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Lan Q, Li J, Zhang H, Zhou Z, Fang Y, Yang B. Mechanistic complement of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: the role of aquaporins. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:773-785. [PMID: 38668786 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-024-02446-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is a genetic kidney disease caused by mutations in the genes PKD1 or PKD2. Its course is characterized by the formation of progressively enlarged cysts in the renal tubules bilaterally. The basic genetic explanation for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is the double-hit theory, and many of its mechanistic issues can be explained by the cilia doctrine. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underpinning this condition's occurrence are still not completely understood. Experimental evidence suggests that aquaporins, a class of transmembrane channel proteins, including aquaporin-1, aquaporin-2, aquaporin-3, and aquaporin-11, are involved in the mechanism of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Aquaporins are either a potential new target for the treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, and further study into the physiopathological role of aquaporins in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease will assist to clarify the disease's pathophysiology and increase the pool of potential treatment options. We primarily cover pertinent findings on aquaporins in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiumei Lan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Jie Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Hanqing Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Zijun Zhou
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Yaxuan Fang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Bo Yang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China.
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.88, Changling Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300193, China.
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Fan Q, Hadla M, Peterson Z, Nelson G, Ye H, Wang X, Mardirossian JM, Harris PC, Alper SL, Prakash YS, Beyder A, Torres VE, Chebib FT. Activation of Piezo1 Inhibits Kidney Cystogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.11.593717. [PMID: 38766249 PMCID: PMC11101129 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.11.593717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The disruption of calcium signaling associated with polycystin deficiency has been proposed as the primary event underlying the increased abnormally patterned epithelial cell growth characteristic of Polycystic Kidney Disease. Calcium can be regulated through mechanotransduction, and the mechanosensitive cation channel Piezo1 has been implicated in sensing of intrarenal pressure and in urinary osmoregulation. However, a possible role for PIEZO1 in kidney cystogenesis remains undefined. We hypothesized that cystogenesis in ADPKD reflects altered mechanotransduction, suggesting activation of mechanosensitive cation channels as a therapeutic strategy for ADPKD. Here, we show that Yoda-1 activation of PIEZO1 increases intracellular Ca 2+ and reduces forskolin-induced cAMP levels in mIMCD3 cells. Yoda-1 reduced forskolin-induced IMCD cyst surface area in vitro and in mouse metanephros ex vivo in a dose-dependent manner. Knockout of polycystin-2 dampened the efficacy of PIEZO1 activation in reducing both cAMP levels and cyst surface area in IMCD3 cells. However, collecting duct-specific Piezo1 knockout neither induced cystogenesis in wild-type mice nor affected cystogenesis in the Pkd1 RC/RC model of ADPKD. Our study suggests that polycystin-2 and PIEZO1 play a role in mechanotransduction during cystogenesis in vitro , and ex vivo , but that in vivo cyst expansion may require inactivation or repression of additional suppressors of cystogenesis and/or growth. Our study provides a preliminary proof of concept for PIEZO1 activation as a possible component of combination chemotherapy to retard or halt cystogenesis and/or cyst growth.
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Righini M, Mancini R, Busutti M, Buscaroli A. Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: Extrarenal Involvement. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2554. [PMID: 38473800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common hereditary kidney disorder, but kidneys are not the only organs involved in this systemic disorder. Individuals with the condition may display additional manifestations beyond the renal system, involving the liver, pancreas, and brain in the context of cystic manifestations, while involving the vascular system, gastrointestinal tract, bones, and cardiac valves in the context of non-cystic manifestations. Despite kidney involvement remaining the main feature of the disease, thanks to longer survival, early diagnosis, and better management of kidney-related problems, a new wave of complications must be faced by clinicians who treated patients with ADPKD. Involvement of the liver represents the most prevalent extrarenal manifestation and has growing importance in the symptom burden and quality of life. Vascular abnormalities are a key factor for patients' life expectancy and there is still debate whether to screen or not to screen all patients. Arterial hypertension is often the earliest onset symptom among ADPKD patients, leading to frequent cardiovascular complications. Although cardiac valvular abnormalities are a frequent complication, they rarely lead to relevant problems in the clinical history of polycystic patients. One of the newest relevant aspects concerns bone disorders that can exert a considerable influence on the clinical course of these patients. This review aims to provide the "state of the art" among the extrarenal manifestation of ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Righini
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Santa Maria delle Croci Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Raul Mancini
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Busutti
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Buscaroli
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Santa Maria delle Croci Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
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Whitchurch JB, Schneider S, Hilger AC, Köllges R, Stegmann JD, Waffenschmidt L, Dyer L, Thiele H, Dhabhai B, Dakal TC, Müller A, Norris DP, Reutter HM. PKD1L1 Is Involved in Congenital Chylothorax. Cells 2024; 13:149. [PMID: 38247840 PMCID: PMC10814685 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Besides visceral heterotaxia, Pkd1l1 null mouse embryos exhibit general edema and perinatal lethality. In humans, congenital chylothorax (CCT) is a frequent cause of fetal hydrops. In 2021, Correa and colleagues reported ultrarare compound heterozygous variants in PKD1L1 exhibiting in two consecutive fetuses with severe hydrops, implicating a direct role of PKD1L1 in fetal hydrops formation. Here, we performed an exome survey and identified ultrarare compound heterozygous variants in PKD1L1 in two of the five case-parent trios with CCT. In one family, the affected carried the ultrarare missense variants c.1543G>A(p.Gly515Arg) and c.3845T>A(p.Val1282Glu). In the other family, the affected carried the ultrarare loss-of-function variant (LoF) c.863delA(p.Asn288Thrfs*3) and the ultrarare missense variant c.6549G>T(p.Gln2183His). Investigation of the variants' impact on PKD1L1 protein localization suggests the missense variants cause protein dysfunction and the LoF variant causes protein mislocalization. Further analysis of Pkd1l1 mutant mouse embryos revealed about 20% of Pkd1l1-/- embryos display general edema and pleural effusion at 14.5 dpc. Immunofluorescence staining at 14.5 dpc in Pkd1l1-/- embryos displayed both normal and massively altered lymphatic vessel morphologies. Together, our studies suggest the implication of PKD1L1 in congenital lymphatic anomalies, including CCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B. Whitchurch
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK; (J.B.W.); (L.D.); (D.P.N.)
| | - Sophia Schneider
- Department of Neonatology and Paediatric Intensive Care, University Hospital Bonn Center of Paediatrics, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (S.S.); (R.K.); (J.D.S.); (A.M.)
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Alina C. Hilger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Ricarda Köllges
- Department of Neonatology and Paediatric Intensive Care, University Hospital Bonn Center of Paediatrics, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (S.S.); (R.K.); (J.D.S.); (A.M.)
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Jil D. Stegmann
- Department of Neonatology and Paediatric Intensive Care, University Hospital Bonn Center of Paediatrics, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (S.S.); (R.K.); (J.D.S.); (A.M.)
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Lea Waffenschmidt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Laura Dyer
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK; (J.B.W.); (L.D.); (D.P.N.)
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Bhanupriya Dhabhai
- Genome & Computational Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, India; (B.D.); (T.C.D.)
| | - Tikam Chand Dakal
- Genome & Computational Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, India; (B.D.); (T.C.D.)
| | - Andreas Müller
- Department of Neonatology and Paediatric Intensive Care, University Hospital Bonn Center of Paediatrics, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (S.S.); (R.K.); (J.D.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Dominic P. Norris
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK; (J.B.W.); (L.D.); (D.P.N.)
| | - Heiko M. Reutter
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Liu P, Liu Y, Zhou J. Ciliary mechanosensation - roles of polycystins and mastigonemes. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:286945. [PMID: 36752106 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are surface-exposed organelles that provide motility and sensory functions for cells, and it is widely believed that mechanosensation can be mediated through cilia. Polycystin-1 and -2 (PC-1 and PC-2, respectively) are transmembrane proteins that can localize to cilia; however, the molecular mechanisms by which polycystins contribute to mechanosensation are still controversial. Studies detail two prevailing models for the molecular roles of polycystins on cilia; one stresses the mechanosensation capabilities and the other unveils their ligand-receptor nature. The discovery that polycystins interact with mastigonemes, the 'hair-like' protrusions of flagella, is a novel finding in identifying the interactors of polycystins in cilia. While the functions of polycystins proposed by both models may coexist in cilia, it is hoped that a precise understanding of the mechanism of action of polycystins can be achieved by uncovering their distribution and interacting factors inside cilia. This will hopefully provide a satisfying answer to the pathogenesis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), which is caused by mutations in PC-1 and PC-2. In this Review, we discuss the characteristics of polycystins in the context of cilia and summarize the functions of mastigonemes in unicellular ciliates. Finally, we compare flagella and molecular features of PC-2 between unicellular and multicellular organisms, with the aim of providing new insights into the ciliary roles of polycystins in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwei Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology , College of Life Sciences in Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology , College of Life Sciences in Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology , College of Life Sciences in Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Melena I, Hughes JW. Islet cilia and glucose homeostasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1082193. [PMID: 36531945 PMCID: PMC9751591 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1082193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a growing pandemic affecting over ten percent of the U.S. population. Individuals with all types of diabetes exhibit glucose dysregulation due to altered function and coordination of pancreatic islets. Within the critical intercellular space in pancreatic islets, the primary cilium emerges as an important physical structure mediating cell-cell crosstalk and signal transduction. Many events leading to hormone secretion, including GPCR and second-messenger signaling, are spatiotemporally regulated at the level of the cilium. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of cilia action in islet hormone regulation and glucose homeostasis, focusing on newly implicated ciliary pathways that regulate insulin exocytosis and intercellular communication. We present evidence of key signaling proteins on islet cilia and discuss ways in which cilia might functionally connect islet endocrine cells with the non-endocrine compartments. These discussions aim to stimulate conversations regarding the extent of cilia-controlled glucose homeostasis in health and in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing W. Hughes
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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Walker RV, Maranto A, Palicharla VR, Hwang SH, Mukhopadhyay S, Qian F. Cilia-Localized Counterregulatory Signals as Drivers of Renal Cystogenesis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:936070. [PMID: 35832738 PMCID: PMC9272769 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.936070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia play counterregulatory roles in cystogenesis-they inhibit cyst formation in the normal renal tubule but promote cyst growth when the function of polycystins is impaired. Key upstream cilia-specific signals and components involved in driving cystogenesis have remained elusive. Recent studies of the tubby family protein, Tubby-like protein 3 (TULP3), have provided new insights into the cilia-localized mechanisms that determine cyst growth. TULP3 is a key adapter of the intraflagellar transport complex A (IFT-A) in the trafficking of multiple proteins specifically into the ciliary membrane. Loss of TULP3 results in the selective exclusion of its cargoes from cilia without affecting their extraciliary pools and without disrupting cilia or IFT-A complex integrity. Epistasis analyses have indicated that TULP3 inhibits cystogenesis independently of the polycystins during kidney development but promotes cystogenesis in adults when polycystins are lacking. In this review, we discuss the current model of the cilia-dependent cyst activation (CDCA) mechanism in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and consider the possible roles of ciliary and extraciliary polycystins in regulating CDCA. We then describe the limitations of this model in not fully accounting for how cilia single knockouts cause significant cystic changes either in the presence or absence of polycystins. Based on available data from TULP3/IFT-A-mediated differential regulation of cystogenesis in kidneys with deletion of polycystins either during development or in adulthood, we hypothesize the existence of cilia-localized components of CDCA (cCDCA) and cilia-localized cyst inhibition (CLCI) signals. We develop the criteria for cCDCA/CLCI signals and discuss potential TULP3 cargoes as possible cilia-localized components that determine cystogenesis in kidneys during development and in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca V. Walker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Anthony Maranto
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Sun-Hee Hwang
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Saikat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Feng Qian
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Cantero MDR, Cantiello HF. Polycystin-2 (TRPP2): Ion channel properties and regulation. Gene 2022; 827:146313. [PMID: 35314260 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Polycystin-2 (TRPP2, PKD2, PC2) is the product of the PKD2 gene, whose mutations cause Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD). PC2 belongs to the superfamily of TRP (Transient Receptor Potential) proteins that generally function as Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation channels implicated in Ca2+ signaling. PC2 localizes to various cell domains with distinct functions that likely depend on interactions with specific channel partners. Functions include receptor-operated, nonselective cation channel activity in the plasma membrane, intracellular Ca2+ release channel activity in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and mechanosensitive channel activity in the primary cilium of renal epithelial cells. Here we summarize our current understanding of the properties of PC2 and how other transmembrane and cytosolic proteins modulate this activity, providing functional diversity and selective regulatory mechanisms to its role in the control of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Rocío Cantero
- Laboratorio de Canales Iónicos, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Salud, Tecnología y Desarrollo (IMSaTeD, CONICET-UNSE), El Zanjón, Santiago del Estero 4206, Argentina.
| | - Horacio F Cantiello
- Laboratorio de Canales Iónicos, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Salud, Tecnología y Desarrollo (IMSaTeD, CONICET-UNSE), El Zanjón, Santiago del Estero 4206, Argentina
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Joshi V, Strege PR, Farrugia G, Beyder A. Mechanotransduction in gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells: role of mechanosensitive ion channels. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G897-G906. [PMID: 33729004 PMCID: PMC8202201 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00481.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanosensation, the ability to properly sense mechanical stimuli and transduce them into physiologic responses, is an essential determinant of gastrointestinal (GI) function. Abnormalities in this process result in highly prevalent GI functional and motility disorders. In the GI tract, several cell types sense mechanical forces and transduce them into electrical signals, which elicit specific cellular responses. Some mechanosensitive cells like sensory neurons act as specialized mechanosensitive cells that detect forces and transduce signals into tissue-level physiological reactions. Nonspecialized mechanosensitive cells like smooth muscle cells (SMCs) adjust their function in response to forces. Mechanosensitive cells use various mechanoreceptors and mechanotransducers. Mechanoreceptors detect and convert force into electrical and biochemical signals, and mechanotransducers amplify and direct mechanoreceptor responses. Mechanoreceptors and mechanotransducers include ion channels, specialized cytoskeletal proteins, cell junction molecules, and G protein-coupled receptors. SMCs are particularly important due to their role as final effectors for motor function. Myogenic reflex-the ability of smooth muscle to contract in response to stretch rapidly-is a critical smooth muscle function. Such rapid mechanotransduction responses rely on mechano-gated and mechanosensitive ion channels, which alter their ion pores' opening in response to force, allowing fast electrical and Ca2+ responses. Although GI SMCs express a variety of such ion channels, their identities remain unknown. Recent advancements in electrophysiological, genetic, in vivo imaging, and multi-omic technologies broaden our understanding of how SMC mechano-gated and mechanosensitive ion channels regulate GI functions. This review discusses GI SMC mechanosensitivity's current developments with a particular emphasis on mechano-gated and mechanosensitive ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Joshi
- 1Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Peter R. Strege
- 1Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gianrico Farrugia
- 1Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,2Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Arthur Beyder
- 1Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,2Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Li W, Liang J, Outeda P, Turner S, Wakimoto BT, Watnick T. A genetic screen in Drosophila reveals an unexpected role for the KIP1 ubiquitination-promoting complex in male fertility. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009217. [PMID: 33378371 PMCID: PMC7802972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A unifying feature of polycystin-2 channels is their localization to both primary and motile cilia/flagella. In Drosophila melanogaster, the fly polycystin-2 homologue, Amo, is an ER protein early in sperm development but the protein must ultimately cluster at the flagellar tip in mature sperm to be fully functional. Male flies lacking appropriate Amo localization are sterile due to abnormal sperm motility and failure of sperm storage. We performed a forward genetic screen to identify additional proteins that mediate ciliary trafficking of Amo. Here we report that Drosophila homologues of KPC1 and KPC2, which comprise the mammalian KIP1 ubiquitination-promoting complex (KPC), form a conserved unit that is required for the sperm tail tip localization of Amo. Male flies lacking either KPC1 or KPC2 phenocopy amo mutants and are sterile due to a failure of sperm storage. KPC is a heterodimer composed of KPC1, an E3 ligase, and KPC2 (or UBAC1), an adaptor protein. Like their mammalian counterparts Drosophila KPC1 and KPC2 physically interact and they stabilize one another at the protein level. In flies, KPC2 is monoubiquitinated and phosphorylated and this modified form of the protein is located in mature sperm. Neither KPC1 nor KPC2 directly interact with Amo but they are detected in proximity to Amo at the tip of the sperm flagellum. In summary we have identified a new complex that is involved in male fertility in Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Jinqing Liang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Patricia Outeda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Stacey Turner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Barbara T. Wakimoto
- Department of Biology, University of Washington Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Terry Watnick
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hajirezaei F, Ghaderian SMH, Hasanzad M, Nafar M, Ghadiani MH, Biglari S, Sohrabifar N, Jafari H. Methylation of the PKD1 Promoter Inversely Correlates with its Expression in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 9:193-198. [PMID: 33178869 DOI: 10.29252/rbmb.9.2.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), a multisystem disorder, is the most prevalent type of hereditary kidney disease. Here, we aimed to evaluate methylation of the PKD1 gene (PKD1) promoter and its correlation with PKD1 expression in peripheral blood. Methods In this case-control study methylation of the PKD1 promoter was evaluated using methylation-sensitive high-resolution melt (MS-HRM) analysis. PKD1 expression was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. The correlation was evaluated using the Pearson correlation test. Results Twenty subjects from both the patient and control groups (n= 40 for each) were methylated at the PKD1 promoter to various levels (18.9% in patients and 62.5% in controls). This difference was statistically significant (p< 0.0001). PKD1 expression in blood samples was significantly greater in ADPKD patients than in controls (p= 0.0081). Significant correlation was seen between PKD1 expression and its promoter methylation status in peripheral blood (r case= -0.5300, p= 0.0162, and r control = -0.6265, p= 0.0031). Conclusion Methylation of the PKD1 promoter in ADPKD patients was inversely correlated with PKD1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayyed Mohammad Hossein Ghaderian
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Nafar
- Chronic kidney disease research center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sajjad Biglari
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Jondishapour University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nasim Sohrabifar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Jafari
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Jondishapour University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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12
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Shao L, El-Jouni W, Kong F, Ramesh J, Kumar RS, Shen X, Ren J, Devendra S, Dorschel A, Wu M, Barrera I, Tabari A, Hu K, Haque N, Yambayev I, Li S, Kumar A, Behera TR, McDonough G, Furuichi M, Xifaras M, Lu T, Alhayaza RM, Miyabayashi K, Fan Q, Ajay AK, Zhou J. Genetic reduction of cilium length by targeting intraflagellar transport 88 protein impedes kidney and liver cyst formation in mouse models of autosomal polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2020; 98:1225-1241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Autophagy induction promotes renal cyst growth in polycystic kidney disease. EBioMedicine 2020; 60:102986. [PMID: 32949996 PMCID: PMC7501056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) involves renal cysts arising from proliferating tubular cells. Autophagy has been recently suggested as a potential therapeutic target in PKD, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key negative regulator of autophagy. However, the effect of autophagy regulation on cystogenesis has not been elucidated in PKD mice. Methods Clinical validation was performed using GEO datasets and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) patient samples. Newly established PKD and LC3 transgenic mice were used for in vivo verifications, and additional tests were performed in vitro and in vivo using multiple autophagy drugs. Findings Neither autophagy stimulation nor LC3 overexpression alleviated PKD. Furthermore, we observed the inhibitory effect of an autophagy inhibitor on cysts, indicating its possible therapeutic use in a specific group of patients with ADPKD. Interpretation Our findings provide a novel insight into the pathogenesis related to autophagy in PKD, suggesting that drugs related to autophagy regulation should be considered with caution for treating PKD. Funding Sources This work was supported by grants from the Bio & Medical Technology Development Program; the Collaborative Genome Program for Fostering New Post-Genome Industry of the NRF; the Basic Science Program.
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14
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Jamal MH, Nunes ACF, Vaziri ND, Ramchandran R, Bacallao RL, Nauli AM, Nauli SM. Rapamycin treatment correlates changes in primary cilia expression with cell cycle regulation in epithelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114056. [PMID: 32470549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are sensory organelles that regulate cell cycle and signaling pathways. In addition to its association with cancer, dysfunction of primary cilia is responsible for the pathogenesis of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) and other ciliopathies. Because the association between cilia formation or length and cell cycle or division is poorly understood, we here evaluated their correlation in this study. Using Spectral Karyotyping (SKY) technique, we showed that PKD and the cancer/tumorigenic epithelial cells PC3, DU145, and NL20-TA were associated with abnormal ploidy. We also showed that PKD and the cancer epithelia were highly proliferative. Importantly, the cancer epithelial cells had a reduction in the presence and/or length of primary cilia relative to the normal kidney (NK) cells. We then used rapamycin to restore the expression and length of primary cilia in these cells. Our subsequent analyses indicated that both the presence and length of primary cilia were inversely correlated with cell proliferation. Collectively, our data suggest that restoring the presence and/or length of primary cilia may serve as a novel approach to inhibit cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha H Jamal
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ane C F Nunes
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Physiology and Biophysics Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Nosratola D Vaziri
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Physiology and Biophysics Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Ramani Ramchandran
- Department of Pediatrics, Developmental Vascular Biology Program, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Robert L Bacallao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andromeda M Nauli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Surya M Nauli
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Mutations in the polycystins PC1 or PC2 cause autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), which is characterized by the formation of fluid-filled renal cysts that disrupt renal architecture and function, ultimately leading to kidney failure in the majority of patients. Although the genetic basis of ADPKD is now well established, the physiological function of polycystins remains obscure and a matter of intense debate. The structural determination of both the homomeric PC2 and heteromeric PC1-PC2 complexes, as well as the electrophysiological characterization of PC2 in the primary cilium of renal epithelial cells, provided new valuable insights into the mechanisms of ADPKD pathogenesis. Current findings indicate that PC2 can function independently of PC1 in the primary cilium of renal collecting duct epithelial cells to form a channel that is mainly permeant to monovalent cations and is activated by both membrane depolarization and an increase in intraciliary calcium. In addition, PC2 functions as a calcium-activated calcium release channel at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Structural studies indicate that the heteromeric PC1-PC2 complex comprises one PC1 and three PC2 channel subunits. Surprisingly, several positively charged residues from PC1 occlude the ionic pore of the PC1-PC2 complex, suggesting that pathogenic polycystin mutations might cause ADPKD independently of an effect on channel permeation. Emerging reports of novel structural and functional findings on polycystins will continue to elucidate the molecular basis of ADPKD.
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16
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Intraflagellar transport 20: New target for the treatment of ciliopathies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1867:118641. [PMID: 31893523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are ubiquitous in mammalian cells. The formation and assembly of cilia depend on the normal functioning of the ciliary transport system. In recent years, various proteins involved in the intracellular transport of the cilium have attracted attention, as many diseases are caused by disorders in cilia formation. Intraflagellar transport 20 (IFT20) is a subunit of IFT complex B, which contains approximately 20 protein particles. Studies have shown that defects in IFT20 are associated with numerous system -related diseases, such as those of the urinary system, cardiovascular system, skeletal system, nervous system, immune system, reproductive system, and respiratory system. This review summarizes current research on IFT20.We describe studies related to the role of IFT20 in cilia formation and discuss new targets for treating diseases associated with ciliary dysplasia.
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17
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Stayner C, Brooke DG, Bates M, Eccles MR. Targeted Therapies for Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3081-3102. [PMID: 29737248 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180508095654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common life-threatening genetic disease in humans, affecting approximately 1 in 500 people. ADPKD is characterized by cyst growth in the kidney leading to progressive parenchymal damage and is the underlying pathology in approximately 10% of patients requiring hemodialysis or transplantation for end-stage kidney disease. The two proteins that are mutated in ADPKD, polycystin-1 and polycystin-2, form a complex located on the primary cilium and the plasma membrane to facilitate calcium ion release in the cell. There is currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapy to cure or slow the progression of the disease. Rodent ADPKD models do not completely mimic the human disease, and therefore preclinical results have not always successfully translated to the clinic. Moreover, the toxicity of many of these potential therapies has led to patient withdrawals from clinical trials. RESULTS Here, we review compounds in clinical trial for treating ADPKD, and we examine the feasibility of using a kidney-targeted approach, with potential for broadening the therapeutic window, decreasing treatment-associated toxicity and increasing the efficacy of agents that have demonstrated activity in animal models. We make recommendations for integrating kidney- targeted therapies with current treatment regimes, to achieve a combined approach to treating ADPKD. CONCLUSION Many compounds are currently in clinical trial for ADPKD yet, to date, none are FDA-approved for treating this disease. Patients could benefit from efficacious pharmacotherapy, especially if it can be kidney-targeted, and intensive efforts continue to be focused on this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherie Stayner
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, 270 Great King Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Darby G Brooke
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
| | - Michael Bates
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, 270 Great King Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Michael R Eccles
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, 270 Great King Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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18
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Satir P, Satir BH. The conserved ancestral signaling pathway from cilium to nucleus. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/15/jcs230441. [PMID: 31375541 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.230441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many signaling molecules are localized to both the primary cilium and nucleus. Localization of specific transmembrane receptors and their signaling scaffold molecules in the cilium is necessary for correct physiological function. After a specific signaling event, signaling molecules leave the cilium, usually in the form of an endocytic vesicle scaffold, and move to the nucleus, where they dissociate from the scaffold and enter the nucleus to affect gene expression. This ancient pathway probably arose very early in eukaryotic evolution as the nucleus and cilium co-evolved. Because there are similarities in molecular composition of the nuclear and ciliary pores the entry and exit of proteins in both organelles rely on similar mechanisms. In this Hypothesis, we propose that the pathway is a dynamic universal cilia-based signaling pathway with some variations from protists to man. Everywhere the cilium functions as an important organelle for molecular storage of certain key receptors and selection and concentration of their associated signaling molecules that move from cilium to nucleus. This could also have important implications for human diseases such as Huntington disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Satir
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461 .,B&P Nanobiology Consultants, 7 Byfield Lane, Greenwich, CT 06830, USA
| | - Birgit H Satir
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461.,B&P Nanobiology Consultants, 7 Byfield Lane, Greenwich, CT 06830, USA
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19
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The association between autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and cancer. Int Urol Nephrol 2018; 51:93-100. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-018-1951-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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20
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Calcium-axonemal microtubuli interactions underlie mechanism(s) of primary cilia morphological changes. J Biol Phys 2017; 44:53-80. [PMID: 29090363 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-017-9475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used cell culture of astrocytes aligned within microchannels to investigate calcium effects on primary cilia morphology. In the absence of calcium and in the presence of flow of media (10 μL.s-1) the majority (90%) of primary cilia showed reversible bending with an average curvature of 2.1 ± 0.9 × 10-4 nm-1. When 1.0 mM calcium was present, 90% of cilia underwent bending. Forty percent of these cilia demonstrated strong irreversible bending, resulting in a final average curvature of 3.9 ± 1 × 10-4 nm-1, while 50% of cilia underwent bending similar to that observed during calcium-free flow. The average length of cilia was shifted toward shorter values (3.67 ± 0.34 μm) when exposed to excess calcium (1.0 mM), compared to media devoid of calcium (3.96 ± 0.26 μm). The number of primary cilia that became curved after calcium application was reduced when the cell culture was pre-incubated with 15 μM of the microtubule stabilizer, taxol, for 60 min prior to calcium application. Calcium caused single microtubules to curve at a concentration ≈1.0 mM in vitro, but at higher concentration (≈1.5 mM) multiple microtubule curving occurred. Additionally, calcium causes microtubule-associated protein-2 conformational changes and its dislocation from the microtubule wall at the location of microtubule curvature. A very small amount of calcium, that is 1.45 × 1011 times lower than the maximal capacity of TRPPs calcium channels, may cause gross morphological changes (curving) of primary cilia, while global cytosol calcium levels are expected to remain unchanged. These findings reflect the non-linear manner in which primary cilia may respond to calcium signaling, which in turn may influence the course of development of ciliopathies and cancer.
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21
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Kobayashi D, Asano-Hoshino A, Nakakura T, Nishimaki T, Ansai S, Kinoshita M, Ogawa M, Hagiwara H, Yokoyama T. Loss of zinc finger MYND-type containing 10 (zmynd10) affects cilia integrity and axonemal localization of dynein arms, resulting in ciliary dysmotility, polycystic kidney and scoliosis in medaka (Oryzias latipes). Dev Biol 2017; 430:69-79. [PMID: 28823919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are hair-like organelles that project from the cell surface and play important roles in motility and sensory perception. Motility defects in cilia and flagella lead to primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a rare human disease. Recently zinc finger MYND-type containing 10 (ZMYND10) was identified in humans as a PCD-associated gene. In this study, we use medaka fish as a model to characterize the precise functions of zmynd10. In medaka, zmynd10 is exclusively expressed in cells with motile cilia. Embryos with zmynd10 Morpholino knockdown exhibited a left-right (LR) defect associated with loss of motility in Kupffer's vesicle (KV) cilia. This immotility was caused by loss of the outer dynein arms, which is a characteristic ultrastructural phenotype in PCD. In addition, KV cilia in zmynd10 knockdown embryos had a swollen and wavy morphology. Together, these results suggest that zmynd10 is a multi-functional protein that has independent roles in axonemal localization of dynein arms and in formation and/or maintenance of cilia. The C-terminal region of zmynd10 has a MYND-type zinc finger domain (zf-MYND) that is important for its function. Our rescue experiment showed that the zmynd10-ΔC truncated protein, which lacks zf-MYND, was still partially functional, suggesting that zmynd10 has another functional domain besides zf-MYND. To analyze the later stages of development, we generated a zmynd10 knockout mutant using transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) technology. Adult mutants exhibited sperm dysmotility, scoliosis and progressive polycystic kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Anshin Asano-Hoshino
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takashi Nakakura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Nishimaki
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Ansai
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Masato Kinoshita
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Motoyuki Ogawa
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Haruo Hagiwara
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takahiko Yokoyama
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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22
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Abstract
This is a history of cilia research before and after the discovery of intraflagellar transport (IFT) and the link between primary cilia ciliogenesis and polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Before IFT, ca. the beginning of the new millennium, although sensory and primary cilia were well described, research was largely focused on motile cilia, their structure, movement, and biogenesis. After IFT and the link to PKD, although work on motile cilia has continued to progress, research on primary cilia has exploded, leading to new insights into the role of cilia in cell signaling and development. Genomics, proteomics, and new imaging techniques have unified the field and pointed out the critical role of cilia as a restricted cell organellar compartment, functionally integrated with other cell organelles including the autophagosome and the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Satir
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY USA
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23
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DeCaen PG, Liu X, Abiria S, Clapham DE. Atypical calcium regulation of the PKD2-L1 polycystin ion channel. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27348301 PMCID: PMC4922860 DOI: 10.7554/elife.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Native PKD2-L1 channel subunits are present in primary cilia and other restricted cellular spaces. Here we investigate the mechanism for the channel's unusual regulation by external calcium, and rationalize this behavior to its specialized function. We report that the human PKD2-L1 selectivity filter is partially selective to calcium ions (Ca(2+)) moving into the cell, but blocked by high internal Ca(2+)concentrations, a unique feature of this transient receptor potential (TRP) channel family member. Surprisingly, we find that the C-terminal EF-hands and coiled-coil domains do not contribute to PKD2-L1 Ca(2+)-induced potentiation and inactivation. We propose a model in which prolonged channel activity results in calcium accumulation, triggering outward-moving Ca(2+) ions to block PKD2-L1 in a high-affinity interaction with the innermost acidic residue (D523) of the selectivity filter and subsequent long-term channel inactivation. This response rectifies Ca(2+) flow, enabling Ca(2+) to enter but not leave small compartments such as the cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G DeCaen
- Department of Cardiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Sunday Abiria
- Department of Cardiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - David E Clapham
- Department of Cardiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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24
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Grimes DT, Keynton JL, Buenavista MT, Jin X, Patel SH, Kyosuke S, Vibert J, Williams DJ, Hamada H, Hussain R, Nauli SM, Norris DP. Genetic Analysis Reveals a Hierarchy of Interactions between Polycystin-Encoding Genes and Genes Controlling Cilia Function during Left-Right Determination. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006070. [PMID: 27272319 PMCID: PMC4894641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During mammalian development, left-right (L-R) asymmetry is established by a cilia-driven leftward fluid flow within a midline embryonic cavity called the node. This 'nodal flow' is detected by peripherally-located crown cells that each assemble a primary cilium which contain the putative Ca2+ channel PKD2. The interaction of flow and crown cell cilia promotes left side-specific expression of Nodal in the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). Whilst the PKD2-interacting protein PKD1L1 has also been implicated in L-R patterning, the underlying mechanism by which flow is detected and the genetic relationship between Polycystin function and asymmetric gene expression remains unknown. Here, we characterize a Pkd1l1 mutant line in which Nodal is activated bilaterally, suggesting that PKD1L1 is not required for LPM Nodal pathway activation per se, but rather to restrict Nodal to the left side downstream of nodal flow. Epistasis analysis shows that Pkd1l1 acts as an upstream genetic repressor of Pkd2. This study therefore provides a genetic pathway for the early stages of L-R determination. Moreover, using a system in which cultured cells are supplied artificial flow, we demonstrate that PKD1L1 is sufficient to mediate a Ca2+ signaling response after flow stimulation. Finally, we show that an extracellular PKD domain within PKD1L1 is crucial for PKD1L1 function; as such, destabilizing the domain causes L-R defects in the mouse. Our demonstration that PKD1L1 protein can mediate a response to flow coheres with a mechanosensation model of flow sensation in which the force of fluid flow drives asymmetric gene expression in the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. Grimes
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer L. Keynton
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Maria T. Buenavista
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
- Diamond Light Source, Beamline B23, Chilton, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Xingjian Jin
- Chapman University and the University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Saloni H. Patel
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Shinohara Kyosuke
- Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Suita, Japan
| | - Jennifer Vibert
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Debbie J. Williams
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Suita, Japan
| | - Rohanah Hussain
- Diamond Light Source, Beamline B23, Chilton, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Surya M. Nauli
- Chapman University and the University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Dominic P. Norris
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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25
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Resnick A. Mechanical properties of a primary cilium as measured by resonant oscillation. Biophys J 2016; 109:18-25. [PMID: 26153698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are ubiquitous mammalian cellular substructures implicated in an ever-increasing number of regulatory pathways. The well-established ciliary hypothesis states that physical bending of the cilium (for example, due to fluid flow) initiates signaling cascades, yet the mechanical properties of the cilium remain incompletely measured, resulting in confusion regarding the biological significance of flow-induced ciliary mechanotransduction. In this work we measure the mechanical properties of a primary cilium by using an optical trap to induce resonant oscillation of the structure. Our data indicate 1) the primary cilium is not a simple cantilevered beam; 2) the base of the cilium may be modeled as a nonlinear rotatory spring, with the linear spring constant k of the cilium base calculated to be (4.6 ± 0.62) × 10(-12) N/rad and nonlinear spring constant α to be (-1 ± 0.34) × 10(-10) N/rad(2); and 3) the ciliary base may be an essential regulator of mechanotransduction signaling. Our method is also particularly suited to measure mechanical properties of nodal cilia, stereocilia, and motile cilia-anatomically similar structures with very different physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Resnick
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Physics, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio.
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26
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Bodle JC, Loboa EG. Concise Review: Primary Cilia: Control Centers for Stem Cell Lineage Specification and Potential Targets for Cell-Based Therapies. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1445-54. [PMID: 26866419 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Directing stem cell lineage commitment prevails as the holy grail of translational stem cell research, particularly to those interested in the application of mesenchymal stem cells and adipose-derived stem cells in tissue engineering. However, elucidating the mechanisms underlying their phenotypic specification persists as an active area of research. In recent studies, the primary cilium structure has been intimately associated with defining cell phenotype, maintaining stemness, as well as functioning in a chemo, electro, and mechanosensory capacity in progenitor and committed cell types. Many hypothesize that the primary cilium may indeed be another important player in defining and controlling cell phenotype, concomitant with lineage-dictated cytoskeletal dynamics. Many of the studies on the primary cilium have emerged from disparate areas of biological research, and crosstalk amongst these areas of research is just beginning. To date, there has not been a thorough review of how primary cilia fit into the current paradigm of stem cell differentiation and this review aims to summarize the current cilia work in this context. The goal of this review is to highlight the cilium's function and integrate this knowledge into the working knowledge of stem cell biologists and tissue engineers developing regenerative medicine technologies. Stem Cells 2016;34:1445-1454.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine C Bodle
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Loboa
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,College of Engineering University of Missouri, Columbia Columbia, Missouri, USA
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27
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Stinchcombe JC, Griffiths GM. Communication, the centrosome and the immunological synapse. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0463. [PMID: 25047617 PMCID: PMC4113107 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings on the behaviour of the centrosome at the immunological synapse suggest a critical role for centrosome polarization in controlling the communication between immune cells required to generate an effective immune response. The features observed at the immunological synapse show parallels to centrosome (basal body) polarization seen in cilia and flagella, and the cellular communication that is now known to occur at all of these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane C Stinchcombe
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OXY, UK
| | - Gillian M Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OXY, UK
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Rais Y, Reich A, Simsa-Maziel S, Moshe M, Idelevich A, Kfir T, Miosge N, Monsonego-Ornan E. The growth plate's response to load is partially mediated by mechano-sensing via the chondrocytic primary cilium. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:597-615. [PMID: 25084815 PMCID: PMC11114052 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1690-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical load plays a significant role in bone and growth-plate development. Chondrocytes sense and respond to mechanical stimulation; however, the mechanisms by which those signals exert their effects are not fully understood. The primary cilium has been identified as a mechano-sensor in several cell types, including renal epithelial cells and endothelium, and accumulating evidence connects it to mechano-transduction in chondrocytes. In the growth plate, the primary cilium is involved in several regulatory pathways, such as the non-canonical Wnt and Indian Hedgehog. Moreover, it mediates cell shape, orientation, growth, and differentiation in the growth plate. In this work, we show that mechanical load enhances ciliogenesis in the growth plate. This leads to alterations in the expression and localization of key members of the Ihh-PTHrP loop resulting in decreased proliferation and an abnormal switch from proliferation to differentiation, together with abnormal chondrocyte morphology and organization. Moreover, we use the chondrogenic cell line ATDC5, a model for growth-plate chondrocytes, to understand the mechanisms mediating the participation of the primary cilium, and in particular KIF3A, in the cell's response to mechanical stimulation. We show that this key component of the cilium mediates gene expression in response to mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoach Rais
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Reich
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
- Bone and Extracellular Matrix Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, 20892-1830, MD, USA
| | - Stav Simsa-Maziel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maya Moshe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anna Idelevich
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tal Kfir
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nicolai Miosge
- Department of Prosthodontics, Oral Biology and Tissue Regeneration Work Group, Medical Faculty, Georg-August-University, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Efrat Monsonego-Ornan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
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Pennekamp P, Menchen T, Dworniczak B, Hamada H. Situs inversus and ciliary abnormalities: 20 years later, what is the connection? Cilia 2015; 4:1. [PMID: 25589952 PMCID: PMC4292827 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-014-0010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterotaxy (also known as situs ambiguous) and situs inversus totalis describe disorders of laterality in which internal organs do not display their typical pattern of asymmetry. First described around 1600 by Girolamo Fabrizio, numerous case reports about laterality disorders in humans were published without any idea about the underlying cause. Then, in 1976, immotile cilia were described as the cause of a human syndrome that was previously clinically described, both in 1904 by AK Siewert and in 1933 by Manes Kartagener, as an association of situs inversus with chronic sinusitis and bronchiectasis, now commonly known as Kartagener’s syndrome. Despite intense research, the underlying defect of laterality disorders remained unclear. Nearly 20 years later in 1995, Björn Afzelius discussed five hypotheses to explain the connection between ciliary defects and loss of laterality control in a paper published in the International Journal of Developmental Biology asking: ‘Situs inversus and ciliary abnormalities: What is the connection?’. Here, nearly 20 research years later, we revisit some of the key findings that led to the current knowledge about the connection between situs inversus and ciliary abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Pennekamp
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Tabea Menchen
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Bernd Dworniczak
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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30
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The chondrocyte primary cilium. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:1071-6. [PMID: 24879961 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The presence and role of primary, or non-motile, cilia on chondrocytes has confused cartilage researchers for decades. Initial explanations attributed a vestigial nature to chondrocyte cilia. Evidence is now emerging that supports the role of the chondrocyte primary cilium as a sensory organelle, in particular, in mechanotransduction and as a compartment for signaling pathways. Early electron microscopy images depicted bent cilia aligned with the extracellular matrix (ECM) in a manner that suggested a response to mechanical forces. Molecules known to be mechanotransducers in other cell types, including integrins and proteoglycans, are present on chondrocyte cilia. Further, chondrocytes which lack cilia fail to respond to mechanical forces in the same manner that chondrocytes with intact cilia respond. From a clinical perspective, chondrocytes from osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage have cilia with different characteristics than cilia found on chondrocytes from healthy cartilage. OBJECTIVE This review examines the evidence supporting the function of chondrocyte cilia and briefly speculates on the involvement of intraflagellar transport (IFT) in the signaling pathway of mechanotransduction through the cilium. CONCLUSIONS Emerging evidence suggests cilia may be a promising target for preventing and treating OA.
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31
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Coaxum SD, Blanton MG, Joyner A, Akter T, Bell PD, Luttrell LM, Raymond JR, Lee MH, Blichmann PA, Garnovskaya MN, Saigusa T. Epidermal growth factor-induced proliferation of collecting duct cells from Oak Ridge polycystic kidney mice involves activation of Na+/H+ exchanger. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C554-60. [PMID: 25055824 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00188.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is linked to the pathogenesis of polycystic kidney disease (PKD). We explored signaling pathways activated by EGF in orpk cilia (-) collecting duct cell line derived from a mouse model of PKD (hypomorph of the Tg737/Ift88 gene) with severely stunted cilia, and in a control orpk cilia (+) cell line with normal cilia. RT-PCR demonstrated mRNAs for EGF receptor subunits ErbB1, ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4, and mRNAs for Na(+)/H(+) exchangers (NHE), NHE-1, NHE-2, NHE-3, NHE-4, and NHE-5 in both cell lines. EGF stimulated proton efflux in both cell lines. This effect was significantly attenuated by MIA, 5-(n-methyl-N-isobutyl) amiloride, a selective inhibitor of NHE-1 and NHE-2, and orpk cilia (-) cells were more sensitive to MIA than control cells (P < 0.01). EGF significantly induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in both cilia (+) and cilia (-) cells (63.3 and 123.6%, respectively), but the effect was more pronounced in orpk cilia (-) cells (P < 0.01). MIA significantly attenuated EGF-induced ERK phosphorylation only in orpk cilia (-) cells (P < 0.01). EGF increased proliferation of orpk cilia (+) cells and orpk cilia (-) cells, respectively, and MIA at 1-5 μM attenuated EGF-induced proliferation in orpk cilia (-) cells without affecting proliferation of orpk cilia (+) cells. EGF-induced proliferation of both cell lines was significantly decreased by the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG1478 and MEK inhibitor PD98059. These results suggest that EGF exerts mitogenic effects in the orpk cilia (-) cells via activation of growth-associated amiloride-sensitive NHEs and ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya D Coaxum
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Mary G Blanton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Alisha Joyner
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Tanjina Akter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - P Darwin Bell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Medical and Research Services of the Ralph H. Johnson VAMC, Charleston, Carolina
| | - Louis M Luttrell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; and
| | - John R Raymond
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical College of Wisconsin and the Medical Service of the Clement J. Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Mi-Hye Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; and
| | - Paul A Blichmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Maria N Garnovskaya
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Takamitsu Saigusa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina;
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Lodh S, O’Hare EA, Zaghloul NA. Primary cilia in pancreatic development and disease. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART C, EMBRYO TODAY : REVIEWS 2014; 102:139-58. [PMID: 24864023 PMCID: PMC4213238 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia and their anchoring basal bodies are important regulators of a growing list of signaling pathways. Consequently, dysfunction in proteins associated with these structures results in perturbation of the development and function of a spectrum of tissue and cell types. Here, we review the role of cilia in mediating the development and function of the pancreas. We focus on ciliary regulation of major pathways involved in pancreatic development, including Shh, Wnt, TGF-β, Notch, and fibroblast growth factor. We also discuss pancreatic phenotypes associated with ciliary dysfunction, including pancreatic cysts and defects in glucose homeostasis, and explore the potential role of cilia in such defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Lodh
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth A. O’Hare
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Norann A. Zaghloul
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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33
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Salih M, Zietse R, Hoorn EJ. Urinary extracellular vesicles and the kidney: biomarkers and beyond. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306:F1251-9. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00128.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles have been isolated in various body fluids, including urine. The cargo of urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) is composed of proteins and nucleic acids reflecting the physiological and possibly pathophysiological state of cells lining the nephron. Because urine is a noninvasive and readily available biofluid, the discovery of uEVs has opened a new field of biomarker research. Their potential use as diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic biomarkers for various kidney diseases, including glomerulonephritis, acute kidney injury, tubular disorders, and polycystic kidney disease, is currently being explored. Some challenges, however, remain. These challenges include the need to standardize isolation methods, normalization between samples, and validation of candidate biomarkers. Also, the development of a high-throughput platform to isolate and analyze uEVs, for example, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, is desirable. Here, we review recent studies on uEVs dealing with kidney physiology and pathophysiology. Furthermore, we discuss new and exciting developments regarding vesicles, including their role in cell-to-cell communication and the possibility of using vesicles as a therapy for kidney disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Salih
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Zietse
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout J. Hoorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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34
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Wang H, Sun W, Ma J, Pan Y, Wang L, Zhang W. Polycystin-1 mediates mechanical strain-induced osteoblastic mechanoresponses via potentiation of intracellular calcium and Akt/β-catenin pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91730. [PMID: 24618832 PMCID: PMC3950298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical regulation of bone formation involves a complex biophysical process, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Polycystin-1 (PC1) is postulated to function as a mechanosensory molecule mediating mechanical signal transduction in renal epithelial cells. To investigate the involvement of PC1 in mechanical strain-induced signaling cascades controlling osteogenesis, PKD1 gene was stably silenced in osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1 by using lentivirus-mediated shRNA technology. Here, our findings showed that mechanical tensile strain sufficiently enhanced osteogenic gene expressions and osteoblastic proliferation. However, PC1 deficiency resulted in the loss of the ability to sense external mechanical stimuli thereby promoting osteoblastic osteogenesis and proliferation. The signal pathways implicated in this process were intracellular calcium and Akt/β-catenin pathway. The basal levels of intracellular calcium, phospho-Akt, phospho-GSK-3β and nuclear accumulation of active β-catenin were significantly attenuated in PC1 deficient osteoblasts. In addition, PC1 deficiency impaired mechanical strain-induced potentiation of intracellular calcium, and activation of Akt-dependent and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, which was able to be partially reversed by calcium ionophore A23187 treatment. Furthermore, applications of LiCl or A23187 in PC1 deficient osteoblasts could promote osteoblastic differentiation and proliferation under mechanical strain conditions. Therefore, our results demonstrated that osteoblasts require mechanosensory molecule PC1 to adapt to external mechanical tensile strain thereby inducing osteoblastic mechanoresponse, partially through the potentiation of intracellular calcium and downstream Akt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Sun
- The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junqing Ma
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongchu Pan
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (LW); (WZ)
| | - Weibing Zhang
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (LW); (WZ)
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35
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Upadhyay VS, Muntean BS, Kathem SH, Hwang JJ, Aboualaiwi WA, Nauli SM. Roles of dopamine receptor on chemosensory and mechanosensory primary cilia in renal epithelial cells. Front Physiol 2014; 5:72. [PMID: 24616705 PMCID: PMC3935400 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine plays a number of important physiological roles. However, activation of dopamine receptor type-5 (DR5) and its effect in renal epithelial cells have not been studied. Here, we show for the first time that DR5 is localized to primary cilia of LLCPK kidney cells. Renal epithelial cilia are mechanosensory organelles that sense and respond to tubular fluid-flow in the kidney. To determine the roles of DR5 and sensory cilia, we used dopamine to non-selectively and fenoldopam to selectively activate ciliary DR5. Compared to mock treatment, dopamine treated cells significantly increases the length of cilia. Fenoldopam further increases the length of cilia compared to dopamine treated cells. The increase in cilia length also increases the sensitivity of the cells in response to fluid-shear stress. The graded responses to dopamine- and fenoldopam-induced increase in cilia length further show that sensitivity to fluid-shear stress correlates to the length of cilia. Together, our studies suggest for the first time that dopamine or fenoldopam is an exciting agent that enhances structure and function of primary cilia. We further propose that dopaminergic agents can be used in “cilio-therapy” to treat diseases associated with abnormal cilia structure and/or function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian S Muntean
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, The University of Toledo Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Sarmed H Kathem
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Toledo Toledo, OH, USA ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Jangyoun J Hwang
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Toledo Toledo, OH, USA
| | | | - Surya M Nauli
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Toledo Toledo, OH, USA ; Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, The University of Toledo Toledo, OH, USA
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36
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Lima WC, Vinet A, Pieters J, Cosson P. Role of PKD2 in rheotaxis in Dictyostelium. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88682. [PMID: 24520414 PMCID: PMC3919814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensing of mechanical forces modulates several cellular responses as adhesion, migration and differentiation. Transient elevations of calcium concentration play a key role in the activation of cells following mechanical stress, but it is still unclear how eukaryotic cells convert a mechanical signal into an ion flux. In this study, we used the model organism Dictyostelium discoideum to assess systematically the role of individual calcium channels in mechanosensing. Our results indicate that PKD2 is the major player in the cell response to rheotaxis (i.e., shear-flow induced mechanical motility), while other putative calcium channels play at most minor roles. Mutant pkd2 KO cells lose the ability to orient relative to a shear flow, whereas their ability to move towards a chemoattractant is unaffected. PKD2 is also important for calcium-induced lysosome exocytosis: WT cells show a transient, 2-fold increase in lysosome secretion upon sudden exposure to high levels of extracellular calcium, but pkd2 KO cells do not. In Dictyostelium, PKD2 is specifically localized at the plasma membrane, where it may generate calcium influxes in response to mechanical stress or extracellular calcium changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanessa C. Lima
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Adrien Vinet
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean Pieters
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Cosson
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Abstract
It has been exciting times since the identification of polycystic kidney disease 1 (PKD1) and PKD2 as the genes mutated in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Biological roles of the encoded proteins polycystin-1 and TRPP2 have been deduced from phenotypes in ADPKD patients, but recent insights from vertebrate and invertebrate model organisms have significantly expanded our understanding of the physiological functions of these proteins. The identification of additional TRPP (TRPP3 and TRPP5) and polycystin-1-like proteins (PKD1L1, PKD1L2, PKD1L3, and PKDREJ) has added yet another layer of complexity to these fascinating cellular signalling units. TRPP proteins assemble with polycystin-1 family members to form receptor-channel complexes. These protein modules have important biological roles ranging from tubular morphogenesis to determination of left-right asymmetry. The founding members of the polycystin family, TRPP2 and polycystin-1, are a prime example of how studying human disease genes can provide insights into fundamental biological mechanisms using a so-called "reverse translational" approach (from bedside to bench). Here, we discuss the current literature on TRPP ion channels and polycystin-1 family proteins including expression, structure, physical interactions, physiology, and lessons from animal model systems and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Semmo
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany,
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38
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Peyronnet R, Martins JR, Duprat F, Demolombe S, Arhatte M, Jodar M, Tauc M, Duranton C, Paulais M, Teulon J, Honoré E, Patel A. Piezo1-dependent stretch-activated channels are inhibited by Polycystin-2 in renal tubular epithelial cells. EMBO Rep 2013; 14:1143-8. [PMID: 24157948 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2013.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces associated with fluid flow and/or circumferential stretch are sensed by renal epithelial cells and contribute to both adaptive or disease states. Non-selective stretch-activated ion channels (SACs), characterized by a lack of inactivation and a remarkably slow deactivation, are active at the basolateral side of renal proximal convoluted tubules. Knockdown of Piezo1 strongly reduces SAC activity in proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells. Similarly, overexpression of Polycystin-2 (PC2) or, to a greater extent its pathogenic mutant PC2-740X, impairs native SACs. Moreover, PC2 inhibits exogenous Piezo1 SAC activity. PC2 coimmunoprecipitates with Piezo1 and deletion of its N-terminal domain prevents both this interaction and inhibition of SAC activity. These findings indicate that renal SACs depend on Piezo1, but are critically conditioned by PC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Peyronnet
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, LabEx ICST, UMR 7275 CNRS, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France
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39
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Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a common hereditary disorder which is characterized by fluid-filled cysts in the kidney. Mutation in either PKD1, encoding polycystin-1 (PC1), or PKD2, encoding polycystin-2 (PC2), are causative genes of PKD. Recent studies indicate that renal cilia, known as mechanosensors, detecting flow stimulation through renal tubules, have a critical function in maintaining homeostasis of renal epithelial cells. Because most proteins related to PKD are localized to renal cilia or have a function in ciliogenesis. PC1/PC2 heterodimer is localized to the cilia, playing a role in calcium channels. Also, disruptions of ciliary proteins, except for PC1 and PC2, could be involved in the induction of polycystic kidney disease. Based on these findings, various PKD mice models were produced to understand the roles of primary cilia defects in renal cyst formation. In this review, we will describe the general role of cilia in renal epithelial cells, and the relationship between ciliary defects and PKD. We also discuss mouse models of PKD related to ciliary defects based on recent studies. [BMB Reports 2013; 46(2): 73-79]
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Yeong Ko
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
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40
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Wang S, Dong Z. Primary cilia and kidney injury: current research status and future perspectives. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F1085-98. [PMID: 23904226 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00399.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia, membrane-enclosed organelles protruding from the apical side of cells, can be divided into two classes: motile and primary cilia. During the past decades, motile cilia have been intensively studied. However, it was not until the 1990s that people began to realize the importance of primary cilia as cellular-specific sensors, particularly in kidney tubular epithelial cells. Furthermore, accumulating evidence indicates that primary cilia may be involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and planar cell polarity. Many signaling pathways, such as Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, and mammalian target of rapamycin, have been located to the primary cilia. Thus primary cilia have been regarded as a hub that integrates signals from the extracellular environment. More importantly, dysfunction of this organelle may contribute to the pathogenesis of a large spectrum of human genetic diseases, named ciliopathies. The significance of primary cilia in acquired human diseases such as hypertension and diabetes has gradually drawn attention. Interestingly, recent reports disclosed that cilia length varies during kidney injury, and shortening of cilia enhances the sensitivity of epithelial cells to injury cues. This review briefly summarizes the current status of cilia research and explores the potential mechanisms of cilia-length changes during kidney injury as well as provides some thoughts to allure more insightful ideas and promotes the further study of primary cilia in the context of kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixuan Wang
- Dept. of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912.
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41
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Wang S, Wei Q, Dong G, Dong Z. ERK-mediated suppression of cilia in cisplatin-induced tubular cell apoptosis and acute kidney injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1582-90. [PMID: 23727409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In kidneys, each tubular epithelial cell contains a primary cilium that protrudes from the apical surface. Ciliary dysfunction was recently linked to acute kidney injury (AKI) following renal ischemia-reperfusion. Whether ciliary regulation is a general pathogenic mechanism in AKI remains unclear. Moreover, the ciliary change during AKI and its underlying mechanism are largely unknown. Here we examined the change of primary cilium and its role in tubular cell apoptosis and AKI induced by cisplatin, a chemotherapy agent with notable nephrotoxicity. In cultured human proximal tubular HK-2 epithelial cells, cilia became shorter during cisplatin treatment, followed by apoptosis. Knockdown of Kif3a or Polaris (cilia maintenance proteins) reduced cilia and increased apoptosis during cisplatin treatment. We further subcloned HK-2 cells and found that the clones with shorter cilia were more sensitive to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, cilia-suppressed cells showed hyperphosphorylation or activation of ERK. Inhibition of ERK by U0126 preserved cilia during cisplatin treatment and protected against apoptosis in HK-2 cells. In C57BL/6 mice, U0126 prevented the loss of cilia from proximal tubules during cisplatin treatment and protected against AKI. U0126 up-regulated Polaris, but not Kif3a, in kidney tissues. It is suggested that ciliary regulation by ERK plays a role in cisplatin-induced tubular apoptosis and AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixuan Wang
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Analysis of the REJ Module of Polycystin-1 Using Molecular Modeling and Force-Spectroscopy Techniques. JOURNAL OF BIOPHYSICS 2013; 2013:525231. [PMID: 23762046 PMCID: PMC3677617 DOI: 10.1155/2013/525231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Polycystin-1 is a large transmembrane protein, which, when mutated, causes autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, one of the most common life-threatening genetic diseases that is a leading cause of kidney failure. The REJ (receptor for egg lelly) module is a major component of PC1 ectodomain that extends to about 1000 amino acids. Many missense disease-causing mutations map to this module; however, very little is known about the structure or function of this region. We used a combination of homology molecular modeling, protein engineering, steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations, and single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) to analyze the conformation and mechanical stability of the first ~420 amino acids of REJ. Homology molecular modeling analysis revealed that this region may contain structural elements that have an FNIII-like structure, which we named REJd1, REJd2, REJd3, and REJd4. We found that REJd1 has a higher mechanical stability than REJd2 (~190 pN and 60 pN, resp.). Our data suggest that the putative domains REJd3 and REJd4 likely do not form mechanically stable folds. Our experimental approach opens a new way to systematically study the effects of disease-causing mutations on the structure and mechanical properties of the REJ module of PC1.
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A telomerase immortalized human proximal tubule cell line with a truncation mutation (Q4004X) in polycystin-1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55191. [PMID: 23383103 PMCID: PMC3557233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is associated with a variety of cellular phenotypes in renal epithelial cells. Cystic epithelia are secretory as opposed to absorptive, have higher proliferation rates in cell culture and have some characteristics of epithelial to mesenchymal transitions [1], [2]. In this communication we describe a telomerase immortalized cell line that expresses proximal tubule markers and is derived from renal cysts of an ADPKD kidney. These cells have a single detectable truncating mutation (Q4004X) in polycystin-1. These cells make normal appearing but shorter cilia and fail to assemble polycystin-1 in the cilia, and less uncleaved polycystin-1 in membrane fractions. This cell line has been maintained in continuous passage for over 35 passages without going into senescence. Nephron segment specific markers suggest a proximal tubule origin for these cells and the cell line will be useful to study mechanistic details of cyst formation in proximal tubule cells.
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Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is an inherited genetic disorder that results in progressive renal cyst formation with ultimate loss of renal function and other systemic disorders. These systemic disorders include abnormalities in cardiovascular, portal, pancreatic and gastrointestinal systems. ADPKD is considered to be among the ciliopathy diseases due to the association with abnormal primary cilia function. In order to understand the full course of primary cilia and its association with ADPKD, the structure, functions and role of primary cilia have been meticulously investigated. As a result, the focus on primary cilia has emerged to support the vital roles of primary cilia in ADPKD. The primary cilia have been shown to have not only a mechanosensory function but also a chemosensory function. Both structural and functional defects in primary cilia result in cystic kidney disease and vascular hypertension. Thus, the mechanosenory and chemosensory functions will be analyzed in regards to ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmed H Kathem
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio ; College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ashraf M Mohieldin
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Surya M Nauli
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
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45
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Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD), the most common genetic cause of chronic renal failure, is characterized by the presence of numerous fluid-filled cysts in renal parenchyma. Despite recent progress, no FDA-approved therapy is available to retard cyst growth. Here, we review current evidence implicating two groups of miRNAs - the miR-17~92 cluster and miR-200s - in the pathogenesis of PKD. We present a new hypothesis for cyst growth involving miRNAs and regulation of PKD gene dosage. We propose that manipulating miRNA function in an attempt to normalize PKD gene dosage represents a novel therapeutic strategy in PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Noureddine
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sachin Hajarnis
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Vishal Patel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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46
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Nauli SM, Jin X, AbouAlaiwi WA, El-Jouni W, Su X, Zhou J. Non-motile primary cilia as fluid shear stress mechanosensors. Methods Enzymol 2013; 525:1-20. [PMID: 23522462 PMCID: PMC4096622 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397944-5.00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are sensory organelles that transmit extracellular signals into intracellular biochemical responses. Structural and functional defects in primary cilia are associated with a group of human diseases, known as ciliopathies, with phenotypes ranging from cystic kidney and obesity to blindness and mental retardation. Primary cilia mediate mechano- and chemosensation in many cell types. The mechanosensory function of the primary cilia requires the atypical G-protein-coupled receptor polycystin-1 and the calcium-permeable nonselective cation channel polycystin-2. Mechanical stimulations such as fluid-shear stress of the primary cilia initiate intracellular calcium rise, nitric oxide release, and protein modifications. In this review, we describe a set of protocols for cell culture to promote ciliation, mechanical stimulations of the primary cilia, and measurements of calcium rise and nitric oxide release induced by fluid shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya M. Nauli
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Xingjian Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Wassim El-Jouni
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xuefeng Su
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Baek IK, Chung S, Suh MR, Hwang DS, Kang D, Lee J. Coordinate synthesis but discrete localization of homologous N-glycosylated proteins, CLP and CLB, in Naegleria pringsheimi flagellates. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2012; 59:614-24. [PMID: 22888905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synchronous amoebae-to-flagellates differentiation of Naegleria pringsheimi has been used as a model system to study the formation of eukaryotic flagella. We cloned two novel genes, Clp, Class I on plasma membrane and Clb, Class I at basal bodies, which are transiently expressed during differentiation and characterized their respective protein products. CLP (2,087 amino acids) and CLB (1,952 amino acids) have 82.9% identity in their amino acid sequences and are heavily N-glycosylated, leading to an ~ 100 × 10(3) increase in the relative molecular mass of the native proteins. In spite of these similarities, CLP and CLB were localized to distinct regions: CLP was present on the outer surface of the plasma membrane, whereas CLB was concentrated at a site where the basal bodies are assembled and remained associated with the basal bodies. Oryzalin, a microtubule toxin, inhibited the appearance of CLP on the plasma membrane, but had no effect on the concentration of CLB at its target site. These data suggest that N. pringsheimi uses separate mechanisms to transport CLP and CLB to the plasma membrane and to the site of basal body assembly, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Keol Baek
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
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48
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Dynamic compression of chondrocyte-agarose constructs reveals new candidate mechanosensitive genes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36964. [PMID: 22615857 PMCID: PMC3355169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is physiologically exposed to repeated loads. The mechanical properties of cartilage are due to its extracellular matrix, and homeostasis is maintained by the sole cell type found in cartilage, the chondrocyte. Although mechanical forces clearly control the functions of articular chondrocytes, the biochemical pathways that mediate cellular responses to mechanical stress have not been fully characterised. The aim of our study was to examine early molecular events triggered by dynamic compression in chondrocytes. We used an experimental system consisting of primary mouse chondrocytes embedded within an agarose hydrogel; embedded cells were pre-cultured for one week and subjected to short-term compression experiments. Using Western blots, we demonstrated that chondrocytes maintain a differentiated phenotype in this model system and reproduce typical chondrocyte-cartilage matrix interactions. We investigated the impact of dynamic compression on the phosphorylation state of signalling molecules and genome-wide gene expression. After 15 min of dynamic compression, we observed transient activation of ERK1/2 and p38 (members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways) and Smad2/3 (members of the canonical transforming growth factor (TGF)-β pathways). A microarray analysis performed on chondrocytes compressed for 30 min revealed that only 20 transcripts were modulated more than 2-fold. A less conservative list of 325 modulated genes included genes related to the MAPK and TGF-β pathways and/or known to be mechanosensitive in other biological contexts. Of these candidate mechanosensitive genes, 85% were down-regulated. Down-regulation may therefore represent a general control mechanism for a rapid response to dynamic compression. Furthermore, modulation of transcripts corresponding to different aspects of cellular physiology was observed, such as non-coding RNAs or primary cilium. This study provides new insight into how chondrocytes respond to mechanical forces.
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Interaction of gentamicin polycation with model and cell membranes. Bioelectrochemistry 2012; 87:230-5. [PMID: 22522030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of positively-charged antibiotic gentamicin with cell membranes was studied to determine if any changes in membrane organization were induced by the drug. Opossum kidney epithelia (OK) cells were used as models of eukaryotic cells. Two methods were used: laurdan fluorescence spectroscopy and fluorescence anisotropy recordings on 1-(4-trimethylammoniumphenyl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene p-toluenesulfonate (TMA-DPH) labeled cell suspensions. Both methods showed an altered membrane hydration and fluidity of gentamicin treated cells. Liposomes prepared from dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) mixed with cardiolipin, which mimics the heterogeneous charge composition of the natural cell membrane, were used to determine the effect of gentamicin on artificial bilayers. The membrane lipid packing as revealed by generalized polarization (GP) and fluorescence anizotropy variation with increasing temperature was studied. It was found that the generalized polarization of liposomal membranes containing a negatively charged lipid (cardiolipin) is higher in the presence of gentamicin; in the membrane of living cell (OK), gentamicin induces, on the contrary, a decrease of general polarization. Considering the role of membrane organization in the function of transmembrane channels and receptors, our findings suggest hypotheses that may explain the permeation of gentamicin through the living cell membrane by using these channels.
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50
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Hoey DA, Chen JC, Jacobs CR. The primary cilium as a novel extracellular sensor in bone. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:75. [PMID: 22707948 PMCID: PMC3374377 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanically induced adaptation of bone is required to maintain a healthy skeleton and defects in this process can lead to dramatic changes in bone mass, resulting in bone diseases such as osteoporosis. Therefore, understanding how this process occurs could yield novel therapeutics to treat diseases of excessive bone loss or formation. Over the past decade the primary cilium has emerged as a novel extracellular sensor in bone, being required to transduce changes in the extracellular mechanical environment into biochemical responses regulating bone adaptation. In this review, we introduce the primary cilium as a novel extracellular sensor in bone; discuss the in vitro and in vivo findings of primary cilia based sensing in bone; explore the role of the primary cilium in regulating stem cell osteogenic fate commitment and finish with future directions of research and possible development of cilia targeting therapeutics to treat bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Hoey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New YorkNew York, NY, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in IrelandDublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for Applied Biomedical Engineering Research, Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of LimerickLimerick, Ireland
- *Correspondence: David A. Hoey, Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for Applied Biomedical Engineering Research, Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland. e-mail:
| | - Julia C. Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New YorkNew York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher R. Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New YorkNew York, NY, USA
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