1
|
Sassù F, Vomáčková Kykalová B, Vieira CS, Volf P, Loza Telleria E. Stability and suitability of housekeeping genes in phlebotomine sand flies. Sci Rep 2024; 14:23353. [PMID: 39375431 PMCID: PMC11458623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-74776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated gene expression patterns in Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus sand fly vectors of leishmaniases. Using quantitative PCR, we assessed the expression stability of potential endogenous control genes commonly used in dipterans. We analyzed Lutzomyia longipalpis and Phlebotomus papatasi samples from L3 and L4 larval stages, adult sand flies of different sexes, diets, dsRNA injection, and Leishmania infection. Six genes were evaluated: actin, α-tubulin, GAPDH, 60 S ribosomal proteins L8 and L32 (RiboL8 and RiboL32), and elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α). EF1-α was among the most stably expressed along with RiboL8 in L. longipalpis larvae and RiboL32 in adults. In P. papatasi, EF1-α and RiboL32 were the top in larvae, while EF1-α and actin were the most stable in adults. RiboL8 and actin were the most stable genes in dissected tissues and infected guts. Additionally, five primer pairs designed for L. longipalpis or P. papatasi were effective in PCR with Lutzomyia migonei, Phlebotomus duboscqi, Phlebotomus perniciosus, and Sergentomyia schwetzi cDNA. Furthermore, L. longipalpis RiboL32 and P. papatasi α-tubulin primers were suitable for qPCR with cDNA from the other four species. Our research provides tools to enhance relative gene expression studies in sand flies, facilitating the selection of endogenous control for qPCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Sassù
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Vomáčková Kykalová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Cecilia Stahl Vieira
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Erich Loza Telleria
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu CJ, Park YH, An MY, Ryu B, Jung HS. Insights into Actin Isoform-Specific Interactions with Myosin via Computational Analysis. Molecules 2024; 29:2992. [PMID: 38998944 PMCID: PMC11242942 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29132992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Actin, which plays a crucial role in cellular structure and function, interacts with various binding proteins, notably myosin. In mammals, actin is composed of six isoforms that exhibit high levels of sequence conservation and structural similarity overall. As a result, the selection of actin isoforms was considered unimportant in structural studies of their binding with myosin. However, recent high-resolution structural research discovered subtle structural differences in the N-terminus of actin isoforms, suggesting the possibility that each actin isoform may engage in specific interactions with myosin isoforms. In this study, we aimed to explore this possibility, particularly by understanding the influence of different actin isoforms on the interaction with myosin 7A. First, we compared the reported actomyosin structures utilizing the same type of actin isoforms as the high-resolution filamentous skeletal α-actin (3.5 Å) structure elucidated using cryo-EM. Through this comparison, we confirmed that the diversity of myosin isoforms leads to differences in interaction with the actin N-terminus, and that loop 2 of the myosin actin-binding sites directly interacts with the actin N-terminus. Subsequently, with the aid of multiple sequence alignment, we observed significant variations in the length of loop 2 across different myosin isoforms. We predicted that these length differences in loop 2 would likely result in structural variations that would affect the interaction with the actin N-terminus. For myosin 7A, loop 2 was found to be very short, and protein complex predictions using skeletal α-actin confirmed an interaction between loop 2 and the actin N-terminus. The prediction indicated that the positively charged residues present in loop 2 electrostatically interact with the acidic patch residues D24 and D25 of actin subdomain 1, whereas interaction with the actin N-terminus beyond this was not observed. Additionally, analyses of the actomyosin-7A prediction models generated using various actin isoforms consistently yielded the same results regardless of the type of actin isoform employed. The results of this study suggest that the subtle structural differences in the N-terminus of actin isoforms are unlikely to influence the binding structure with short loop 2 myosin 7A. Our findings are expected to provide a deeper understanding for future high-resolution structural binding studies of actin and myosin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Jong Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ho Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Young An
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumhan Ryu
- Research Solution Center, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jones TLM, Woulfe KC. Considering impact of age and sex on cardiac cytoskeletal components. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H470-H478. [PMID: 38133622 PMCID: PMC11219061 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00619.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac cytoskeletal components are integral to cardiomyocyte function and are responsible for contraction, sustaining cell structure, and providing scaffolding to direct signaling. Cytoskeletal components have been implicated in cardiac pathology; however, less attention has been paid to age-related modifications of cardiac cytoskeletal components and how these contribute to dysfunction with increased age. Moreover, significant sex differences in cardiac aging have been identified, but we still lack a complete understanding to the mechanisms behind these differences. This review summarizes what is known about how key cardiomyocyte cytoskeletal components are modified because of age, as well as reported sex-specific differences. Thorough consideration of both age and sex as integral players in cytoskeletal function may reveal potential avenues for more personalized therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L M Jones
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Kathleen C Woulfe
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li M, Peng D, Cao H, Yang X, Li S, Qiu HJ, Li LF. The Host Cytoskeleton Functions as a Pleiotropic Scaffold: Orchestrating Regulation of the Viral Life Cycle and Mediating Host Antiviral Innate Immune Responses. Viruses 2023; 15:1354. [PMID: 37376653 PMCID: PMC10301361 DOI: 10.3390/v15061354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that critically depend on their hosts to initiate infection, complete replication cycles, and generate new progeny virions. To achieve these goals, viruses have evolved numerous elegant strategies to subvert and utilize different cellular machinery. The cytoskeleton is often one of the first components to be hijacked as it provides a convenient transport system for viruses to enter the cell and reach the site of replication. The cytoskeleton is an intricate network involved in controlling the cell shape, cargo transport, signal transduction, and cell division. The host cytoskeleton has complex interactions with viruses during the viral life cycle, as well as cell-to-cell transmission once the life cycle is completed. Additionally, the host also develops unique, cytoskeleton-mediated antiviral innate immune responses. These processes are also involved in pathological damages, although the comprehensive mechanisms remain elusive. In this review, we briefly summarize the functions of some prominent viruses in inducing or hijacking cytoskeletal structures and the related antiviral responses in order to provide new insights into the crosstalk between the cytoskeleton and viruses, which may contribute to the design of novel antivirals targeting the cytoskeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Lian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Basu A, Paul MK, Weiss S. The actin cytoskeleton: Morphological changes in pre- and fully developed lung cancer. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2022; 3:041304. [PMID: 38505516 PMCID: PMC10903407 DOI: 10.1063/5.0096188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Actin, a primary component of the cell cytoskeleton can have multiple isoforms, each of which can have specific properties uniquely suited for their purpose. These monomers are then bound together to form polymeric filaments utilizing adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis as a source of energy. Proteins, such as Arp2/3, VASP, formin, profilin, and cofilin, serve important roles in the polymerization process. These filaments can further be linked to form stress fibers by proteins called actin-binding proteins, such as α-actinin, myosin, fascin, filamin, zyxin, and epsin. These stress fibers are responsible for mechanotransduction, maintaining cell shape, cell motility, and intracellular cargo transport. Cancer metastasis, specifically epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is one of the key steps of the process, is accompanied by the formation of thick stress fibers through the Rho-associated protein kinase, MAPK/ERK, and Wnt pathways. Recently, with the advent of "field cancerization," pre-malignant cells have also been demonstrated to possess stress fibers and related cytoskeletal features. Analytical methods ranging from western blot and RNA-sequencing to cryo-EM and fluorescent imaging have been employed to understand the structure and dynamics of actin and related proteins including polymerization/depolymerization. More recent methods involve quantifying properties of the actin cytoskeleton from fluorescent images and utilizing them to study biological processes, such as EMT. These image analysis approaches exploit the fact that filaments have a unique structure (curvilinear) compared to the noise or other artifacts to separate them. Line segments are extracted from these filament images that have assigned lengths and orientations. Coupling such methods with statistical analysis has resulted in development of a new reporter for EMT in lung cancer cells as well as their drug responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shimon Weiss
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hao D, Wang X, Yang Y, Thomsen B, Holm LE, Qu K, Huang B, Chen H. Integrated Analysis of mRNA and MicroRNA Co-expressed Network for the Differentiation of Bovine Skeletal Muscle Cells After Polyphenol Resveratrol Treatment. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:777477. [PMID: 35036414 PMCID: PMC8759604 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.777477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV) has been confirmed to benefit human health. Resveratrol supplemented in the feeds of animals improved pork, chicken, and duck meat qualities. In this study, we identified differentially expressed (DE) messenger RNAs (mRNAs) (n = 3,856) and microRNAs (miRNAs) (n = 93) for the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to investigate the co-expressed DE mRNAs and DE miRNAs in the primary bovine myoblasts after RSV treatment. The mRNA results indicated that RSV treatments had high correlations with turquoise module (0.91, P-value = 0.01) and blue module (0.93, P-value < 0.01), while only the turquoise module (0.96, P-value < 0.01) was highly correlated with the treatment status using miRNA data. After biological enrichment analysis, the 2,579 DE genes in the turquoise module were significantly enriched in the Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. The top two GO terms were actin filament-based process (GO:0030029) and actin cytoskeleton organization (GO:0030036). The top two KEGG pathways were regulation of actin cytoskeleton (bta04810) and tight junction (bta04530). Then, we constructed the DE mRNA co-expression and DE miRNA co-expression networks in the turquoise module and the mRNA–miRNA targeting networks based on their co-expressions in the key module. In summary, the RSV-induced miRNAs participated in the co-expression networks that could affect mRNA expressions to regulate the primary myoblast differentiation. Our study provided a better understanding of the roles of RSV in inducing miRNA and of the characteristics of DE miRNAs in the key co-expressed module in regulation of mRNAs and revealed new candidate regulatory miRNAs and genes for the beef quality traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, China.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Xiao Wang
- Konge Larsen ApS, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, China
| | - Bo Thomsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars-Erik Holm
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kaixing Qu
- Academy of Science and Technology, Chuxiong Normal University, Chuxiong, China
| | - Bizhi Huang
- Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, China.,College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alvelos MI, Szymczak F, Castela Â, Marín-Cañas S, de Souza BM, Gkantounas I, Colli M, Fantuzzi F, Cosentino C, Igoillo-Esteve M, Marselli L, Marchetti P, Cnop M, Eizirik DL. A functional genomic approach to identify reference genes for human pancreatic beta cell real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Islets 2021; 13:51-65. [PMID: 34241569 PMCID: PMC8280887 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2021.1948282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of human pancreatic beta cells to pro-inflammatory cytokines or metabolic stressors is used to model events related to type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR is commonly used to quantify changes in gene expression. The selection of the most adequate reference gene(s) for gene expression normalization is an important pre-requisite to obtain accurate and reliable results. There are no universally applicable reference genes, and the human beta cell expression of commonly used reference genes can be altered by different stressors. Here we aimed to identify the most stably expressed genes in human beta cells to normalize quantitative real-time PCR gene expression.We used comprehensive RNA-sequencing data from the human pancreatic beta cell line EndoC-βH1, human islets exposed to cytokines or the free fatty acid palmitate in order to identify the most stably expressed genes. Genes were filtered based on their level of significance (adjusted P-value >0.05), fold-change (|fold-change| <1.5) and a coefficient of variation <10%. Candidate reference genes were validated by quantitative real-time PCR in independent samples.We identified a total of 264 genes stably expressed in EndoC-βH1 cells and human islets following cytokines - or palmitate-induced stress, displaying a low coefficient of variation. Validation by quantitative real-time PCR of the top five genes ARF1, CWC15, RAB7A, SIAH1 and VAPA corroborated their expression stability under most of the tested conditions. Further validation in independent samples indicated that the geometric mean of ACTB and VAPA expression can be used as a reliable normalizing factor in human beta cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Inês Alvelos
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels (ULB)Belgium
- CONTACT Maria Inês Alvelos ULB Center for Diabetic Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles (ULB), Route De Lennik, 808 – CP618, B-1070 – Brussels – Belgium
| | - Florian Szymczak
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels (ULB)Belgium
| | - Ângela Castela
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels (ULB)Belgium
| | - Sandra Marín-Cañas
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels (ULB)Belgium
| | - Bianca Marmontel de Souza
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels (ULB)Belgium
| | - Ioannis Gkantounas
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels (ULB)Belgium
| | - Maikel Colli
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels (ULB)Belgium
| | - Federica Fantuzzi
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels (ULB)Belgium
| | - Cristina Cosentino
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels (ULB)Belgium
| | - Mariana Igoillo-Esteve
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels (ULB)Belgium
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels (ULB)Belgium
- Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Décio L. Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels (ULB)Belgium
- Welbio, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels (ULB)Belgium
- Diabetes Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu C, Yin Q, Li M, Fan Y, Shen C, Yang R. ACTB Methylation in Blood as a Potential Marker for the Pre-clinical Detection of Stroke: A Prospective Nested Case-Control Study. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:644943. [PMID: 34054407 PMCID: PMC8160447 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.644943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. If risk of stroke could be evaluated early or even at a preclinical stage, the mortality rate could be reduced dramatically. However, the identified genetic factors only account for 5-10% of the risk of stroke. Studies on the risk factors of stroke are urgently needed. We investigated the correlation between blood-based β-actin (ACTB) methylation and the risk of stroke in a prospective nested case-control study. Methods The methylation level of ACTB was quantitatively determined by mass spectrometry in 139 stroke cases who developed stroke within 2 years after recruitment and 147 age- and sex-matched controls who remained stroke-free in a median follow-up of 2.71 years. Results We observed a highly significant correlation between hypomethylation of one CpG site of ACTB and increased risk of stroke in an onset-time-dependent manner (for onset time ≤ 1.5 years: odds ratio (OR) per + 10% methylation = 0.76, P = 0.001; for onset time ≤ 1.32 years: OR per + 10% methylation = 0.59, P = 7.82 × 10-7; for onset time ≤ 1 year: OR per + 10% methylation = 0.43, P = 3.00 × 10-6), and the increased cumulative incidence of stroke (log-rank P = 3.13 × 10-7). Neighboring CpG sites showed an inverse correlation with age and drinking status in controls (P < 0.05) but not in stroke cases. Conclusion We firstly reported the blood-based ACTB methylation as a marker for the risk evaluation and preclinical detection of stroke, which can be further modified by age and drinking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiming Yin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengxia Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Fan
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Affiliated Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chong Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongxi Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
ACTG1 regulates intervertebral disc degeneration via the NF-κB-p65 and Akt pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 545:54-61. [PMID: 33545632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ACTG1 is a member of the actin family but is not a muscle actin gene. The ACTG1 mutation leads to hearing loss in humans, and the knockdown of ACTG1 suppresses the proliferation and migration of tumor cells; however, its role in intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is yet unclear. Bioinformatics methods revealed that ACTG1 might be a hub gene in IDD. Furthermore, the expression ACTG1 in severely degenerated nucleus pulposus (NP) tissues (Pfirrmann grade IV and V) was low as compared to that in mildly degenerated samples (Pfirrmann grade II and III). Moreover, the ACTG1 level was negatively correlated with human disc degeneration grades. The low expression of ACTG1 is also found in degenerated NP tissues in the rat. To further explore the function of ACTG1 in IDD, the gene expression was depleted in human NP cells via siRNA transfection. The ablation of ACTG1 increased MMP3 expression but decreased the level of collagen II. Excessive apoptosis was observed in ACTG1 knockdown groups, indicating that the absence of ACTG1 exacerbated IDD. GO function and pathway enrichment analysis for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of two microarray datasets (GSE56081 and GSE42611) indicated that inflammatory response plays a crucial role in IDD. Interestingly, in the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, ACTG1 is connected to the proteins of inflammation-related pathways. Furthermore, ACTG1 knockdown upregulated P-P65 level but suppressed P-Akt expression. These data collectively demonstrated that ACTG1 regulated the development of IDD through the NF-κB-p65 and Akt pathways, and ACTG1 may be a novel marker and therapeutic target of IDD in the future.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Actin is a conserved cytoskeletal protein with essential functions. Here, we review the state-of-the-art reagents, tools and methods used to probe actin biology and functions in zebrafish embryo and larvae. We also discuss specific cell types and tissues where the study of actin in zebrafish has provided new insights into its functions.
Collapse
|
11
|
Domingo-Gonzalez R, Zanini F, Che X, Liu M, Jones RC, Swift MA, Quake SR, Cornfield DN, Alvira CM. Diverse homeostatic and immunomodulatory roles of immune cells in the developing mouse lung at single cell resolution. eLife 2020; 9:e56890. [PMID: 32484158 PMCID: PMC7358008 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
At birth, the lungs rapidly transition from a pathogen-free, hypoxic environment to a pathogen-rich, rhythmically distended air-liquid interface. Although many studies have focused on the adult lung, the perinatal lung remains unexplored. Here, we present an atlas of the murine lung immune compartment during early postnatal development. We show that the late embryonic lung is dominated by specialized proliferative macrophages with a surprising physical interaction with the developing vasculature. These macrophages disappear after birth and are replaced by a dynamic mixture of macrophage subtypes, dendritic cells, granulocytes, and lymphocytes. Detailed characterization of macrophage diversity revealed an orchestration of distinct subpopulations across postnatal development to fill context-specific functions in tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, and immunity. These data both broaden the putative roles for immune cells in the developing lung and provide a framework for understanding how external insults alter immune cell phenotype during a period of rapid lung growth and heightened vulnerability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Racquel Domingo-Gonzalez
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Fabio Zanini
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Xibing Che
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Division of Pulmonary, Asthma and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Min Liu
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Robert C Jones
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Michael A Swift
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - David N Cornfield
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Division of Pulmonary, Asthma and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Cristina M Alvira
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang S, Zhao Y, Chen X, Lu X, Chen Y, Zhao X, Zhu L, Fang Z, Zhao H, Yao Y, Liu C, Shen C. The ACTB Variants and Alcohol Drinking Confer Joint Effect to Ischemic Stroke in Chinese Han Population. J Atheroscler Thromb 2020; 27:226-244. [PMID: 31327802 PMCID: PMC7113141 DOI: 10.5551/jat.49536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM β-actin (ACTB) participates in the vascular remodeling and contributes to the cardiovascular diseases. Herein, we investigated the associations of ACTB with hypertension and stroke. METHODS Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms in ACTB were selected for genotyping in 2,012 hypertension cases and 2,210 controls. The associations of ACTB with hypertension and stroke were examined in another follow-up study. Logistic and Cox regression were performed in a case-control study and a follow-up study, respectively. Additive scale interaction was examined by calculating the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion due to interaction (AP) and synergy index (SI). The multiplicative interaction hazard ratio was calculated by fitting the Cox regression model. ACTB mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was measured in ischemic stroke (IS) cases and in controls. RESULTS The associations of rs852426 with hypertension and stroke had statistical significance in drinkers but not after Bonferroni correction. An additive interaction of rs852426 and drinking was observed for stroke incidence, the adjusted RERI was -0.907 (p=4.108×10-4), and the multiplicative interaction was still sound (HR=0.541, p=0.048). Furthermore, the significant interaction was further replicated in a nested case-control study. In the drinking population, the relative expression of ACTB mRNA in IS was lower (0.99±0.26) than that in controls (1.13±0.20), with a p value of 0.026. CONCLUSIONS ACTB rs852426 was significantly associated with alcohol consumption on stroke risk, and the expression of ACTB mRNA in IS who had a drinking habit was significantly down-regulated. This finding will provide a novel insight into the prevention of stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Yixing, China
| | - Yanping Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Yixing, China
| | - Xiaotian Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangfeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanchun Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Yixing, China
| | - Xianghai Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Yixing, China
| | - Lijun Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Zhengmei Fang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Hailong Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingshui Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Chunlan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chong Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tan T, Liu R, Luo Q, Ma J, Ou Y, Zeng W, Feng L, Xu H. The intronic promoter of Actin4 mediates high-level transgene expression mainly in the wing and epidermis of silkworms. Transgenic Res 2020; 29:243-251. [PMID: 31960249 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-020-00192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic actin gene Actin4 (A4) in silkworm (Bombyx mori) was isolated 20 years ago and has a distal promoter upstream of the first exon and a proximal promoter within the first intron; however, how the promoter regulates gene expression has yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we characterized the function and expression of the proximal promoter (named A4IP) by analyzing transgenic Gal4/UAS silkworms, A4IP-Gal4/UAS-EGFP. We demonstrated that A4IP drives the expression of Gal4 and thereby activates UAS-linked EGFP in transgenic silkworms beginning in day-3 embryos through adults. Further detection revealed that EGFP was expressed at a low level in tissues including the trachea, fat body and midgut but was highly expressed in the wing disks/wings and inner epidermis of transgenic silkworms. No EGFP signals were detected in other tissues by western blot assay. Interestingly, EGFP fluorescence had a spot-like distribution on the epidermis of transgenic larvae. These observations are quite different from those in transgenic silkworms driven by the promoter of Actin3 (A3), another cytoplasmic actin gene in B. mori. These findings reveal the expression profiles of the A4IP promoter and provide new insights into the regulatory mechanism of cytoplasmic actin genes in silkworms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rongpeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingwen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yao Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenhui Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lichun Feng
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hanfu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Karatsai O, Stasyk O, Redowicz MJ. Effects of Arginine and Its Deprivation on Human Glioblastoma Physiology and Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1202:243-258. [PMID: 32034717 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30651-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The observations that numerous cancers are characterized by impairment in arginine synthesis and that deficit of exogenous arginine specifically affects their growth and viability are the ground for arginine deprivation-based anticancer treatment strategy. This review addresses molecular mechanisms of the human glioblastoma cell response to arginine deprivation. Our earlier studies have shown that arginine deprivation specifically impairs glioblastoma cell motility, adhesion and invasiveness. These changes were evoked by alterations in the actin cytoskeleton organization resulting from a decreased arginylation of β-actin isoform. Moreover, deficit of arginine induces prolonged endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activation of the unfolded protein response, not leading, however, to a massive apoptosis in glioblastoma cells. Our current research indicates that cell death could be augmented by other compounds such as modulators of ER stress, for example arginine analogue of plant origin, canavanine. Implication of these studies on the development of new anti-glioma metabolic therapeutic modalities are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olena Karatsai
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Cell Motility, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Oleh Stasyk
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Maria Jolanta Redowicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Cell Motility, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Postmenopausal Osteoporosis reference genes for qPCR expression assays. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16533. [PMID: 31712560 PMCID: PMC6848520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52612-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is a multifactorial disease influenced by genetic factors in more than half of the cases. In spite of the efforts to clarify the relationship among genetic factors and susceptibility to develop OP, many genetic associations need to be further functionally validated. Besides, some limitations as the choice of stably expressed reference genes (RG) should be overcome to ensure the quality and reproducibility of gene expression assays. To our knowledge, a validation study for RG in OP is still missing. We compared the expression levels, using polymerase chain reaction quantitative real time (qPCR) of 10 RG (G6PD, B2M, GUSB, HSP90, EF1A, RPLP0, GAPDH, ACTB, 18 S and HPRT1) to assess their suitability in OP analysis by using GeNorm, Normfinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder programs. A minimal number of two RG was recommended by GeNorm to obtain a reliable normalization. RPLP0 and B2M were identified as the most stable genes in OP studies while ACTB, 18 S and HPRT1 were inadequate for normalization in our data set. Moreover, we showed the dramatic effects of suboptimal RG choice on the quantification of a target gene, highlighting the importance in the identification of the most appropriate reference gene to specific diseases. We suggest the use of RPLP0 and B2M as the most stable reference genes while we do not recommend the use of the least stable reference genes HPRT1, 18 S and ACTB in OP expression assays using PBMC as biological source. Additionally, we emphasize the importance of individualized and careful choice in software and reference genes selection.
Collapse
|
16
|
Bildyug N. Extracellular Matrix in Regulation of Contractile System in Cardiomyocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5054. [PMID: 31614676 PMCID: PMC6834325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The contractile apparatus of cardiomyocytes is considered to be a stable system. However, it undergoes strong rearrangements during heart development as cells progress from their non-muscle precursors. Long-term culturing of mature cardiomyocytes is also accompanied by the reorganization of their contractile apparatus with the conversion of typical myofibrils into structures of non-muscle type. Processes of heart development as well as cell adaptation to culture conditions in cardiomyocytes both involve extracellular matrix changes, which appear to be crucial for the maturation of contractile apparatus. The aim of this review is to analyze the role of extracellular matrix in the regulation of contractile system dynamics in cardiomyocytes. Here, the remodeling of actin contractile structures and the expression of actin isoforms in cardiomyocytes during differentiation and adaptation to the culture system are described along with the extracellular matrix alterations. The data supporting the regulation of actin dynamics by extracellular matrix are highlighted and the possible mechanisms of such regulation are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Bildyug
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St-Petersburg 194064, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
González-Bermúdez L, Anglada T, Genescà A, Martín M, Terradas M. Identification of reference genes for RT-qPCR data normalisation in aging studies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13970. [PMID: 31562345 PMCID: PMC6764958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with changes in gene expression levels that affect cellular functions and predispose to age-related diseases. The use of candidate genes whose expression remains stable during aging is required to correctly address the age-associated variations in expression levels. Reverse transcription quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) has become a powerful approach for sensitive gene expression analysis. Reliable RT-qPCR assays rely on the normalisation of the results to stable reference genes. Taken these data together, here we evaluated the expression stability of eight frequently used reference genes in three aging models: oncogene-induced senescence (OIS), in vitro and in vivo aging. Using NormFinder and geNorm algorithms, we identified that the most stable reference gene pairs were PUM1 and TBP in OIS, GUSB and PUM1 for in vitro aging and GUSB and OAZ1 for in vivo aging. To validate these candidates, we used them to normalise the expression data of CDKN1A, APOD and TFRC genes, whose expression is known to be affected during OIS, in vitro and in vivo aging. This study demonstrates that accurate normalisation of RT-qPCR data is crucial in aging research and provides a specific subset of stable reference genes for future aging studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes González-Bermúdez
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Teresa Anglada
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Genescà
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Martín
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Mariona Terradas
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain. .,Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dugina VB, Shagieva GS, Kopnin PB. Biological Role of Actin Isoforms in Mammalian Cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:583-592. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919060014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
19
|
Rodriguez A, Kashina A. Posttranscriptional and Posttranslational Regulation of Actin. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1991-1998. [PMID: 30312009 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Actin is one of the most abundant intracellular proteins, essential in every eukaryotic cell type. Actin plays key roles in tissue morphogenesis, cell adhesion, muscle contraction, and developmental reprogramming. Most actin studies have focused on its regulation at the protein level, either directly or through differential interactions with over a hundred intracellular binding partners. However, numerous studies emerging in recent years demonstrate specific types of nucleotide-level regulation that strongly affect non-muscle actins during cell migration and adhesion and are potentially applicable to other members of the actin family. This regulation involves zipcode-mediated actin mRNA targeting to the cell periphery, proposed to mediate local synthesis of actin at the cell leading edge, as well as the recently discovered N-terminal arginylation that specifically targets non-muscle β-actin via a nucleotide-dependent mechanism. Moreover, a study published this year suggests that actin's essential roles at the organismal level may be entirely nucleotide-dependent. This review summarizes the emerging data on actin's nucleotide-level regulation. Anat Rec, 301:1991-1998, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Anna Kashina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
F-actin homeostasis through transcriptional regulation and proteasome-mediated proteolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6487-E6496. [PMID: 29941587 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721935115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organisms possess multiple and often divergent actins whose regulation and roles are not understood in detail. For example, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has both a conventional actin (IDA5) and a highly divergent one (NAP1); only IDA5 is expressed in normal proliferating cells. We showed previously that the drug latrunculin B (LatB) causes loss of filamentous (F-) IDA5 and strong up-regulation of NAP1, which then provides essential actin function(s) by forming LatB-resistant F-NAP1. RNA-sequencing analyses now show that this up-regulation of NAP1 reflects a broad transcriptional response, much of which depends on three proteins (LAT1, LAT2, and LAT3) identified previously as essential for NAP1 transcription. Many of the LAT-regulated genes contain a putative cis-acting regulatory site, the "LRE motif." The LatB transcriptional program appears to be activated by loss of F-IDA5 and deactivated by formation of F-NAP1, thus forming an F-actin-dependent negative-feedback loop. Multiple genes encoding proteins of the ubiquitin-proteasome system are among those induced by LatB, resulting in rapid degradation of IDA5 (but not NAP1). Our results suggest that IDA5 degradation is functionally important because nonpolymerizable LatB-bound IDA5 interferes with the formation of F-NAP1. The genes for the actin-interacting proteins cofilin and profilin are also induced. Cofilin induction may further the clearance of IDA5 by promoting the scission of F-IDA5, whereas profilin appears to function in protecting monomeric IDA5 from degradation. This multifaceted regulatory system allows rapid and quantitative turnover of F-actin in response to cytoskeletal perturbations and probably also maintains F-actin homeostasis under normal growth conditions.
Collapse
|
21
|
Gold nanoparticles functionalized with angiogenin-mimicking peptides modulate cell membrane interactions. Biointerphases 2018; 13:03C401. [PMID: 29660986 DOI: 10.1116/1.5022295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenin is a protein crucial in angiogenesis, and it is overexpressed in many cancers and downregulated in neurodegenerative diseases, respectively. The protein interaction with actin, through the loop encompassing the 60-68 residues, is an essential step in the cellular cytoskeleton reorganization. This, in turn, influences the cell proliferation and migration processes. In this work, hybrid nanoassemblies of gold nanoparticles with angiogenin fragments containing the 60-68 sequence were prepared and characterized in their interaction with both model membranes of supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) and cellular membranes of cancer (neuroblastoma) and normal (fibroblasts) cell lines. The comparison between physisorption and chemisorption mechanisms was performed by the parallel investigation of the 60-68 sequence and the peptide analogous containing an extra cysteine residue. Moreover, steric hindrance and charge effects were considered with a third analogous peptide sequence, conjugated with a fluorescent carboxyfluorescein (Fam) moiety. The hybrid nanobiointerface was characterized by means of ultraviolet-visible, atomic force microscopy and circular dichroism, to scrutinize plasmonic changes, nanoparticles coverage and conformational features, respectively. Lateral diffusion measurements on SLBs "perturbed" by the interaction with the gold nanoparticles-peptides point to a stronger membrane interaction in comparison with the uncoated nanoparticles. Cell viability and proliferation assays indicate a slight nanotoxicity in neuroblastoma cells and a proliferative activity in fibroblasts. The actin staining confirms different levels of interaction between the hybrid assemblies and the cell membranes.
Collapse
|
22
|
Shagieva G, Domnina L, Makarevich O, Chernyak B, Skulachev V, Dugina V. Depletion of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species downregulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cervical cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:4901-4913. [PMID: 27902484 PMCID: PMC5354879 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the course of cancer progression, epithelial cells often acquire morphological and functional characteristics of mesenchymal cells, a process known as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT provides epithelial cells with migratory, invasive, and stem cell capabilities. Reactive oxygen species produced by mitochondria (mtROS) could be of special importance for pro-tumorigenic signaling and EMT. In our study, we used mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 to lower the mtROS level and analyze their role in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, adhesion junctions, and signaling pathways critical for tumorigenesis of cervical carcinomas. A decrease in mtROS was found to induce formation of β-cytoplasmic actin stress fibers and circumferential rings in cervical cancer SiHa and Ca-Ski cells. It was accompanied by an upregulation of E-cadherin in SiHa cells and a downregulation of N-cadherin in Ca-Ski cells. In SiHa cells, an increase in E-cadherin expression was accompanied by a reduction of Snail, E-cadherin negative regulator. A stimulation of mtROS by epidermal growth factor (EGF) caused a Snail upregulation in SiHa cells that could be downregulated by SkQ1. SkQ1 caused a decrease in activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in SiHa and Ca-Ski. EGF produced an opposite effect. Incubation with SkQ1 suppressed EGF-induced p-ERK1/2 upregulation in SiHa, but not in Ca-Ski cells. Thus, we showed that scavenging of mtROS by SkQ1 initiated reversal of EMT and suppressed proliferation of cervical cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galina Shagieva
- Department of Mathematical Methods in Biology, Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lidiya Domnina
- Department of Mathematical Methods in Biology, Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Makarevich
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Chernyak
- Department of Bioenergetics, Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Skulachev
- Department of Bioenergetics, Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera Dugina
- Department of Mathematical Methods in Biology, Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Xie X, Deliorman M, Qasaimeh MA, Percipalle P. The relative composition of actin isoforms regulates cell surface biophysical features and cellular behaviors. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1079-1090. [PMID: 29410074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell surface mechanics is able to physically and biomechanically affect cell shape and motility, vesicle trafficking and actin dynamics. The biophysical properties of cell surface are strongly influenced by cytoskeletal elements. In mammals, tissue-specific expression of six actin isoforms is thought to confer differential biomechanical properties. However, the relative contribution of actin isoforms to cell surface properties is not well understood. Here, we sought to investigate whether and how the composition of endogenous actin isoforms directly affects the biomechanical features of cell surface and cellular behavior. METHODS We used fibroblasts isolated from wild type (WT), heterozygous (HET) and from knockout (KO) mouse embryos where both β-actin alleles are not functional. We applied a combination of genome-wide analysis and biophysical methods such as RNA-seq and atomic force microscopy. RESULTS We found that endogenous β-actin levels are essential in controlling cell surface stiffness and pull-off force, which was not compensated by the up-regulation of other actin isoforms. The variations of surface biophysical features and actin contents were associated with distinct cell behaviors in 2D and 3D WT, HET and KO cell cultures. Since β-actin in WT cells and smooth muscle α-actin up-regulated in KO cells showed different organization patterns, our data support the differential localization and organization as a mechanism to regulate the biophysical properties of cell surface by actin isoforms. CONCLUSIONS We propose that variations in actin isoforms composition impact on the biophysical features of cell surface and cause the changes in cell behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xie
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammedin Deliorman
- Engineering Division, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad A Qasaimeh
- Engineering Division, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, USA
| | - Piergiorgio Percipalle
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
O'Rourke AR, Lindsay A, Tarpey MD, Yuen S, McCourt P, Nelson DM, Perrin BJ, Thomas DD, Spangenburg EE, Lowe DA, Ervasti JM. Impaired muscle relaxation and mitochondrial fission associated with genetic ablation of cytoplasmic actin isoforms. FEBS J 2018; 285:481-500. [PMID: 29265728 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
While α-actin isoforms predominate in adult striated muscle, skeletal muscle-specific knockouts (KOs) of nonmuscle cytoplasmic βcyto - or γcyto -actin each cause a mild, but progressive myopathy effected by an unknown mechanism. Using transmission electron microscopy, we identified morphological abnormalities in both the mitochondria and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in aged muscle-specific βcyto - and γcyto -actin KO mice. We found βcyto - and γcyto -actin proteins to be enriched in isolated mitochondrial-associated membrane preparations, which represent the interface between mitochondria and sarco-endoplasmic reticulum important in signaling and mitochondrial dynamics. We also measured significantly elongated and interconnected mitochondrial morphologies associated with a significant decrease in mitochondrial fission events in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking βcyto - and/or γcyto -actin. Interestingly, mitochondrial respiration in muscle was not measurably affected as oxygen consumption was similar in skeletal muscle fibers from 12 month-old muscle-specific βcyto - and γcyto -actin KO mice. Instead, we found that the maximal rate of relaxation after isometric contraction was significantly slowed in muscles of 12-month-old βcyto - and γcyto -actin muscle-specific KO mice. Our data suggest that impaired Ca2+ re-uptake may presage development of the observed SR morphological changes in aged mice while providing a potential pathological mechanism for the observed myopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison R O'Rourke
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Angus Lindsay
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael D Tarpey
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Samantha Yuen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Preston McCourt
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - D'anna M Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Benjamin J Perrin
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David D Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Espen E Spangenburg
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Dawn A Lowe
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - James M Ervasti
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Silkworth WT, Kunes KL, Nickel GC, Phillips ML, Quinlan ME, Vizcarra CL. The neuron-specific formin Delphilin nucleates nonmuscle actin but does not enhance elongation. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 29:610-621. [PMID: 29282276 PMCID: PMC6004577 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-06-0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The formin Delphilin binds the glutamate receptor, GluRδ2, in dendritic spines of Purkinje cells. Both proteins play a role in learning. To understand how Delphilin functions in neurons, we studied the actin assembly properties of this formin. Formins have a conserved formin homology 2 domain, which nucleates and associates with the fast-growing end of actin filaments, influencing filament growth together with the formin homology 1 (FH1) domain. The strength of nucleation and elongation varies widely across formins. Additionally, most formins have conserved domains that regulate actin assembly through an intramolecular interaction. Delphilin is distinct from other formins in several ways: its expression is limited to Purkinje cells, it lacks classical autoinhibitory domains, and its FH1 domain has minimal proline-rich sequence. We found that Delphilin is an actin nucleator that does not accelerate elongation, although it binds to the barbed end of filaments. In addition, Delphilin exhibits a preference for actin isoforms, nucleating nonmuscle actin but not muscle actin, which has not been described or systematically studied in other formins. Finally, Delphilin is the first formin studied that is not regulated by intramolecular interactions. We speculate how the activity we observe is consistent with its localization in the small dendritic spines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William T Silkworth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Kristina L Kunes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Grace C Nickel
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, New York, NY 10027
| | - Martin L Phillips
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Margot E Quinlan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 .,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Thyssen GN, Fang DD, Turley RB, Florane CB, Li P, Mattison CP, Naoumkina M. A Gly65Val substitution in an actin, GhACT_LI1, disrupts cell polarity and F-actin organization resulting in dwarf, lintless cotton plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:111-121. [PMID: 28078746 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Actin polymerizes to form part of the cytoskeleton and organize polar growth in all eukaryotic cells. Species with numerous actin genes are especially useful for the dissection of actin molecular function due to redundancy and neofunctionalization. Here, we investigated the role of a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) actin gene in the organization of actin filaments in lobed cotyledon pavement cells and the highly elongated single-celled trichomes that comprise cotton lint fibers. Using mapping-by-sequencing, virus-induced gene silencing, and molecular modeling, we identified the causative mutation of the dominant dwarf Ligon lintless Li1 short fiber mutant as a single Gly65Val amino acid substitution in a polymerization domain of an actin gene, GhACT_LI1 (Gh_D04G0865). We observed altered cell morphology and disrupted organization of F-actin in Li1 plant cells by confocal microscopy. Mutant leaf cells lacked interdigitation of lobes and F-actin did not uniformly decorate the nuclear envelope. While wild-type lint fiber trichome cells contained long longitudinal actin cables, the short Li1 fiber cells accumulated disoriented transverse cables. The polymerization-defective Gly65Val allele in Li1 plants likely disrupts processive elongation of F-actin, resulting in a disorganized cytoskeleton and reduced cell polarity, which likely accounts for the dominant gene action and diverse pleiotropic effects associated with the Li1 mutation. Lastly, we propose a model to account for these effects, and underscore the roles of actin organization in determining plant cell polarity, shape and plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory N Thyssen
- Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Southern Regional Research Center (SRRC), 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
- Cotton Chemistry and Utilization Research Unit, USDA-ARS-SRRC, 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| | - David D Fang
- Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Southern Regional Research Center (SRRC), 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| | - Rickie B Turley
- Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
| | - Christopher B Florane
- Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Southern Regional Research Center (SRRC), 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| | - Ping Li
- Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Southern Regional Research Center (SRRC), 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| | - Christopher P Mattison
- Food Processing and Sensory Quality Research Unit, USDA-ARS-SRRC, 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| | - Marina Naoumkina
- Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Southern Regional Research Center (SRRC), 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Marzook NB, Latham SL, Lynn H, Mckenzie C, Chaponnier C, Grau GE, Newsome TP. Divergent roles of β- and γ-actin isoforms during spread of vaccinia virus. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2017; 74:170-183. [PMID: 28218453 PMCID: PMC7162416 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Actin is a major component of the cytoskeleton and is present as two isoforms in non‐muscle cells: β‐ and γ‐cytoplasmic actin. These isoforms are strikingly conserved, differing by only four N‐terminal amino acids. During spread from infected cells, vaccinia virus (VACV) particles induce localized actin nucleation that propel virus to surrounding cells and facilitate cell‐to‐cell spread of infection. Here we show that virus‐tipped actin comets are composed of β‐ and γ‐actin. We employed isoform‐specific siRNA knockdown to examine the role of the two isoforms in VACV‐induced actin comets. Despite the high level of similarity between the actin isoforms, and their colocalization, VACV‐induced actin nucleation was dependent exclusively on β‐actin. Knockdown of β‐actin led to a reduction in the release of virus from infected cells, a phenotype dependent on virus‐induced Arp2/3 complex activity. We suggest that local concentrations of actin isoforms may regulate the activity of cellular actin nucleator complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Bishara Marzook
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Sharissa L Latham
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences & Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Helena Lynn
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Christine Chaponnier
- Department of Pathology-Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Georges E Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences & Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Timothy P Newsome
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Moradi M, Sivadasan R, Saal L, Lüningschrör P, Dombert B, Rathod RJ, Dieterich DC, Blum R, Sendtner M. Differential roles of α-, β-, and γ-actin in axon growth and collateral branch formation in motoneurons. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:793-814. [PMID: 28246119 PMCID: PMC5346967 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201604117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
α-, β-, and γ-actin differentially regulate cytoskeletal dynamics and stability in axons of motoneurons. Locally translated α-actin contributes to stable actin filaments in axonal branches, whereas β- and γ-actin give rise to highly dynamic filaments that modulate growth cone dynamics. Axonal branching and terminal arborization are fundamental events during the establishment of synaptic connectivity. They are triggered by assembly of actin filaments along axon shafts giving rise to filopodia. The specific contribution of the three actin isoforms, Actα, Actβ, and Actγ, to filopodia stability and dynamics during this process is not well understood. Here, we report that Actα, Actβ, and Actγ isoforms are expressed in primary mouse motoneurons and their transcripts are translocated into axons. shRNA-mediated depletion of Actα reduces axonal filopodia dynamics and disturbs collateral branch formation. Knockdown of Actβ reduces dynamic movements of growth cone filopodia and impairs presynaptic differentiation. Ablation of Actβ or Actγ leads to compensatory up-regulation of the two other isoforms, which allows maintenance of total actin levels and preserves F-actin polymerization. Collectively, our data provide evidence for specific roles of different actin isoforms in spatial regulation of actin dynamics and stability in axons of developing motoneurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Moradi
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Rajeeve Sivadasan
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lena Saal
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lüningschrör
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dombert
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Reena Jagdish Rathod
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Daniela C Dieterich
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Robert Blum
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sendtner
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Patrinostro X, O'Rourke AR, Chamberlain CM, Moriarity BS, Perrin BJ, Ervasti JM. Relative importance of β cyto- and γ cyto-actin in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:771-782. [PMID: 28077619 PMCID: PMC5349784 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-07-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly homologous β (βcyto) and γ (γcyto) cytoplasmic actins are hypothesized to carry out both redundant and unique essential functions, but studies using targeted gene knockout and siRNA-mediated transcript knockdown to examine βcyto- and γcyto-isoform--specific functions in various cell types have yielded conflicting data. Here we quantitatively characterized actin transcript and protein levels, as well as cellular phenotypes, in both gene- and transcript-targeted primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts. We found that the smooth muscle αsm-actin isoform was the dominantly expressed actin isoform in WT primary fibroblasts and was also the most dramatically up-regulated in primary βcyto- or β/γcyto-actin double-knockout fibroblasts. Gene targeting of βcyto-actin, but not γcyto-actin, led to greatly decreased cell proliferation, decreased levels of cellular ATP, and increased serum response factor signaling in primary fibroblasts, whereas immortalization induced by SV40 large T antigen supported fibroblast proliferation in the absence of βcyto-actin. Consistent with in vivo gene-targeting studies in mice, both gene- and transcript-targeting approaches demonstrate that the loss of βcyto-actin protein is more disruptive to primary fibroblast function than is the loss of γcyto-actin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobai Patrinostro
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Allison R O'Rourke
- Program in Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, and Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Christopher M Chamberlain
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | | | - Benjamin J Perrin
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46022
| | - James M Ervasti
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 .,Program in Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, and Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dugina V, Alieva I, Khromova N, Kireev I, Gunning PW, Kopnin P. Interaction of microtubules with the actin cytoskeleton via cross-talk of EB1-containing +TIPs and γ-actin in epithelial cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:72699-72715. [PMID: 27683037 PMCID: PMC5341938 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin microfilaments and microtubules are both highly dynamic cytoskeleton components implicated in a wide range of intracellular processes as well as cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions. The interactions of actin filaments with the microtubule system play an important role in the assembly and maintenance of 3D cell structure. Here we demonstrate that cytoplasmic actins are differentially distributed in relation to the microtubule system. LSM, 3D-SIM, proximity ligation assay (PLA) and co-immunoprecipitation methods applied in combination with selective depletion of β- or γ-cytoplasmic actins revealed a selective interaction between microtubules and γ-, but not β-cytoplasmic actin via the microtubule +TIPs protein EB1. EB1-positive comet distribution analysis and quantification have shown more effective microtubule growth in the absence of β-actin. Our data represent the first demonstration that microtubule +TIPs protein EB1 interacts mainly with γ-cytoplasmic actin in epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Dugina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- School of Medical Science, The University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Irina Alieva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- School of Medical Science, The University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Igor Kireev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter W. Gunning
- School of Medical Science, The University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pavel Kopnin
- Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dugina V, Khromova N, Rybko V, Blizniukov O, Shagieva G, Chaponnier C, Kopnin B, Kopnin P. Tumor promotion by γ and suppression by β non-muscle actin isoforms. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14556-71. [PMID: 26008973 PMCID: PMC4546487 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we have shown that β-cytoplasmic actin acts as a tumor suppressor, inhibiting cell growth and invasion in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. In contrast, γ-cytoplasmic actin increases the oncogenic potential via ERK1/2, p34-Arc, WAVE2, cofilin1, PP1 and other regulatory proteins. There is a positive feedback loop between γ-actin expression and ERK1/2 activation. We conclude that non-muscle actin isoforms should not be considered as merely housekeeping proteins and the β/γ-actins ratio can be used as an oncogenic marker at least for lung and colon carcinomas. Agents that increase β- and/or decrease γ-actin expression may be useful for anticancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Dugina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Vera Rybko
- Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Galina Shagieva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Christine Chaponnier
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Boris Kopnin
- Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Kopnin
- Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
M. Bansbach H, H. Guilford W. Actin nitrosylation and its effect on myosin driven motility. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2016.3.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
|
33
|
Kühn S, Mannherz HG. Actin: Structure, Function, Dynamics, and Interactions with Bacterial Toxins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 399:1-34. [PMID: 27848038 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Actin is one of the most abundant proteins in any eukaryotic cell and an indispensable component of the cytoskeleton. In mammalian organisms, six highly conserved actin isoforms can be distinguished, which differ by only a few amino acids. In non-muscle cells, actin polymerizes into actin filaments that form actin structures essential for cell shape stabilization, and participates in a number of motile activities like intracellular vesicle transport, cytokinesis, and also cell locomotion. Here, we describe the structure of monomeric and polymeric actin, the polymerization kinetics, and its regulation by actin-binding proteins. Probably due to its conserved nature and abundance, actin and its regulating factors have emerged as prefered targets of bacterial toxins and effectors, which subvert the host actin cytoskeleton to serve bacterial needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Kühn
- Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hans Georg Mannherz
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Schreiber J, Végh MJ, Dawitz J, Kroon T, Loos M, Labonté D, Li KW, Van Nierop P, Van Diepen MT, De Zeeuw CI, Kneussel M, Meredith RM, Smit AB, Van Kesteren RE. Ubiquitin ligase TRIM3 controls hippocampal plasticity and learning by regulating synaptic γ-actin levels. J Cell Biol 2015; 211:569-86. [PMID: 26527743 PMCID: PMC4639863 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201506048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
TRIM3 regulates synaptic γ-actin levels. TRIM3-deficient mice consequently have higher hippocampal spine densities, increased long-term potentiation, and enhanced contextual fear memory consolidation, indicating that temporal control of ACTG1 levels by TRIM3 is required to constrain hippocampal plasticity within physiological boundaries. Synaptic plasticity requires remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Although two actin isoforms, β- and γ-actin, are expressed in dendritic spines, the specific contribution of γ-actin in the expression of synaptic plasticity is unknown. We show that synaptic γ-actin levels are regulated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM3. TRIM3 protein and Actg1 transcript are colocalized in messenger ribonucleoprotein granules responsible for the dendritic targeting of messenger RNAs. TRIM3 polyubiquitylates γ-actin, most likely cotranslationally at synaptic sites. Trim3−/− mice consequently have increased levels of γ-actin at hippocampal synapses, resulting in higher spine densities, increased long-term potentiation, and enhanced short-term contextual fear memory consolidation. Interestingly, hippocampal deletion of Actg1 caused an increase in long-term fear memory. Collectively, our findings suggest that temporal control of γ-actin levels by TRIM3 is required to regulate the timing of hippocampal plasticity. We propose a model in which TRIM3 regulates synaptic γ-actin turnover and actin filament stability and thus forms a transient inhibitory constraint on the expression of hippocampal synaptic plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Schreiber
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marlene J Végh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Julia Dawitz
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tim Kroon
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maarten Loos
- Sylics (Synaptologics BV), 1008 BA Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dorthe Labonté
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ka Wan Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pim Van Nierop
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michiel T Van Diepen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science, 1105 BA Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matthias Kneussel
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rhiannon M Meredith
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - August B Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ronald E Van Kesteren
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Migocka-Patrzałek M, Makowiecka A, Nowak D, Mazur AJ, Hofmann WA, Malicka-Błaszkiewicz M. β- and γ-Actins in the nucleus of human melanoma A375 cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 144:417-28. [PMID: 26239425 PMCID: PMC4628621 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Actin is a highly conserved protein that is expressed in all eukaryotic cells and has essential functions in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Nuclear actin is involved in transcription by all three RNA polymerases, chromatin remodelling, RNA processing, intranuclear transport, nuclear export and in maintenance of the nuclear architecture. The nuclear actin level and polymerization state are important factors regulating nuclear processes such as transcription. Our study shows that, in contrast to the cytoplasm, the majority of endogenous nuclear actin is unpolymerized in human melanoma A375 cells. Most mammalian cells express the two non-muscle β- and γ-actin isoforms that differ in only four amino acids. Despite their sequence similarity, studies analysing the cytoplasmic functions of these isoforms demonstrated that β- and γ-actins show differences in localization and function. However, little is known about the involvement of the individual actin isoforms in nuclear processes. Here, we used the human melanoma A375 cell line to analyse actin isoforms in regard to their nuclear localization. We show that both β- and γ-non-muscle actin isoforms are present in nuclei of these cells. Immunolocalization studies demonstrate that both isoforms co-localize with RNA polymerase II and hnRNP U. However, we observe differences in the ratio of cytoplasmic to nuclear actin distribution between the isoforms. We show that β-actin has a significantly higher nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio than γ-actin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Migocka-Patrzałek
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wroclaw, Poland.
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Aleksandra Makowiecka
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Nowak
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Antonina J Mazur
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wilma A Hofmann
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abu Taha A, Schnittler HJ. Dynamics between actin and the VE-cadherin/catenin complex: novel aspects of the ARP2/3 complex in regulation of endothelial junctions. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:125-35. [PMID: 24621569 DOI: 10.4161/cam.28243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial adherens junctions are critical for physiological and pathological processes such as differentiation, maintenance of entire monolayer integrity, and the remodeling. The endothelial-specific VE-cadherin/catenin complex provides the backbone of adherens junctions and acts in close interaction with actin filaments and actin/myosin-mediated contractility to fulfill the junction demands. The functional connection between the cadherin/catenin complex and actin filaments might be either directly through ?-catenins, or indirectly e.g., via linker proteins such as vinculin, p120ctn, ?-actinin, or EPLIN. However, both junction integrity and dynamic remodeling have to be contemporarily coordinated. The actin-related protein complex ARP2/3 and its activating molecules, such as N-WASP and WAVE, have been shown to regulate the lammellipodia-mediated formation of cell junctions in both epithelium and endothelium. Recent reports now demonstrate a novel aspect of the ARP2/3 complex and the nucleating-promoting factors in the maintenance of endothelial barrier function and junction remodeling of established endothelial cell junctions. Those mechanisms open novel possibilities; not only in fulfilling physiological demands but obtained information may be of critical importance in pathologies such as wound healing, angiogenesis, inflammation, and cell diapedesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Abu Taha
- Institute of Anatomy & Vascular Biology; WWU-Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4; Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-J Schnittler
- Institute of Anatomy & Vascular Biology; WWU-Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4; Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Tuzovic L, Tang S, Miller RS, Rohena L, Shahmirzadi L, Gonzalez K, Li X, LeDuc CA, Guo J, Wilson A, Mills A, Glassberg K, Rotterdam H, Sepulveda AR, Zeng W, Chung WK, Anyane-Yeboa K. New Insights into the Genetics of Fetal Megacystis: ACTG2 Mutations, Encoding γ-2 Smooth Muscle Actin in Megacystis Microcolon Intestinal Hypoperistalsis Syndrome (Berdon Syndrome). Fetal Diagn Ther 2015; 38:296-306. [PMID: 25998219 DOI: 10.1159/000381638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the molecular basis for prenatally suspected cases of megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS) (MIM 249210) in 3 independent families with clinical and radiographic evidence of MMIHS. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing of the ACTG2 gene. RESULTS We identified a novel heterozygous de novo missense variant in ACTG2 c.770G>A (p.Arg257His) encoding x03B3;-2 smooth muscle actin (ACTG2) in 2 siblings with MMIHS, suggesting gonadal mosaicism of one of the parents. Two additional de novo missense variants (p.Arg257Cys and p.Arg178His) in ACTG2 were identified in 2 additional MMHIS patients. All of our patients had evidence of fetal megacystis and a normal or slightly increased amniotic fluid volume. Additional findings included bilateral renal hydronephrosis, an enlarged fetal stomach, and transient dilated bowel loops. ACTG2 immunostaining of the intestinal tissue showed an altered muscularis propria, a markedly thinned longitudinal muscle layer, and a reduced amount and abnormal distribution of ACTG2. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that de novo mutations in ACTG2 are a cause of fetal megacystis in MMIHS and that gonadal mosaicism may be present in a subset of cases. These findings have implications for the counseling of families with a diagnosis of fetal megacystis with a preserved amniotic fluid volume and associated gastrointestinal findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Tuzovic
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, N.Y., USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tulli F, Fabbro A, D’Agaro E, Messina M, Bongiorno T, Venir E, Lippe G, Tibaldi E, Stecchini ML. The effect of slaughtering methods on actin degradation and on muscle quality attributes of farmed European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Journal of Food Science and Technology 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-1829-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
39
|
Chan KC, Ho HH, Lin MC, Yen CH, Huang CN, Huang HP, Wang CJ. Mulberry water extracts inhibit atherosclerosis through suppression of the integrin-β₃/focal adhesion kinase complex and downregulation of nuclear factor κB signaling in vivo and in vitro. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:9463-9471. [PMID: 25197764 DOI: 10.1021/jf502942r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that mulberry water extracts (MWEs), which contain polyphenolic compounds, have an antiatherosclerotic effect in vivo and in vitro through stimulating apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Histological analysis was performed on atherosclerotic lesions from high-cholesterol diet (HCD)-fed rabbits after treatment with 0.5-1% MWEs for 10 weeks. Immunohistochemistry showed that the expressions of SMA, Ras, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 in the VSMCs were dose-dependently inhibited after MWE treatment. The antimigratory effects of MWEs on A7r5 VSMCs were assessed by western blot analysis of migration-related proteins, visualization of F-actin cytoskeleton, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that MWEs inhibited VSMC migration through reducing interactions of the integrin-β3/focal adhesion kinase complex, alterations of the cytoskeleton, and downregulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β/nuclear factor κB signaling. Taken together, MWEs inhibited HCD-induced rabbit atherogenesis through blocking VSMC migration via reducing interactions of integrin-β3 and focal adhesion kinase and downregulating migration-related proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Chuan Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, ∥Department of Family and Community Medicine, and ⊥Department of Medical Research, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital , Number 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ghorbani M, Mohamadpour AH, Mehri S, Abnous K, Hassanzadeh-Khayyat M. Proteomics screening of molecular targets of granulocyte colony stimulating factor in the mouse brain and PC12 cell line. Life Sci 2014; 108:44-7. [PMID: 24831556 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), a new neuroprotective agent, binds to its specific receptors in the brain. In this study we hypothesized that at least a part of G-CSF's neuroprotective effect may be mediated through its interaction with other proteins in the brain. MAIN METHODS Using an immunoprecipitation (IP) kit, at first the antibody of G-CSF was covalently crosslinked to protein A/G agarose. Then the mouse brain or PC12 cell lysate mixed with G-CSF was added to the agarose beads plus antibody. After immunoaffinity isolation of target proteins, gel electrophoresis was performed and protein bands were identified using MALDI-TOF/TOF and MASCOT software. KEY FINDINGS Our data show that G-CSF physically binds to cellular proteins like sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase, beta actin, aldehyde dehydrogenase, regucalcin and glutathione-s-transferase. These proteins are involved in membrane transportation, cell structure, signal transduction, enzymes involve in calcium related cell signaling and redox homeostasis. SIGNIFICANCE Interaction of G-CSF with these proteins can explain some of its pharmacological effects in the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghorbani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hooshang Mohamadpour
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Soghra Mehri
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hassanzadeh-Khayyat
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Schnittler H, Taha M, Schnittler MO, Taha AA, Lindemann N, Seebach J. Actin filament dynamics and endothelial cell junctions: the Ying and Yang between stabilization and motion. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 355:529-43. [PMID: 24643678 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1856-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is a cellular interface between the blood and the interstitial space of tissue, which controls the exchange of fluid, solutes and cells by both transcellular and paracellular means. To accomplish the demands on barrier function, the regulation of the endothelium requires quick and adaptive mechanisms. This is, among others, accomplished by actin dynamics that interdependently interact with both the VE-cadherin/catenin complex, the main components of the adherens type junctions in endothelium and the membrane cytoskeleton. Actin filaments in endothelium are components of super-structured protein assemblies that control a variety of dynamic processes such as endo- and exocytosis, shape change, cell-substrate along with cell-cell adhesion and cell motion. In endothelium, actin filaments are components of: (1) contractile actin bundles appearing as stress fibers and junction-associated circumferential actin filaments, (2) actin networks accompanied by endocytotic ruffles, lamellipodia at leading edges of migrating cells and junction-associated intermittent lamellipodia (JAIL) that dynamically maintain junction integrity, (3) cortical actin and (4) the membrane cytoskeleton. All these structures, most probably interact with cell junctions and cell-substrate adhesion sites. Due to the rapid growth in information, we aim to provide a bird's eye view focusing on actin filaments in endothelium and its functional relevance for entire cell and junction integrity, rather than discussing the detailed molecular mechanism for control of actin dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Schnittler
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Vesaliusweg 2-4, 48149, Münster, Germany,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Jensen MH, Morris EJ, Gallant CM, Morgan KG, Weitz DA, Moore JR. Mechanism of calponin stabilization of cross-linked actin networks. Biophys J 2014; 106:793-800. [PMID: 24559982 PMCID: PMC3944828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin-binding protein calponin has been previously implicated in actin cytoskeletal regulation and is thought to act as an actin stabilizer, but the mechanism of its function is poorly understood. To investigate this underlying physical mechanism, we studied an in vitro model system of cross-linked actin using bulk rheology. Networks with basic calponin exhibited a delayed onset of strain stiffening (10.0% without calponin, 14.9% with calponin) and were able to withstand a higher maximal strain before failing (35% without calponin, 56% with calponin). Using fluorescence microscopy to study the mechanics of single actin filaments, we found that calponin increased the flexibility of actin filaments, evident as a decrease in persistence length from 17.6 μm without to 7.7 μm with calponin. Our data are consistent with current models of affine strain behavior in semiflexible polymer networks, and suggest that calponin stabilization of actin networks can be explained purely by changes in single-filament mechanics. We propose a model in which calponin stabilizes actin networks against shear through a reduction of persistence length of individual filaments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Herholdt Jensen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Eliza J Morris
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Cynthia M Gallant
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kathleen G Morgan
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David A Weitz
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey R Moore
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Rockey DC, Weymouth N, Shi Z. Smooth muscle α actin (Acta2) and myofibroblast function during hepatic wound healing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77166. [PMID: 24204762 PMCID: PMC3812165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle α actin (Acta2) expression is largely restricted to smooth muscle cells, pericytes and specialized fibroblasts, known as myofibroblasts. Liver injury, associated with cirrhosis, induces transformation of resident hepatic stellate cells into liver specific myofibroblasts, also known as activated cells. Here, we have used in vitro and in vivo wound healing models to explore the functional role of Acta2 in this transformation. Acta2 was abundant in activated cells isolated from injured livers but was undetectable in quiescent cells isolated from normal livers. Both cellular motility and contraction were dramatically increased in injured liver cells, paralleled by an increase in Acta2 expression, when compared with quiescent cells. Inhibition of Acta2 using several different techniques had no effect on cytoplasmic actin isoform expression, but led to reduced cellular motility and contraction. Additionally, Acta2 knockdown was associated with a significant reduction in Erk1/2 phosphorylation compared to control cells. The data indicate that Acta2 is important specifically in myofibroblast cell motility and contraction and raise the possibility that the Acta2 cytoskeleton, beyond its structural importance in the cell, could be important in regulating signaling processes during wound healing in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Don C. Rockey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nate Weymouth
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zengdun Shi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Esterase D and gamma 1 actin level might predict results of induction therapy in patients with acute myeloid leukemia without and with maturation. Med Oncol 2013; 30:725. [PMID: 24085543 PMCID: PMC3840280 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0725-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Development of modern proteomic methods in recent years has opened also new perspectives in the identification of new biomarkers which ensure more effective diagnosis, treatment monitoring and prediction of therapeutic outcome. We evaluated usefulness of comparative proteomics (MALDI-TOF) in two subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), M1 and M2, according to FAB classification. The bone marrow or blood cell proteomes were examined in 33 newly diagnosed patients before “3 + 7” induction therapy, after treatment and when the disease relapsed. We found that bone marrow and peripheral mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers revealed a number of quantitative and qualitative differences between the two proteomes, reflecting differences in the maturational status of normal cells. Such differences were not detected in our AML M1/M2 patients. Additionally, we found 9 proteins, which are potential biomarkers differentiating between the AML patients and healthy volunteers. Using comparative proteomics, we found that annexin I, glutathione transferase omega, esterase D and gamma 1 actin had prognostic significance. Applying statistical methods, we detected two proteins which might allow to predict results of induction therapy in AML M1/M2. One of them was esterase D, the higher concentration of which was associated with higher complete remission rate, and the other was gamma 1 actin, the higher concentration of which was related to resistance. In the article, we also discussed the role of these two proteins in the biology of AML, and we suggested potential usefulness of modification in induction therapy reflecting the presence of proteins.
Collapse
|
45
|
Ma N, Ding F, Zhang J, Bao C, Zhong H, Mei J. Myocardial structural protein expression in umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells after myogenic induction. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:899-904. [PMID: 23505133 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To assess the effects of three methods of inducing myogenic cells differentiation, umbilical blood mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) from nearly full-term pregnancy mongrel dogs were purified and cultured. Fourth-passage UCMSCs were used to detect surface antigens, including CD11a, CD11b, CD29, CD34 and CD71. The cells were induced by 5-azacytidine (5-aza), myocardial lysates and myocardial induced fluid. Positive expression of Nkx2.5, α-actin, desmin, β-MHC and troponin-I (TN I) were detected after 3 weeks. The immunohistochemical results were CD11a (-), CD11b (-), CD34 (-), CD29 (+) and CD71 (+). Nkx2.5 was detected in 5-aza group, myocardial lysates group and myocardial induced fluid group. Semi-quantitative analysis showed Nkx2.5 expression significantly higher in myocardial lysates group than in the 5-aza group or myocardial-induced fluid group (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the 5-aza and myocardial-induced fluid groups for Nkx2.5 expression (P > 0.05). MSCs did not express myocardial structural proteins before differentiation, but α-actin, desmin, β-MHC and troponin-I were present after differentiation. The positive expression of four proteins differed with the differentiation conditions. The UCMSCs can be differentiated into myogenic cells by three methods, but the degrees of differentiation are inconsistent. Our results show that the effects of 5-aza and myocardial lysates are better than that of myocardial induced fluid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ma
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wen KK, McKane M, Rubenstein PA. Importance of a Lys113-Glu195 intermonomer ionic bond in F-actin stabilization and regulation by yeast formins Bni1p and Bnr1p. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:19140-53. [PMID: 23653364 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.474122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper actin cytoskeletal function requires actin's ability to generate a stable filament and requires that this reaction be regulated by actin-binding proteins via allosteric effects on the actin. A proposed ionic interaction in the actin filament interior between Lys(113) of one monomer and Glu(195) of a monomer in the apposing strand potentially fosters cross-strand stabilization and allosteric communication between the filament interior and exterior. We interrupted the potential interaction by creating either K113E or E195K actin. By combining the two, we also reversed the interaction with a K113E/E195K (E/K) mutant. In all cases, we isolated viable cells expressing only the mutant actin. Either single mutant cell displays significantly decreased growth in YPD medium. This deficit is rescued in the double mutant. All three mutants display abnormal phalloidin cytoskeletal staining. K113E actin exhibits a critical concentration of polymerization 4 times higher than WT actin, nucleates more poorly, and forms shorter filaments. Restoration of the ionic bond, E/K, eliminates most of these problems. E195K actin behaves much more like WT actin, indicating accommodation of the neighboring lysines. Both Bni1 and Bnr1 formin FH1-FH2 fragment accelerate polymerization of WT, E/K, and to a lesser extent E195K actin. Bni1p FH1-FH2 dramatically inhibits K113E actin polymerization, consistent with barbed end capping. However, Bnr1p FH1-FH2 restores K113E actin polymerization, forming single filaments. In summary, the proposed ionic interaction plays an important role in filament stabilization and in the propagation of allosteric changes affecting formin regulation in an isoform-specific fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Kuang Wen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
McCarthy CB, Santini MS, Pimenta PFP, Diambra LA. First comparative transcriptomic analysis of wild adult male and female Lutzomyia longipalpis, vector of visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58645. [PMID: 23554910 PMCID: PMC3595279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease with a complex epidemiology and ecology. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is its most severe clinical form as it results in death if not treated. In Latin America VL is caused by the protist parasite Leishmania infantum (syn. chagasi) and transmitted by Lutzomyia longipalpis. This phlebotomine sand fly is only found in the New World, from Mexico to Argentina. However, due to deforestation, migration and urbanisation, among others, VL in Latin America is undergoing an evident geographic expansion as well as dramatic changes in its transmission patterns. In this context, the first VL outbreak was recently reported in Argentina, which has already caused 7 deaths and 83 reported cases. Insect vector transcriptomic analyses enable the identification of molecules involved in the insect's biology and vector-parasite interaction. Previous studies on laboratory reared Lu. longipalpis have provided a descriptive repertoire of gene expression in the whole insect, midgut, salivary gland and male reproductive organs. Nevertheless, the study of wild specimens would contribute a unique insight into the development of novel bioinsecticides. Given the recent VL outbreak in Argentina and the compelling need to develop appropriate control strategies, this study focused on wild male and female Lu. longipalpis from an Argentine endemic (Posadas, Misiones) and a Brazilian non-endemic (Lapinha Cave, Minas Gerais) VL location. In this study, total RNA was extracted from the sand flies, submitted to sequence independent amplification and high-throughput pyrosequencing. This is the first time an unbiased and comprehensive transcriptomic approach has been used to analyse an infectious disease vector in its natural environment. Transcripts identified in the sand flies showed characteristic profiles which correlated with the environment of origin and with taxa previously identified in these same specimens. Among these, various genes represented putative targets for vector control via RNA interference (RNAi).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina B McCarthy
- Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Actin isoforms in neuronal development and function. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 301:157-213. [PMID: 23317819 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407704-1.00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton contributes directly or indirectly to nearly every aspect of neuronal development and function. This diversity of functions is often attributed to actin regulatory proteins, although how the composition of the actin cytoskeleton itself may influence its function is often overlooked. In neurons, the actin cytoskeleton is composed of two distinct isoforms, β- and γ-actin. Functions for β-actin have been investigated in axon guidance, synaptogenesis, and disease. Insight from loss-of-function in vivo studies has also revealed novel roles for β-actin in select brain structures and behaviors. Conversely, very little is known regarding functions of γ-actin in neurons. The dysregulation or mutation of both β- and γ-actin has been implicated in multiple human neurological disorders, however, demonstrating the critical importance of these still poorly understood proteins. This chapter highlights what is currently known regarding potential distinct functions for β- and γ-actin in neurons as well as the significant areas that remain unexplored.
Collapse
|
49
|
Rubenstein PA, Mayer EA. Familial visceral myopathies: from symptom-based syndromes to actin-related diseases. Gastroenterology 2012; 143:1420-3. [PMID: 23085350 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
|
50
|
Cai X, Huang W, Qiao Y, Chen Y, Du S, Chen D, Yu S, Che R, Jiang Y. Proteomics identifies differentially expressed proteins in neonatal murine thymus compared with adults. Proteome Sci 2012; 10:65. [PMID: 23134655 PMCID: PMC3583686 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-10-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The thymus is an immune organ essential for life and plays a crucial role in the development of T cells. It undergoes a fetal to adult developmental maturation process occurring in mouse during the postnatal months. The molecular modifications underlying these ontogenic changes are essentially unknown. Here we used a differential proteomic-based technique (2D-Difference Gel Electrophoresis) coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry to search for key proteins in the postnatal development of the thymus. Eight different BALB/c mice were used in the study: four mice aged of 1 day (neonatal) and four mice aged of 60 days (adult). Protein samples derived from thymus were labeled and run in 2D-PAGE (Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis). One whole-thymus tissue from each mouse was run on gels and each gel containing a pooled sample of the eight mice was run in parallel. The pooled sample was set as the internal pool, containing equal amount of each protein extract used in the experiment. Gels were matched and compared with Difference In-gel Analysis software. Differential spots were picked, in-gel digested and peptide mass fingerprints were obtained. Results Among the differentially regulated proteins in neonatal thymus group, 111 proteins were identified by mass spectrometry, of which 95 proteins were up-regulated and 16 proteins were down-regulated. The identified proteins belong to several functional categories, including cell proliferation, cycle and apoptosis, transcription regulation, signal transduction, nucleotide processing, proteolysis and translation, protein folding, metabolism, oxidoreduction, cytoskeleton, immune response, and embryonic development. The major interaction networks comprised of cellular function and maintenance, cellular assembly and organization, and metabolism were also identified by STRING analysis. Conclusions The demonstrated molecular changes are relevant for understanding thymus development as well as neonatal immune function, and they provide the diagnostic disease markers. Further studies will be required to describe in detail the role of the identified proteins in thymus maturation and in the specific functions of neonatal thymus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinze Cai
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|