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Pimpão AB, Sousa C, Correia MJ, Coelho NR, Monteiro EC, Melo Junior AF, Pereira SA. Control of Arterial Hypertension by the AhR Blocker CH-223191: A Chronopharmacological Study in Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia Conditions. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1427:35-42. [PMID: 37322333 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32371-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is a major contributor to the development of hypertension (HTN) in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). OSA subjects frequently display a non-dipping pattern of blood pressure (BP) and resistant HTN. After discovering that AHR-CYP1A1 axis is a druggable target in CIH-HTN, we hypothesized that CH-223191 could control BP in both active and inactive periods of the animals, recovering the BP dipping profile in CIH conditions.We evaluated the chronopharmacology of the antihypertensive efficacy of the AhR blocker CH-223191 in CIH conditions (21% to 5% of O2, 5.6 cycles/h, 10.5 h/day, in inactive period of Wistar rats). BP was measured by radiotelemetry, at 8 am (active phase) and at 6 pm (inactive phase) of the animals. The circadian variation of AhR activation in the kidney in normoxia was also assessed, measuring the CYP1A1 (hallmark of AhR activation) protein levels.Despite drug administration before starting the inactive period of the animals, CH-223191 was not able to decrease BP during the inactive phase, in CIH conditions, therefore not reverting the non-dipping profile. These results suggest that a higher dose or different time of administration of CH-223191 might be needed for an antihypertensive effect throughout the 24-h cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- António B Pimpão
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cátia Sousa
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria J Correia
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno R Coelho
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Emília C Monteiro
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Antonio F Melo Junior
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia A Pereira
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Conde SV, Martins FO, Dias SS, Pinto P, Bárbara C, Monteiro EC. Dysmetabolism and Sleep Fragmentation in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients Run Independently of High Caffeine Consumption. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071382. [PMID: 35405995 PMCID: PMC9003552 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Daytime hypersomnolence, the prime feature of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), frequently leads to high coffee consumption. Nevertheless, some clinicians ask for patients’ caffeine avoidance. Caffeinated drinks are sometimes associated with more severe OSA. However, these effects are not consensual. Here we investigated the effect of caffeine consumption on sleep architecture and apnea/hypopnea index in OSA. Also, the impact of caffeine on variables related with dysmetabolism, dyslipidemia, and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) dysfunction were investigated. A total of 65 patients diagnosed with OSA and 32 without OSA were included after given written informed consent. Polysomnographic studies were performed. Blood was collected to quantify caffeine and its metabolites in plasma and biochemical parameters. 24 h urine samples were collected for catecholamines measurement. Statistical analyses were performed by SPSS: (1) non-parametric Mann-Whitney test to compare variables between controls and OSA; (2) multivariate logistic regression testing the effect of caffeine on sets of variables in the 2 groups; and (3) Spearmans’ correlation between caffeine levels and comorbidities in patients with OSA. As expected OSA development is associated with dyslipidemia, dysmetabolism, SNS dysfunction, and sleep fragmentation. There was also a significant increase in plasma caffeine levels in the OSA group. However, the higher consumption of caffeine by OSA patients do not alter any of these associations. These results showed that there is no apparent rationale for caffeine avoidance in chronic consumers with OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia V. Conde
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua Câmara Pestana 6, Edifício 2, piso 3, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal; (F.O.M.); (E.C.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Fátima O. Martins
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua Câmara Pestana 6, Edifício 2, piso 3, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal; (F.O.M.); (E.C.M.)
| | - Sara S. Dias
- ciTechCare—Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal;
- School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Paula Pinto
- Pneumology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Hospital Pulido Valente, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Cristina Bárbara
- Pneumology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Hospital Pulido Valente, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Emília C. Monteiro
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua Câmara Pestana 6, Edifício 2, piso 3, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal; (F.O.M.); (E.C.M.)
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Correia MJ, Pimpão AB, Fernandes DGF, Morello J, Sequeira CO, Calado J, Antunes AMM, Almeida MS, Branco P, Monteiro EC, Vicente JB, Serpa J, Pereira SA. Cysteine as a Multifaceted Player in Kidney, the Cysteine-Related Thiolome and Its Implications for Precision Medicine. Molecules 2022; 27:1416. [PMID: 35209204 PMCID: PMC8874463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review encouraged by original data, we first provided in vivo evidence that the kidney, comparative to the liver or brain, is an organ particularly rich in cysteine. In the kidney, the total availability of cysteine was higher in cortex tissue than in the medulla and distributed in free reduced, free oxidized and protein-bound fractions (in descending order). Next, we provided a comprehensive integrated review on the evidence that supports the reliance on cysteine of the kidney beyond cysteine antioxidant properties, highlighting the relevance of cysteine and its renal metabolism in the control of cysteine excess in the body as a pivotal source of metabolites to kidney biomass and bioenergetics and a promoter of adaptive responses to stressors. This view might translate into novel perspectives on the mechanisms of kidney function and blood pressure regulation and on clinical implications of the cysteine-related thiolome as a tool in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Correia
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
| | - António B. Pimpão
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Dalila G. F. Fernandes
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.G.F.F.); (J.B.V.)
| | - Judit Morello
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Catarina O. Sequeira
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Joaquim Calado
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, Nova Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, 1069-166 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandra M. M. Antunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Manuel S. Almeida
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
- Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, 2790-134 Carnaxide, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Branco
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
- Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, 2790-134 Carnaxide, Portugal
| | - Emília C. Monteiro
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
| | - João B. Vicente
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.G.F.F.); (J.B.V.)
| | - Jacinta Serpa
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
- Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia A. Pereira
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (J.M.); (C.O.S.); (M.S.A.); (P.B.); (E.C.M.); (J.S.)
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Coelho NR, Pimpão AB, Correia MJ, Rodrigues TC, Monteiro EC, Morello J, Pereira SA. Pharmacological blockage of the AHR-CYP1A1 axis: a call for in vivo evidence. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 100:215-243. [PMID: 34800164 PMCID: PMC8605459 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that can be activated by structurally diverse compounds arising from the environment and the microbiota and host metabolism. Expanding evidence has been shown that the modulation of the canonical pathway of AHR occurs during several chronic diseases and that its abrogation might be of clinical interest for metabolic and inflammatory pathological processes. However, most of the evidence on the pharmacological abrogation of the AHR-CYP1A1 axis has been reported in vitro, and therefore, guidance for in vivo studies is needed. In this review, we cover the state-of-the-art of the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of AHR antagonists and CYP1A1 inhibitors in different in vivo rodent (mouse or rat) models of disease. This review will serve as a road map for those researchers embracing this emerging therapeutic area targeting the AHR. Moreover, it is a timely opportunity as the first AHR antagonists have recently entered the clinical stage of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Coelho
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A B Pimpão
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M J Correia
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - T C Rodrigues
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - E C Monteiro
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J Morello
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - S A Pereira
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.
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5
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Correia MJ, Pimpão AB, Lopes-Coelho F, Sequeira CO, Coelho NR, Gonçalves-Dias C, Barouki R, Coumoul X, Serpa J, Morello J, Monteiro EC, Pereira SA. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Cysteine Redox Dynamics Underlie (Mal)adaptive Mechanisms to Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia in Kidney Cortex. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091484. [PMID: 34573115 PMCID: PMC8469308 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that an interplay between aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and cysteine-related thiolome at the kidney cortex underlies the mechanisms of (mal)adaptation to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), promoting arterial hypertension (HTN). Using a rat model of CIH-HTN, we investigated the impact of short-term (1 and 7 days), mid-term (14 and 21 days, pre-HTN), and long-term intermittent hypoxia (IH) (up to 60 days, established HTN) on CYP1A1 protein level (a sensitive hallmark of AhR activation) and cysteine-related thiol pools. We found that acute and chronic IH had opposite effects on CYP1A1 and the thiolome. While short-term IH decreased CYP1A1 and increased protein-S-thiolation, long-term IH increased CYP1A1 and free oxidized cysteine. In addition, an in vitro administration of cystine, but not cysteine, to human endothelial cells increased Cyp1a1 expression, supporting cystine as a putative AhR activator. This study supports CYP1A1 as a biomarker of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity and oxidized pools of cysteine as risk indicator of OSA-HTN. This work contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the phenotype of OSA-HTN, mimicked by this model, which is in line with precision medicine challenges in OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Correia
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (F.L.-C.); (C.O.S.); (N.R.C.); (C.G.-D.); (J.S.); (J.M.); (E.C.M.)
| | - António B. Pimpão
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (F.L.-C.); (C.O.S.); (N.R.C.); (C.G.-D.); (J.S.); (J.M.); (E.C.M.)
| | - Filipa Lopes-Coelho
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (F.L.-C.); (C.O.S.); (N.R.C.); (C.G.-D.); (J.S.); (J.M.); (E.C.M.)
- Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina O. Sequeira
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (F.L.-C.); (C.O.S.); (N.R.C.); (C.G.-D.); (J.S.); (J.M.); (E.C.M.)
| | - Nuno R. Coelho
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (F.L.-C.); (C.O.S.); (N.R.C.); (C.G.-D.); (J.S.); (J.M.); (E.C.M.)
| | - Clara Gonçalves-Dias
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (F.L.-C.); (C.O.S.); (N.R.C.); (C.G.-D.); (J.S.); (J.M.); (E.C.M.)
| | - Robert Barouki
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, 3TS, Environmental Toxicity, Therapeutic Targets, Cellular Signaling and Biomarkers, Université de Paris, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France; (R.B.); (X.C.)
| | - Xavier Coumoul
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, 3TS, Environmental Toxicity, Therapeutic Targets, Cellular Signaling and Biomarkers, Université de Paris, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France; (R.B.); (X.C.)
| | - Jacinta Serpa
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (F.L.-C.); (C.O.S.); (N.R.C.); (C.G.-D.); (J.S.); (J.M.); (E.C.M.)
- Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Rua Prof Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Judit Morello
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (F.L.-C.); (C.O.S.); (N.R.C.); (C.G.-D.); (J.S.); (J.M.); (E.C.M.)
| | - Emília C. Monteiro
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (F.L.-C.); (C.O.S.); (N.R.C.); (C.G.-D.); (J.S.); (J.M.); (E.C.M.)
| | - Sofia A. Pereira
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (A.B.P.); (F.L.-C.); (C.O.S.); (N.R.C.); (C.G.-D.); (J.S.); (J.M.); (E.C.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Gonçalves-Dias C, Sequeira CO, Vicente JB, Correia MJ, Coelho NR, Morello J, Antunes AMM, Soto K, Monteiro EC, Pereira SA. A Mechanistic-Based and Non-invasive Approach to Quantify the Capability of Kidney to Detoxify Cysteine-Disulfides. Adv Exp Med Biol 2021; 1306:109-120. [PMID: 33959909 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63908-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Our general goal was to non-invasively evaluate kidney tubular dysfunction. We developed a strategy based on cysteine (Cys) disulfide stress mechanism that underlies kidney dysfunction. There is scarce information regarding the fate of Cys-disulfides (CysSSX), but evidence shows they might be detoxified in proximal tubular cells by the action of N-acetyltransferase 8 (NAT8). This enzyme promotes the addition of an N-acetyl moiety to cysteine-S-conjugates, forming mercapturates that are eliminated in urine. Therefore, we developed a strategy to quantify mercapturates of CysSSX in urine as surrogate of disulfide stress and NAT8 activity in kidney tubular cells. We use a reduction agent for the selective reduction of disulfide bonds. The obtained N-acetylcysteine moiety of the mercapturates from cysteine disulfides was monitored by fluorescence detection. The method was applied to urine from mice and rat as well as individuals with healthy kidney and kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Gonçalves-Dias
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina O Sequeira
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João B Vicente
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - M João Correia
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno R Coelho
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Judit Morello
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alexandra M M Antunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Karina Soto
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Hospital Prof. Dr. Fernando da Fonseca, EPE, Amadora, Portugal
| | - Emília C Monteiro
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sofia A Pereira
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Coelho NR, Matos C, Pimpão AB, Correia MJ, Sequeira CO, Morello J, Pereira SA, Monteiro EC. AHR canonical pathway: in vivo findings to support novel antihypertensive strategies. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105407. [PMID: 33418029 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Essential hypertension (HTN) is a disease where genetic and environmental factors interact to produce a high prevalent set of almost indistinguishable phenotypes. The weak definition of what is under the umbrella of HTN is a consequence of the lack of knowledge on the players involved in environment-gene interaction and their impact on blood pressure (BP) and mechanisms. The disclosure of these mechanisms that sense and (mal)adapt to toxic-environmental stimuli might at least determine some phenotypes of essential HTN and will have important therapeutic implications. In the present manuscript, we looked closer to the environmental sensor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor involved in cardiovascular physiology, but better known by its involvement in biotransformation of xenobiotics through its canonical pathway. This review aims to disclose the contribution of the AHR-canonical pathway to HTN. For better mirror the complexity of the mechanisms involved in BP regulation, we privileged evidence from in vivo studies. Here we ascertained the level of available evidence and a comprehensive characterization of the AHR-related phenotype of HTN. We reviewed clinical and rodent studies on AHR-HTN genetic association and on AHR ligands and their impact on BP. We concluded that AHR is a druggable mechanistic linker of environmental exposure to HTN. We conclude that is worth to investigate the canonical pathway of AHR and the expression/polymorphisms of its related genes and/or other biomarkers (e.g. tryptophan-related ligands), in order to identify patients that may benefit from an AHR-centered antihypertensive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno R Coelho
- Translational Pharmacology Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa, 1169-056, Portugal
| | - Clara Matos
- Translational Pharmacology Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa, 1169-056, Portugal
| | - António B Pimpão
- Translational Pharmacology Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa, 1169-056, Portugal
| | - M João Correia
- Translational Pharmacology Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa, 1169-056, Portugal
| | - Catarina O Sequeira
- Translational Pharmacology Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa, 1169-056, Portugal
| | - Judit Morello
- Translational Pharmacology Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa, 1169-056, Portugal
| | - Sofia A Pereira
- Translational Pharmacology Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa, 1169-056, Portugal.
| | - Emília C Monteiro
- Translational Pharmacology Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa, 1169-056, Portugal
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Pite H, Aguiar L, Morello J, Monteiro EC, Alves AC, Bourbon M, Morais-Almeida M. Metabolic Dysfunction and Asthma: Current Perspectives. J Asthma Allergy 2020; 13:237-247. [PMID: 32801785 PMCID: PMC7394599 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s208823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing knowledge of the mechanisms involved in metabolism is shifting the paradigms by which the pathophysiology of many pulmonary diseases is understood. Metabolic dysfunction is recognized in obesity-associated asthma, but other metabolic conditions have been shown to be independently related to asthma. Novel insights have also recently been brought by metabolomics in this filed. The purpose of this review is to discuss current perspectives regarding metabolic dysfunction in asthma, from obesity-related asthma to other metabolic conditions and the role of current pharmacological therapeutic strategies and lifestyle interventions. Obesity is a well-recognized risk factor for asthma across the lifespan, which is generally associated with poorer response to current available treatments, rendering a more severe, refractory disease status. Besides the epidemiological and clinical link, untargeted metabolomics studies have recently supported the obesity-associated asthma phenotype at the molecular level. Not only obesity-related, but also other aspects of metabolic dysregulation can be independently linked to asthma. These include hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension, which need to be taken into account, even in the non-obese patient. Untargeted metabolomics studies have further highlighted several other metabolic pathways that can be altered in asthma, namely regarding oxidative stress and systemic inflammation, and also suggesting the importance of microbiota in asthma pathogenesis. Considering the reduced response to corticosteroids, other pharmacologic treatments have been shown to be effective regardless of body mass index. Non-pharmacologic treatments (namely weight reduction and dietary changes) may bring substantial benefit to the asthmatic patient. Taken together, this evidence points towards the need to improve our knowledge in this filed and, in particular, to address the influence of environmental factors in metabolic dysfunction and asthma development. Personalized medicine is definitely needed to optimize treatment, including a holistic view of the asthmatic patient in order to set accurate pharmacologic therapy together with dietary, physical exercise and lifestyle interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Pite
- Allergy Center, CUF Infante Santo Hospital/CUF Descobertas Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal.,CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Laura Aguiar
- Allergy Center, CUF Infante Santo Hospital/CUF Descobertas Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Judit Morello
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Emília C Monteiro
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Alves
- Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Bourbon
- Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mário Morais-Almeida
- Allergy Center, CUF Infante Santo Hospital/CUF Descobertas Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
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9
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Marto N, Monteiro EC. Medicines for the Treatment Of COVID-19: Awaiting the Evidence. ACTA MEDICA PORT 2020; 33:500-504. [PMID: 32425152 DOI: 10.20344/amp.13908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is the cause of Coronavirus Disease 2019, a new illness with no effective treatment or vaccine that has reached pandemic proportions. In this document, we analyze how health authorities and agencies around the world position themselves regarding the off-label use of repurposed drugs or new investigational drugs to treat Coronavirus Disease 2019. We review the most promising candidate medicines, including available evidence, clinical recommendations and current options for access. Our concluding remarks stress the importance of administering off-label and investigational drugs in the setting of clinical trials, or at least in standardized scenarios, to generate as much scientific knowledge as achievable while engaging in the best efforts to treat patients and save lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Marto
- Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CEDOC,). NOVA Medical School. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade NOVA de Lisboa. Lisboa. Department of Internal Medicine. Hospital da Luz. Lisboa. Portugal
| | - Emília C Monteiro
- Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CEDOC,). NOVA Medical School. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade NOVA de Lisboa. Lisboa. Portugal
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10
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Magnin A, Iversen VC, Calvo G, Čečetková B, Dale O, Demlova R, Blasko G, Keane F, Kovacs GL, Levy-Marchal C, Monteiro EC, Palmisano L, Pella D, Portolés Pérez A, Rascol O, Schmid C, Tay F, von der Leyen H, Ohmann C. European survey on national training activities in clinical research. Trials 2019; 20:616. [PMID: 31665085 PMCID: PMC6821032 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3702-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Investigator-initiated clinical studies (IITs) are crucial to generate reliable evidence that answers questions of day-to-day clinical practice. Many challenges make IITs a complex endeavour, for example, IITs often need to be multinational in order to recruit a sufficient number of patients. Recent studies highlighted that well-trained study personnel are a major factor to conduct such complex IITs successfully. As of today, however, no overview of the European training activities, requirements and career options for clinical study personnel exists. Methods To fill this knowledge gap, a survey was performed in all 11 member and observer countries of the European Clinical Research Infrastructure Network (ECRIN), using a standardised questionnaire. Three rounds of data collection were performed to maximize completeness and comparability of the received answers. The survey aimed to describe the landscape of academic training opportunities, to facilitate the exchange of expertise and experience among countries and to identify new fields of action. Results The survey found that training for Good Clinical Practice (GCP) and investigator training is offered in all but one country. A specific training for study nurses or study coordinators is also either provided or planned in ten out of eleven countries. A majority of countries train in monitoring and clinical pharmacovigilance and offer specific training for principal investigators but only few countries also train operators of clinical research organisations (CRO) or provide training for methodology and quality management systems (QMS). Minimal requirements for study-specific functions cover GCP in ten countries. Only three countries issued no requirements or recommendations regarding the continuous training of study personnel. Yet, only four countries developed a national strategy for training in clinical research and the career options for clinical researchers are still limited in the majority of countries. Conclusions There is a substantial and impressive investment in training and education of clinical research in the individual ECRIN countries. But so far, a systematic approach for (top-down) strategic and overarching considerations and cross-network exchange is missing. Exchange of available curricula and sets of core competencies between countries could be a starting point for improving the situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Magnin
- SCTO - Swiss Clinical Trial Organisation, Bern, Switzerland
| | - V Cabral Iversen
- NorCRIN - Norwegian Clinical Research Infrastructures Network, Trondheim, Norway
| | - G Calvo
- SCReN - Spanish Clinical Research Network, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Čečetková
- SLOVACRIN - Slovak Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - O Dale
- NorCRIN - Norwegian Clinical Research Infrastructures Network, Trondheim, Norway
| | - R Demlova
- CZECRIN - Czech Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gy Blasko
- HECRIN - Hungarian Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - F Keane
- HRB CRCI - Health Research board, Clinical Research Coordination Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - G L Kovacs
- HECRIN - Hungarian Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - C Levy-Marchal
- F-CRIN - French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, Paris, France
| | - E C Monteiro
- PTCRIN - Portuguese Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - L Palmisano
- ItaCRIN - Italian Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, Rome, Italy
| | - D Pella
- SLOVACRIN - Slovak Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - O Rascol
- F-CRIN - French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, Paris, France
| | - C Schmid
- SCTO - Swiss Clinical Trial Organisation, Bern, Switzerland
| | - F Tay
- SCTO - Swiss Clinical Trial Organisation, Bern, Switzerland
| | - H von der Leyen
- KKSN - Netzwerk der Koordinierungszentren für Klinische Studien, Hannover, Germany
| | - C Ohmann
- ECRIN - European Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, Kaiserswerther Str, 70 40477, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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11
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Marinho AT, Miranda JP, Caixas U, Charneira C, Gonçalves-Dias C, Marques MM, Monteiro EC, Antunes AMM, Pereira SA. Singularities of nevirapine metabolism: from sex-dependent differences to idiosyncratic toxicity. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:76-90. [PMID: 30712401 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1577891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nevirapine (NVP) is a first-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor widely used for the treatment and prophylaxis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. The drug is taken throughout the patient's life and, due to the availability of an extended-release formulation, it is administered once daily. This antiretroviral is one of the scarce examples of drugs with prescription criteria based on sex, in order to prevent adverse reactions. The therapy with NVP has been associated with potentially life-threatening liver and idiosyncratic skin toxicity. Multiple evidence has emerged regarding the formation of electrophilic NVP metabolites as crucial for adverse idiosyncratic reactions. The formation of reactive metabolites that yield covalent adducts with proteins has been demonstrated in patients under NVP-based treatment. Interestingly, several pharmacogenetic- and sex-related factors associated with NVP toxicity can be mechanistically explained by an imbalance toward increased formation of NVP-derived reactive metabolites and/or impaired detoxification capability. Moreover, the haptenation of self-proteins by these reactive species provides a plausible link between NVP bioactivation and immunotoxicity, further supporting the relevance of this toxicokinetics hypothesis. In the current paper, we review the existing knowledge and recent developments on NVP metabolism and their relation to NVP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline T Marinho
- a CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas , Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Joana P Miranda
- b Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Umbelina Caixas
- a CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas , Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal.,c Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central (CHLC) , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Catarina Charneira
- d Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE) , Instituto Superior Técnico, ULisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Clara Gonçalves-Dias
- a CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas , Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - M Matilde Marques
- d Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE) , Instituto Superior Técnico, ULisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Emília C Monteiro
- a CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas , Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Alexandra M M Antunes
- d Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE) , Instituto Superior Técnico, ULisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Sofia A Pereira
- a CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas , Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
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12
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Gonçalves-Dias C, Morello J, Correia MJ, Coelho NR, Antunes AMM, Macedo MP, Monteiro EC, Soto K, Pereira SA. Mercapturate Pathway in the Tubulocentric Perspective of Diabetic Kidney Disease. Nephron Clin Pract 2019; 143:17-23. [PMID: 30625494 DOI: 10.1159/000494390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent growing evidence that the proximal tubule underlies the early pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is unveiling novel and promising perspectives. This pathophysiological concept links tubulointerstitial oxidative stress, inflammation, hypoxia, and fibrosis with the progression of DKD. In this new angle for DKD, the prevailing molecular mechanisms on proximal tubular cells emerge as an innovative opportunity for prevention and management of DKD as well as to improve diabetic dysmetabolism. SUMMARY The mercapturate pathway (MAP) is a classical metabolic detoxification route for xenobiotics that is emerging as an integrative circuitry detrimental to resolve tubular inflammation caused by endogenous electrophilic species. Herein we review why and how it might underlie DKD. Key Messages: MAP is a hallmark of proximal tubular cell function, and cysteine-S-conjugates might represent targets for early intervention in DKD. Moreover, the biomonitoring of urinary mercapturates from metabolic inflammation products might be relevant for the implementation of preventive/management strategies in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Gonçalves-Dias
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Judit Morello
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M João Correia
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno R Coelho
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandra M M Antunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Paula Macedo
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, Lisboa, Portugal.,Portuguese Diabetes Association Education and Research Center (APDP-ERC), Lisboa, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Emília C Monteiro
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Karina Soto
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Nephrology, Hospital Fernando Fonseca, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia A Pereira
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, Lisboa, Portugal,
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13
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Coelho NR, Dias CG, João Correia M, Grácio P, Serpa J, Monteiro EC, Diogo LN, Pereira SA. Cysteine Oxidative Dynamics Underlies Hypertension and Kidney Dysfunction Induced by Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2018; 1071:83-88. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-91137-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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14
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Brinkman DJ, Tichelaar J, Schutte T, Benemei S, Böttiger Y, Chamontin B, Christiaens T, Likic R, Maˇiulaitis R, Marandi T, Monteiro EC, Papaioannidou P, Pers YM, Pontes C, Raskovic A, Regenthal R, Sanz EJ, Tamba BI, Wilson K, Vries TD, Richir MC, Agtmael MV. Essential competencies in prescribing: A first european cross-sectional study among 895 final-year medical students. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 101:281-289. [PMID: 27648725 PMCID: PMC5260337 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
European medical students should have acquired adequate prescribing competencies before graduation, but it is not known whether this is the case. In this international multicenter study, we evaluated the essential knowledge, skills, and attitudes in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CPT) of final‐year medical students across Europe. In a cross‐sectional design, 26 medical schools from 17 European countries were asked to administer a standardized assessment and questionnaire to 50 final‐year students. Although there were differences between schools, our results show an overall lack of essential prescribing competencies among final‐year students in Europe. Students had a poor knowledge of drug interactions and contraindications, and chose inappropriate therapies for common diseases or made prescribing errors. Our results suggest that undergraduate teaching in CPT is inadequate in many European schools, leading to incompetent prescribers and potentially unsafe patient care. A European core curriculum with clear learning outcomes and assessments should be urgently developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Brinkman
- Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research and Expertise Center in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Tichelaar
- Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research and Expertise Center in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Schutte
- Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research and Expertise Center in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Benemei
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Y Böttiger
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - B Chamontin
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - T Christiaens
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - R Likic
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - R Maˇiulaitis
- Faculty of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - T Marandi
- Department of Cardiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - E C Monteiro
- Faculty of Medicine, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P Papaioannidou
- Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Y M Pers
- Clinical Immunology and Osteoarticular Diseases Unit, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - C Pontes
- Department of Pharmacology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Raskovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - R Regenthal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - E J Sanz
- Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - B I Tamba
- Department of Pharmacology and Algesiology, Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi, Romania
| | - K Wilson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tp de Vries
- Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research and Expertise Center in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M C Richir
- Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research and Expertise Center in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ma van Agtmael
- Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research and Expertise Center in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Grilo NM, Correia MJ, Sequeira C, Harjivan SG, Caixas U, Diogo LN, Marques MM, Monteiro EC, Antunes AMM, Pereira SA. Efavirenz biotransformation as an up-stream event of mood changes in HIV-infected patients. Toxicol Lett 2016; 260:28-35. [PMID: 27543169 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Efavirenz is a drug of choice for adults and children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Notably, up to 35% of patients on efavirenz suffer from mood changes. This work aimed to investigate efavirenz biotransformation into 8-hydroxy-efavirenz as an up-stream event of mood changes and to evaluate the suitability of 8-hydroxy-efavirenz biomonitoring for the minimization of these manifestations. A case-control study with two age-matched groups of HIV-infected male patients was performed in a group without adverse central nervous system complaints (28 patients) and a group presenting mood changes (14 patients). The plasma concentration of non-conjugated 8-hydroxy-efavirenz was higher in patients with mood changes (p=0.020). An association between efavirenz and 8-hydroxy-efavirenz-glucuronide was found (Spearman r=0.414, p<0.010), only within therapeutic efavirenz concentrations. This correlation was not observed in patients with toxic (>4mg/L) plasma concentrations of the parent drug. We conclude that metabolism to 8-hydroxy-efavirenz is associated with efavirenz-related mood changes, which suggests that the concentration of this metabolite is a suitable parameter for therapeutic drug monitoring aimed at controlling these manifestations. Moreover, our data suggest that 8-hydroxy-efavirenz is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and that the peripheral detoxification of 8-hydroxy-efavirenz by glucuronidation may be inhibited by toxic efavirenz concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia M Grilo
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-052, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M João Correia
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-052, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Sequeira
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-052, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Shrika G Harjivan
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Umbelina Caixas
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-052, Lisboa, Portugal; Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisboa, EPE, 1150-199, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lucília N Diogo
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-052, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Matilde Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Emília C Monteiro
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-052, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandra M M Antunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia A Pereira
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-052, Lisboa, Portugal.
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16
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Marinho AT, Dias CG, Pinheiro PF, Lemos AR, Antunes AMM, Marques MM, Monteiro EC, Miranda JP, Pereira SA. Nevirapine modulation of paraoxonase-1 in the liver: An in vitro three-model approach. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 82:147-53. [PMID: 26620700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nevirapine is associated with severe hepatotoxicity, through the formation of reactive metabolites. Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) is a promiscuous enzyme involved in the metabolism of xeno- and endobiotics and proposed as a biomarker of hepatotoxicity. The aim of this work was to explore the effects of nevirapine and its phase I metabolites, 2-hydroxy-nevirapine and 12-hydroxy-nevirapine, on PON-1 activities. MATERIAL AND METHODS 2D and 3D primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, and also HepG2 2D cell cultures, were exposed to nevirapine, 2-hydroxy-nevirapine, and 12-hydroxy-nevirapine. The paraoxonase (POase), arylesterase (AREase) and lactonase (LACase) activities of PON-1 were quantified. RESULTS Effects of nevirapine and its metabolites were only observed in the 3D cell model. Both nevirapine and 12-hydroxy-nevirapine increased POase (p<0.05, p<0.01) and LACase activities (p<0.05, p<0.001). The AREase activity was increased only upon 12-hydroxy-nevirapine exposure (p<0.01). These modulatory effects were observed at 300μM concentrations of nevirapine and 12-hydroxy-nevirapine. CONCLUSIONS The formation of 12-hydroxy-nevirapine seems to be the main factor responsible for the increase of PON-1 activities induced by nevirapine exposure. This effect was only observed in the 3D model, suggesting that an in vivo-like system is necessary for this modulation to occur. The present data suggest that the 3D model is a more suitable in vitro model than the conventional ones to explore drug effects on PON-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline T Marinho
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Clara G Dias
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Pedro F Pinheiro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ana Rita Lemos
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Alexandra M M Antunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - M Matilde Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Emília C Monteiro
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Joana P Miranda
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Sofia A Pereira
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Diogo LN, Faustino IV, Afonso RA, Pereira SA, Monteiro EC, Santos AI. Voluntary Oral Administration of Losartan in Rats. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2015; 54:549-556. [PMID: 26424254 PMCID: PMC4587624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Gavage is a widely performed technique for daily dosing in laboratory rodents. Although effective, gavage comprises a sequence of potentially stressful procedures for laboratory animals that may introduce bias into experimental results, especially when the drugs to be tested interfere with stress-dependent parameters. We aimed to test vehicles suitable for drug delivery by voluntary ingestion in rats. Specifically, Male Wistar rats (age, 2 to 3 mo) were used to test nut paste (NUT), peanut butter (PB), and sugar paste (SUG) as vehicles for long-term voluntary oral administration of losartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker. Vehicles were administered for 28 d without drug to assess effects on the glucose level and serum lipid profile. Losartan was mixed with vehicles and either offered to the rats or administered by gavage (14 d) for subsequent quantification of losartan plasma levels by HPLC. After a 2-d acclimation period, all rats voluntarily ate the vehicles, either alone or mixed with losartan. NUT administration reduced blood glucose levels. The SUG group had higher concentrations of losartan than did the gavage group, without changes in lipid and glucose profiles. Our results showed that NUT, PB, and SUG all are viable for daily single-dose voluntary ingestion of losartan and that SUG was the best alternative overall. Drug bioavailability was not reduced after voluntary ingestion, suggesting that this method is highly effective for chronic oral administration of losartan to laboratory rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucília N Diogo
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Inês V Faustino
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ricardo A Afonso
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Physiology, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sofia A Pereira
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Emília C Monteiro
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana I Santos
- Department of Physiology, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Diogo LN, Pinto P, Bárbara C, Papoila AL, Monteiro EC. The Association Between Antihypertensive Medication and Blood Pressure Control in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 860:201-9. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18440-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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Abstract
Chronic carotid body (CB) activation is now recognized as being essential in the development of hypertension and promoting insulin resistance; thus, it is imperative to characterize the chemotransduction mechanisms of this organ in order to modulate its activity and improve patient outcomes. For several years, and although controversial, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was considered an important player in initiating the activation of the CB. However, its relevance was partially displaced in the 90s by the emerging role of the mitochondria and molecules such as AMP-activated protein kinase and O2-sensitive K+ channels. Neurotransmitters/neuromodulators binding to metabotropic receptors are essential to chemotransmission in the CB, and cAMP is central to this process. cAMP also contributes to raise intracellular Ca2+ levels, and is intimately related to the cellular energetic status (AMP/ATP ratio). Furthermore, cAMP signaling is a target of multiple current pharmacological agents used in clinical practice. This review (1) provides an outline on the classical view of the cAMP-signaling pathway in the CB that originally supported its role in the O2/CO2 sensing mechanism, (2) presents recent evidence on CB cAMP neuromodulation and (3) discusses how CB activity is affected by current clinical therapies that modify cAMP-signaling, namely dopaminergic drugs, caffeine (modulation of A2A/A2B receptors) and roflumilast (PDE4 inhibitors). cAMP is key to any process that involves metabotropic receptors and the intracellular pathways involved in CB disease states are likely to involve this classical second messenger. Research examining the potential modification of cAMP levels and/or interactions with molecules associated with CB hyperactivity is currently in its beginning and this review will open doors for future explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Nunes
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andrew P Holmes
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham Birmingham, UK
| | - Sílvia V Conde
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Estelle B Gauda
- Neonatology Research Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emília C Monteiro
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
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Abstract
Sleep apnea/hypopnea disorders include centrally originated diseases and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This last condition is renowned as a frequent secondary cause of hypertension (HT). The mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of HT can be summarized in relation to two main pathways: sympathetic nervous system stimulation mediated mainly by activation of carotid body (CB) chemoreflexes and/or asphyxia, and, by no means the least important, the systemic effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). The use of animal models has revealed that CIH is the critical stimulus underlying sympathetic activity and hypertension, and that this effect requires the presence of functional arterial chemoreceptors, which are hyperactive in CIH. These models of CIH mimic the HT observed in humans and allow the study of CIH independently without the mechanical obstruction component. The effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), the gold standard treatment for OSA patients, to reduce blood pressure seems to be modest and concomitant antihypertensive therapy is still required. We focus this review on the efficacy of pharmacological interventions to revert HT associated with CIH conditions in both animal models and humans. First, we explore the experimental animal models, developed to mimic HT related to CIH, which have been used to investigate the effect of antihypertensive drugs (AHDs). Second, we review what is known about drug efficacy to reverse HT induced by CIH in animals. Moreover, findings in humans with OSA are cited to demonstrate the lack of strong evidence for the establishment of a first-line antihypertensive regimen for these patients. Indeed, specific therapeutic guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of HT in these patients are still lacking. Finally, we discuss the future perspectives concerning the non-pharmacological and pharmacological management of this particular type of HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucilia N Diogo
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Emília C Monteiro
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
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Dias CG, Marinho AT, Caixas U, Faustino I, Antunes AM, Marques MM, Monteiro EC, Pereira SA. Thiol status in HIV-infected patients: The effect of nevirapine metabolism. Toxicol Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Grilo NM, Batalha VL, Lopes LV, Marques MM, Monteiro EC, Antunes AM, Pereira SA. An animal model to explore efavirenz toxicokinetics and its relation to neurological phenotype. Toxicol Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Diogo LN, Pinto P, Bárbara C, Monteiro EC, Papoila AL. Neck circumference and body mass index as independent predictors of hypertension misclassification in patients suspected of having obstructive sleep apnea. Blood Press Monit 2014; 20:8-15. [PMID: 25121756 DOI: 10.1097/mbp.0000000000000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) seems to be the most accurate way of diagnosing hypertension in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, this diagnostic tool is expensive and time-consuming and is therefore not used routinely. We aimed to find baseline predictors that enable the identification of patients who misclassify themselves as nonhypertensive to optimize the use of ABPM. METHODS Clinically suspected OSA patients (n=369) were enrolled and underwent overnight polysomnography and 24-h ABPM, and completed a data collection form. Anthropometric measurements were assessed. Generalized additive models, the minimum P-value approach, and logistic regression models were used for data analysis. Results were considered significant when α is equal to 0.05. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-two patients who were not on antihypertensive medication did not report hypertension, but according to ABPM data, 43.4% (n=53) of them had misclassified themselves as nonhypertensive. These patients had a significantly higher apnea-hypopnea index (P<0.001), ABPM variables (P<0.001), BMI (P=0.002), and neck circumference (NC) (P=0.002) than nonhypertensive patients (n=69). BMI and NC emerged as independent predictors of hypertension misclassification. The cut-off points that best discriminated the two groups of patients were 27 kg/m and 39 cm for BMI and NC, respectively. The resulting binary BMI and NC remained independent predictors of hypertension misclassification in the final model (odds ratio: 3.2, P=0.010; odds ratio: 2.4, P=0.038). CONCLUSION Our findings emphasize the importance of ABPM for the diagnosis of hypertension in patients suspected of having OSA with a BMI and NC above 27 kg/m and 39 cm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucília N Diogo
- aCEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University bPneumology Service II, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, EPE - Hospital Pulido Valente cCEAUL, Lisbon, Portugal
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Marinho AT, Rodrigues PM, Caixas U, Antunes AMM, Branco T, Harjivan SG, Marques MM, Monteiro EC, Pereira SA. Differences in nevirapine biotransformation as a factor for its sex-dependent dimorphic profile of adverse drug reactions. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 69:476-82. [PMID: 24051761 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nevirapine is widely used for the treatment of HIV-1 infection; however, its chronic use has been associated with severe liver and skin toxicity. Women are at increased risk for these toxic events, but the reasons for the sex-related differences are unclear. Disparities in the biotransformation of nevirapine and the generation of toxic metabolites between men and women might be the underlying cause. The present work aimed to explore sex differences in nevirapine biotransformation as a potential factor in nevirapine-induced toxicity. METHODS All included subjects were adults who had been receiving 400 mg of nevirapine once daily for at least 1 month. Blood samples were collected and the levels of nevirapine and its phase I metabolites were quantified by HPLC. Anthropometric and clinical data, and nevirapine metabolite profiles, were assessed for sex-related differences. RESULTS A total of 52 patients were included (63% were men). Body weight was lower in women (P = 0.028) and female sex was associated with higher alkaline phosphatase (P = 0.036) and lactate dehydrogenase (P = 0.037) levels. The plasma concentrations of nevirapine (P = 0.030) and the metabolite 3-hydroxy-nevirapine (P = 0.035), as well as the proportions of the metabolites 12-hydroxy-nevirapine (P = 0.037) and 3-hydroxy-nevirapine (P = 0.001), were higher in women, when adjusted for body weight. CONCLUSIONS There was a sex-dependent variation in nevirapine biotransformation, particularly in the generation of the 12-hydroxy-nevirapine and 3-hydroxy-nevirapine metabolites. These data are consistent with the sex-dependent formation of toxic reactive metabolites, which may contribute to the sex-dependent dimorphic profile of nevirapine toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline T Marinho
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
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Ribeiro MJ, Sacramento JF, Gonzalez C, Guarino MP, Monteiro EC, Conde SV. Carotid body denervation prevents the development of insulin resistance and hypertension induced by hypercaloric diets. Diabetes 2013; 62:2905-16. [PMID: 23530003 PMCID: PMC3717872 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased sympathetic activity is a well-known pathophysiological mechanism in insulin resistance (IR) and hypertension (HT). The carotid bodies (CB) are peripheral chemoreceptors that classically respond to hypoxia by increasing chemosensory activity in the carotid sinus nerve (CSN), causing hyperventilation and activation of the sympathoadrenal system. Besides its role in the control of ventilation, the CB has been proposed as a glucose sensor implicated in the control of energy homeostasis. However, to date no studies have anticipated its role in the development of IR. Herein, we propose that CB overstimulation is involved in the etiology of IR and HT, core metabolic and hemodynamic disturbances of highly prevalent diseases like the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and obstructive sleep apnoea. We demonstrate that CB activity is increased in IR animal models and that CSN resection prevents CB overactivation and diet-induced IR and HT. Moreover, we show that insulin triggers CB, highlighting a new role for hyperinsulinemia as a stimulus for CB overactivation. We propose that CB is implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic and hemodynamic disturbances through sympathoadrenal overactivation and may represent a novel therapeutic target in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Ribeiro
- CEDOC (Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana F. Sacramento
- CEDOC (Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Constancio Gonzalez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria P. Guarino
- CEDOC (Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Emília C. Monteiro
- CEDOC (Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sílvia V. Conde
- CEDOC (Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, Lisboa, Portugal
- Corresponding author: Sílvia V. Conde,
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Nunes AR, Holmes APS, Sample V, Kumar P, Cann MJ, Monteiro EC, Zhang J, Gauda EB. Bicarbonate-sensitive soluble and transmembrane adenylyl cyclases in peripheral chemoreceptors. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 188:83-93. [PMID: 23727159 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of the carotid body (CB) chemoreceptors by hypercapnia triggers a reflex ventilatory response via a cascade of cellular events, which includes generation of cAMP. However, it is not known if molecular CO2/HCO3(-) and/or H(+) mediate this effect and how these molecules contribute to cAMP production. We previously reported that the CB highly expresses HCO3(-)-sensitive soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC). In the present study we systematically characterize the role of sAC in the CB, comparing the effect of isohydric hypercapnia (IH) in cAMP generation through activation of sAC or transmembrane-adenylyl cyclase (tmAC). Pharmacological deactivation of sAC and tmAC decreased the CB cAMP content in normocapnia and IH with no differences between these two conditions. Changes from normocapnia to IH did not effect the degree of PKA activation and the carotid sinus nerve discharge frequency. sAC and tmAC are functional in CB but intracellular elevations in CO2/HCO3(-) in IH conditions on their own are insufficient to further activate these enzymes, suggesting that the hypercapnic response is dependent on secondary acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Nunes
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287-3200, USA
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Nunes AR, Sample V, Xiang YK, Monteiro EC, Gauda E, Zhang J. Effect of oxygen on phosphodiesterases (PDE) 3 and 4 isoforms and PKA activity in the superior cervical ganglia. Adv Exp Med Biol 2013; 758:287-94. [PMID: 23080174 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4584-1_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway is involved in regulating the release of transmitters from neurons and other cells. Multiple phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoforms regulate this pathway, however, the pattern of isoform expression and stimulus response across tissues has not been fully characterized.Using fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based imaging in primary superior cervical ganglia (SCG) neurons and real-time qPCR, we explored the role of PDE3 and PDE4 isoforms and oxygen tension in the activation of PKA and changes in gene expression. These primary neurons were infected with an adenovirus containing A-Kinase activity reporter (AKAR3) and assayed for responses to PDE inhibitors: rolipram (ROL, 1 μM), milrinone (MIL, 10 μM) and IBMX (100 μM), and adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin (FSK, 50 μM). Different PDE activity patterns were observed in different cells: high PDE4 activity (n = 3), high PDE3 activity (n = 3) and presence of activity of other PDEs (n = 3). Addition of PKA inhibitor H89 (10 μM) completely reversed the response. We further studied the effect of oxygen in the PKA activity induced by PDE inhibition. Both normoxia (20%O(2)/5%CO(2)) and hypoxia (0%O(2)/5%CO(2)) induced a similar increase in the FRET emission ratio (14.5 ± 0.8 and 14.7 ± 0.8, respectively).PDE3a, PDE4b and PDE4d isoforms mRNAs were highly expressed in the whole SCG with no modulation by hypoxia. CONCLUSION Using a FRET-based PKA activity sensor, we show that primary SCG neurons can be used as a model system to dissect the contribution of different PDE isoforms in regulating cAMP/PKA signaling. The differential patterns of PDE regulation potentially represent subpopulations of ganglion cells with different physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Nunes
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287-3200, USA.
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Charneira C, Grilo NM, Pereira SA, Godinho ALA, Monteiro EC, Marques MM, Antunes AMM. N-terminal valine adduct from the anti-HIV drug abacavir in rat haemoglobin as evidence for abacavir metabolism to a reactive aldehyde in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1353-61. [PMID: 22725138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The aim of this study was to obtain evidence for the activation of the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor abacavir to reactive aldehyde metabolites in vivo. Protein haptenation by these reactive metabolites may be a factor in abacavir-induced toxic events. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The formation of N-terminal valine adducts from the abacavir-derived aldehydes was investigated in the haemoglobin of Wistar rats treated with eight daily doses (120 mg·kg(-1)) of abacavir. The analyses were conducted by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry upon comparison with synthetic standards. KEY RESULTS An N-terminal valine haemoglobin adduct derived from an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde metabolite of abacavir was identified in vivo for the first time. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This preliminary work on abacavir metabolism provides the first unequivocal evidence for the formation of an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde metabolite in vivo and of its ability to form haptens with proteins. The methodology described herein can be used to assess the formation of this metabolite in human samples and has the potential to become a valuable pharmacological tool for mechanistic studies of abacavir toxicity. In fact, the simplicity of the method suggests that the abacavir adduct with the N-terminal valine of haemoglobin could be used to investigate abacavir-induced toxicity for accurate risk/benefit estimations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Charneira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Caixas U, Antunes AM, Marinho AT, Godinho AL, Grilo NM, Marques MM, Oliveira MC, Branco T, Monteiro EC, Pereira SA. Evidence for nevirapine bioactivation in man: Searching for the first step in the mechanism of nevirapine toxicity. Toxicology 2012; 301:33-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Caixas U, Ferreira J, Marinho AT, Faustino I, Grilo NM, Lampreia F, Germano I, Monteiro EC, Pereira SA. Long-term maraviroc use as salvage therapy in HIV-2 infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:2538-9. [PMID: 22729923 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Conde SV, Monteiro EC, Rigual R, Obeso A, Gonzalez C. Hypoxic intensity: a determinant for the contribution of ATP and adenosine to the genesis of carotid body chemosensory activity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 112:2002-10. [PMID: 22500005 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01617.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitatory effects of adenosine and ATP on carotid body (CB) chemoreception have been previously described. Our hypothesis is that both ATP and adenosine are the key neurotransmitters responsible for the hypoxic chemotransmission in the CB sensory synapse, their relative contribution depending on the intensity of hypoxic challenge. To test this hypothesis we measured carotid sinus nerve (CSN) activity in response to moderate and intense hypoxic stimuli (7 and 0% O(2)) in the absence and in the presence of adenosine and ATP receptor antagonists. Additionally, we quantified the release of adenosine and ATP in normoxia (21% O(2)) and in response to hypoxias of different intensities (10, 5, and 2% O(2)) to study the release pathways. We found that ZM241385, an A(2) antagonist, decreased the CSN discharges evoked by 0 and 7% O(2) by 30.8 and 72.5%, respectively. Suramin, a P(2)X antagonist, decreased the CSN discharges evoked by 0 and 7% O(2) by 64.3 and 17.1%, respectively. Simultaneous application of both antagonists strongly inhibited CSN discharges elicited by both hypoxic intensities. ATP release by CB increased in parallel to hypoxia intensity while adenosine release increased preferably in response to mild hypoxia. We have also found that the lower the O(2) levels are, the higher is the percentage of adenosine produced from extracellular catabolism of ATP. Our results demonstrate that ATP and adenosine are key neurotransmitters involved in hypoxic CB chemotransduction, with a more relevant contribution of adenosine during mild hypoxia, while vesicular ATP release constitutes the preferential origin of extracellular adenosine in high-intensity hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Conde
- CEDOC, Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Charneira C, Godinho ALA, Oliveira MC, Pereira SA, Monteiro EC, Marques MM, Antunes AMM. Reactive Aldehyde Metabolites from the Anti-HIV Drug Abacavir: Amino Acid Adducts as Possible Factors in Abacavir Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:2129-41. [DOI: 10.1021/tx200337b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Charneira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana L. A. Godinho
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M. Conceição Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia A. Pereira
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Emília C. Monteiro
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC), Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M. Matilde Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandra M. M. Antunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Pereira SA, Batuca JR, Caixas U, Branco T, Delgado-Alves J, Germano I, Lampreia F, Monteiro EC. Effect of efavirenz on high-density lipoprotein antioxidant properties in HIV-infected patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 68:891-7. [PMID: 20002083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT * In previous work, we showed a long-term and concentration-dependent beneficial effect of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz (EFV) on high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. * Furthermore, it has been suggested that instead of the current practice of only measuring HDL-chelesterol values, the evaluation of HDL function, namely its antioxidant properties, might be an improved tool for identifying subjects at increased risk for cardiovascular events. * Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) is an enzyme associated with HDL that is responsible for HDL antioxidant function. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS * In the present work, we studied the effect of EFV on the activity of PON-1 and showed, for the first time, that EFV-based antiretroviral therapy is associated with a better antioxidant function, i.e. with a higher PON-1 activity. AIMS A long-term and concentration-dependent beneficial effect of efavirenz (EFV) on cholesterol associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients has been documented. Furthermore, it has been suggested that, instead of the current practice of only measuring HDL-c values, the evaluation of HDL quality might be an improved tool for identifying subjects at increased risk of cardiovascular events. Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) is an enzyme associated with HDL that is involved in the onset of cardiovascular disease and responsible for HDL antioxidant function. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of EFV on the circulating activity of PON-1 in HIV-infected patients. METHODS The patients included were adults with a documented HIV-1 infection, nontreated or treated with antiretroviral regimens including EFV 600 mg once daily as first therapeutic regimen for at least 3 months. The influence of treatment with EFV, HDL-c and CD4 cell count on PON-1 activity was analysed. RESULTS HIV-infected White patients treated with EFV had higher PON-1 activity [77.35 U l(-1) (65.66, 89.04)] (P < 0.05) and higher PON-1 activity : HDL-c ratio [1.88 (1.49, 2.28)] (P < 0.01) than untreated patients. PON-1 activity was higher in Black patients (P < 0.001) and in patients with a CD4 cell count >500 cells ml(-1) (P= 0.0120). CONCLUSIONS EFV-based antiretroviral regimens are associated with HDL particles with a better antioxidant function, i.e. with a higher PON-1 activity. The PON-1 activity of Black patients is higher than that found in Whites regardless of treatment. Ethnicity should be taken into consideration when studying drug effects on PON-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Nunes AR, Batuca JR, Monteiro EC. Acute hypoxia modifies cAMP levels induced by inhibitors of phosphodiesterase-4 in rat carotid bodies, carotid arteries and superior cervical ganglia. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 159:353-61. [PMID: 20082613 PMCID: PMC2825357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors are useful to treat hypoxia-related diseases and are used in experiments studying the effects of oxygen on 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production. We studied the effects of acute hypoxia on cAMP accumulation induced by PDE inhibitors in oxygen-specific chemosensors, the carotid bodies (CBs) and in non-chemosensitive CB-related structures: carotid arteries (CAs) and superior cervical ganglia (SCG). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Concentration-response curves for the effects of a non-specific PDE inhibitor [isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) ], PDE4 selective inhibitors (rolipram, Ro 20-1724) and a PDE2 selective inhibitor (erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine) on cAMP levels were obtained in normoxic (20% O(2)/5% CO(2)) or hypoxic (5% O(2)/5% CO(2)) conditions. KEY RESULTS Responses to the PDE inhibitors were compatible with the presence of PDE4 in rat CBs, CAs and SCG but in the absence of PDE2 in CAs and CBs. Acute hypoxia enhanced the effects of IBMX and PDE4 inhibitors on cAMP accumulation in CAs and CBs. In SCG, acute hypoxia reduced cAMP accumulation induced by all the four PDE inhibitors tested. Differences between the effects of Ro 20-1724 and rolipram on cAMP were found in CAs and CBs during hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The effects of PDE4 inhibitors could be potentiated or inhibited by acute hypoxia depending on the PDE isoforms of the tissue. The similarities between the characterization of PDE4 inhibitors at the CBs and CAs, under normoxia and hypoxia, did not support a specific role for cAMP in the oxygen-sensing machinery at the CB and suggested that no direct CB-mediated, hyperventilatory, adverse effects would be expected with administration of PDE4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Nunes
- Department of Pharmacology and CEDOC, Faculty of Medical Sciences, New University of Lisbon, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisbon, Portugal
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Conde SV, Monteiro EC, Obeso A, Gonzalez C. Adenosine in peripheral chemoreception: new insights into a historically overlooked molecule--invited article. Adv Exp Med Biol 2009; 648:145-59. [PMID: 19536476 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2259-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present article we review in a concise manner the literature on the general biology of adenosine signalling. In the first section we describe briefly the historical aspects of adenosine research. In the second section is presented the biochemical characteristics of this nucleoside, namely its metabolism and regulation, and its physiological actions. In the third section we have succinctly described the role of adenosine and its metabolism in hypoxia. The final section is devoted to the role of adenosine in chemoreception in the carotid body, providing a review of the literature on the presence of adenosine receptors in the carotid body; on the effects of adenosine at presynaptic level in carotid body chemoreceptor cells, as well as, its metabolism and regulation; and at postsynaptic level in carotid sinus nerve activity. Additionally, a review on the effects of adenosine in ventilation was done. This review discusses evidence for a key role of adenosine in the hypoxic response of carotid body and emphasizes new research likely to be important in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Conde
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, New University of Lisbon, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Nunes AR, Monteiro EC, Johnson SM, Gauda EB. Bicarbonate-regulated soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) mRNA expression and activity in peripheral chemoreceptors. Adv Exp Med Biol 2009; 648:235-41. [PMID: 19536486 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2259-2_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Peripheral arterial chemoreceptors in the carotid body (CB) are modulated by pH/CO(2). Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is directly stimulated by bicarbonate ions (HCO(3)). Because CO(2)/HCO(3) mediates depolarization in chemoreceptors, we hypothesized that sAC mRNA would be expressed in the CB, and its expression and function would be regulated by CO(2)/HCO(3).Sprague-Dawley rats at postnatal days 16-17 were used to compare sAC mRNA gene expression between CB and non-chemosensitive tissues: superior cervical (SCG), petrosal (PG) and nodose ganglia (NG) by quantitative real time-PCR. Rat sAC gene expression was standardized to the expression of GAPDH (housekeeping gene) and the data were analyzed with the Pfaffl method. Gene and protein expression, and sAC regulation in the testis was used as a positive control. To determine the regulation of sAC mRNA expression and activity, all tissues were exposed to increasing concentrations of bicarbonate (0, 24, 44 mM, titrated with CO(2) and maintained a constant pH of 7.40). RESULTS sAC mRNA expression was between 2-11% of CB expression in the SCG, PG and NG. Furthermore, only in the CB did HCO(3) upregulate sAC gene expression and increase cAMP levels. CONCLUSION sAC mRNA and protein expression is present in peripheral arterial chemoreceptors and non-chemoreceptors. In the CB, CO(2)/HCO(3) not only activated sAC but also regulated its expression, suggesting that sAC may be involved in the regulation of cAMP levels in response to hyper/hypocapnia.
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Pereira SA, Caixas U, Branco T, Germano I, Lampreia F, Papoila AL, Monteiro EC. Efavirenz concentrations in HIV-infected patients with and without viral hepatitis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008; 66:551-5. [PMID: 18662298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2008.03238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Data on efavirenz in HIV/viral hepatitis co-infected patients is non-consensual, probably due to liver function heterogeneity in the patients included. METHODS A case control study was performed on 27 HIV-infected patients, with controlled and homogenous markers of hepatic function, either mono-infected or co-infected with HBV/HCV, to ascertain the influence of viral hepatitis on efavirenz concentrations over a 2-year follow-up period. RESULTS No differences were found in efavirenz concentrations between groups both during and at the end of the follow-up period: control (2.43 +/- 1.91 mg l(-1)) vs. co-infected individuals (2.37 +/- 0.37 mg l(-1)). CONCLUSION It was concluded that HBV/HCV infections in themselves do not predispose to an overexposure to efavirenz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia A Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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Pereira SA, Batuca J, Caixas U, Branco T, Germano I, Lampreia F, Delgado-Alves J, Monteiro EC. HIV and antioxidant lipoprotein-associated effect. Is there a correlation? J Int AIDS Soc 2008. [DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-11-s1-p96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Pereira SA, Branco T, Côrte-Real RM, Germano I, Lampreia F, Caixas U, Monteiro EC. Long-term and concentration-dependent beneficial effect of efavirenz on HDL-cholesterol in HIV-infected patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 61:601-4. [PMID: 16669853 PMCID: PMC1885052 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2006.02619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the long-term effects of efavirenz on cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG). METHODS Thirty-four HIV-infected patients who commenced efavirenz therapy were monitored for 36 months. RESULTS In patients with baseline HDL-C<40 mg.dL-1 an increase in HDL-C from 31+/-1 mg.dL-1 to 44+/-2 mg.dL-1 (95% confidence interval 5.9, 21.9, P<0.01) was observed and remained throughout the follow-up period. Median efavirenz plasma concentration was 1.98 mg.L-1 and a direct correlation between percentage of HDL-C variation or TC/HDL-C ratio and efavirenz plasma concentrations was found. CONCLUSIONS There is evidence of a long-term and concentration-dependent beneficial effect of efavirenz on HDL-C in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia A Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, New University of Lisbon and Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa, Zona Central, Lisbon, Portugal
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Conde SV, Monteiro EC. Profiles for ATP and adenosine release at the carotid body in response to O2 concentrations. Adv Exp Med Biol 2006; 580:179-84; discussion 351-9. [PMID: 16683716 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-31311-7_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia V Conde
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, New University of Lisbon, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
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Abstract
The effect of ACh on the release of adenosine was studied in rat whole carotid bodies, and the nicotinic ACh receptors involved in the stimulation of this release were characterized. ACh and nicotinic ACh receptor agonists, cytisine, DMPP and nicotine, caused a concentration-dependent increase in adenosine production during normoxia, with nicotine being more potent and efficient in stimulating adenosine release from rat CB than cytisine and DMPP. D-Tubocurarine, mecamylamine, DHbetaE and alpha-bungarotoxin, nicotinic ACh receptor antagonists, caused a concentration-dependent reduction in the release of adenosine evoked by hypoxia. The rank order of potency for nicotinic ACh receptor antagonists that inhibit adenosine release was DHbetaE>mecamylamine>D-tubocurarine>alpha-bungarotoxin. The effect of the endogenous agonist, ACh, which was mimicked by nicotine, was antagonized by DHbetaE, a selective nicotinic receptor antagonist. The ecto-5'-nucleotidase inhibitor AOPCP produces a 72% inhibition in the release of adenosine from CB evoked by nicotine. Taken together, these data indicate that ACh induced the production of adenosine, mainly from extracellular ATP catabolism at the CB through a mechanism that involves the activation of nicotinic receptors with alpha4 and beta2 receptor subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia V Conde
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, New University of Lisbon, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisbon 1169-056, Portugal
| | - Emília C Monteiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, New University of Lisbon, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisbon 1169-056, Portugal
- Author for correspondence:
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia V Conde
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medical Sciences, New University of Lisbon, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana R Batuca
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, New University of Lisbon, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
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Abstract
The effect of hypoxia on the release of adenosine was studied in vitro in the rat whole carotid body (CB) and compared with the effect of hypoxia (2%, 5% and 10% O(2)) on adenosine concentrations in superior cervical ganglia (SCG) and carotid arteries. Moderate hypoxia (10% O(2)) increased adenosine concentrations released from the CBs by 44%, but was not a strong enough stimulus to evoke adenosine release from SCG and arterial tissue. The extracellular pathways of adenosine production in rat CBs in normoxia and hypoxia were also investigated. S-(p-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBTI) and dipyridamole were used as pharmacological tools to inhibit adenosine equilibrative transporters (ENT) and alpha,beta-methylene ADP (AOPCP) to inhibit ecto-5'-nucleotidase. Approximately 40% of extracellular adenosine in the CB came from the extracellular catabolism of ATP, under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Low pO(2) triggers adenosine efflux through activation of NBTI-sensitive ENT. This effect was only apparent in hypoxia and when adenosine extracellular concentrations were reduced by the blockade of ecto-5'-nucleotidase. We concluded that CB chemoreceptor sensitivity could be related to its low threshold for the release of adenosine in response to hypoxia here quantified for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia V Conde
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, New University of Lisbon, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Monteiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, New University of Lisbon, Portugal
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Monteiro EC, Della Penna S, Di Donato L, Di Luzio S, Pasquarelli A, Erné SN, Romani GL. The study of steady magnetic fields associated with primary and secondary ST shift in ischaemic rabbit hearts. Physiol Meas 1997; 18:191-200. [PMID: 9290136 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/18/3/004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The study of injury potentials associated with DC currents that generate the primary or secondary ST shifts during cardiac ischaemia is possible only through the invasive technique of the DC electrogram. Clinical surface ECG recordings are AC coupled and cannot be used. This paper reports the use of non-invasive and unshielded magnetocardiographic measurements to evaluate the DC injury currents associated with ST shifts during coronary artery occlusions in the isolated rabbit heart. The effect on the magnetic ST shift is studied under different ischaemic conditions including regional ischaemia, global ischaemia, global ischaemia following long periods of regional ischaemia, regional ischaemia after repeated episodes of reversible global ischaemia, and bilateral regional ischaemia. Recording of DC magnetic fields allows the characterization of primary and secondary ST displacement for each induced ischaemic condition. Our measurements show that the ST shift starts earlier when inducing ischaemia in hearts previously subjected to ischaemic episodes than in hearts where the ischaemia was produced for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Monteiro
- Department of Physics, Pontificia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Monteiro EC, Vera-Cruz P, Monteiro TC, Silva e Sousa MA. Adenosine increases the cAMP content of the rat carotid body in vitro. Adv Exp Med Biol 1996; 410:299-303. [PMID: 9030315 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5891-0_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E C Monteiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, New University of Lisbon, Portugal
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Ribeiro PC, Bruno AC, Saboia e Silva PL, Barbosa CR, Ribeiro EP, Monteiro EC, Costa AF. Detection of reentry currents in atrial flutter by magnetocardiography. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1992; 39:818-24. [PMID: 1505995 DOI: 10.1109/10.148389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We discuss the use of magnetocardiography to detect reentry currents in cardiac flutter and fibrillation. The magnetic field produced by induced atrial flutter was measured in isolated rabbit hearts. A moving dipole model is proposed to treat the experimental data and to locate the reentry path.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Ribeiro
- Departamento de Fisica, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Abstract
The effects of intracardiac infusions of adenosine on the changes in heart rate (HR), electrocardiogram (ECG) and arterial blood pressure (BP) induced by both vagal stimulation and exogenous acetylcholine (ACh) were studied in anesthetized rats. Adenosine inhibited the bradycardia induced by vagal nerve stimulation, an effect antagonized by theophylline, decreased the elongation caused by vagal stimulation of the R-R intervals of the ECG, and caused a small but consistent decrease in the hypotensive effect of vagus nerve stimulation. At the dose that reduced the bradycardiac responses to vagal stimulation, adenosine enhanced the bradycardiac effect of exogenous ACh, increased R-R intervals and the number of P waves not followed by the ECG and had little or no effect on the inhibition induced by ACh on BP. The effects of adenosine on the bradycardiac responses to vagal nerve stimulation or to ACh administration were similar in both non-reserpinized and reserpinized animals. These results suggest that exogenous adenosine can modify the vagal influences on the heart by exerting pre-junctional inhibition of the vagus nerve and post-junctional enhancement of the ACh actions, and that the adrenergic system does not contribute to these effects of adenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Monteiro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Gulbenkian Institute of Science, Oeiras, Portugal
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Monteiro EC, Ribeiro JA. Adenosine deaminase and adenosine uptake inhibitions facilitate ventilation in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1989; 340:230-8. [PMID: 2812035 DOI: 10.1007/bf00168974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of intracarotid (i.c.) infusions of the adenosine deaminase inhibitor, erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA) and of the adenosine uptake blocker, dipyridamole on spontaneous ventilation were studied in rats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone. Both EHNA and dipyridamole mimicked the excitatory effect of adenosine on respiration increasing in a dose-dependent manner respiratory ventilation determined as increases in tidal volume (VT), respiratory frequency (f) and minute volume (VE). These excitatory effects were abolished after section of the carotid sinus nerves. The excitatory effect of EHNA on respiration was prevented by adenosine deaminase and antagonized by 1,3-dipropyl-8(p-sulfophenyl)xanthine (DPSPX). DPSPX also antagonized the excitatory effect of dipyridamole on respiration. Both EHNA and dipyridamole in doses virtually devoid of effect on respiration potentiated the excitatory effect of exogenous adenosine on respiration. Two different effects on respiration were observed during i.c. infusions of cumulative doses of DPSPX: one inhibitory, not present in glomectomized animals and another, excitatory, present in both glomectomized and non-glomectomized animals. It is concluded that endogenous adenosine could be involved in respiration mediated through carotid body chemoreceptors and that the nucleoside is inactivated at this level by deamination and uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Monteiro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Gulbenkian Institute of Science, Oeiras, Portugal
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