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Ji Y, Lu Q, Duan Y, Chen X, Zhang Y, Yao W, Yin J, Gao X. Enhanced bioactivity and stability of a long-acting FGF21: A novel variant for the treatment of NASH. Biochimie 2024; 225:26-39. [PMID: 38740172 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is pivotal in regulating energy metabolism, highlighting substantial therapeutic potential for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Previously, we reported a long-acting FGF21 fusion protein, PsTag-FGF21, which was prepared by genetically fusing human FGF21 with a 648-residue polypeptide (PsTag). While this fusion protein demonstrated therapeutic efficacy against NASH, our final product analysis revealed the presence of fixed impurities resistant to effective removal, indicating potential degradation of PsTag-FGF21. Here, we enriched and analyzed the impurities, confirming our hypothesis regarding the C-terminal degradation of PsTag-FGF21. We now describe a new variant developed to eliminate the C-terminal degradation. By introducing one mutation located at the C-terminal of PsTag-FGF21(V169L), we demonstrated that the new molecule, PsTag-FGF21(V169L), exhibits many improved attributes. Compared with PsTag-FGF21, PsTag-FGF21(V169L) displayed elevated bioactivity and stability, along with a twofold enhanced binding affinity to the coreceptor β-Klotho. In vivo, the circulating half-life of PsTag-FGF21(V169L) was further enhanced compared with that of PsTag-FGF21. In NASH mice, PsTag-FGF21(V169L) demonstrated efficacy with sustained improvements in multiple metabolic parameters. Besides, PsTag-FGF21(V169L) demonstrated the ability to alleviate NASH by decreasing hepatocyte apoptosis. The superior biophysical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties, along with the positive metabolic effects, imply that further clinical development of PsTag-FGF21(V169L) as a metabolic therapy for NASH patients may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Draggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Qingzhou Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Draggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yiliang Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Draggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Draggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yuxi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Draggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Wenbing Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Draggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Jun Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Draggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Xiangdong Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Draggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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Brinker EJ, Hardcastle MR, Dittmer KE, Graff EC. Endocrine fibroblast growth factors in domestic animals. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2024; 89:106872. [PMID: 39059301 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2024.106872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a group of structurally homologous yet functionally pleiotropic proteins. Canonical and intracellular FGFs have primarily autocrine or paracrine effects. However, the FGF19 subfamily, composed of FGF15/19, FGF21, and FGF23, act as endocrine hormones that regulate bile acid, metabolic, and phosphorus homeostasis, respectively. Current research in human and rodent models demonstrates the potential of these endocrine FGFs to target various diseases, including disorders of inherited hypophosphatemia, chronic liver disease, obesity, and insulin resistance. Many diseases targeted for therapeutic use in humans have pathophysiological overlaps in domestic animals. Despite the potential clinical and economic impact, little is known about endocrine FGFs and their signaling pathways in major domestic animal species compared with humans and laboratory animals. This review aims to describe the physiology of these endocrine FGFs, discuss their current therapeutic use, and summarize the contemporary literature regarding endocrine FGFs in domestic animals, focusing on potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Brinker
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 166 Greene Hall, Auburn University, AL, USA 36849; Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, USA 01536
| | - Michael R Hardcastle
- IDEXX Laboratories Pty. Ltd., 20A Maui Street, Pukete, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Keren E Dittmer
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Emily C Graff
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 166 Greene Hall, Auburn University, AL, USA 36849; Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Dr. Auburn University, 1265 HC Morgan, AL, USA 36849.
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Brueck L, Roocke S, Matschke V, Richter-Unruh A, Marcus-Alic K, Theiss C, Stahlke S. FGF23 and Cell Stress in SaOS-2 Cells-A Model Reflecting X-Linked Hypophosphatemia Dynamics. Cells 2024; 13:1515. [PMID: 39329699 PMCID: PMC11430666 DOI: 10.3390/cells13181515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Our study investigates the impact of FGF23 overexpression on SaOS-2 cells to elucidate its role in cellular stress and morphology, contributing to the understanding of skeletal pathologies like X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH). Using transmission electron microscopy and protein analysis (Western blot), we analyzed the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and mitochondria in SaOS-2 cells with FGF23 overexpression compared to controls. We found significant morphological changes, including enlarged and elongated rER and mitochondria, with increased contact zones, suggesting enhanced interaction and adaptation to elevated protein synthesis and secretion demands. Additionally, we observed higher apoptosis rates of the cells after 24-72 h in vitro and upregulated proteins associated with ER stress and apoptosis, such as CHOP, XBP1 (spliced and unspliced), GRP94, eIF2α, and BAX. These findings indicate a robust activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and apoptotic pathways due to FGF23 overexpression. Our results highlight the critical role of ER and mitochondrial interactions in cellular stress responses and provide new insights into the mechanistic link between FGF23 signaling and cellular homeostasis. In conclusion, our study underscores the importance of analyzing UPR-related pathways in the development of therapeutic strategies for skeletal and systemic diseases and contributes to a broader understanding of diseases like XLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne Brueck
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sascha Roocke
- The Medical Proteome Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Veronika Matschke
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience (IGSN), Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Annette Richter-Unruh
- Clinic for Children and Adolescents, Pediatric Endocrinology, St. Josefs-Hospital, D-44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Katrin Marcus-Alic
- The Medical Proteome Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience (IGSN), Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Carsten Theiss
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience (IGSN), Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sarah Stahlke
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
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Marin A, Morales F, Walbaum B. Fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: mechanisms and role in endocrine resistance. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1406951. [PMID: 39040443 PMCID: PMC11260626 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1406951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs) play a significant role in Estrogen Receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer by contributing to tumorigenesis and endocrine resistance. This review explores the structure, signaling pathways, and implications of FGFRs, particularly FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4, in ER+ breast cancer. FGFR1 is frequently amplified, especially in aggressive Luminal B-like tumors, and its amplification is associated with poor prognosis and treatment resistance. The co-amplification of FGFR1 with oncogenes like EIF4EBP1 and NSD3 complicates its role as a standalone oncogenic driver. FGFR2 amplification, though less common, is critical in hormone receptor regulation, driving proliferation and treatment resistance. FGFR3 and FGFR4 also contribute to endocrine resistance through various mechanisms, including the activation of alternate signaling pathways like PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK. Endocrine resistance remains a major clinical challenge, with around 70% of breast cancers initially hormone receptor positive. Despite the success of CDK 4/6 inhibitors in combination with endocrine therapy (ET), resistance often develops, necessitating new treatment strategies. FGFR inhibitors have shown potential in preclinical studies, but clinical trials have yielded limited success due to off-target toxicities and lack of predictive biomarkers. Current clinical trials, including those evaluating FGFR inhibitors like erdafitinib, lucitanib, and dovitinib, have demonstrated mixed outcomes, underscoring the complexity of FGFR signaling in breast cancer. The interplay between FGFR and other signaling pathways highlights the need for comprehensive molecular profiling and personalized treatment approaches. Future research should focus on identifying robust biomarkers and developing combination therapies to enhance the efficacy of FGFR-targeted treatments. In conclusion, targeting FGFR signaling in ER+ breast cancer presents both challenges and opportunities. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms and resistance pathways is crucial for the successful integration of FGFR inhibitors into clinical practice, aiming to improve outcomes for patients with endocrine-resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaldo Marin
- Doctoral Program in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Oncology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernanda Morales
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Benjamín Walbaum
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Gędaj A, Gregorczyk P, Żukowska D, Chorążewska A, Ciura K, Kalka M, Porębska N, Opaliński Ł. Glycosylation of FGF/FGFR: An underrated sweet code regulating cellular signaling programs. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 77:39-55. [PMID: 38719671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) constitute plasma-membrane localized signaling hubs that transmit signals from the extracellular environment to the cell interior, governing pivotal cellular processes like motility, metabolism, differentiation, division and death. FGF/FGFR signaling is critical for human body development and homeostasis; dysregulation of FGF/FGFR units is observed in numerous developmental diseases and in about 10% of human cancers. Glycosylation is a highly abundant posttranslational modification that is critical for physiological and pathological functions of the cell. Glycosylation is also very common within FGF/FGFR signaling hubs. Vast majority of FGFs (15 out of 22 members) are N-glycosylated and few FGFs are O-glycosylated. Glycosylation is even more abundant within FGFRs; all FGFRs are heavily N-glycosylated in numerous positions within their extracellular domains. A growing number of studies points on the multiple roles of glycosylation in fine-tuning FGF/FGFR signaling. Glycosylation modifies secretion of FGFs, determines their stability and affects interaction with FGFRs and co-receptors. Glycosylation of FGFRs determines their intracellular sorting, constitutes autoinhibitory mechanism within FGFRs and adjusts FGF and co-receptor recognition. Sugar chains attached to FGFs and FGFRs constitute also a form of code that is differentially decrypted by extracellular lectins, galectins, which transform FGF/FGFR signaling at multiple levels. This review focuses on the identified functions of glycosylation within FGFs and FGFRs and discusses their relevance for the cell physiology in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gędaj
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Paulina Gregorczyk
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Dominika Żukowska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Chorążewska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Ciura
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Marta Kalka
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Natalia Porębska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Łukasz Opaliński
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland.
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Zhong W, Jiang Y, Wang H, Luo X, Zeng T, Huang H, Xiao L, Jia N, Li A. Fibroblast growth factor 21 alleviates unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced renal fibrosis by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119620. [PMID: 37926157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a key regulator of energy metabolism. Recent studies suggested that serum FGF21 levels increase with declining renal function. However, the link between FGF21 and kidney diseases and the direct effect of FGF21 in renal fibrosis remains unclear. In this study, FGF21 was upregulated in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced renal fibrosis and cellular fibrosis induced by transforming growth factor-β, and renal expression of FGF21 was positively correlated with fibrosis markers. Additionally, FGF21 was regulated by Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The knockdown and overexpression of FGF21 in mouse tubular epithelial cells demonstrated that FGF21 alleviates renal fibrosis by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. To investigate the effect of FGF21 on renal fibrosis in vivo, we established an overexpression model by injecting the plasmid in mice and found that FGF21 overexpression relieved UUO-induced renal fibrosis and renal inflammatory response. Taken together, FGF21 is upregulated with the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and alleviates renal fibrosis by inhibiting the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in a negative feedback mode. These results provide a new understanding for the source of elevated serum FGF21 in patients with chronic kidney disease and prove that FGF21 is a direct inhibitor of the progression of renal fibrosis, thus providing novel therapeutic intervention insights for renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, 510005 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, 510005 Guangzhou, China
| | - Huizhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, 510005 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Luo
- Xingguo Hospital Affiliated to Gannan Medical University, Xingguo People's Hospital, 342400 Ganzhou, China.
| | - Tao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, 510005 Guangzhou, China
| | - Huimi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, 510005 Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Xiao
- Xingguo Hospital Affiliated to Gannan Medical University, Xingguo People's Hospital, 342400 Ganzhou, China
| | - Nan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, 510005 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Aiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, 510005 Guangzhou, China.
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Shi S, Zhang Q, Zhang K, Chen W, Xie H, Pan S, Xue Z, You B, Zhao J, You Y. FGF19 promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression by inducing angiogenesis via inhibiting TRIM21-mediated ANXA2 ubiquitination. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024; 47:283-301. [PMID: 37782406 PMCID: PMC10899426 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00868-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has characteristics of high invasion and early metastasis. Most NPC patients present with locoregionally advanced illness when first diagnosed. Therefore, it is urgent to discover NPC biomarkers. Fibroblast growth Factor 19 (FGF19) plays a role in various physiological or pathological processes, including cancer. In this research, we discovered the importance of FGF19 in NPC, and clarified its role in tumour angiogenesis. METHODS Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and ELISA were used to investigate FGF19 expression in NPC. Then we took CCK8, colony formation, Transwell and wound healing assays to identify the influence of FGF19 on NPC malignant behaviours. The proliferative and metastatic capacity of FGF19 were evaluated in nude mice and zebrafish. The role of FGF19 in angiogenesis was investigated by tube formation and Matrigel plug angiogenesis assays. We then evaluated the variation in Annexin A2(ANXA2) levels with the treatment of FGF19. Lastly, co-immunoprecipitation and ubiquitination assays were performed to identify the mechanisms involved. RESULTS FGF19 levels were elevated in tissues and serum of NPC patients and were associated with poor clinical stages. High expression of FGF19 promoted NPC malignant behaviours. In particular, FGF19 expression was correlated with microvessel density in tissues and NPC-derived FGF19 could accelerate angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, FGF19 influenced ANXA2 expression to promote angiogenesis. Moreover, tripartite motif-containing 21(TRIM21) interacted with ANXA2 and was responsible for ANXA2 ubiquitination. CONCLUSION FGF19 promoted NPC angiogenesis by inhibiting TRIM21-mediated ANXA2 ubiquitination. It may serve as a noninvasive biomarker for NPC and provides new insights for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qicheng Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kaiwen Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenhui Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haijing Xie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Si Pan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ziyi Xue
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bo You
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jianmei Zhao
- Department of Paediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yiwen You
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Heating-mediated purification of active FGF21 and structure-based design of its variant with enhanced potency. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1005. [PMID: 36653390 PMCID: PMC9849446 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has pharmaceutical potential against obesity-related metabolic disorders, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Since thermal stability is a desirable factor for therapeutic proteins, we investigated the thermal behavior of human FGF21. FGF21 remained soluble after heating; thus, we examined its temperature-induced structural changes using circular dichroism (CD). FGF21 showed inter-convertible temperature-specific CD spectra. The CD spectrum at 100 °C returned to that at 20 °C when the heated FGF21 solution was cooled. Through loop swapping, the connecting loop between β10 and β12 in FGF21 was revealed to be associated with the unique thermal behavior of FGF21. According to surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments, in vitro cell-based assays, and model high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity studies, heated FGF21 maintained biological activities that were comparable to those of non-heated and commercial FGF21s. Based on sequence comparison and structural analysis, five point-mutations were introduced into FGF21. Compared with the wild type, the heated FGF21 variant displayed improved therapeutic potential in terms of body weight loss, the levels of hepatic triglycerides and lipids, and the degree of vacuolization of liver in HFD-fed mice.
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Endocrine Fibroblast Growth Factors in Relation to Stress Signaling. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030505. [PMID: 35159314 PMCID: PMC8834311 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play important roles in various growth signaling processes, including proliferation, development, and differentiation. Endocrine FGFs, i.e., atypical FGFs, including FGF15/19, FGF21, and FGF23, function as endocrine hormones that regulate energy metabolism. Nutritional status is known to regulate the expression of endocrine FGFs through nuclear hormone receptors. The increased expression of endocrine FGFs regulates energy metabolism processes, such as fatty acid metabolism and glucose metabolism. Recently, a relationship was found between the FGF19 subfamily and stress signaling during stresses such as endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress. This review focuses on endocrine FGFs and the recent progress in FGF studies in relation to stress signaling. In addition, the relevance of the stress-FGF pathway to disease and human health is discussed.
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Gayan‐Ramirez G, Janssens W. Vitamin D Actions: The Lung Is a Major Target for Vitamin D, FGF23, and Klotho. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10569. [PMID: 34950829 PMCID: PMC8674778 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is well known for its role as a calcium regulator and in maintenance of phosphate homeostasis in musculoskeletal health, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and its coreceptor α-klotho are known for their roles as regulators of serum phosphate levels. However, apart from these classical actions, recent data point out a relevant role of vitamin D and FGF23/klotho in lung health. The expression of the vitamin D receptor by different cell types in the lung and the fact that those cells respond to vitamin D or can locally produce vitamin D indicate that the lung represents a target for vitamin D actions. Similarly, the presence of the four FGF receptor isoforms in the lung and the ability of FGF23 to stimulate pulmonary cells support the concept that the lung is a target for FGF23 actions, whereas the contribution of klotho is still undetermined. This review will give an overview on how vitamin D or FGF23/klotho may act on the lung and interfere positively or negatively with lung health. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghislaine Gayan‐Ramirez
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department CHROMETAKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Wim Janssens
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department CHROMETAKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Clinical Department of Respiratory DiseasesUZ LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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11
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are cell-signaling proteins with diverse functions in cell development, repair, and metabolism. The human FGF family consists of 22 structurally related members, which can be classified into three separate groups based on their action of mechanisms, namely: intracrine, paracrine/autocrine, and endocrine FGF subfamilies. FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 belong to the hormone-like/endocrine FGF subfamily. These endocrine FGFs are mainly associated with the regulation of cell metabolic activities such as homeostasis of lipids, glucose, energy, bile acids, and minerals (phosphate/active vitamin D). Endocrine FGFs function through a unique protein family called klotho. Two members of this family, α-klotho, or β-klotho, act as main cofactors which can scaffold to tether FGF19/21/23 to their receptor(s) (FGFRs) to form an active complex. There are ongoing studies pertaining to the structure and mechanism of these individual ternary complexes. These studies aim to provide potential insights into the physiological and pathophysiological roles and therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the history, structure–function relationship(s), downstream signaling, physiological roles, and future perspectives on endocrine FGFs.
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12
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Abstract
The Klotho proteins, αKlotho and βKlotho, are essential components of endocrine fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor complexes, as they are required for the high-affinity binding of FGF19, FGF21 and FGF23 to their cognate FGF receptors (FGFRs). Collectively, these proteins form a unique endocrine system that governs multiple metabolic processes in mammals. FGF19 is a satiety hormone that is secreted from the intestine on ingestion of food and binds the βKlotho-FGFR4 complex in hepatocytes to promote metabolic responses to feeding. By contrast, under fasting conditions, the liver secretes the starvation hormone FGF21, which induces metabolic responses to fasting and stress responses through the activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system following binding to the βKlotho-FGFR1c complex in adipocytes and the suprachiasmatic nucleus, respectively. Finally, FGF23 is secreted by osteocytes in response to phosphate intake and binds to αKlotho-FGFR complexes, which are expressed most abundantly in renal tubules, to regulate mineral metabolism. Growing evidence suggests that the FGF-Klotho endocrine system also has a crucial role in the pathophysiology of ageing-related disorders, including diabetes, cancer, arteriosclerosis and chronic kidney disease. Therefore, targeting the FGF-Klotho endocrine axes might have therapeutic benefit in multiple systems; investigation of the crystal structures of FGF-Klotho-FGFR complexes is paving the way for the development of drugs that can regulate these axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kuro-O
- Division of Anti-aging Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan. .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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13
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Choi JW, Moon H, Jung SE, Lim S, Lee S, Kim IK, Lee HB, Lee J, Song BW, Kim SW, Hwang KC. Hypoxia Rapidly Induces the Expression of Cardiomyogenic Factors in Human Adipose-Derived Adherent Stromal Cells. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1231. [PMID: 31443313 PMCID: PMC6723458 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of interstitial vascular fraction (SVF) transplantation in the treatment of heart disease has been proven in a variety of in vivo studies. In a previous study, we found that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) altered their expression of several cardiomyogenic factors under hypoxic conditions. METHODS We hypothesized that hypoxia may also induce obtained adipose-derived adherent stromal cells (ADASs) from SVFs and adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) to differentiate into cardiomyocytes and/or cells with comparable phenotypes. We examined the differentiation markers of cell lineages in ADASs and ASCs according to time by hypoxic stress and found that only ADASs expressed cardiomyogenic markers within 24 h under hypoxic conditions in association with the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α). RESULTS Differentially secreted proteins in a conditioned medium (CM) from ASCs and ADASs under normoxic or hypoxic conditions were detected using an antibody assay and may be associated with a dramatic increase in the expression of cardiomyogenic markers in only ADASs. Furthermore, the cardiomyogenic factors were expressed more rapidly in ADASs than in ASCs under hypoxic conditions in association with the expression of HIF-1α, and angiogenin, fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF-19) and/or macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) are related. CONCLUSIONS These results provide new insights into the applicability of ADASs preconditioned by hypoxic stress in cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Won Choi
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 210-701, Korea
| | - Hanbyeol Moon
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Seung Eun Jung
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 210-701, Korea
| | - Soyeon Lim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 210-701, Korea
- International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon Metropolitan City 22711, Korea
| | - Seahyoung Lee
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 210-701, Korea
- International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon Metropolitan City 22711, Korea
| | - Il-Kwon Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 210-701, Korea
- International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon Metropolitan City 22711, Korea
| | - Hoon-Bum Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon Metropolitan City 22711, Korea
| | - Jiyun Lee
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 210-701, Korea
| | - Byeong-Wook Song
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 25601, Korea
| | - Sang Woo Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 210-701, Korea.
- International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon Metropolitan City 22711, Korea.
| | - Ki-Chul Hwang
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 210-701, Korea.
- International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon Metropolitan City 22711, Korea.
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14
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Lee KJ, Jang YO, Cha SK, Kim MY, Park KS, Eom YW, Baik SK. Expression of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and β-Klotho Regulates Hepatic Fibrosis through the Nuclear Factor-κB and c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Pathways. Gut Liver 2018; 12:449-456. [PMID: 29699061 PMCID: PMC6027831 DOI: 10.5009/gnl17443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is associated with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. However, little is known regarding the effects of inflammation and fibrosis on the β-Klotho and FGF21 pathway in the liver. Methods Enrolled patients had biopsy-confirmed viral or alcoholic hepatitis. FGF19, FGF21 and β-Klotho levels were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting. Furthermore, we explored the underlying mechanisms for this process by evaluating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway involvement in Huh-7 cells. Results We observed that the FGF19 and FGF21 serum and mRNA levels in the biopsied liver tissue gradually increased and were correlated with fibrosis stage. Inflammatory markers (interleukin 1β [IL-1β], IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α) were positively correlated, while β-Klotho expression was negatively correlated with the degree of fibrosis. In Huh-7 cells, IL-1β increased FGF21 levels and decreased β-Klotho levels. NF-κB and JNK inhibitors abolished the effect of IL-1β on both FGF21 and β-Klotho expression. FGF21 protected IL-1β-induced growth retardation in Huh-7 cells. Conclusions These results indicate that the inflammatory response during fibrogenesis increases FGF21 levels and suppresses β-Klotho via the NF-κB and JNK pathway. In addition, FGF21 likely protects hepatocytes from hepatic inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong Joo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Yoon Ok Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.,Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Seung-Kuy Cha
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Moon Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.,Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Kyu-Sang Park
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Young Woo Eom
- Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Soon Koo Baik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.,Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.,Institute of Evidence Based Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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15
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Abstract
The skeleton shows an unconventional role in the physiology and pathophysiology of the human organism, not only as the target tissue for a number of systemic hormones, but also as endocrine tissue modulating some skeletal and extraskeletal systems. From this point of view, the principal cells in the skeleton are osteocytes. These cells primarily work as mechano-sensors and modulate bone remodeling. Mechanically unloaded osteocytes synthetize sclerostin, the strong inhibitor of bone formation and RANKL, the strong activator of bone resorption. Osteocytes also express hormonally active vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) and phosphatonins, such as FGF23. Both 1,25(OH)2D and FGF23 have been identified as powerful regulators of the phosphate metabolism, including in chronic kidney disease. Further endocrine cells of the skeleton involved in bone remodeling are osteoblasts. While FGF23 targets the kidney and parathyroid glands to control metabolism of vitamin D and phosphates, osteoblasts express osteocalcin, which through GPRC6A receptors modulates beta cells of the pancreatic islets, muscle, adipose tissue, brain and testes. This article reviews some knowledge concerning the interaction between the bone hormonal network and phosphate or energy homeostasis and/or male reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. ZOFKOVA
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
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16
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Richter B, Faul C. FGF23 Actions on Target Tissues-With and Without Klotho. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:189. [PMID: 29770125 PMCID: PMC5940753 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 is a phosphaturic hormone whose physiologic actions on target tissues are mediated by FGF receptors (FGFR) and klotho, which functions as a co-receptor that increases the binding affinity of FGF23 for FGFRs. By stimulating FGFR/klotho complexes in the kidney and parathyroid gland, FGF23 reduces renal phosphate uptake and secretion of parathyroid hormone, respectively, thereby acting as a key regulator of phosphate metabolism. Recently, it has been shown that FGF23 can also target cell types that lack klotho. This unconventional signaling event occurs in an FGFR-dependent manner, but involves other downstream signaling pathways than in "classic" klotho-expressing target organs. It appears that klotho-independent signaling mechanisms are only activated in the presence of high FGF23 concentrations and result in pathologic cellular changes. Therefore, it has been postulated that massive elevations in circulating levels of FGF23, as found in patients with chronic kidney disease, contribute to associated pathologies by targeting cells and tissues that lack klotho. This includes the induction of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, the elevation of inflammatory cytokine expression in the liver, and the inhibition of neutrophil recruitment. Here, we describe the signaling and cellular events that are caused by FGF23 in tissues lacking klotho, and we discuss FGF23's potential role as a hormone with widespread pathologic actions. Since the soluble form of klotho can function as a circulating co-receptor for FGF23, we also discuss the potential inhibitory effects of soluble klotho on FGF23-mediated signaling which might-at least partially-underlie the pleiotropic tissue-protective functions of klotho.
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17
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Mechanisms of enterohepatic fibroblast growth factor 15/19 signaling in health and disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:625-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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18
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Zhang F, Yu L, Lin X, Cheng P, He L, Li X, Lu X, Tan Y, Yang H, Cai L, Zhang C. Minireview: Roles of Fibroblast Growth Factors 19 and 21 in Metabolic Regulation and Chronic Diseases. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1400-13. [PMID: 26308386 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)19 and FGF21 are hormones that regulate metabolic processes particularly during feeding or starvation, thus ultimately influencing energy production. FGF19 is secreted by the intestines during feeding and negatively regulates bile acid synthesis and secretion, whereas FGF21 is produced in the liver during fasting and plays a crucial role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as maintaining energy homeostasis. FGF19 and FGF21 are regarded as late-acting hormones because their functions are only used after insulin and glucagon have completed their actions. Although FGF19 and FGF21 are activated under different conditions, they show extensively functional overlap in terms of improving glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, weight loss, and lipid, and energy metabolism, particularly in pathological conditions such as diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular and renal diseases. Most patients with these metabolic diseases exhibit reduced serum FGF19 levels, which might contribute to its etiology. In addition, the simultaneous increase in serum FGF21 levels is likely a compensatory response to reduced FGF19 levels, and the 2 proteins concertedly maintain metabolic homeostasis. Here, we review the physiological and pharmacological cross talk between FGF19 and FGF21 in relation to the regulation of endocrine metabolism and various chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Zhang
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., L.Y., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Lu, Y.T., H.Y., L.C., C.Z.), Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325200; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., L.C., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; and Department of Pediatrics (Y.T., L.C.), University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Lechu Yu
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., L.Y., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Lu, Y.T., H.Y., L.C., C.Z.), Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325200; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., L.C., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; and Department of Pediatrics (Y.T., L.C.), University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Xiufei Lin
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., L.Y., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Lu, Y.T., H.Y., L.C., C.Z.), Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325200; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., L.C., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; and Department of Pediatrics (Y.T., L.C.), University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Peng Cheng
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., L.Y., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Lu, Y.T., H.Y., L.C., C.Z.), Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325200; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., L.C., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; and Department of Pediatrics (Y.T., L.C.), University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Luqing He
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., L.Y., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Lu, Y.T., H.Y., L.C., C.Z.), Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325200; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., L.C., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; and Department of Pediatrics (Y.T., L.C.), University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., L.Y., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Lu, Y.T., H.Y., L.C., C.Z.), Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325200; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., L.C., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; and Department of Pediatrics (Y.T., L.C.), University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Xuemian Lu
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., L.Y., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Lu, Y.T., H.Y., L.C., C.Z.), Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325200; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., L.C., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; and Department of Pediatrics (Y.T., L.C.), University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Yi Tan
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., L.Y., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Lu, Y.T., H.Y., L.C., C.Z.), Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325200; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., L.C., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; and Department of Pediatrics (Y.T., L.C.), University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Hong Yang
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., L.Y., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Lu, Y.T., H.Y., L.C., C.Z.), Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325200; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., L.C., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; and Department of Pediatrics (Y.T., L.C.), University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Lu Cai
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., L.Y., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Lu, Y.T., H.Y., L.C., C.Z.), Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325200; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., L.C., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; and Department of Pediatrics (Y.T., L.C.), University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Chi Zhang
- Ruian Center of the Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., L.Y., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Lu, Y.T., H.Y., L.C., C.Z.), Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325200; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., L.C., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (F.Z., X.Lin, P.C., L.H., X.Li, Y.T., C.Z.), Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; and Department of Pediatrics (Y.T., L.C.), University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
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Ronca R, Giacomini A, Rusnati M, Presta M. The potential of fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling as a therapeutic target in tumor angiogenesis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1361-77. [PMID: 26125971 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1062475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are endowed with a potent pro-angiogenic activity. Activation of the FGF/FGF receptor (FGFR) system occurs in a variety of human tumors. This may lead to neovascularization, supporting tumor progression and metastatic dissemination. Thus, a compelling biologic rationale exists for the development of anti-FGF/FGFR agents for the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis in cancer therapy. AREAS COVERED A comprehensive search on PubMed was performed to identify studies on the role of the FGF/FGFR system in angiogenesis. Endothelial FGFR signaling, the pro-angiogenic function of canonical FGFs, and their role in human tumors are described. In addition, experimental approaches aimed at the identification and characterization of nonselective and selective FGF/FGFR inhibitors and their evaluation in clinical trials are summarized. EXPERT OPINION Different approaches can be envisaged to inhibit the FGF/FGFR system, a target for the development of 'two-compartment' anti-angiogenic/anti-tumor agents, including FGFR selective and nonselective small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, anti-FGFR antibodies, and FGF ligand traps. Further studies are required to define the correlation between tumor vascularization and activation of the FGF/FGFR system and for the identification of cancer patients more likely to benefit from anti-FGF/FGFR treatments. In addition, advantages and disadvantages about the use of selective versus non-selective FGF inhibitors remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ronca
- a University of Brescia, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , Brescia, Italy +39 030 371 7311 ;
| | - Arianna Giacomini
- a University of Brescia, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , Brescia, Italy +39 030 371 7311 ;
| | - Marco Rusnati
- a University of Brescia, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , Brescia, Italy +39 030 371 7311 ;
| | - Marco Presta
- a University of Brescia, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , Brescia, Italy +39 030 371 7311 ;
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20
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Takei Y, Minamizaki T, Yoshiko Y. Functional diversity of fibroblast growth factors in bone formation. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:729352. [PMID: 25873956 PMCID: PMC4383271 DOI: 10.1155/2015/729352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional significance of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling in bone formation has been demonstrated through genetic loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches. FGFs, comprising 22 family members, are classified into three subfamilies: canonical, hormone-like, and intracellular. The former two subfamilies activate their signaling pathways through FGF receptors (FGFRs). Currently, intracellular FGFs appear to be primarily involved in the nervous system. Canonical FGFs such as FGF2 play significant roles in bone formation, and precise spatiotemporal control of FGFs and FGFRs at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels may allow for the functional diversity of FGFs during bone formation. Recently, several research groups, including ours, have shown that FGF23, a member of the hormone-like FGF subfamily, is primarily expressed in osteocytes/osteoblasts. This polypeptide decreases serum phosphate levels by inhibiting renal phosphate reabsorption and vitamin D3 activation, resulting in mineralization defects in the bone. Thus, FGFs are involved in the positive and negative regulation of bone formation. In this review, we focus on the reciprocal roles of FGFs in bone formation in relation to their local versus systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Takei
- Department of Calcified Tissue Biology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Tomoko Minamizaki
- Department of Calcified Tissue Biology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yuji Yoshiko
- Department of Calcified Tissue Biology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
- *Yuji Yoshiko:
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21
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Lee J, Hong SW, Park SE, Rhee EJ, Park CY, Oh KW, Park SW, Lee WY. Exendin-4 regulates lipid metabolism and fibroblast growth factor 21 in hepatic steatosis. Metabolism 2014; 63:1041-8. [PMID: 24933399 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatokine fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 takes part in the regulation of lipid metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue. We investigated whether exendin-4 regulates the expression of FGF21 in the liver, and whether the effects of exendin-4 on the regulation of FGF21 expression are mediated via silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog (SIRT) 1 or SIRT6. MATERIALS/METHODS The C57BL/6J mice were fed a low fat diet, high fat diet, or high fat diet with 1 nmol/kg/day exendin-4 intraperitoneal injection for 10 weeks. HepG2 used in vitro study was treated with palmitic aicd (0.4 mM) with or without exendin-4 (100 nM) and FGF21 (50 nM) for 24 hours. The change of FGF21 and its receptors expression by exendin-4 were measured using quantitative real-time RT-PCR and Western blot. The intracellular lipid content in HepG2 cells was evaluated by Oil Red O staining. Inhibition of FGF21, SIRT1 and SIRT6, by 10 nM siRNA was performed to establish the signaling pathway of exendin-4 action in hepatic lipid metabolism. RESULTS Exendin-4 increased the expression of FGF21 and its receptors in high fat diet-induced obese mice. In addition, recombinant FGF21 treatment reduced lipid content in palmitic acid-treated HepG2 cells. We also observed significantly decreased expression of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α and medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (MCAD) in hepatocytes transfected with FGF21 siRNA. In cells treated with exendin-4, inhibition of SIRT1, but not SIRT6, by siRNA significantly repressed the expression of FGF21 mRNA, whereas decreased SIRT1 expression by inhibition of FGF21 was not observed. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that exendin-4 could improve fatty liver by increasing SIRT1-mediated FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmi Lee
- Institute of Medical Research, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 110-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Woo Hong
- Institute of Medical Research, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 110-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Eun Park
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 110-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Rhee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 110-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Young Park
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 110-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Won Oh
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 110-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Park
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 110-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Young Lee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 110-746, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Abstract
The circulating FGFs are a new group of proteins believed to function as classic hormones. With emphasis on human metabolism, we critically review current data, and propose that--although a number of questions remain--circulating FGF23 is pivotal in the control of phosphate and vitamin D metabolism, and may have additional systemic effects, particularly in chronic kidney disease; that FGF19 signaling is important for the regulation of bile acid metabolism, whereas its physiological role in promoting glucose and lipid metabolism is less well understood; and that the physiological role of circulating FGF21 in metabolic homeostasis warrants further investigation.
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23
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Iglesias P, Selgas R, Romero S, Díez JJ. Biological role, clinical significance, and therapeutic possibilities of the recently discovered metabolic hormone fibroblastic growth factor 21. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 167:301-9. [PMID: 22740503 DOI: 10.1530/eje-12-0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a 181 amino acid circulating protein, is a member of the FGF superfamily, with relevant metabolic actions. It acts through the interaction with specific FGF receptors and a cofactor called β-Klotho, whose expression is predominantly detected in metabolically active organs. FGF21 stimulates glucose uptake in adipocytes via the induction of glucose transporter-1. This action is additive and independent of insulin. β-Cell function and survival are preserved, and glucagon secretion is reduced by this protein, thus decreasing hepatic glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity. Lipid profile has been shown to be improved by FGF21 in several animal models. FGF21 increases energy expenditure in rodents and induces weight loss in diabetic nonhuman primates. It also exerts favorable effects on hepatic steatosis and reduces tissue lipid content in rodents. Adaptive metabolic responses to fasting, including stimulation of ketogenesis and fatty acid oxidation, seem to be partially mediated by FGF21. In humans, serum FGF21 concentrations have been found elevated in insulin-resistant states, such as impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. FGF21 levels are correlated with hepatic insulin resistance index, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and blood glucose after an oral glucose tolerance test. A relationship between FGF21 levels and long-term diabetic complications, such as nephropathy and carotid atheromatosis, has been reported. FGF21 levels decreased in diabetic patients after starting therapy with insulin or oral agents. Increased FGF21 serum levels have also been found to be associated with obesity. In children, it is correlated with BMI and leptin levels, whereas in adults, FGF21 levels are mainly related to several components of the metabolic syndrome. Serum FGF21 levels have been found to be elevated in patients with ischemic heart disease. In patients with renal disease, FGF21 levels exhibited a progressive increase as renal function deteriorates. Circulating FGF21 levels seem to be related to insulin resistance and inflammation in dialysis patients. In summary, FGF21 is a recently identified hormone with antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, and thermogenic properties. Direct or indirect potentiation of its effects might be a potential therapeutic target in insulin-resistant states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Iglesias
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. de colmenar, Km 9,100, 28034 Madrid, Spain.
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24
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Potthoff MJ, Kliewer SA, Mangelsdorf DJ. Endocrine fibroblast growth factors 15/19 and 21: from feast to famine. Genes Dev 2012; 26:312-24. [PMID: 22302876 PMCID: PMC3289879 DOI: 10.1101/gad.184788.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We review the physiology and pharmacology of two atypical fibroblast growth factors (FGFs)-FGF15/19 and FGF21-that can function as hormones. Both FGF15/19 and FGF21 act on multiple tissues to coordinate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in response to nutritional status. Whereas FGF15/19 is secreted from the small intestine in response to feeding and has insulin-like actions, FGF21 is secreted from the liver in response to extended fasting and has glucagon-like effects. FGF21 also acts in an autocrine fashion in several tissues, including adipose. The pharmacological actions of FGF15/19 and FGF21 make them attractive drug candidates for treating metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven A. Kliewer
- Department of Pharmacology
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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25
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Yan H, Xia M, Chang X, Xu Q, Bian H, Zeng M, Rao S, Yao X, Tu Y, Jia W, Gao X. Circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 levels are closely associated with hepatic fat content: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24895. [PMID: 21949781 PMCID: PMC3174975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Fibroblasts growth factor 21 (FGF21), a liver-secreted endocrine factor involved in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, has been shown to be elevated in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aimed to evaluate the quantitative correlation between serum FGF21 level and hepatic fat content. Methods A total of 138 subjects (72 male and 66 female) aged from 18 to 65 years with abnormal glucose metabolism and B-ultrasonography diagnosed fatty liver were enrolled in the study. Serum FGF21 levels were determined by an in-house chemiluminescence immunoassay and hepatic fat contents were measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results Serum FGF21 increased progressively with the increase of hepatic fat content, but when hepatic fat content increased to the fourth quartile, FGF21 tended to decline. Serum FGF21 concentrations were positively correlated with hepatic fat content especially in subjects with mild/moderate hepatic steatosis (r = 0.276, p = 0.009). Within the range of hepatic steatosis from the first to third quartile, FGF21 was superior to any other traditional clinical markers including ALT to reflect hepatic fat content. When the patients with severe hepatic steatosis (the fourth quartile) were included, the quantitative correlation between FGF21 and hepatic fat content was weakened. Conclusions Serum FGF21 was a potential biomarker to reflect the hepatic fat content in patients with mild or moderate NAFLD. In severe NAFLD patients, FGF21 concentration might decrease due to liver inflammation or injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Yan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingfeng Xia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinxia Chang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Bian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengsu Zeng
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengxiang Rao
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuzhong Yao
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinfang Tu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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26
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Costa-Rodrigues J, Fernandes MH. Paracrine-mediated differentiation and activation of human haematopoietic osteoclast precursor cells by skin and gingival fibroblasts. Cell Prolif 2011; 44:264-73. [PMID: 21535267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2011.00751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fibroblasts appear to modulate osteoclastogenesis, but their precise role in this process remains unclear. In this work, paracrine-mediated osteoclastogenic potential of different human fibroblasts was assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fibroblast-conditioned media (CM) from foetal skin (CM1), adult skin (CM2) and adult gingiva (CM3) were used to promote osteoclastogenesis of osteoclast precursor cells. Cultures supplemented with macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) were used as controls. RESULTS All fibroblast cultures expressed FSP-1, M-CSF and RANKL and produced osteoprotegerin (OPG); gingival fibroblasts presented lowest expression of osteoclastogenic genes and higher production of OPG. All fibroblast CM were able to induce osteoclastogenesis. CM1 showed behaviour similar to positive controls, and slightly higher osteoclastogenic potential than CM, from adult ones. Gingival fibroblasts revealed lowest osteoclastogenic ability. Presence of anti-MCSF or anti-RANKL partially inhibited osteoclastogenesis promoted by CM, although the former antibody revealed higher inhibitory response. Differences among the osteoclastogenic effect of CM were noted, mainly in expression of genes involved in differentiation and activation of osteoclast precursor cells, c-myc and c-src, and less regarding functional related parameters. CONCLUSIONS Fibroblasts are able to induce osteoclastogenesis by paracrine mechanisms, and age and anatomical location affect this ability. Other factors produced by fibroblasts, in addition to M-CSF and RANKL, appear to contribute to observed osteoclastogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Costa-Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Biocompatibilidade Celular, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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27
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FGF21 as an Endocrine Regulator in Lipid Metabolism: From Molecular Evolution to Physiology and Pathophysiology. J Nutr Metab 2011; 2011:981315. [PMID: 21331285 PMCID: PMC3038562 DOI: 10.1155/2011/981315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The FGF family comprises twenty-two structurally related proteins with functions in development and metabolism. The Fgf21 gene was generated early in vertebrate evolution. FGF21 acts as an endocrine regulator in lipid metabolism. Hepatic Fgf21 expression is markedly induced in mice by fasting or a ketogenic diet. Experiments with Fgf21 transgenic mice and cultured cells indicate that FGF21 exerts pharmacological effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in hepatocytes and adipocytes via cell surface FGF receptors. However, experiments with Fgf21 knockout mice indicate that FGF21 inhibits lipolysis in adipocytes during fasting and attenuates torpor induced by a ketogenic diet but maybe not a physiological regulator for these hepatic functions. These findings suggest the pharmacological effects to be distinct from the physiological roles. Serum FGF21 levels are increased in patients with metabolic diseases having insulin resistance, indicating that FGF21 is a metabolic regulator and a biomarker for these diseases.
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28
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Abstract
Over the last decade, the regulation of phosphate (Pi) homeostasis has been under intense investigation. By utilizing modern biochemical and genetic tools, the pathophysiological mechanisms behind several known hereditary and acquired hypo- and hyperphosphatemic diseases have been clarified. The results of these efforts have opened new insights into the causes of Pi dysregulation and hereby also the physiological mechanisms determining Pi homeostasis. Although several potential Pi-regulating proteins have been discovered and investigated, current data strongly argues for fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23), a hormonal factor produced in bone, as a particularly important regulator of Pi homeostasis. In this article, we review the discovery of the FGF23 protein, as well as its biochemistry, localization of production, receptor specificity and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Marsell
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Fon Tacer K, Bookout AL, Ding X, Kurosu H, John GB, Wang L, Goetz R, Mohammadi M, Kuro-o M, Mangelsdorf DJ, Kliewer SA. Research resource: Comprehensive expression atlas of the fibroblast growth factor system in adult mouse. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:2050-64. [PMID: 20667984 PMCID: PMC2954642 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family and their receptors have well-established roles in embryogenesis, their contributions to adult physiology remain relatively unexplored. Here, we use real-time quantitative PCR to determine the mRNA expression patterns of all 22 FGFs, the seven principal FGF receptors (FGFRs), and the three members of the Klotho family of coreceptors in 39 different mouse tissues. Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis of the mRNA expression data reveals that most FGFs and FGFRs fall into two groups the expression of which is enriched in either the central nervous system or reproductive and gastrointestinal tissues. Interestingly, the FGFs that can act as endocrine hormones, including FGF15/19, FGF21, and FGF23, cluster in a third group that does not include any FGFRs, underscoring their roles in signaling between tissues. We further show that the most recently identified Klotho family member, Lactase-like, is highly and selectively expressed in brown adipose tissue and eye and can function as an additional coreceptor for FGF19. This FGF atlas provides an important resource for guiding future studies to elucidate the physiological functions of FGFs in adult animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klementina Fon Tacer
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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30
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Itoh N. Hormone-like (endocrine) Fgfs: their evolutionary history and roles in development, metabolism, and disease. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 342:1-11. [PMID: 20730630 PMCID: PMC2948652 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (Fgfs) are proteins with diverse functions in development, repair, and metabolism. The human Fgf gene family with 22 members can be classified into three groups, canonical, intracellular, and hormone-like Fgf genes. In contrast to canonical and intracellular Fgfs identified in invertebrates and vertebrates, hormone-like Fgfs, Fgf15/19, Fgf21, and Fgf23, are vertebrate-specific. The ancestral gene of hormone-like Fgfs was generated from the ancestral gene of canonical Fgfs by gene duplication early in vertebrate evolution. Later, Fgf15/19, Fgf21, and Fgf23 were generated from the ancestral gene by genome duplication events. Canonical Fgfs act as autocrine/paracrine factors in an Fgf receptor (Fgfr)-dependent manner. In contrast, hormone-like Fgfs act as endocrine factors in an Fgfr-dependent manner. Canonical Fgfs have a heparin-binding site necessary for the stable binding of Fgfrs and local signaling. In contrast, hormone-like Fgfs acquired endocrine functions by reducing their heparin-binding affinity during their evolution. Fgf15/19 and Fgf23 require βKlotho and αKlotho as cofactors, respectively. However, Fgf21 might physiologically require neither. Hormone-like Fgfs play roles in metabolism at postnatal stages, although they also play roles in development at embryonic stages. Fgf15/19 regulates bile acid metabolism in the liver. Fgf21 regulates lipid metabolism in the white adipose tissue. Fgf23 regulates serum phosphate and active vitamin D levels. Fgf23 signaling disorders caused by hereditary diseases or tumors result in metabolic disorders. In addition, serum Fgf19 or Fgf21 levels are significantly increased by metabolic disorders. Hormone-like Fgfs are newly emerging and quite unique in their evolution and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Itoh
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan.
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31
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Kuro-o M. A potential link between phosphate and aging--lessons from Klotho-deficient mice. Mech Ageing Dev 2010; 131:270-5. [PMID: 20197072 PMCID: PMC2862786 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phosphate homeostasis is maintained primarily by a bone-kidney endocrine axis. When phosphate is in excess, fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) is secreted from bone and acts on kidney to promote phosphate excretion into urine. FGF23 also reduces serum vitamin D levels to suppress phosphate absorption from intestine. Thus, FGF23 functions as a hormone that induces negative phosphate balance. One critical feature of FGF23 is that it requires Klotho, a single-pass transmembrane protein expressed in renal tubules, as an obligate co-receptor to bind and activate cognate FGF receptors. Importantly, defects in either FGF23 or Klotho not only cause phosphate retention but also a premature-aging syndrome in mice, which can be rescued by resolving hyperphosphatemia. In addition, changes in extracellular and intracellular phosphate concentration affect glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro, which potentially affect aging processes. These findings suggest an unexpected link between inorganic phosphate and aging in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kuro-o
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9072, USA.
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32
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Abstract
The klotho gene was identified as an "aging-suppressor" gene in mice that accelerates aging when disrupted and extends life span when overexpressed. It encodes a single-pass transmembrane protein and is expressed primarily in renal tubules. The extracellular domain of Klotho protein is secreted into blood and urine by ectodomain shedding. The two forms of Klotho protein, membrane Klotho and secreted Klotho, exert distinct functions. Membrane Klotho forms a complex with fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors and functions as an obligate co-receptor for FGF23, a bone-derived hormone that induces phosphate excretion into urine. Mice lacking Klotho or FGF23 not only exhibit phosphate retention but also display a premature-aging syndrome, revealing an unexpected link between phosphate metabolism and aging. Secreted Klotho functions as a humoral factor that regulates activity of multiple glycoproteins on the cell surface, including ion channels and growth factor receptors such as insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors. Potential contribution of these multiple activities of Klotho protein to aging processes is discussed.
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