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Min Y, Li Q, Yu H, Kong L, Liu S. Comparative transcriptome elucidates key genes and pathways related to golden phenotype of Crassostrea gigas. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 49:101197. [PMID: 38295536 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Marine bivalves are economically important and exhibit a remarkable diversity in shell color. The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas stands out as an important economic species, with the successful development of four distinct color strains through selective breeding. While previous studies have shed light on the genetic mechanism underlying color segregation, the precise molecular regulatory mechanisms responsible for shell coloration in oysters remains elusive. In this study, we confirmed that the golden phenotype is primarily attributed to pheomelanin by histological and ultrastructural observations. Additionally, we conducted a comparative transcriptome analysis of the black and golden shell color oysters to explore the potential genes and pathways contributing to the golden phenotype in C. gigas. Our results revealed a significant increase in differentially expressed genes in the golden phenotype associated with pathways such as glutathione metabolism, and calcium signaling pathway, suggesting a potential role in the synthesis of pheomelanin. Of particular note, we highlighted the potential role of two-pore channel 2 (TPC2) in modulating tyrosinase activity and melanosomal pH, ultimately determining the shade of pigmentation. Our study in this work provided a preliminary exploration of the mechanism, shedding light on the melanosome microenvironment and shell color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Min
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Hong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lingfeng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shikai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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2
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Corona-Trejo A, Gonsebatt ME, Trejo-Solis C, Campos-Peña V, Quintas-Granados LI, Villegas-Vázquez EY, Daniel Reyes-Hernández O, Hernández-Abad VJ, Figueroa-González G, Silva-Adaya D. Transsulfuration pathway: a targeting neuromodulator in Parkinson's disease. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:915-932. [PMID: 37409540 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The transsulfuration pathway (TSP) is a metabolic pathway involving sulfur transfer from homocysteine to cysteine. Transsulfuration pathway leads to many sulfur metabolites, principally glutathione, H2S, taurine, and cysteine. Key enzymes of the TSP, such as cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase, are essential regulators at multiple levels in this pathway. TSP metabolites are implicated in many physiological processes in the central nervous system and other tissues. TSP is important in controlling sulfur balance and optimal cellular functions such as glutathione synthesis. Alterations in the TSP and related pathways (transmethylation and remethylation) are altered in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, suggesting their participation in the pathophysiology and progression of these diseases. In Parkinson's disease many cellular processes are comprised mainly those that regulate redox homeostasis, inflammation, reticulum endoplasmic stress, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and sulfur content metabolites of TSP are involved in these damage processes. Current research on the transsulfuration pathway in Parkinson's disease has primarily focused on the synthesis and function of certain metabolites, particularly glutathione. However, our understanding of the regulation of other metabolites of the transsulfuration pathway, as well as their relationships with other metabolites, and their synthesis regulation in Parkinson´s disease remain limited. Thus, this paper highlights the importance of studying the molecular dynamics in different metabolites and enzymes that affect the transsulfuration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Corona-Trejo
- Carrera de Biología, Laboratorio de Farmacogenética, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental Zaragoza, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 09230, Mexico
| | - María E Gonsebatt
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Cristina Trejo-Solis
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico, 14269, Mexico
| | - Victoria Campos-Peña
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico, 14269, Mexico
| | | | - Edgar Yebrán Villegas-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Farmacogenética, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental Zaragoza, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 09230 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Octavio Daniel Reyes-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental Zaragoza, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 09230, Mexico
| | - Vicente Jesús Hernández-Abad
- Laboratorio de Investigación Farmacéutica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Batalla de 5 de mayo s/n, Col, Ejército de Oriente, 09230 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Figueroa-González
- Laboratorio de Farmacogenética, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental Zaragoza, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 09230 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniela Silva-Adaya
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico, 14269, Mexico
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3
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Marton A, Vágási CI, Vincze O, Bókony V, Pap PL, Pătraș L, Pénzes J, Bărbos L, Fülöp A, Osváth G, Ducatez S, Giraudeau M. Oxidative physiology is weakly associated with pigmentation in birds. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9177. [PMID: 35979521 PMCID: PMC9366753 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic link between avian oxidative physiology and plumage coloration has attracted considerable attention in past decades. Hence, multiple proximal hypotheses were proposed to explain how oxidative state might covary with the production of melanin and carotenoid pigments. Some hypotheses underscore that these pigments (or their precursors, e.g., glutathione) have antioxidant capacities or function as molecules storing the toxic excess of intracellular compounds, while others highlight that these pigments can act as pro-oxidants under specific conditions. Most studies addressing these associations are at the intraspecific level, while phylogenetic comparative studies are still scarce, though needed to assess the generality of these associations. Here, we tested whether plumage and bare part coloration were related to oxidative physiology at an interspecific level by measuring five oxidative physiology markers (three nonenzymatic antioxidants and two markers of lipid peroxidative damage) in 1387 individuals of 104 European bird species sampled during the breeding season, and by scoring plumage eumelanin, pheomelanin, and carotenoid content for each sex and species. Only the plasma level of reactive oxygen metabolites was related to melanin coloration, being positively associated with eumelanin score and negatively with pheomelanin score. Thus, our results do not support the role of antioxidant glutathione in driving variation in melanin synthesis across species. Furthermore, the carotenoid scores of feathers and bare parts were unrelated to the measured oxidative physiology parameters, further suggesting that the marked differences in pigmentation across birds does not influence their oxidative state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Marton
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Hungarian Department of Biology and EcologyBabeș‐Bolyai UniversityCluj‐NapocaRomania
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human BiologyUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
| | - Csongor I. Vágási
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Hungarian Department of Biology and EcologyBabeș‐Bolyai UniversityCluj‐NapocaRomania
| | - Orsolya Vincze
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Hungarian Department of Biology and EcologyBabeș‐Bolyai UniversityCluj‐NapocaRomania
- Institute of Aquatic EcologyCentre for Ecological ResearchDebrecenHungary
| | - Veronika Bókony
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research GroupPlant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research NetworkBudapestHungary
| | - Péter L. Pap
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Hungarian Department of Biology and EcologyBabeș‐Bolyai UniversityCluj‐NapocaRomania
| | - Laura Pătraș
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyBabeş‐Bolyai UniversityCluj‐NapocaRomania
| | - Janka Pénzes
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Hungarian Department of Biology and EcologyBabeș‐Bolyai UniversityCluj‐NapocaRomania
| | - Lőrinc Bărbos
- Milvus Group Bird and Nature Protection AssociationTârgu MureșRomania
| | - Attila Fülöp
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Hungarian Department of Biology and EcologyBabeș‐Bolyai UniversityCluj‐NapocaRomania
- MTA‐DE Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human BiologyUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
| | - Gergely Osváth
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Hungarian Department of Biology and EcologyBabeș‐Bolyai UniversityCluj‐NapocaRomania
- Museum of ZoologyBabeş‐Bolyai UniversityCluj‐NapocaRomania
| | - Simon Ducatez
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) – UMR 241 EIO (UPF, IRD, Ifremer, ILM)TahitiFrench Polynesia
| | - Mathieu Giraudeau
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS – La Rochelle UniversitéLa RochelleFrance
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Correia MJ, Pimpão AB, Fernandes DGF, Morello J, Sequeira CO, Calado J, Antunes AMM, Almeida MS, Branco P, Monteiro EC, Vicente JB, Serpa J, Pereira SA. Cysteine as a Multifaceted Player in Kidney, the Cysteine-Related Thiolome and Its Implications for Precision Medicine. Molecules 2022; 27:1416. [PMID: 35209204 PMCID: PMC8874463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review encouraged by original data, we first provided in vivo evidence that the kidney, comparative to the liver or brain, is an organ particularly rich in cysteine. In the kidney, the total availability of cysteine was higher in cortex tissue than in the medulla and distributed in free reduced, free oxidized and protein-bound fractions (in descending order). Next, we provided a comprehensive integrated review on the evidence that supports the reliance on cysteine of the kidney beyond cysteine antioxidant properties, highlighting the relevance of cysteine and its renal metabolism in the control of cysteine excess in the body as a pivotal source of metabolites to kidney biomass and bioenergetics and a promoter of adaptive responses to stressors. This view might translate into novel perspectives on the mechanisms of kidney function and blood pressure regulation and on clinical implications of the cysteine-related thiolome as a tool in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Correia
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
| | - António B. Pimpão
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Dalila G. F. Fernandes
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.G.F.F.); (J.B.V.)
| | - Judit Morello
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Catarina O. Sequeira
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Joaquim Calado
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, Nova Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, 1069-166 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandra M. M. Antunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Manuel S. Almeida
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
- Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, 2790-134 Carnaxide, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Branco
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
- Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, 2790-134 Carnaxide, Portugal
| | - Emília C. Monteiro
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
| | - João B. Vicente
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.G.F.F.); (J.B.V.)
| | - Jacinta Serpa
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
- Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia A. Pereira
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
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5
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Goodchild CG, Beck ML, VanDiest I, Czesak FN, Lane SJ, Sewall KB. Male zebra finches exposed to lead (Pb) during development have reduced volume of song nuclei, altered sexual traits, and received less attention from females as adults. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 210:111850. [PMID: 33421715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a pervasive global contaminant that interferes with sensitive windows for neurological development and causes oxidative damage to tissues. The effects of moderate and high exposure to Pb have been well-studied in birds, but whether low-level early-life exposure to Pb influences adult phenotype remains unclear. Female songbirds use a male's song and coloration to discriminate between high- and low-quality males. Therefore, if early-life exposure to Pb disrupts song learning ability or shifts the allocation of antioxidant pigments away from colorful secondary sexual traits, male birds exposed to Pb may be less attractive to females. We exposed developing zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) to Pb-contaminated drinking water (100 or 1000 parts per billion [ppb]) after hatching (days 0-100). Once male finches reached adulthood (120-150 days post hatch), we measured song learning ability, coloration of bill and cheek patches, and volume of song nuclei in the brain. We also measured female preference for Pb-exposed males relative to control males. Finally, we measured motoric and spatial cognitive performance in male and female finches to assess whether cognitive traits differed in their sensitivity to Pb exposure. Male zebra finches exposed to 1000 ppb Pb had impaired song learning ability, reduced volume of song nuclei, bills with less redness and received less attention from females. Additionally, Pb exposure impaired motoric performance in both male and female finches but did not affect performance in a spatial cognitive task. Adult finches exposed to Pb-contaminated water had higher blood-Pb levels, though in all cases blood-Pb levels were below 7.0 µg dL-1. This study suggests that low-level exposure to Pb contributes to cognitive deficits that persist into adulthood and may indirectly influence fitness by altering secondary sexual traits and reducing male attractiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Goodchild
- Virgina Tech, Dept. of Biology, Blacksburg, VA, USA; University of Central Oklahoma, Dept. of Biology, Edmond, OK, USA.
| | - Michelle L Beck
- Virgina Tech, Dept. of Biology, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Rivier University, Dept. of Biology, Nashua, NH, USA
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Hegyi G, Laczi M, Kötél D, Csörgő T. Melanin-based ornament darkness positively correlates with across-season nutritional condition. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13087-13094. [PMID: 33304519 PMCID: PMC7713921 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually dimorphic ornamental traits are widely regarded as indicators of nutritional condition. However, variation of nutritional condition outside the reproductive and the ornament production seasons has rarely been considered, although it affects the generality of information content, especially for ornaments that may be used across the year. We measured several indicators of migratory and molt condition in male and female blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) during their autumn migration, and quantified their crown reflectance. We detected robust correlations between migratory and molt condition indices, and the correlation structure was similar in the two sexes. Furthermore, the across-season measure of body condition was positively related to the darkness of the black crown in males, while being unrelated to reflectance traits of the reddish crown in females. Our results reinforce the possibility that some melanin-based ornaments may be year-round indicators of individual quality via their dependence on nutritional condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Hegyi
- Department of Systematic Zoology and EcologyELTE Eötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Miklós Laczi
- Department of Systematic Zoology and EcologyELTE Eötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Dóra Kötél
- Department of Systematic Zoology and EcologyELTE Eötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Tibor Csörgő
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental BiologyELTE Eötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestHungary
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7
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Rodríguez-Martínez S, Galván I. A source of exogenous oxidative stress improves oxidative status and favors pheomelanin synthesis in zebra finches. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 228:108667. [PMID: 31712186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Some organisms can modulate gene expression to trigger physiological responses that help adapt to environmental stress. The synthesis of the pigment pheomelanin in melanocytes seems to be one of these responses, as it may contribute to cellular homeostasis. We experimentally induced environmental oxidative stress in male zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata by the administration of the herbicide diquat dibromide during feather growth to test if the expression of genes involved in pheomelanin synthesis shows epigenetic lability. As pheomelanin synthesis implies decreasing the availability of the main cellular antioxidant (glutathione), it is expected to cause oxidative stress unless a protective mechanism limits pheomelanin synthesis and thus favors the antioxidant capacity. However, diquat exposure did not only improve the antioxidant capacity of birds, but also upregulated the expression of a gene (AGRP) that promotes pheomelanin synthesis in feather melanocytes, leading to the development of darker plumage coloration. No changes in the expression of other genes involved in pheomelanin synthesis (Slc7a11, Slc45a2, MC1R, ASIP and CTNS) were detected. DNA methylation levels only changed in MC1R, suggesting that epigenetic modifications other than changes in methylation may regulate AGRP expression lability. Our results suggest that exogenous oxidative stress induced a hormetic response that enhanced the oxidative status of birds and, consequently, promoted pheomelanin-based pigmentation, supporting the idea that birds adjust pheomelanin synthesis to their oxidative stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ismael Galván
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
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8
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Pheomelanin-based coloration is related to individual quality and oxidative stress in blue petrels. Evol Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-019-10010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Rodríguez-Martínez S, Galván I. Exposure to a competitive social environment activates an epigenetic mechanism that limits pheomelanin synthesis in zebra finches. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:3698-3708. [PMID: 31290207 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Competitive environments promote high testosterone levels, produce oxidative stress and, consequently, impair cellular homeostasis. The regulation of genes involved in the synthesis of the pigment pheomelanin in melanocytes seems to help to maintain homeostasis against environmental oxidative stress. Here, we experimentally increased social interactions in some zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) males by keeping them in groups of six birds during feather growth, while others were kept alone, to test if melanocytes show epigenetic lability under a competitive social environment. As these changes may depend on the oxidative status, we administrated buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) to decrease the antioxidant capacity of some birds. The competitive environment downregulated a gene involved in pheomelanin synthesis (Slc7a11) by changing the level of DNA methylation in feather melanocytes. In other genes involved in pheomelanin synthesis (Slc45a2, MC1R and AGRP), DNA methylation was also affected, but no changes in expression were detected. Exposure to the competitive environment did not affect systemic oxidative stress and damage, indicating that a protective epigenetic mechanism that changes the expression of Slc7a11 may have been activated. However, no changes to the pigmentation phenotype of birds were found, probably due to the short duration or low intensity of the competitive environment. BSO treatment did not affect the epigenetic mechanism, suggesting that the antioxidant capacity of birds was high enough to deal with the competitive environment. An epigenetic mechanism limiting pheomelanin synthesis therefore becomes activated under exposure to a competitive environment in male zebra finches, which may help to avoid damage caused by competitive interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ismael Galván
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
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Rodríguez‐Martínez S, Márquez R, Inácio Â, Galván I. Changes in melanocyte RNA and DNA methylation favour pheomelanin synthesis and may avoid systemic oxidative stress after dietary cysteine supplementation in birds. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:1030-1042. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Márquez
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC Sevilla Spain
| | - Ângela Inácio
- Laboratório de GenéticaInstituto de Saúde AmbientalFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | - Ismael Galván
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC Sevilla Spain
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11
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Galván I, Rodríguez-Martínez S. A Negative Association between Melanin-Based Plumage Color Heterogeneity and Intensity in Birds. Physiol Biochem Zool 2019; 92:266-273. [PMID: 30821609 DOI: 10.1086/702720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Even though plumage diversity is one of the most diverse phenotypic traits in nature, the reasons why some species exhibit more distinctive colors than others are poorly known. In the case of melanins, the most abundant pigments in birds, different chemical forms lead to different plumage colors and different amounts of those forms lead to different color intensities. However, the synthesis of some melanin forms is more physiologically limited than others. We hypothesize that an evolutionary solution to this scenario may consist in a negative association between melanin-based color heterogeneity and intensity. Here we confirm this prediction after analyzing the diversity and expression level of melanin-based plumage colors in 96 species of birds breeding in the Iberian Peninsula. After controlling for phylogenetic effects, the intensity of the plumage colors of birds decreased with the number of different colors, suggesting that the physiological mechanism of melanin synthesis does not favor the production of both a heterogeneity of melanin forms and large amounts of these forms. These findings contribute to a better understanding of bird phenotypic diversity.
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Arai E, Hasegawa M, Sato M, Sakai H, Ito S, Wakamatsu K. Eumelanin levels in rufous feathers explain plasma testosterone levels and survival in swallows. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:2755-2764. [PMID: 30891214 PMCID: PMC6405925 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment-based plumage coloration and its physiological properties have attracted many researchers to explain the evolution of such ornamental traits. These studies, however, assume the functional importance of the predominant pigment while ignoring that of other minor pigments, and few studies have focused on the composition of these pigments. Using the pheomelanin-based plumage in two swallow species, we studied the allocation of two pigments (the predominant pigment, pheomelanin, and the minor pigment, eumelanin) in relation to physiological properties and viability in populations under a natural and sexual selection. This is indispensable for studying the evolution of pheomelanin-based plumage coloration. Pheomelanin and eumelanin share the same pathway only during their initial stages of development, which can be a key to unravel the functional importance of pigment allocation and thus of plumage coloration. Using the barn swallow, Hirundo rustica, a migratory species, we found that plasma testosterone levels increased with increasing the proportion of eumelanin pigments compared with pheomelanin pigments, but not with the amount of pheomelanin pigments, during the mating period. In the Pacific swallow Hirundo tahitica, a nonmigratory congener, we found that, during severe winter weathers, survivors had a proportionally smaller amount of eumelanin pigments compared with pheomelanin pigments than that in nonsurvivors, but no detectable difference was found in the pheomelanin pigmentation itself. These results indicated that a minor pigment, eumelanin, matters at least in some physiological measures and viability. Because the major pigment, pheomelanin, has its own physiological properties, a combination of major and minor pigments provides multiple information to the signal receivers, potentially enhancing the signaling function of pheomelanic coloration and its diversification across habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Arai
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of BiosystemsSokendai (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies)Hayama‐machiKanagawaJapan
| | - Masaru Hasegawa
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of BiosystemsSokendai (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies)Hayama‐machiKanagawaJapan
| | - Megumi Sato
- Department of Biology, School of DentistryNihon UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Hidetsugu Sakai
- Department of Biology, School of DentistryNihon UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of ChemistryFujita Health University School of Health SciencesToyoakeAichiJapan
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of ChemistryFujita Health University School of Health SciencesToyoakeAichiJapan
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Arai E, Hasegawa M, Wakamatsu K, Ito S. Males with More Pheomelanin Have a Lower Oxidative Balance in Asian Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica gutturalis). Zoolog Sci 2018; 35:505-513. [DOI: 10.2108/zs170204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emi Arai
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, Sokendai (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0115, Japan
| | - Masaru Hasegawa
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, Sokendai (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0115, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
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Jiang F, Siegler MA, Bouwman E. The Reactivity of Fe
II
and Co
II
Disulfide Compounds with Dihydrogen Peroxide. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry Gorlaeus Laboratories Leiden University P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Maxime A. Siegler
- Department of Chemistry Gorlaeus Laboratories Johns Hopkins University 3400 N. Charles Street 21218 Baltimore Maryland United States
| | - Elisabeth Bouwman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry Gorlaeus Laboratories Leiden University P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
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15
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Galván I. Predation risk determines pigmentation phenotype in nuthatches by melanin-related gene expression effects. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1760-1771. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Galván
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology; Doñana Biological Station; CSIC; Sevilla Spain
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16
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Solar and terrestrial radiations explain continental-scale variation in bird pigmentation. Oecologia 2018; 188:683-693. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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San-Jose LM, Roulin A. Toward Understanding the Repeated Occurrence of Associations between Melanin-Based Coloration and Multiple Phenotypes. Am Nat 2018; 192:111-130. [PMID: 30016163 DOI: 10.1086/698010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is the most widespread pigment in organisms. Melanin-based coloration has been repeatedly observed to be associated with the same traits and in the same direction in different vertebrate and insect species. However, whether any factors that are common to different taxa account for the repeated evolution of melanin-phenotype associations remains unclear. We propose to approach this question from the perspective of convergent and parallel evolution to clarify to what extent different species have evolved the same associations owing to a shared genetic basis and being subjected to similar selective pressures. Our current understanding of the genetic basis of melanin-phenotype associations allows for both convergent and parallel evolution, but this understanding is still limited. Further research is needed to clarify the generality and interdependencies of the different proposed mechanisms (supergenes, pleiotropy based on hormones, or neural crest cells). The general ecological scenarios whereby melanin-based coloration is under selection-protection from ultraviolet radiation, thermoregulation in cold environments, or as a signal of social status-offer a good opportunity to study how melanin-phenotype associations evolve. Reviewing these scenarios shows that some traits associated with melanin-based coloration might be selected together with coloration by also favoring adaptation but that other associated traits might impede adaptation, which may be indicative of genetic constraints. We therefore encourage further research on the relative roles that selection and genetic constraints play in shaping multiple melanin-phenotype associations. Placed into a phylogenetic context, this will help clarify to what extent these associations result from convergent or parallel evolutionary processes and why melanin-phenotype associations are so common across the tree of life.
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18
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Akoglu G, Neselioglu S, Karaismailoglu E, Aktas A, Erel O. Plasma Thiol Levels are Associated with Disease Severity in Nonsegmental Vitiligo. Indian J Dermatol 2018; 63:323-327. [PMID: 30078877 PMCID: PMC6052756 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_586_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vitiligo is a depigmenting cutaneous disorder with complex pathogenesis. Thiol compounds are well-known organic structures that play a major role in melanogenesis. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the association between plasma thiol level and disease severity in patients with nonsegmental vitiligo. Methods: A total of 73 patients with nonsegmental vitiligo (57 generalized and 16 localized type) and age- and sex-matched 69 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Plasma levels of native thiols, disulfides, and total thiols were measured by a novel and automated assay. Disease severity of vitiligo was assessed with Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI) score. The extent, stage, and spread of vitiligo of patients were evaluated according to the Vitiligo European Task Force (VETF) system. Results: The native and total thiol levels of vitiligo patients were higher than those of healthy control group (P≤0.001 and 0.001, respectively). The median VASI score of patients was 0.7 (0.02–28.30). Univariate analyses showed that plasma native thiol levels, VETF spread score, disease duration, and vitiligo type significantly correlated with VASI scores (r=0.237, P=0.043; r=0.458, P<0.001; and P<0.001, respectively). Stepwise multivariate analysis revealed that disease duration (β=0.017; P=0.005) and spread score (β=1.301; P=0.001) were found statistically significant as independent factors on VASI score. Conclusion: Although plasma native thiol level significantly correlated with VASI scores of patients, it is not a predictive factor for vitiligo severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsen Akoglu
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Salim Neselioglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eda Karaismailoglu
- Department of Biostatistics, Kastamonu University School of Medicine, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Akin Aktas
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozcan Erel
- Department of Biochemistry, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Galván I, Moraleda V, Otero I, Álvarez E, Inácio Â. Genetic favouring of pheomelanin-based pigmentation limits physiological benefits of coloniality in lesser kestrels Falco naumanni. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:5594-5602. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Galván
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva; Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC; Sevilla Spain
| | - Virginia Moraleda
- Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA); Majadahonda Spain
| | - Ignacio Otero
- Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA); Majadahonda Spain
| | - Ernesto Álvarez
- Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA); Majadahonda Spain
| | - Ângela Inácio
- Laboratório de Genética; Instituto de Saúde Ambiental (ISAMB); Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
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20
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Galván I. Condition-dependence of pheomelanin-based coloration in nuthatches Sitta europaea suggests a detoxifying function: implications for the evolution of juvenile plumage patterns. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9138. [PMID: 28831177 PMCID: PMC5567206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09771-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult-like juvenile plumage patterns often signal genotypic quality to parents. During adulthood, the same patterns often signal quality to mates. This has led to assume that adult-like juvenile plumage is a developmental consequence of sexual selection operating in adults. Many of these patterns are produced by the pigment pheomelanin, whose synthesis may help remove toxic excess cysteine. Excess cysteine is likely to arise under conditions of relatively low stress, such as those experienced by nestling birds. Thus, adult-like plumage may be advantageous for juveniles if produced by pheomelanin. In the Eurasian nuthatch Sitta europaea, juveniles are sexually dichromatic and identical to adults. Nestling nuthatches in poorer condition develop more intense pheomelanin-based feathers, indicating greater pigment production. The same is not observed in adults. This is contrary to a function related to signaling quality and instead suggests that, at least in the Eurasian nuthatch, adult-like juvenile plumage has evolved because of the detoxifying function of pheomelanin-based pigmentation. Given the prevalence of colors typically conferred by pheomelanin in juvenile plumage patterns, the detoxifying capacity of pheomelanin under low stress levels should be considered as an explanation for the evolution of both adult-like and distinctively juvenile plumage patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Galván
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
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21
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Gyrfalcons Falco rusticolus adjust CTNS expression to food abundance: a possible contribution to cysteine homeostasis. Oecologia 2017; 184:779-785. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3920-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Galván I, Alonso-Alvarez C. Individual quality via sensitivity to cysteine availability in a melanin-based honest signaling system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:2825-2833. [PMID: 28546507 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.160333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of honest animal communication is mostly understood through the handicap principle, which is intrinsically dependent on the concept of individual quality: low-quality individuals are prevented from producing high-quality signals because, if they did so, they would pay greater production costs than high-quality individuals. We tested an alternative explanation for the black bib size of male house sparrows, Passer domesticus, an honest signal of quality the expression of which is negatively related to levels of the pigment pheomelanin in the constituent feathers. We previously showed that experimental depletion of cysteine, which participates in pheomelanogenesis, improves the phenotype (bibs larger than in controls) of high-quality males (birds with largest bibs initially) only. Here, we conducted an experiment under opposite conditions, increasing the availability of dietary cysteine, and obtained opposite results: deteriorated phenotypes (bibs smaller than in controls) were only expressed by high-quality birds. Some birds were also treated with the pro-oxidant diquat dibromide, and we found that the cellular resistance to free radicals of high-quality birds benefited more from the antioxidant activity of cysteine against diquat than that of low-quality birds. These findings support the existence of a mechanism uncoupling cysteine and pheomelanin in low-quality birds that confers on them a low sensitivity to variations in cysteine availability. This constitutes an explanation for the evolution of signal honesty that overcomes the limitations of the handicap principle, because it provides a specific definition of individual quality and because costs are no longer required to prevent low-quality individuals from producing large signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Galván
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405 Cedex, France
| | - Carlos Alonso-Alvarez
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, National Museum of Natural Sciences - CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
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23
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Galván I, Inácio Â, Romero-Haro AA, Alonso-Alvarez C. Adaptive downregulation of pheomelanin-related Slc7a11 gene expression by environmentally induced oxidative stress. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:849-858. [PMID: 27988976 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pheomelanin is a sulphur-containing yellow-to-reddish pigment whose synthesis consumes the main intracellular antioxidant (glutathione; GSH) and its precursor cysteine. Cysteine used for pheomelanogenesis cannot be used for antioxidant protection. We tested whether the expression of Slc7a11, the gene regulating the transport of cysteine to melanocytes for pheomelanogenesis, is environmentally influenced when cysteine/GSH are most required for antioxidant protection. We found that zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata developing pheomelanin-pigmented feathers during a 12-day exposure to the pro-oxidant diquat dibromide downregulated the expression of Slc7a11 in feather melanocytes, but not the expression of other genes that affect pheomelanogenesis by mechanisms different from cysteine transport such as MC1R and Slc45a2. Accordingly, diquat-treated birds did not suffer increased oxidative stress. This indicates that some animals have evolved an adaptive epigenetic lability that avoids damage derived from pheomelanogenesis. This mechanism should be explored in human Slc7a11 to help combat some cancer types related to cysteine consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Galván
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ângela Inácio
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Angela Romero-Haro
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) - CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Alvarez
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) - CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales - CSIC, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
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Avilés JM, Parejo D. Sex Difference in Condition Dependence of Carotenoid Gapes in the Eurasian Roller (Coracias garrulus). Physiol Biochem Zool 2016; 89:524-535. [PMID: 27792533 DOI: 10.1086/688756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In altricial birds, sex differentiation can start early in the ontogeny in the form of color, physiology, and/or growth and may potentially result in sex-specific condition dependence of traits mediating parent-offspring communication. Carotenoids have long been hypothesized to modulate the expression of gape coloration, but their sex-specific role enforcing honesty of gape coloration remains poorly studied. In a within-nest design, we provided carotenoid supplementation to nestlings of the Eurasian roller (Coracias garrulus) and measured the response in circulating carotenoids, coloration of the gape, cutaneous immune responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin, and growth while accounting for the sex of nestlings. Male nestlings supplemented with carotenoids displayed enhanced pigmentation of their gapes and grew faster than control nestlings, but there was no within-individual correlation between gape color and growth in either carotenoid-supplemented or control males. Female nestlings, however, diverted most supplemented carotenoids into growing fast at the expense of reducing their level of circulating carotenoids and displaying less-pigmented gapes. Nestling cutaneous immune response was not affected by carotenoid supplementation in either sex. Our results provide only weak support for the hypothesis that carotenoids enforce the honesty of gape color signals in nestling rollers and demonstrate sex specificity in how nestlings divert a surplus of carotenoids into different physiological functions.
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25
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Galván I, Jorge A, Edelaar P, Wakamatsu K. Insects synthesize pheomelanin. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 28:599-602. [PMID: 26176957 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Galván
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Doñana Biological Station-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alberto Jorge
- National Museum of Natural Sciences-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pim Edelaar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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26
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Galván I, Solano F. Bird Integumentary Melanins: Biosynthesis, Forms, Function and Evolution. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:520. [PMID: 27070583 PMCID: PMC4848976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanins are the ubiquitous pigments distributed in nature. They are one of the main pigments responsible for colors in living cells. Birds are among the most diverse animals regarding melanin-based coloration, especially in the plumage, although they also pigment bare parts of the integument. This review is devoted to the main characteristics of bird melanins, including updated views of the formation and nature of melanin granules, whose interest has been raised in the last years for inferring the color of extinct birds and non-avian theropod dinosaurs using resistant fossil feathers. The molecular structure of the two main types of melanin, eumelanin and pheomelanin, and the environmental and genetic factors that regulate avian melanogenesis are also presented, establishing the main relationship between them. Finally, the special functions of melanin in bird feathers are also discussed, emphasizing the aspects more closely related to these animals, such as honest signaling, and the factors that may drive the evolution of pheomelanin and pheomelanin-based color traits, an issue for which birds have been pioneer study models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Galván
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Doñana Biological Station-CSIC, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Francisco Solano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B & Immunology, School of Medicine and IMIB, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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27
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Chemical, experimental, and morphological evidence for diagenetically altered melanin in exceptionally preserved fossils. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12592-7. [PMID: 26417094 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1509831112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In living organisms, color patterns, behavior, and ecology are closely linked. Thus, detection of fossil pigments may permit inferences about important aspects of ancient animal ecology and evolution. Melanin-bearing melanosomes were suggested to preserve as organic residues in exceptionally preserved fossils, retaining distinct morphology that is associated with aspects of original color patterns. Nevertheless, these oblong and spherical structures have also been identified as fossilized bacteria. To date, chemical studies have not directly considered the effects of diagenesis on melanin preservation, and how this may influence its identification. Here we use time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to identify and chemically characterize melanin in a diverse sample of previously unstudied extant and fossil taxa, including fossils with notably different diagenetic histories and geologic ages. We document signatures consistent with melanin preservation in fossils ranging from feathers, to mammals, to amphibians. Using principal component analyses, we characterize putative mixtures of eumelanin and phaeomelanin in both fossil and extant samples. Surprisingly, both extant and fossil amphibians generally exhibit melanosomes with a mixed eumelanin/phaeomelanin composition rather than pure eumelanin, as assumed previously. We argue that experimental maturation of modern melanin samples replicates diagenetic chemical alteration of melanin observed in fossils. This refutes the hypothesis that such fossil microbodies could be bacteria, and demonstrates that melanin is widely responsible for the organic soft tissue outlines in vertebrates found at exceptional fossil localities, thus allowing for the reconstruction of certain aspects of original pigment patterns.
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Vinther
- Schools of Earth Sciences and Biological Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol United Kingdom
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena A. Kottler
- Department of Molecular Biology; Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Tübingen Germany
| | - Axel Künstner
- Department of Molecular Biology; Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Tübingen Germany
- Guest Group Evolutionary Genomics; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology; Plön Germany
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology; University of Lübeck; Lübeck Germany
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken; University Clinic Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
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30
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Abstract
Knowledge of melanin chemistry has important implications for the study of the evolutionary ecology of animal pigmentation, but the actual chemical diversity of these widely expressed biological pigments has been largely overlooked. Considering all melanin forms and the different conditions of endogenous oxidative stress during their synthesis provides information about physiological costs and benefits of different pigmentation patterns and opens a new perspective to understanding the evolution of color phenotypes in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Galván
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Estación Biológica de Doñana-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/ Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain; 2Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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31
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Galván I, Wakamatsu K, Camarero PR, Mateo R, Alonso-Alvarez C. Low-quality birds do not display high-quality signals: The cysteine-pheomelanin mechanism of honesty. Evolution 2014; 69:26-38. [PMID: 25330349 PMCID: PMC4312981 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms that make that the costs of producing high-quality signals are unaffordable to low-quality signalers are a current issue in animal communication. The size of the melanin-based bib of male house sparrows Passer domesticus honestly signals quality. We induced the development of new bibs while treating males with buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO), a substance that depletes the levels of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) and the amino acid cysteine, two elements that switch melanogenesis from eumelanin to pheomelanin. Final bib size is negatively related to pheomelanin levels in the bib feathers. BSO reduced cysteine and GSH levels in all birds, but improved phenotypes (bibs larger than controls) were only expressed by high-quality birds (BSO birds with largest bibs initially). Negative associations between final bib size and cysteine levels in erythrocytes, and between pheomelanin and cysteine levels, were observed in high-quality birds only. These findings suggest that a mechanism uncoupling pheomelanin and cysteine levels may have evolved in low-quality birds to avoid producing bibs of size not corresponding to their quality and greater relative costs. Indeed, greater oxidative stress in cells was not observed in low-quality birds. This may represent the first mechanism maintaining signal honesty without producing greater relative costs on low-quality signalers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Galván
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC, c/ Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
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Increased radiation from Chernobyl decreases the expression of red colouration in natural populations of bank voles (Myodes glareolus). Sci Rep 2014; 4:7141. [PMID: 25413373 PMCID: PMC5382704 DOI: 10.1038/srep07141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pheomelanin is a pink to red version of melanin pigment deposited in skin and hair. Due to its bright colour, pheomelanin plays a crucial function in signalling, in particular sexual signalling. However, production of pheomelanin, as opposed to its dark alternative, eumelanin, bears costs in terms of consumption of antioxidants important for protection of DNA against naturally produced reactive oxidative species. Therefore, decreased expression of pheomelanin is expected in organisms exposed to severe oxidative stress such as that caused by exposure to chronic ionizing radiation. We tested if variable exposure to radiation among natural populations of bank voles Myodes glareolus in Chernobyl affected expression of red colouration in their dorsal fur. The relative redness of dorsal fur was positively correlated with weight, but also negatively correlated with the level of background radiation. These results suggest that the development of the natural red colouration in adult bank voles is affected by ionizing background radiation, and potentially causing elevated levels of oxidative stress. Reduced production of pheomelanin allows more antioxidants to mitigate the oxidative stress caused by radiation. However, changing natural animal colouration for physiological reasons can have ecological costs, if e.g. it causes mismatch with habitat colouration and conspicuousness for predators.
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Speiser DI, DeMartini DG, Oakley TH. The shell-eyes of the chitonAcanthopleura granulata(Mollusca, Polyplacophora) use pheomelanin as a screening pigment. J NAT HIST 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.959572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Napolitano A, Panzella L, Monfrecola G, d'Ischia M. Pheomelanin-induced oxidative stress: bright and dark chemistry bridging red hair phenotype and melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:721-33. [PMID: 24814217 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The complex interplay of genetic and epigenetic factors linking sun exposure to melanoma in the red hair phenotype hinges on the peculiar physical and chemical properties of pheomelanins and the underlying biosynthetic pathway, which is switched on by the effects of inactivating polymorphisms in the melanocortin 1 receptor gene. In addition to the long recognized UV-dependent pathways of toxicity and cell damage, a UV-independent pro-oxidant state induced by pheomelanin within the genetically determined background of the red hair phenotype has recently been disclosed. This review provides a detailed discussion of the possible UV-dependent and UV-independent chemical mechanisms underlying pheomelanin-mediated oxidative stress, with special reference to the oxygen-dependent depletion of glutathione and other cell antioxidants. The new concept of pheomelanin as a 'living' polymer and biocatalyst that may grow by exposure to monomer building blocks and may trigger autooxidative processes is also discussed. As a corollary, treatment of inflammatory skin diseases in RHP patients is briefly commented. Finally, possible concerted strategies for melanoma prevention in the red hair phenotype are proposed.
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Galván I, Bonisoli-Alquati A, Jenkinson S, Ghanem G, Wakamatsu K, Mousseau TA, Møller AP. Chronic exposure to low-dose radiation at Chernobyl favours adaptation to oxidative stress in birds. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Galván
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution; CNRS UMR 8079; Université Paris-Sud 11; Bâtiment 362 91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | | | - Shanna Jenkinson
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of South Carolina; Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Ghanem Ghanem
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie et de Chirurgie Expérimentale (L.O.C.E.); Institut Jules Bordet; Université Libre de Bruxelles; rue Héger-Bordet 1 1000 Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry; Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences; Toyoake Aichi 470-1192 Japan
| | - Timothy A. Mousseau
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of South Carolina; Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Anders P. Møller
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution; CNRS UMR 8079; Université Paris-Sud 11; Bâtiment 362 91405 Orsay Cedex France
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Galván I, Jorge A, Solano F, Wakamatsu K. Vibrational characterization of pheomelanin and trichochrome F by Raman spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 110:55-59. [PMID: 23563634 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We characterize for the first time the vibrational state of natural pheomelanin using Raman spectroscopy and model pigment synthesized from 5-S-cysteinyldopa. The shape of the Raman spectrum was very different from that of eumelanin. Four Raman bands were visible in the 500-2000 cm(-1) wavenumber region about 500, 1150, 1490 and 2000 cm(-1), which we assigned to the out-of-plane deformation and the stretching vibration of the phenyl rings, to the stretching vibration of C-N bonds or the stretching and wagging vibration of CH2, and to overtone or combination bands. Interestingly, we also show that the Raman spectrum of synthetic trichochrome F, a pigment that may be produced along with pheomelanin during pheomelanogenesis, is different from that of pheomelanin and similar to the spectrum of eumelanin. We could detect Raman signal of both eumelanin and pheomelanin in feathers and hairs where both pigments simultaneously occur without the need of isolating the pigment. This indicates that Raman spectroscopy represents a non-invasive method to detect pheomelanin and distinguish it from other pigments. This may be especially relevant to detect pheomelanin in animal skin including humans, where it has been associated with animal appearance and classification, human phototypes, prevention of skin diseases and cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Galván
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, CNRS UMR 8079, Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 362, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
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Morgan AM, Lo J, Fisher DE. How does pheomelanin synthesis contribute to melanomagenesis?: Two distinct mechanisms could explain the carcinogenicity of pheomelanin synthesis. Bioessays 2013; 35:672-6. [PMID: 23650156 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported that melanoma risk in redheads is linked not only to pale skin, but also to the synthesis of the pigment - called pheomelanin - that gives red hair its color. We demonstrated that pheomelanin synthesis is associated with increased oxidative stress in the skin, yet we have not uncovered the chemical pathway between the molecule pheomelanin and the DNA damage that drives melanoma formation. Here, we hypothesize two possible pathways. On one hand, pheomelanin might generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that directly or indirectly cause oxidative DNA damage. On the other hand, pheomelanin synthesis might consume cellular antioxidant stores and make the cell nucleus more vulnerable to other endogenous ROS. Uncovering the mechanistic pathway between pheomelanin and oxidative DNA damage will be an important step in developing strategies to lower melanoma risk in redheads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Morgan
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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Galván I, Møller AP. Pheomelanin-Based Plumage Coloration Predicts Survival Rates in Birds. Physiol Biochem Zool 2013; 86:184-92. [DOI: 10.1086/668871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Galván I, Erritzøe J, Wakamatsu K, Møller AP. High prevalence of cataracts in birds with pheomelanin-based colouration. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 162:259-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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