαq homeostasis. Results Here, we characterized how the G protein subunit Gαq tunes the size and shape of the wing in the larval and adult stages of development. Downregulation of Gαq in the wing disc reduced wing growth and delayed larval development. Gαq overexpression is sufficient to promote global Ca 2+ waves in the wing disc with a concomitant reduction in the Drosophila final wing size and a delay in pupariation. The reduced wing size phenotype is further enhanced when downregulating downstream components of the core Ca 2+ signaling toolkit, suggesting that downstream Ca 2+ signaling partially ameliorates the reduction in wing size. In contrast, Gαq -mediated pupariation delay is rescued by inhibition of IP 3 R, a key regulator of Ca 2+ signaling. This suggests that Gαq regulates developmental phenotypes through both Ca 2+ -dependent and Ca 2+ -independent mechanisms. RNA seq analysis shows that disruption of Gαq homeostasis affects nuclear hormone receptors, JAK/STAT pathway, and immune response genes. Notably, disruption of Gαq homeostasis increases expression levels of Dilp8, a key regulator of growth and pupariation timing. Conclusion Gαq activity contributes to cell size regulation and wing metamorphosis. Disruption to Gαq homeostasis in the peripheral wing disc organ delays larval development through ecdysone signaling inhibition. Overall, Gαq signaling mediates key modules of organ size regulation and epithelial homeostasis through the dual action of Ca 2+ -dependent and independent mechanisms.
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2
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Zhu Q, Qin Z, Chen R, Wang L, Tan P, Xu D. Comparative Transcriptome Analyses Characterize Expression Signatures Among Males, Females, Neo-Males, and Gynogenetic Females in the Yellow Drum (Nibea albiflora). Front Genet 2022; 13:872815. [PMID: 35646100 PMCID: PMC9136215 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.872815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The yellow drum (Nibea albiflora) is one of the most important marine economic fish in China, and its sexually dimorphic growth makes it preferable for mono-sex culture. Although gynogenesis and neo-male induction techniques have been established, the molecular pathways and regulatory mechanisms of sex determination and maintenance in gynogenetic females and neo-males remains far from fully understood. In this study, the gene expression profiles were investigated in the gonads and brains of wild-type male, wild-type female, neo-male, and gynogenetic female yellow drum using comparative transcriptome analyses. Generally, a total of 52,999 novel transcripts were obtained in RNA-seq, of which 45,651 were isoforms of known protein-coding genes, 1,358 novel protein-coding genes, and 5,990 long non-coding RNAs. We found that the differences between wild-type males and neo-males and between wild-type females and gynogenetic females were relatively small at both the histological and transcriptomic levels, indicating that artificial gynogenesis or hormonal sex reversal may have minimal effects on normal female or male life function, respectively. In the brain, pathways such as “Oocyte meiosis”, “Cell cycle”, and “Riboflavin metabolism” were found to be significantly enriched. In the gonads, pathways such as “Prolactin signaling pathway”, “PPAR signaling pathway”, “Cholesterol metabolism”, and “Jak-STAT signaling pathway” were found to play important roles in maintaining the regular proliferation and differentiation of females and males in yellow drum. In particular, we found that zp4 might be an effective molecular marker to differentiate between gynogenetic and normal females owing to its unique expression pattern. The results of this study may help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in sex maintenance in the gonads and brain and provide basic data for genetic breeding of the yellow drum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Zhu
- Key Lab of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan, China
- School of Fisheries, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Zeqian Qin
- Key Lab of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan, China
- School of Fisheries, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Ruiyi Chen
- Key Lab of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan, China
- School of Fisheries, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Ligai Wang
- Key Lab of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan, China
- School of Fisheries, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Peng Tan
- Key Lab of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan, China
- School of Fisheries, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Dongdong Xu
- Key Lab of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan, China
- School of Fisheries, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
- *Correspondence: Dongdong Xu,
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3
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Li H, Zhu Q, Chen R, Liu M, Xu D. Identification and Characterization of Dimorphic Expression of Sex-Related Genes in Rock Bream, a Fish With Multiple Sex Chromosomes. Front Genet 2021; 12:791179. [PMID: 34912379 PMCID: PMC8668390 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.791179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) is a typical fish with a unique multiple sex chromosome system. In this study, we investigated the gene expression profiling in the gonads and brains of both males and females using RNA-Seq to identify sex-related genes and pathways. In accordance with the dimorphic expression profiles, combined with Gene ontology and KEGG enrichment analyses, a number of potential genes and pathways associated with sex determination were obtained from transcriptional analysis, especially some sex-biased genes and pathways. Next, we selected 18 candidate genes and analyzed their expression in different tissues and developmental stages. We found that the expression levels of Amh, Dmrt1, Sox9, Dmrtb1, and Nanos2 were significantly higher in the testis than those in the ovary or other tissues, whereas the expression levels of ZP4, Bouncer, RNF208, FoxH1, and TOB were significantly higher in the ovary than those in the testis. Furthermore, the expression levels of these genes in different developmental stages of gonads also showed sexually dimorphic patterns, suggesting that they might play important roles during gonadal development. These genes are useful markers for investigating sex determination and differentiation in rock bream. The findings of this study can provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of sex determination and differentiation in fish with multiple sex chromosome systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- School of Fisheries, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China.,Key Lab of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan, China
| | - Qihui Zhu
- Key Lab of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan, China.,Ocean and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Ruiyi Chen
- Key Lab of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan, China.,Ocean and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Mingtao Liu
- School of Fisheries, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China.,Key Lab of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan, China
| | - Dongdong Xu
- Key Lab of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan, China.,Ocean and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
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4
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Wei J, Yao X, Yang S, Liu S, Zhou S, Cen J, Liu X, Du M, Tang Q, An S. Suppression of Calcineurin Enhances the Toxicity of Cry1Ac to Helicoverpa armigera. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:634619. [PMID: 33643268 PMCID: PMC7904703 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.634619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal proteins has rapidly evolved with the expansion of the planting area of transgenic Bt crops. Pyramiding RNA interference (RNAi) and Bt in crops is urgently needed to counter the rapid increase in pest resistance. The ideal “pyramid” strategy simultaneously targets different action pathways that exert synergetic effects on each other. Here, we identified a dephosphatase, namely, Helicoverpa armigera calcineurin (HaCAN), which might enhance the insecticidal activity of Cry1Ac against Helicoverpa armigera by regulating immune gene expression via dephosphatase activity, but not by acting as a receptor. Notably, blocking enzyme activity or knocking down endogenous HaCAN significantly promoted the enhancement in Cry1Ac toxicity to insect larvae and cells. Correspondingly, the increase in HaCAN activity reduced the cytotoxicity of Cry1Ac as shown by the heterologous expression of HaCAN. Our results provide a probable that HaCAN is an important candidate gene for pyramiding RNAi and Cry1Ac crops to control cotton bollworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhen Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xue Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaokai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junjuan Cen
- Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Qixian, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengfang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingbo Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shiheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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5
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Zhu G, Li S, Wu J, Li F, Zhao XM. Identification of Functional Gene Modules Associated With STAT-Mediated Antiviral Responses to White Spot Syndrome Virus in Shrimp. Front Physiol 2019; 10:212. [PMID: 30914969 PMCID: PMC6421301 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the major threats to shrimp aquaculture. It has been found that the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) protein plays an important role in the antiviral immunity of shrimp with a WSSV infection. However, the mechanism that underlies the STAT-mediated antiviral responses in shrimp, against WSSV infection, remains unclear. In this work, based on the gene expression profiles of shrimp with an injection of WSSV and STAT double strand RNA (dsRNA), we constructed a gene co-expression network for shrimp and identified the gene modules that are possibly responsible for STAT-mediated antiviral responses. These gene modules are found enriched in the regulation of the viral process, JAK-STAT cascade and the regulation of immune effector process pathways. The gene modules identified here provide insights into the molecular mechanism that underlies the STAT-mediated antiviral response of shrimp, against WSSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Zhu
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shihao Li
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuhua Li
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xing-Ming Zhao
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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6
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JAK/STAT guarantees robust neural stem cell differentiation by shutting off biological noise. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12484. [PMID: 30127451 PMCID: PMC6102247 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30929-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Organismal development is precisely regulated by a sequence of gene functions even in the presence of biological noise. However, it is difficult to evaluate the effect of noise in vivo, and the mechanisms by which noise is filtered during development are largely unknown. To identify the noise-canceling mechanism, we used the fly visual system, in which the timing of differentiation of neural stem cells is spatio-temporally ordered. Our mathematical model predicts that JAK/STAT signaling contributes to noise canceling to guarantee the robust progression of the differentiation wave in silico. We further demonstrate that the suppression of JAK/STAT signaling causes stochastic and ectopic neural stem cell differentiation in vivo, suggesting an evolutionarily conserved function of JAK/STAT to regulate the robustness of stem cell differentiation.
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7
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Comparative transcriptome analysis of ovary and testis reveals potential sex-related genes and pathways in spotted knifejaw Oplegnathus punctatus. Gene 2017; 637:203-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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8
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Kučerová L, Kubrak OI, Bengtsson JM, Strnad H, Nylin S, Theopold U, Nässel DR. Slowed aging during reproductive dormancy is reflected in genome-wide transcriptome changes in Drosophila melanogaster. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:50. [PMID: 26758761 PMCID: PMC4711038 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In models extensively used in studies of aging and extended lifespan, such as C. elegans and Drosophila, adult senescence is regulated by gene networks that are likely to be similar to ones that underlie lifespan extension during dormancy. These include the evolutionarily conserved insulin/IGF, TOR and germ line-signaling pathways. Dormancy, also known as dauer stage in the larval worm or adult diapause in the fly, is triggered by adverse environmental conditions, and results in drastically extended lifespan with negligible senescence. It is furthermore characterized by increased stress resistance and somatic maintenance, developmental arrest and reallocated energy resources. In the fly Drosophila melanogaster adult reproductive diapause is additionally manifested in arrested ovary development, improved immune defense and altered metabolism. However, the molecular mechanisms behind this adaptive lifespan extension are not well understood. Results A genome wide analysis of transcript changes in diapausing D. melanogaster revealed a differential regulation of more than 4600 genes. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analysis reveal that many of these genes are part of signaling pathways that regulate metabolism, stress responses, detoxification, immunity, protein synthesis and processes during aging. More specifically, gene readouts and detailed mapping of the pathways indicate downregulation of insulin-IGF (IIS), target of rapamycin (TOR) and MAP kinase signaling, whereas Toll-dependent immune signaling, Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathways are upregulated during diapause. Furthermore, we detected transcriptional regulation of a large number of genes specifically associated with aging and longevity. Conclusions We find that many affected genes and signal pathways are shared between dormancy, aging and lifespan extension, including IIS, TOR, JAK/STAT and JNK. A substantial fraction of the genes affected by diapause have also been found to alter their expression in response to starvation and cold exposure in D. melanogaster, and the pathways overlap those reported in GO analysis of other invertebrates in dormancy or even hibernating mammals. Our study, thus, shows that D. melanogaster is a genetically tractable model for dormancy in other organisms and effects of dormancy on aging and lifespan. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2383-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Kučerová
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Olga I Kubrak
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jonas M Bengtsson
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Hynek Strnad
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ulrich Theopold
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Dick R Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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9
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Long Y, Scheres B, Blilou I. The logic of communication: roles for mobile transcription factors in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1133-44. [PMID: 25635110 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mobile transcription factors play many roles in plant development. Here, we compare the use of mobile transcription factors as signals with some canonical signal transduction processes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. After an initial survey, we focus on the SHORT-ROOT pathway in Arabidopsis roots to show that, despite the simplicity of the concept of mobile transcription factor signalling, many lines of evidence reveal a surprising complexity in control mechanisms linked to this process. We argue that these controls bestow precision, robustness, and versatility on mobile transcription factor signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Long
- Plant Developmental Biology, Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Scheres
- Plant Developmental Biology, Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Plant Developmental Biology, Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands.
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10
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Male-specific phosphorylated SR proteins in adult flies of the Mediterranean fruitfly Ceratitis capitata. BMC Genet 2014; 15 Suppl 2:S6. [PMID: 25472723 PMCID: PMC4255826 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-15-s2-s6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a widely used mechanism of gene regulation in sex determination pathways of Insects. In species from orders as distant as Diptera, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera, female differentiation relies on the activities of conserved splicing regulators, TRA and TRA-2, promoting female-specific expression of the global effector doublesex (dsx). Less understood is to what extent post-translational modifications of splicing regulators plays a role in this pathway. In Drosophila melanogaster phosphorylation of TRA, TRA-2 and the general RBP1 factor by the LAMMER kinase doa (darkener of apricot) is required for proper female sex determination. To explore whether this is a general feature of the pathway we examined sex-specific differences in phosphorylation levels of SR splicing factors in the dipteran species D. melanogaster, Ceratitis capitata (Medfly) and Musca domestica (Housefly). We found a distinct and reproducible pattern of male-specific phosphorylation on protein extracts enriched for SR proteins in C. capitata suggesting that differential phosphorylation may also contribute to the regulation of sex-specific splicing in the Medfly.
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11
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Zoller R, Schulz C. The Drosophila cyst stem cell lineage: Partners behind the scenes? SPERMATOGENESIS 2014; 2:145-157. [PMID: 23087834 PMCID: PMC3469438 DOI: 10.4161/spmg.21380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In all animals, germline cells differentiate in intimate contact with somatic cells and interactions between germline and soma are particularly important for germline development and function. In the male gonad of Drosophila melanogaster, the developing germline cells are enclosed by somatic cyst cells. The cyst cells are derived from cyst stem cells (CySCs) of somatic origin and codifferentiate with the germline cells. The fast generation cycle and the genetic tractability of Drosophila has made the Drosophila testis an excellent model for studying both the roles of somatic cells in guiding germline development and the interdependence of two separate stem cell lineages. This review focuses on our current understanding of CySC specification, CySC self-renewing divisions, cyst cell differentiation, and soma-germline interactions. Many of the mechanisms guiding these processes in Drosophila testes are similarly essential for the development and function of tissues in other organisms, most importantly for gametogenesis in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Zoller
- Department of Cellular Biology; University of Georgia; Athens, GA USA
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12
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Ma Z, Li C, Pan G, Li Z, Han B, Xu J, Lan X, Chen J, Yang D, Chen Q, Sang Q, Ji X, Li T, Long M, Zhou Z. Genome-wide transcriptional response of silkworm (Bombyx mori) to infection by the microsporidian Nosema bombycis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84137. [PMID: 24386341 PMCID: PMC3875524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia have attracted much attention because they infect a variety of species ranging from protists to mammals, including immunocompromised patients with AIDS or cancer. Aside from the study on Nosema ceranae, few works have focused on elucidating the mechanism in host response to microsporidia infection. Nosema bombycis is a pathogen of silkworm pébrine that causes great economic losses to the silkworm industry. Detailed understanding of the host (Bombyx mori) response to infection by N. bombycis is helpful for prevention of this disease. A genome-wide survey of the gene expression profile at 2, 4, 6 and 8 days post-infection by N. bombycis was performed and results showed that 64, 244, 1,328, 1,887 genes were induced, respectively. Up to 124 genes, which are involved in basal metabolism pathways, were modulated. Notably, B. mori genes that play a role in juvenile hormone synthesis and metabolism pathways were induced, suggesting that the host may accumulate JH as a response to infection. Interestingly, N. bombycis can inhibit the silkworm serine protease cascade melanization pathway in hemolymph, which may be due to the secretion of serpins in the microsporidia. N. bombycis also induced up-regulation of several cellular immune factors, in which CTL11 has been suggested to be involved in both spore recognition and immune signal transduction. Microarray and real-time PCR analysis indicated the activation of silkworm Toll and JAK/STAT pathways. The notable up-regulation of antimicrobial peptides, including gloverins, lebocins and moricins, strongly indicated that antimicrobial peptide defense mechanisms were triggered to resist the invasive microsporidia. An analysis of N. bombycis-specific response factors suggested their important roles in anti-microsporidia defense. Overall, this study primarily provides insight into the potential molecular mechanisms for the host-parasite interaction between B. mori and N. bombycis and may provide a foundation for further work on host-parasite interaction between insects and microsporidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengang Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunfeng Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhihong Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bing Han
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinshan Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiqian Lan
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Donglin Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Quanmei Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Sang
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaocun Ji
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengxian Long
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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13
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Shaposhnikov AV, Komar’kov IF, Lebedeva LA, Shidlovskii YV. Molecular components of JAK/STAT signaling pathway and its interaction with transcription machinery. Mol Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893313030126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Socs36E attenuates STAT signaling to optimize motile cell specification in the Drosophila ovary. Dev Biol 2013; 379:152-66. [PMID: 23583584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The Janus kinase/Signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway determines cell fates by regulating gene expression. One example is the specification of the motile cells called border cells during Drosophila oogenesis. It has been established that too much or too little STAT activity disrupts follicle cell identity and cell motility, which suggests the signaling must be precisely regulated. Here, we find that Suppressor of cytokine signaling at 36E (Socs36E) is a necessary negative regulator of JAK/STAT signaling during border cell specification. We find when STAT signaling is too low to induce migration in the presumptive border cell population, nearby follicle cells uncharacteristically become invasive to enable efficient migration of the cluster. We generated a genetic null allele that reveals Socs36E is required in the anterior follicle cells to limit invasive behavior to an optimal number of cells. We further show Socs36E genetically interacts with the required STAT feedback inhibitor apontic (apt) and APT's downstream target, mir-279, and provide evidence that suggests APT directly regulates Socs36E transcriptionally. Our work shows Socs36E plays a critical role in a genetic circuit that establishes a boundary between the motile border cell cluster and its non-invasive epithelial neighbors through STAT attenuation.
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Merkling SH, van Rij RP. Beyond RNAi: antiviral defense strategies in Drosophila and mosquito. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:159-170. [PMID: 22824741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Virus transmission and spread by arthropods is a major economic and public health concern. The ongoing dissemination of arthropod-borne viruses by blood-feeding insects is an important incentive to study antiviral immunity in these animals. RNA interference is a major mechanism for antiviral defense in insects, including the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and several vector mosquitoes. However, recent data suggest that the evolutionary conserved Toll, Imd and Jak-Stat signaling pathways also contribute to antiviral immunity. Moreover, symbionts, such as the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia and the gut microflora, influence the course of virus infection in insects. These results add an additional level of complexity to antiviral immunity, but also provide novel opportunities to control the spread of arboviruses. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge and recent developments in antiviral immunity in Dipteran insects, with a focus on non-RNAi mediated inducible responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Merkling
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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16
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Yin J, Shine L, Raycroft F, Deeti S, Reynolds A, Ackerman KM, Glaviano A, O'Farrell S, O'Leary O, Kilty C, Kennedy C, McLoughlin S, Rice M, Russell E, Higgins DG, Hyde DR, Kennedy BN. Inhibition of the Pim1 oncogene results in diminished visual function. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52177. [PMID: 23300608 PMCID: PMC3530609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to profile genetic pathways whose differential expression correlates with maturation of visual function in zebrafish. Bioinformatic analysis of transcriptomic data revealed Jak-Stat signalling as the pathway most enriched in the eye, as visual function develops. Real-time PCR, western blotting, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization data confirm that multiple Jak-Stat pathway genes are up-regulated in the zebrafish eye between 3–5 days post-fertilisation, times associated with significant maturation of vision. One of the most up-regulated Jak-Stat genes is the proto-oncogene Pim1 kinase, previously associated with haematological malignancies and cancer. Loss of function experiments using Pim1 morpholinos or Pim1 inhibitors result in significant diminishment of visual behaviour and function. In summary, we have identified that enhanced expression of Jak-Stat pathway genes correlates with maturation of visual function and that the Pim1 oncogene is required for normal visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yin
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lisa Shine
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francis Raycroft
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sudhakar Deeti
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alison Reynolds
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kristin M. Ackerman
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Antonino Glaviano
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sean O'Farrell
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Olivia O'Leary
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire Kilty
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ciaran Kennedy
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah McLoughlin
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Megan Rice
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eileen Russell
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Desmond G. Higgins
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David R. Hyde
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Breandan N. Kennedy
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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17
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Molecular cloning and expression analysis of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) from the Chinese white shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 38:5313-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0681-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Sotillos S, Espinosa-Vázquez JM, Foglia F, Hu N, Hombría JCG. An efficient approach to isolate STAT regulated enhancers uncovers STAT92E fundamental role in Drosophila tracheal development. Dev Biol 2010; 340:571-82. [PMID: 20171201 PMCID: PMC2877871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ventral veinless (vvl) and trachealess (trh) genes are determinants of the Drosophila trachea. Early in development both genes are independently activated in the tracheal primordia by signals that are ill defined. Mutants blocking JAK/STAT signaling at any level do not form a tracheal tree suggesting that STAT92E may be an upstream transcriptional activator of the early trachea determinants. To test this hypothesis we have searched for STAT92E responsive enhancers activating the expression of vvl and trh in the tracheal primordia. We show that STAT92E regulated enhancers can be rapidly and efficiently isolated by focusing the analysis on genomic regions with clusters of putative STAT binding sites where at least some of them are phylogenetically conserved. Detailed analysis of a vvl early tracheal enhancer shows that non-conserved sites collaborate with conserved sites for enhancer activation. We find that STAT92E regulated enhancers can be located as far 60 kb from the promoters. Our results indicate that vvl and trh are independently activated by STAT92E which is the most important transcription factor required for trachea specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Sotillos
- CABD, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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19
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Ma AC, Fan A, Ward AC, Liongue C, Lewis RS, Cheng SH, Chan P, Yip SF, Liang R, Leung AY. A novel zebrafish jak2aV581F model shared features of human JAK2V617F polycythemia vera. Exp Hematol 2009; 37:1379-1386.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Revised: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Huang L, Cheng T, Xu P, Cheng D, Fang T, Xia Q. A genome-wide survey for host response of silkworm, Bombyx mori during pathogen Bacillus bombyseptieus infection. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8098. [PMID: 19956592 PMCID: PMC2780328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions are complex relationships, and a central challenge is to reveal the interactions between pathogens and their hosts. Bacillus bombysepticus (Bb) which can produces spores and parasporal crystals was firstly separated from the corpses of the infected silkworms (Bombyx mori). Bb naturally infects the silkworm can cause an acute fuliginosa septicaemia and kill the silkworm larvae generally within one day in the hot and humid season. Bb pathogen of the silkworm can be used for investigating the host responses after the infection. Gene expression profiling during four time-points of silkworm whole larvae after Bb infection was performed to gain insight into the mechanism of Bb-associated host whole body effect. Genome-wide survey of the host genes demonstrated many genes and pathways modulated after the infection. GO analysis of the induced genes indicated that their functions could be divided into 14 categories. KEGG pathway analysis identified that six types of basal metabolic pathway were regulated, including genetic information processing and transcription, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid and nitrogen metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism. Similar to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), Bb can also induce a silkworm poisoning-related response. In this process, genes encoding midgut peritrophic membrane proteins, aminopeptidase N receptors and sodium/calcium exchange protein showed modulation. For the first time, we found that Bb induced a lot of genes involved in juvenile hormone synthesis and metabolism pathway upregulated. Bb also triggered the host immune responses, including cellular immune response and serine protease cascade melanization response. Real time PCR analysis showed that Bb can induce the silkworm systemic immune response, mainly by the Toll pathway. Anti-microorganism peptides (AMPs), including of Attacin, Lebocin, Enbocin, Gloverin and Moricin families, were upregulated at 24 hours post the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulin Huang
- Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Economic Crops Breeding and Cultivation, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingcai Cheng
- Institute of Agronomy and Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pingzhen Xu
- Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daojun Cheng
- Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Fang
- Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Agronomy and Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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21
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Singh SR, Hou SX. Multipotent stem cells in the Malpighian tubules of adult Drosophila melanogaster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 212:413-23. [PMID: 19151216 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.024216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Excretion is an essential process of an organism's removal of the waste products of metabolism to maintain a constant chemical composition of the body fluids despite changes in the external environment. Excretion is performed by the kidneys in vertebrates and by Malpighian tubules (MTs) in Drosophila. The kidney serves as an excellent model organ to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying organogenesis. Mammals and Drosophila share common principles of renal development. Tissue homeostasis, which is accomplished through self-renewal or differentiation of stem cells, is critical for the maintenance of adult tissues throughout the lifetime of an animal. Growing evidence suggests that stem cell self-renewal and differentiation is controlled by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Deregulation of stem cell behavior results in cancer formation, tissue degeneration, and premature aging. The mammalian kidney has a low rate of cellular turnover but has a great capacity for tissue regeneration following an ischemic injury. However, there is an ongoing controversy about the source of regenerating cells in the adult kidney that repopulate injured renal tissues. Recently, we identified multipotent stem cells in the MTs of adult Drosophila and found that these stem cells are able to proliferate and differentiate in several types of cells in MTs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that an autocrine JAK-STAT (Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription) signaling regulates stem cell self-renewal or differentiation of renal stem cells. The Drosophila MTs provide an excellent in vivo system for studying the renal stem cells at cellular and molecular levels. Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing stem cell self-renewal or differentiation in vivo is not only crucial to using stem cells for future regenerative medicine and gene therapy, but it also will increase our understanding of the mechanisms underlying cancer formation, aging and degenerative diseases. Identifying and understanding the cellular processes underlying the development and repair of the mammalian kidney may enable more effective, targeted therapies for acute and chronic kidney diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shree Ram Singh
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, MD 21702, USA
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22
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Yasugi T, Umetsu D, Murakami S, Sato M, Tabata T. Drosophila optic lobe neuroblasts triggered by a wave of proneural gene expression that is negatively regulated by JAK/STAT. Development 2008; 135:1471-80. [PMID: 18339672 DOI: 10.1242/dev.019117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells called neuroblasts (NBs) generate a variety of neuronal and glial cells in the central nervous system of the Drosophila embryo. These NBs, few in number, are selected from a field of neuroepithelial (NE) cells. In the optic lobe of the third instar larva, all NE cells of the outer optic anlage (OOA) develop into either NBs that generate the medulla neurons or lamina neuron precursors of the adult visual system. The number of lamina and medulla neurons must be precisely regulated because photoreceptor neurons project their axons directly to corresponding lamina or medulla neurons. Here, we show that expression of the proneural protein Lethal of scute [L(1)sc] signals the transition of NE cells to NBs in the OOA. L(1)sc expression is transient, progressing in a synchronized and ordered ;proneural wave' that sweeps toward more lateral NEs. l(1)sc expression is sufficient to induce NBs and is necessary for timely onset of NB differentiation. Thus, proneural wave precedes and induces transition of NE cells to NBs. Unpaired (Upd), the ligand for the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, is expressed in the most lateral NE cells. JAK/STAT signaling negatively regulates proneural wave progression and controls the number of NBs in the optic lobe. Our findings suggest that NBs might be balanced with the number of lamina neurons by JAK/STAT regulation of proneural wave progression, thereby providing the developmental basis for the formation of a precise topographic map in the visual center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Yasugi
- Laboratory of Pattern Formation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, the University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
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23
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Devergne O, Ghiglione C, Noselli S. The endocytic control of JAK/STAT signalling in Drosophila. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:3457-64. [PMID: 17855388 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.005926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Domeless (Dome) is an IL-6-related cytokine receptor that activates a conserved JAK/STAT signalling pathway during Drosophila development. Despite good knowledge of the signal transduction pathway in several models, the role of receptor endocytosis in JAK/STAT activation remains poorly understood. Using both in vivo genetic analysis and cell culture assays, we show that ligand binding of Unpaired 1 (Upd1) induces clathrin-dependent endocytosis of receptor-ligand complexes and their subsequent trafficking through the endosomal compartment towards the lysosome. Surprisingly, blocking trafficking in distinct endosomal compartments using mutants affecting either Clathrin heavy chain, rab5, Hrs or deep orange led to an inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway, whereas this pathway was unchanged when rab11 was affected. This suggests that internalization and trafficking are both required for JAK/STAT activity. The requirement for clathrin-dependent endocytosis to activate JAK/STAT signalling suggests a model in which the signalling `on' state relies not only on ligand binding to the receptor at the cell surface, but also on the recruitment of the complex into endocytic vesicles on their way to lysozomes. Selective activation of the pool of receptors marked for degradation thus provides a way to tightly control JAK/STAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Devergne
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Cancer, CNRS-UMR 6543, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Parc Valrose 06108 Nice cedex 2, France
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24
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Galasso A, Pane LS, Russo M, Grimaldi MR, Verrotti AC, Gigliotti S, Graziani F. dSTAM expression pattern during wild type and mutant egg chamber development in D. melanogaster. Gene Expr Patterns 2007; 7:730-7. [PMID: 17664083 DOI: 10.1016/j.modgep.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
STAM (signal-transducing adaptor molecule) is a protein highly conserved from yeast to mammals. In Drosophila melanogaster the basic molecular architecture of the protein is comprised of a N-terminal VHS domain, an ubiquitin-interacting motif and a central Src homology-3 domain. In this paper we examine the expression pattern of the stam gene and the localisation of the STAM protein during D. melanogaster oogenesis. Its transcript is present throughout egg chamber development in all germ-line cells, including the oocyte. dSTAM is firstly detected in germarial region 2, where the protein is present in the newly formed germ-line cysts and is mainly accumulated into the oocyte. As oogenesis proceeds, dSTAM is enriched in the perinuclear region of the nurse cells and is also found in the somatic polar follicular cells. In the oocyte, the protein is more abundant posteriorly and becomes restricted to the posterior pole just before disappearing at stage 10b. We show that dSTAM localisation is unaffected in the oocyte of grk mutant egg chambers, indicating that it is not dependent on the polarity of the microtubule network. In contrast, dSTAM distribution is remarkably altered in cup mutant oocytes where the protein accumulates in a round central spot and never reaches the posterior pole.
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25
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Abstract
Janus kinase 2 (Jak2) transduces signals from hematopoietic cytokines, and a gain-of-function mutation (Jak2(617V>F)) is associated with myeloproliferative diseases, particularly polycythemia vera. In this study, we examined the role of jak2a in zebrafish embryos in knock-down and overexpression studies using morpholinos (MOs) targeting the 5' untranslated region (UTR) (jak2a(UTR)-MO) and splice-site junction (jak2a(SS)-MO) of jak2a, a Jak inhibitor AG490 and a constitutive-active form of jak2a (jak2a(ca)). At 18 and 24 hours after fertilization (hpf), jak2a is expressed predominantly in the intermediate cell mass (ICM; site of primitive hematopoiesis) of wild-type and chordin morphant embryos (characterized by expansion of ICM). Both jak2a MOs and AG490 reduced gata1(+) (erythroid) cells in Tg(gata1:GFP) embryos, signal transducer and activation of transcription 5 (stat5) phosphorylation, and gene expression associated with early progenitors (scl and lmo2) and erythroid (gata1, alphahe1 and betahe1) and myeloid (spi1 [early] and mpo [late]) lineages. The chordin morphant is associated with increased stat5 phosphorylation, and both jak2a MOs and treatment with AG490 significantly ameliorated ICM expansion and hematopoietic gene up-regulation in these embryos. Injection of plasmid encoding jak2a(ca) significantly increased erythropoiesis and expression of gata1, alphahe1 and betahe1, spi1, mpo, and l-plastin. In conclusion, zebrafish jak2a is involved in primitive hematopoiesis under normal and deregulated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin C H Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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26
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Xiao-Feng P, Ping Y. The influence of electromagnetic field irradiated by high-voltage transmission lines on properties of cells. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2007; 2005:2997-3000. [PMID: 17282873 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2005.1617104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The influence of low-frequency electromagnetic field irradiating by high-voltage transmission lines on signal transduction of cell in spleen cells of the rates have been studied by molecular-biology techniques. The spleen cells are extracted from skilled rates, which are exposed in the electromagnetic field of high-voltage transmission lines with 4000 V/m and 0.09-0.1 G about 400 days. The quantity or level of phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) in JAK-STAT signal transduction pathway of spleen cells, which are stimulated and unstimulated by IL-2, respectively, are detected by the immunoblotting and immunobiochemistry. The results show that the expression of phospho-STAT3 in spleen cell stimulated by IL-2 differ not from that in the unstimulated cell. The former is significantly large than the latter. This shows that signal transduction of cell is affected by this electromagnetic field. The spectra of infrared absorption for the general G-proteins participating this signal transduction of cell for the controlled and exposed groups, which are measured by Nicoletic FT-IR 670 spectrometer, are obviously different both the intensity and frequency of these peaks. This shows that molecular structure or conformation of the proteins changes under influence of the electromagnetic field of high-voltage transmission lines, which results just to above changes of the JAK-STAT signal transduction of cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pang Xiao-Feng
- Inst. of Life Sci. & Technol., Univ. of Electron. Sci. & Technol., Chengdu
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27
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Gilbert MM, Weaver BK, Gergen JP, Reich NC. A novel functional activator of the Drosophila JAK/STAT pathway, unpaired2, is revealed by an in vivo reporter of pathway activation. Mech Dev 2006; 122:939-48. [PMID: 15925495 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Revised: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 03/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Striking similarities continue to emerge between the mammalian and Drosophila JAK/STAT signaling pathway. However, until now there has not been the ability to monitor global pathway activity during development. We have generated a transgenic animal with a JAK/STAT responsive reporter gene that can be used to monitor pathway activation in whole Drosophila embryos. Expression of the lacZ reporter regulated by STAT92E binding sites can be detected throughout embryogenesis, and is responsive to the Janus Kinase hopscotch and the ligand upd. The system has enabled us to identify the effect of a predicted gene related to upd, designated upd2, whose expression initiates during germ band extension. The stimulatory effect of upd2 on the JAK/STAT reporter can also be demonstrated in Drosophila tissue culture cells. This reporter system will benefit future investigations of JAK/STAT signaling modulators both in whole animals and tissue culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Melissa Gilbert
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5222, USA
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28
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Podder H, Kahan BD. Janus kinase 3: a novel target for selective transplant immunosupression. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2005; 8:613-29. [PMID: 15584866 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.8.6.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Existing immunosuppressants inhibit lymphocyte activation and T cell cytokine signal transduction pathways, reducing the rate of acute rejection episodes to < 10%. However, the widespread tissue distribution of their molecular targets engenders pleiotropic toxicities. One strategy to address this problem seeks to identify compounds that selectively inhibit a target restricted in distribution to the lymphoid system. Janus kinase (Jak) 3 is such a molecule; it mediates signal transduction via the gamma common chain of lymphokine surface receptors. Disruption of this lymphoid-restricted enzyme would not be predicted to produce collateral damage in other organ systems. Development of selective Jak3 inhibitors has been difficult due to crossreactivity with its homologue, Jak2. In contrast to all other putative antagonists, which are discussed in detail herein, one Jak3 inhibitor, NC1153, shows at least 40-fold greater selective inhibition for Jak3 than for Jak2, is robustly synergistic with calcineurin antagonists, and, either alone or in combination with cyclosporin, produces no adverse effects in rodents preconditioned to be at heightened risk for nephrotoxicity, bone marrow suppression, or altered lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemangshu Podder
- The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Division of Immunology and Organ Transplantation, 6431 Fannin Street, Suite 6.240, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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29
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Singh SR, Chen X, Hou SX. JAK/STAT signaling regulates tissue outgrowth and male germline stem cell fate in Drosophila. Cell Res 2005; 15:1-5. [PMID: 15686618 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, biological activities are regulated by cell signaling. The various signal transduction pathways regulate cell fate, proliferation, migration, and polarity. Miscoordination of the communicative signals will lead to disasters like cancer and other fatal diseases. The JAK/STAT signal transduction pathway is one of the pathways, which was first identified in vertebrates and is highly conserved throughout evolution. Studying the JAK/STAT signal transduction pathway in Drosophila provides an excellent opportunity to understand the molecular mechanism of the cell regulation during development and tumor formation. In this review, we discuss the general overview of JAK/STAT signaling in Drosophila with respect to its functions in the eye development and stem cell fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shree Ram Singh
- The Laboratory of Immunobiology,National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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30
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Christophides GK, Vlachou D, Kafatos FC. Comparative and functional genomics of the innate immune system in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Immunol Rev 2004; 198:127-48. [PMID: 15199960 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.0127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In much of Africa, the mosquito Anopheles gambiae is the major vector of human malaria, a devastating infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. Vector and parasite interact at multiple stages and locations, and the nature and effectiveness of this reciprocal interaction determines the success of transmission. Many of the interactions engage the mosquito's innate immunity, a primitive but very effective defense system. In some cases, the mosquito kills the parasite, thus blocking the transmission cycle. However, not all interactions are antagonistic; some represent immune evasion. The sequence of the A. gambiae genome revealed numerous potential components of the innate immune system, and it established that they evolve rapidly, as summarized in the present review. Their rapid evolution by gene family expansion diversification as well as the prevalence of haplotype alleles in the best-studied families may reflect selective adaptation of the immune system to the exigencies of multiple immune challenges in a variety of ecologic niches. As a follow-up to the comparative genomic analysis, the development of functional genomic methodologies has provided novel opportunities for understanding the immune system and the nature of its interactions with the parasite. In this context, identification of both Plasmodium antagonists and protectors in the mosquito represents a significant conceptual advance. In addition to providing fundamental understanding of primitive immune systems, studies of mosquito interactions with the parasite open unprecedented opportunities for novel interventions against malaria transmission. The generation of transgenic mosquitoes that resist malaria infection in the wild and the development of antimalarial 'smart sprays' capable of disrupting interactions that are protective of the parasite, or reinforcing others that are antagonistic, represent technical challenges but also immense opportunities for improvement of global health.
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31
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Li J, Li W, Calhoun HC, Xia F, Gao FB, Li WX. Patterns and functions of STAT activation during Drosophila embryogenesis. Mech Dev 2004; 120:1455-68. [PMID: 14654218 PMCID: PMC3090291 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2003.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The JAK/STAT pathway mediates cytokine signaling in mammals and is involved in the function and development of the hematopoietic and immune systems. To investigate the biological functions of the JAK/STAT pathway during Drosophila development, we examined the tissue-specific localization of the tyrosine-phosphorylated, or activated form of Drosophila STAT, STAT92E. Here we show that during Drosophila embryonic development STAT92E activation is prominently detected in multiple tissues and in different developmental stages. These tissues include the tracheal pits, elongating intestinal tracks, and growing axons. We demonstrate that stat92E mutants are defective in tracheal formation, hindgut elongation, and nervous system development. Conversely, STAT92E overactivation caused premature development of the tracheal and nervous systems, and over-elongation of the hindgut. These results suggest that STAT activation is involved in proper differentiation and morphogenesis of multiple tissues during Drosophila embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Li
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Wenjun Li
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease and Neuroscience Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94116, USA
| | - Healani C. Calhoun
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Fen-Biao Gao
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease and Neuroscience Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94116, USA
| | - Willis X. Li
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-585-273-2408; fax: +1-585-273-1450. (W.X. Li)
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32
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Osta MA, Christophides GK, Vlachou D, Kafatos FC. Innate immunity in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae:comparative and functional genomics. J Exp Biol 2004; 207:2551-63. [PMID: 15201288 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
The resurgence of malaria is at least partly attributed to the absence of an effective vaccine, parasite resistance to antimalarial drugs and resistance to insecticides of the anopheline mosquito vectors. Novel strategies are needed to combat the disease on three fronts: protection (vaccines),prophylaxis/treatment (antimalarial drugs) and transmission blocking. The latter entails either killing the mosquitoes (insecticides), preventing mosquito biting (bednets and repellents), blocking parasite development in the vector (transmission blocking vaccines), genetic manipulation or chemical incapacitation of the vector. During the past decade, mosquito research has been energized by several breakthroughs, including the successful transformation of anopheline vectors, analysis of gene function by RNAi,genome-wide expression profiling using DNA microarrays and, most importantly,sequencing of the Anopheles gambiae genome. These breakthroughs helped unravel some of the mechanisms underlying the dynamic interactions between the parasite and the vector and shed light on the mosquito innate immune system as a set of potential targets to block parasite development. In this context, putative pattern recognition receptors of the mosquito that act as positive and negative regulators of parasite development have been identified recently. Characterizing these molecules and others of similar function, and identifying their ligands on the parasite surface, will provide clues on the nature of the interactions that define an efficient parasite–vector system and open up unprecedented opportunities to control the vectorial capacity of anopheline mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike A Osta
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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33
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Lin CC, Chou CM, Hsu YL, Lien JC, Wang YM, Chen ST, Tsai SC, Hsiao PW, Huang CJ. Characterization of two mosquito STATs, AaSTAT and CtSTAT. Differential regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation and DNA binding activity by lipopolysaccharide treatment and by Japanese encephalitis virus infection. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:3308-17. [PMID: 14607839 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309749200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Two mosquito STATs, AaSTAT and CtSTAT, have been cloned from Aedes albopictus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes, respectively. These two STATs are more similar to those of Drosophila, Anopheles, and mammalian STAT5 in the DNA binding and Src homology 2 domains. The mRNA transcripts are expressed at all developmental stages, and the proteins are present predominantly at the pupal and adult stages in both mosquitoes. Stimulation with lipopolysaccharide resulted in an increase of tyrosine phosphorylation and DNA binding activity of AaSTAT and CtSTAT as well as an increase of luciferase activity of a reporter gene containing Drosophila STAT binding motif in mosquito C6/36 cells. After being infected with Japanese encephalitis virus, nuclear extracts of C6/36 cells revealed a decrease of tyrosine phosphorylation and DNA binding activity of AaSTAT which could be restored by sodium orthovanadate treatment. Taking all of the data together, this is the first report to clone and characterize two mosquito STATs with 81% identity and to demonstrate a different response of tyrosine phosphorylation and DNA binding of these two STATs by lipopolysaccharide treatment and by Japanese encephalitis virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Chi Lin
- Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
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34
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Li J, Xia F, Li WX. Coactivation of STAT and Ras Is Required for Germ Cell Proliferation and Invasive Migration in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2003; 5:787-98. [PMID: 14602078 PMCID: PMC3092433 DOI: 10.1016/s1534-5807(03)00328-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) undergo proliferation, invasion, guided migration, and aggregation to form the gonad. Here we show that in Drosophila, the receptor tyrosine kinase Torso activates both STAT and Ras during the early phase of PGC development, and coactivation of STAT and Ras is required for PGC proliferation and invasive migration. Embryos mutant for stat92E or Ras1 have fewer PGCs, and these cells migrate slowly, errantly, and fail to coalesce. Conversely, overactivation of these molecules causes supernumerary PGCs, their premature transit through the gut epithelium, and ectopic colonization. A requirement for RTK in Drosophila PGC development is analogous to the mouse, in which the RTK c-kit is required, suggesting a conserved molecular mechanism governing PGC behavior in flies and mammals.
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Brown S, Hu N, Hombría JCG. Novel level of signalling control in the JAK/STAT pathway revealed by in situ visualisation of protein-protein interaction during Drosophila development. Development 2003; 130:3077-84. [PMID: 12783781 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly accepted that activation of most signalling pathways is induced by ligand receptor dimerisation. This belief has been challenged for some vertebrate cytokine receptors of the JAK/STAT pathway. Here we study whether DOME, the Drosophila receptor of the JAK/STAT pathway, can dimerise and if the dimerisation is ligand-dependent. To analyse DOME homo-dimerisation, we have applied a beta-gal complementation technique that allows the detection of protein interactions in situ. This technique has been used previously in cell culture but this is the first time that it has been applied to whole embryos. We show that this technique, which we rename betalue-betalau technique, can be used to detect DOME homo-dimerisation in Drosophila developing embryos. Despite DOME being ubiquitously expressed, dimerisation is developmentally regulated. We investigate the state of DOME dimerisation in the presence or absence of ligand and show that DOME dimerisation is not ligand-induced, indicating that ligand independent cytokine receptor dimerisation is a conserved feature across phyla. We have further analysed the functional significance of ligand-independent receptor dimerisation by comparing the effects of ectopic ligand expression in cells in which the receptor is, or is not, dimerised. We show that ligand expression can only activate STAT downstream targets or affect embryo development in cells in which the receptor is dimerised. These results suggest a model in which ligand-independent dimerisation of the JAK/STAT receptor confers cells with competence to activate the pathway prior to ligand reception. Thus, competence to induce the JAK/STAT signalling pathway in Drosophila can be regulated by controlling receptor dimerisation prior to ligand binding. These results reveal a novel level of JAK/STAT signalling regulation that could also apply to vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Brown
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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36
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Hino K, Satou Y, Yagi K, Satoh N. A genomewide survey of developmentally relevant genes in Ciona intestinalis. VI. Genes for Wnt, TGFbeta, Hedgehog and JAK/STAT signaling pathways. Dev Genes Evol 2003; 213:264-72. [PMID: 12739142 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-003-0318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2002] [Accepted: 03/11/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell interactions play important roles in a variety of developmental processes, and therefore molecules involved in the signaling pathways have been studied extensively. Recently, the draft genome sequence of the basal chordate, Ciona intestinalis, was determined. Here we annotated genes for the signaling pathways of Wnt, transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta), Hedgehog, and JAK/STAT in the genome of Ciona intestinalis. The Ciona genome contains ten wnt genes, six frizzled genes, four sFRP genes, ten TGFbeta family member genes, five TGFbeta-receptor genes, and five Smad genes; most of the genes were found with less redundancy than in vertebrate genomes. The other genes in the signaling pathways are present as a single copy in the Ciona genome. In addition, all of the identified genes for the signaling pathway, except for a few genes, have EST evidence, and their cDNAs are available from the Ciona intestinalis gene collection. Therefore, Ciona intestinalis may provide an experimental system for exploring the basic genetic cascade associated with the signaling pathways in chordates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Hino
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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37
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Benekli M, Baer MR, Baumann H, Wetzler M. Signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins in leukemias. Blood 2003; 101:2940-54. [PMID: 12480704 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-04-1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins are a 7-member family of cytoplasmic transcription factors that contribute to signal transduction by cytokines, hormones, and growth factors. STAT proteins control fundamental cellular processes, including survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Given the critical roles of STAT proteins, it was hypothesized that inappropriate or aberrant activation of STATs might contribute to cellular transformation and, in particular, leukemogenesis. Constitutive activation of mutated STAT3 has in fact been demonstrated to result in transformation. STAT activation has been extensively studied in leukemias, and mechanisms of STAT activation and the potential role of STAT signaling in leukemogenesis are the focus of this review. A better understanding of mechanisms of dysregulation of STAT signaling pathways may serve as a basis for designing novel therapeutic strategies that target these pathways in leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Benekli
- Leukemia Section, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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38
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Choi Y, Kawazoe Y, Murakami K, Misawa H, Uesugi M. Identification of bioactive molecules by adipogenesis profiling of organic compounds. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:7320-4. [PMID: 12496288 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210283200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An important step in the postgenomic drug discovery is the construction of high quality chemical libraries that generate bioactive molecules at high rates. Here we report a cell-based approach to composing a focused library of biologically active compounds. A collection of bioactive non-cytotoxic chemicals was identified from a divergent library through the effects on the insulin-induced adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells, one of the most drastic and sensitive morphological alterations in cultured mammalian cells. The resulting focused library amply contained unique compounds with a broad range of pharmacological effects, including glucose-uptake enhancement, cytokine inhibition, osteogenesis stimulation, and selective suppression of cancer cells. Adipogenesis profiling of organic compounds generates a focused chemical library for multiple biological effects that are seemingly unrelated to adipogenesis, just as genetic screens with the morphology of fly eyes identify oncogenes and neurodegenerative genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmun Choi
- The Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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39
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Fukuzawa M, Abe T, Williams JG. The Dictyostelium prestalk cell inducer DIF regulates nuclear accumulation of a STAT protein by controlling its rate of export from the nucleus. Development 2003; 130:797-804. [PMID: 12506009 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dd-STATc becomes tyrosine phosphorylated, dimerises and accumulates in the nuclei of Dictyostelium cells exposed to DIF, the chlorinated hexaphenone that directs prestalk cell differentiation. By performing cytoplasmic photobleaching of living cells, we show that DIF inhibits the nuclear export of Dd-STATc. Within Dd-STATc there is a 50 amino acid region containing several consensus CRM1 (exportin 1)-dependent nuclear export signals (NESs). Deletion of this region causes Dd-STATc to accumulate in the nucleus constitutively and, when coupled to GFP, the same region directs nuclear export. We show that the N-terminal-proximal 46 amino acids are necessary for nuclear accumulation of Dd-STATc and sufficient to direct constitutive nuclear accumulation when fused to GFP. Combining the photobleaching and molecular analyses, we suggest that DIF-induced dimerisation of Dd-STATc functionally masks the NES-containing region and that this leads to nett nuclear accumulation, directed by the N-terminal-proximal import signals. These results show that the regulated nuclear accumulation of a STAT protein can be controlled at the level of nuclear export and they also provide a better understanding of the mechanism whereby DIF directs cell type divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Fukuzawa
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, MSI/WTB Complex, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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40
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Johansen KA, Iwaki DD, Lengyel JA. Localized JAK/STAT signaling is required for oriented cell rearrangement in a tubular epithelium. Development 2003; 130:135-45. [PMID: 12441298 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rearrangement of cells constrained within an epithelium is a key process that contributes to tubular morphogenesis. We show that activation in a gradient of the highly conserved JAK/STAT pathway is essential for orienting the cell rearrangement that drives elongation of a genetically tractable model. Using loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments, we show that the components of the pathway from ligand to the activated transcriptional regulator STAT are required for cell rearrangement in the Drosophila embryonic hindgut. The difference in effect between localized expression of ligand (Unpaired) and dominant active JAK (Hopscotch) demonstrates that the ligand plays a cell non-autonomous role in hindgut cell rearrangement. Taken together with the appearance of STAT92E in a gradient in the hindgut epithelium, these results support a model in which an anteroposterior gradient of ligand results in a gradient of activated STAT. These results provide the first example in which JAK/STAT signaling plays a required role in orienting cell rearrangement that elongates an epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Johansen
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
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41
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Beschin A, Bilej M, Magez S, Lucas R, De Baetselier P. Functional convergence of invertebrate and vertebrate cytokine-like molecules based on a similar lectin-like activity. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 34:145-63. [PMID: 14979667 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-18670-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that the action of cytokines results from their binding to specific receptors. However, many cytokines possess lectin-like activity that may be essential for the expression of their full biological activities. This review focuses on the physiological relevance of the lectin-like activity of cytokines during the innate immune response in mammals, using TNF as an illustrative example. Moreover, we will show that TNF displays functional analogies with a defense molecule from the earthworm Eisenia foetida termed CCF. These analogies are not reflected by primary sequence homology between CCF and TNF but are particularly based on a similar lectin-like activity/domain. Hence, from a phylogenetic point of view, the lectin-like activity/domain of CCF and TNF may represent an essential recognition mechanism that has been functionally conserved during the innate immune response of invertebrates and vertebrates as a result of convergent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beschin
- Department of Immunology, Parasitology and Ultrastructure, Flemish Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Free University Brussels (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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42
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Badenhorst P, Voas M, Rebay I, Wu C. Biological functions of the ISWI chromatin remodeling complex NURF. Genes Dev 2002; 16:3186-98. [PMID: 12502740 PMCID: PMC187504 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1032202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The nucleosome remodeling factor (NURF) is one of several ISWI-containing protein complexes that catalyze ATP-dependent nucleosome sliding and facilitate transcription of chromatin in vitro. To establish the physiological requirements of NURF, and to distinguish NURF genetically from other ISWI-containing complexes, we isolated mutations in the gene encoding the large NURF subunit, nurf301. We confirm that NURF is required for transcription activation in vivo. In animals lacking NURF301, heat-shock transcription factor binding to and transcription of the hsp70 and hsp26 genes are impaired. Additionally, we show that NURF is required for homeotic gene expression. Consistent with this, nurf301 mutants recapitulate the phenotypes of Enhancer of bithorax, a positive regulator of the Bithorax-Complex previously localized to the same genetic interval. Finally, mutants in NURF subunits exhibit neoplastic transformation of larval blood cells that causes melanotic tumors to form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Badenhorst
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Maryland 20892-4255, USA
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43
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Ghiglione C, Devergne O, Georgenthum E, Carballès F, Médioni C, Cerezo D, Noselli S. The Drosophila cytokine receptor Domeless controls border cell migration and epithelial polarization during oogenesis. Development 2002; 129:5437-47. [PMID: 12403714 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the JAK/STAT (Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) signaling pathway is activated in response to cytokines and growth factors to control blood cell development, proliferation and cell determination. In Drosophila, a conserved JAK/STAT signaling pathway controls segmentation in embryos, as well as blood cell development and other processes in larvae and adults. During embryogenesis, transduction of the Unpaired [Upd; also known as Outstretched (Os)] ligand through the JAK/STAT pathway requires Domeless, a putative membrane protein with distant homology to vertebrate type I cytokine receptors. We have isolated domeless (dome) in a screen to identify genes essential in epithelial morphogenesis during oogenesis. The level of dome activity is critical for proper border cell migration and is controlled in part through a negative feedback loop. In addition to its essential role in border cells, we show that dome is required in the germarium for the polarization of follicle cells during encapsulation of germline cells. In this process, dome controls the expression of the apical determinant Crumbs. In contrast to the ligand Upd, whose expression is limited to a pair of polar cells at both ends of the egg chamber, dome is expressed in all germline and follicle cells. However, the Dome protein is specifically localized at apicolateral membranes and undergoes ligand-dependent internalization in the follicle cells. dome mutations interact genetically with JAK/STAT pathway genes in border cell migration and abolish the nuclear translocation of Stat92E in vivo. We also show that dome functions downstream of upd and that both the extracellular and intracellular domains of Dome are required for JAK/STAT signaling. Altogether, our data indicate that Dome is an essential receptor molecule for Upd and JAK/STAT signaling during oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ghiglione
- Institute of Signaling, Developmental Biology and Cancer, UMR 6543 - CNRS, Parc Valrose, 06108 NICE cedex 2, France
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44
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Remillieux-Leschelle N, Santamaria P, Randsholt NB. Regulation of larval hematopoiesis in Drosophila melanogaster: a role for the multi sex combs gene. Genetics 2002; 162:1259-74. [PMID: 12454071 PMCID: PMC1462314 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/162.3.1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila larval hematopoietic organs produce circulating hemocytes that ensure the cellular host defense by recognizing and neutralizing non-self or noxious objects through phagocytosis or encapsulation and melanization. Hematopoietic lineage specification as well as blood cell proliferation and differentiation are tightly controlled. Mutations in genes that regulate lymph gland cell proliferation and hemocyte numbers in the body cavity cause hematopoietic organ overgrowth and hemocyte overproliferation. Occasionally, mutant hemocytes invade self-tissues, behaving like neoplastic malignant cells. Two alleles of the Polycomb group (PcG) gene multi sex combs (mxc) were previously isolated as such lethal malignant blood neoplasm mutations. PcG genes regulate Hox gene expression in vertebrates and invertebrates and participate in mammalian hematopoiesis control. Hence we investigated the need for mxc in Drosophila hematopoietic organs and circulating hemocytes. We show that mxc-induced hematopoietic hyperplasia is cell autonomous and that mxc mainly controls plasmatocyte lineage proliferation and differentiation in lymph glands and circulating hemocytes. Loss of the Toll pathway, which plays a similar role in hematopoiesis, counteracted mxc hemocyte proliferation but not mxc hemocyte differentiation. Several PcG genes tested in trans had no effects on mxc hematopoietic phenotypes, whereas the trithorax group gene brahma is important for normal and mutant hematopoiesis control. We propose that mxc provides one of the regulatory inputs in larval hematopoiesis that control normal rates of plasmatocyte and crystal lineage proliferation as well as normal rates and timing of hemocyte differentiation.
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45
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Manning G, Plowman GD, Hunter T, Sudarsanam S. Evolution of protein kinase signaling from yeast to man. Trends Biochem Sci 2002; 27:514-20. [PMID: 12368087 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0004(02)02179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 661] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation controls many cellular processes, especially those involved in intercellular communication and coordination of complex functions. To explore the evolution of protein phosphorylation, we compared the protein kinase complements ('kinomes') of budding yeast, worm and fly, with known human kinases. We classify kinases into putative orthologous groups with conserved functions and discuss kinase families and pathways that are unique, expanded or lost in each lineage. Fly and human share several kinase families involved in immunity, neurobiology, cell cycle and morphogenesis that are absent from worm, suggesting that these functions might have evolved after the divergence of nematodes from the main metazoan lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Manning
- Sugen Inc. 230 East Grand Ave, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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46
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Henriksen MA, Betz A, Fuccillo MV, Darnell JE. Negative regulation of STAT92E by an N-terminally truncated STAT protein derived from an alternative promoter site. Genes Dev 2002; 16:2379-89. [PMID: 12231627 PMCID: PMC187436 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1020702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2002] [Accepted: 07/18/2002] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previously unrecognized mRNAs originating from a dual promoter at the stat92E locus are described. One of these encodes a truncated protein, DeltaNSTAT92E, that lacks the N-terminal 133 amino acids. Antibodies detect both the full-length and truncated molecules early in embryogenesis (1-5 h), and mRNA detection by specific RT-PCR reactions accords with the protein distribution. Given that the N termini of mammalian STATs are known to have positive functions in transcriptional activation, we explored the role of DeltaNSTAT92E early in embryogenesis. By increasing the DeltaNSTAT92E-to-STAT92E ratio in overexpression and RNAi experiments, we observe phenotypes compatible with suppression of wild-type STAT92E activity. We therefore conclude that the short form of STAT92E is a naturally occurring dominant-negative product that can be added to the growing list of negative regulators of STAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Henriksen
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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47
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Kimbrell DA, Hice C, Bolduc C, Kleinhesselink K, Beckingham K. The Dorothy enhancer has Tinman binding sites and drives hopscotch-induced tumor formation. Genesis 2002; 34:23-8. [PMID: 12324942 DOI: 10.1002/gene.10134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Kimbrell
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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48
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Abstract
The JAK/STAT pathway plays important roles in vertebrate and invertebrate development. The recent cloning and characterisation of the receptor in Drosophila shows that the pathway is conserved across phyla. In this review we describe current knowledge of the pathway and use genome data to discuss what elements are present in Drosophila. We also summarise recent work describing the involvement of the JAK/STAT pathway in oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Interestingly, the JAK/STAT pathway maintains the niche required for germline stem cell maintenance in the testis, providing the first molecular characterisation of a stem cell niche. Drosophila's streamlined pathway offers a simple model to find new elements and analyse the function of existing ones.
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Baksa K, Parke T, Dobens LL, Dearolf CR. The Drosophila STAT protein, stat92E, regulates follicle cell differentiation during oogenesis. Dev Biol 2002; 243:166-75. [PMID: 11846485 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.2001.0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins are transcription factors that play a critical role in the response of a variety of eukaryotic cells to cytokine and growth factor signaling. In Drosophila, the STAT homolog encoded by the stat92E gene is required for the normal development of multiple tissues, including embryonic segmentation, imaginal discs, blood cells, male germ cells, and sex determination. We used multiple approaches to study the role of stat92E in oogenesis. Stat92E RNA expression is strongest in the differentiating follicle cells in the germarium, as determined by in situ hybridization. We generated an ethylmethane sulfonate-induced, temperature-sensitive allele, stat92E(F), in which the mutant protein contains a P506S substitution, located in the DNA binding domain. At the restrictive temperature, mutant females are sterile. Mutant ovaries have multiple defects, including fused egg chambers and an absence of interfollicular stalks cells and functional polar follicle cells. An analysis of mosaic clones, using an apparent null stat92E allele, indicates that Stat92E is required in the polar/stalk follicle cell lineage. We conclude that stat92E is necessary for the early differentiation of follicle cells and for proper germ line cell encapsulation during Drosophila oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Baksa
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massahcusetts 02114, USA
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