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Jobe MC, Mthiyane DMN, Dludla PV, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE, Onwudiwe DC, Mwanza M. Pathological Role of Oxidative Stress in Aflatoxin-Induced Toxicity in Different Experimental Models and Protective Effect of Phytochemicals: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:5369. [PMID: 37513242 PMCID: PMC10386527 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 is a secondary metabolite with a potentially devastating effect in causing liver damage in broiler chickens, and this is mainly facilitated through the generation of oxidative stress and malonaldehyde build-up. In the past few years, significant progress has been made in controlling the invasion of aflatoxins. Phytochemicals are some of the commonly used molecules endowed with potential therapeutic effects to ameliorate aflatoxin, by inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species and enhancing intracellular antioxidant enzymes. Experimental models involving cell cultures and broiler chickens exposed to aflatoxin or contaminated diet have been used to investigate the ameliorative effects of phytochemicals against aflatoxin toxicity. Electronic databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were used to identify relevant data sources. The retrieved information reported on the link between aflatoxin B1-included cytotoxicity and the ameliorative potential/role of phytochemicals in chickens. Importantly, retrieved data showed that phytochemicals may potentially protect against aflatoxin B1-induced cytotoxicity by ameliorating oxidative stress and enhancing intracellular antioxidants. Preclinical data indicate that activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), together with its downstream antioxidant genes, may be a potential therapeutic mechanism by which phytochemicals neutralize oxidative stress. This highlights the need for more research to determine whether phytochemicals can be considered a useful therapeutic intervention in controlling mycotoxins to improve broiler health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Cebile Jobe
- Department of Animal Science, Mahikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Mahikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Doctor M N Mthiyane
- Department of Animal Science, Mahikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Mahikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Phiwayinkosi V Dludla
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | | | - Damian C Onwudiwe
- Department of Chemistry, Mahikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Mahikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Department of Animal Health, Mahikeng Campus, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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Quercetin: Its Antioxidant Mechanism, Antibacterial Properties and Potential Application in Prevention and Control of Toxipathy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196545. [PMID: 36235082 PMCID: PMC9571766 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin, as a flavonol compound found in plants, has a variety of biological activities. It is widely present in nature and the human diet, with powerful oxidative properties and biological activities. In this review, the antioxidant mechanism and broad-spectrum antibacterial properties of quercetin are revealed; the intervention effects of quercetin on pesticide poisoning and the pathway of action are investigated; the toxic effects of main mycotoxins on the collection and the detoxification process of quercetin are summarized; whether it is able to reduce the toxicity of mycotoxins is proved; and the harmful effects of heavy metal poisoning on the collection, the prevention, and control of quercetin are evaluated. This review is expected to enrich the understanding of the properties of quercetin and promote its better application in clinical practice.
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Fan T, Xie Y, Ma W. Research progress on the protection and detoxification of phytochemicals against aflatoxin B 1-Induced liver toxicity. Toxicon 2021; 195:58-68. [PMID: 33716068 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a potent hepatotoxic toxin, which can cause hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver immunological damage. It has been involved in the etiology of human hepatocellular carcinoma. AFB1 can cause oxidative stress in the body's metabolism process, and then cause cytotoxicity, such as apoptosis and DNA damage. Scientific research has discovered that phytochemicals can induce the detoxification pathway of AFB1 through its biotransformation, thereby reducing the damage of AFB1 to the human body. In clinical treatment, certain phytochemicals have been effectively used in the treatment of liver injury due to the advantages of multiple targets, multiple pathways, low toxicity and side effects. Therefore, the article summarizes the toxic mechanism of AFB1-induced hepatoxicity, and the related research progress of phytochemicals for preventing and treating its cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. We also look forward to the existing problems and application prospects of phytochemicals in the pharmaceutical industry, in order to provide theoretical reference for the prevention and treatment of AFB1 poisoning in future research work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China; Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China; Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weibin Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China; Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, People's Republic of China
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Evaluation of Neuroprotective Effects of Quercetin against Aflatoxin B1-Intoxicated Mice. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050898. [PMID: 32455780 PMCID: PMC7278413 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a mycotoxin commonly present in feed, characterized by several toxic effects. AFB1 has been described as being responsible for naturally occurring animal kidney disorders. In addition, AFB1 seems to have a neurotoxical effect that leads to memory impairment behavior. AFB1 toxicity involves the induction of the oxidative stress pathway, rising lipid peroxidation, and it decreases antioxidant enzyme levels. Hence, in our research, we wanted to evaluate the potential protective effects of quercetin in AFB1-mediated toxicity in the brain and the ameliorative effect on behavioral alterations. This antioxidant effect of quercetin in the brains of AFB1-intoxicated mice is reflected in better cognitive and spatial memory capacity, as well as a better profile of anxiety and lethargy disorders. In conclusion, our study suggests that quercetin exerts a preventive role against oxidative stress by promoting antioxidative defense systems and limiting lipid peroxidation. Abstract Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a mycotoxin commonly present in feed, characterized by several toxic effects. AFB1 seems to have a neurotoxical effect that leads to memory impairment behavior. AFB1 toxicity involves the induction of the oxidative stress pathway, rising lipid peroxidation, and it decreases antioxidant enzyme levels. Hence, in our research, we wanted to evaluate the potential protective effects of quercetin 30 mg/kg in AFB1-mediated toxicity in the brain and the ameliorative effect on behavioral alterations. Oral supplementation with quercetin increased glutathione peroxidase (GSH) levels, superoxidedismutase (SOD) activity and catalase (CAT) in the brain, and it reduced lipid peroxidation in AFB1-treated mice. This antioxidant effect of quercetin in the brains of AFB1-intoxicated mice is reflected in better cognitive and spatial memory capacity, as well as a better profile of anxiety and lethargy disorders. In conclusion, our study suggests that quercetin exerts a preventive role against oxidative stress by promoting antioxidative defense systems and limiting lipid peroxidation.
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Tung YC, Chou YC, Hung WL, Cheng AC, Yu RC, Ho CT, Pan MH. Polymethoxyflavones: Chemistry and Molecular Mechanisms for Cancer Prevention and Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40495-019-00170-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Nosrati N, Bakovic M, Paliyath G. Molecular Mechanisms and Pathways as Targets for Cancer Prevention and Progression with Dietary Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2050. [PMID: 28946660 PMCID: PMC5666732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A unique feature of bioactive food ingredients is their broad antioxidant function. Antioxidants having a wide spectrum of chemical structure and activity beyond basic nutrition; display different health benefits by the prevention and progression of chronic diseases. Functional food components are capable of enhancing the natural antioxidant defense system by scavenging reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, protecting and repairing DNA damage, as well as modulating the signal transduction pathways and gene expression. Major pathways affected by bioactive food ingredients include the pro-inflammatory pathways regulated by nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), as well as those associated with cytokines and chemokines. The present review summarizes the importance of plant bioactives and their roles in the regulation of inflammatory pathways. Bioactives influence several physiological processes such as gene expression, cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation, cell migration, etc., resulting in cancer prevention. Cancer initiation is associated with changes in metabolic pathways such as glucose metabolism, and the effect of bioactives in normalizing this process has been provided. Initiation and progression of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) which increase the chances of developing of colorectal cancers can be downregulated by plant bioactives. Several aspects of the potential roles of microRNAs and epigenetic modifications in the development of cancers have also been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagisa Nosrati
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Marica Bakovic
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Gopinadhan Paliyath
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Lin CH, Chang CY, Lee KR, Lin HJ, Chen TH, Wan L. Flavones inhibit breast cancer proliferation through the Akt/FOXO3a signaling pathway. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:958. [PMID: 26675309 PMCID: PMC4682224 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavones found in plants display various biological activities, including anti-allergic, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, and anti-tumor effects. In this study, we investigated the anti-tumor effects of flavone, apigenin and luteolin on human breast cancer cells. METHODS The anti-cancer activity of flavone, apigenin and luteolin was investigated using the MTS assay. Apoptosis was analyzed by Hoechst 33342 staining, flow cytometry and western blot. Cell migration was determined using the culture inserts and xCELLigence real-time cell analyzer instrument equipped with a CIM-plate 16. Real-time quantitative PCR and western blot were used to determine the signaling pathway elicited by flavone, apigenin and luteolin. RESULTS Flavone, apigenin and luteolin showed potent inhibitory effects on the proliferation of Hs578T, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells in a concentration and time-dependent manner. The ability of flavone, apigenin and luteolin to inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells through apoptosis was confirmed by Hoechst33342 staining and the induction of sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle. Flavone, apigenin and luteolin induced forkhead box O3 (FOXO3a) expression by inhibiting Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt. This subsequently elevated the expression of FOXO3a target genes, including the Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21Cip1 (p21) and p27kip1 (p27), which increased the levels of activated poly(ADP) polymerase (PARP) and cytochrome c. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data demonstrated that flavone, apigenin and luteolin induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in breast cancer cells through inhibiting PI3K/Akt activation and increasing FOXO3a activation, which suggest that flavone, apigenin and luteolin will be the potential leads for the preventing and treating of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Yao Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Rong Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Ju Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Ter-Hsin Chen
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Lei Wan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
- Department of Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Ajiboye TO, Yakubu MT, Oladiji AT. Lophirones B and C Extenuate AFB1-Mediated Oxidative Onslaught on Cellular Proteins, Lipids, and DNA through Nrf-2 Expression. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2014; 28:558-67. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taofeek O. Ajiboye
- Antioxidants, Free Radicals, Functional Foods and Toxicology Research Laboratory; Department of Biological Sciences; Al-Hikmah University; Ilorin Nigeria
| | - Musa T. Yakubu
- Phytomedicine, Toxicology and Reproductive Research Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry; University of Ilorin; Ilorin Nigeria
| | - Adenike T. Oladiji
- Phytomedicine, Toxicology and Reproductive Research Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry; University of Ilorin; Ilorin Nigeria
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Stagos D, Amoutzias GD, Matakos A, Spyrou A, Tsatsakis AM, Kouretas D. Chemoprevention of liver cancer by plant polyphenols. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2155-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Awoniyi DO, Aboua YG, Marnewick J, Brooks N. The Effects of Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) and Commercial Rooibos and Green Tea Supplements on Epididymal Sperm in Oxidative Stress-induced Rats. Phytother Res 2012; 26:1231-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dolapo Olaitan Awoniyi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences; Cape Peninsula University of Technology; Bellville; 7535; South Africa
| | - Yapo Guillaume Aboua
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences; Cape Peninsula University of Technology; Bellville; 7535; South Africa
| | - Jeanine Marnewick
- Oxidative Stress Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences; Cape Peninsula University of Technology; Bellville; 7535; South Africa
| | - Nicole Brooks
- Department of Wellness Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences; Cape Peninsula University of Technology; Cape Town; 8000; South Africa
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Slater ME, Linabery AM, Blair CK, Spector LG, Heerema NA, Robison LL, Ross JA. Maternal prenatal cigarette, alcohol and illicit drug use and risk of infant leukaemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2011; 25:559-65. [PMID: 21980945 PMCID: PMC3614405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2011.01229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several case-control studies have evaluated associations between maternal smoking, alcohol consumption and illicit drug use during pregnancy and risk of childhood leukaemia. Few studies have specifically focused on infants (<1 year) with leukaemia, a group that is biologically and clinically distinct from older children. We present data from a Children's Oncology Group case-control study of 443 infants diagnosed with acute leukaemia [including acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)] between 1996 and 2006 and 324 population controls. Mothers were queried about their cigarette, alcohol and illicit drug use 1 year before and throughout pregnancy. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals [CI] were calculated using adjusted unconditional logistic regression models. Maternal smoking (>1 cigarette/day) and illicit drug use (any amount) before and/or during pregnancy were not significantly associated with infant leukaemia. Alcohol use (>1 drink/week) during pregnancy was inversely associated with infant leukaemia overall [OR = 0.64; 95% CI 0.43, 0.94], AML [OR = 0.49; 95% CI 0.28, 0.87], and leukaemia with mixed lineage leukaemia gene rearrangements ('MLL+') [OR = 0.59; 95% CI 0.36, 0.97]. While our results agree with the fairly consistent evidence that maternal cigarette smoking is not associated with childhood leukaemia, the data regarding alcohol and illicit drug use are not consistent with prior reports and are difficult to interpret. It is possible that unhealthy maternal behaviours during pregnancy, some of which carry potential legal consequences, may not be adequately measured using only self-report. Future case-control studies of childhood leukaemia that pursue these exposures may benefit from incorporation of validated instruments and/or biomarkers when feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Slater
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota
| | - Amy M. Linabery
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota
| | - Cindy K. Blair
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota
| | - Logan G. Spector
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota,University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Nyla A. Heerema
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Leslie L. Robison
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Julie A. Ross
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota,University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
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Chahar MK, Sharma N, Dobhal MP, Joshi YC. Flavonoids: A versatile source of anticancer drugs. Pharmacogn Rev 2011; 5:1-12. [PMID: 22096313 PMCID: PMC3210013 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.79093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An exponential increase in the number of studies investigating how different components of the diet interact at the molecular and cellular level to determine the fate of a cell has been witnessed. In search for anticancer drugs compelling data from laboratories, epidemiologic investigations, and human clinical trials showed that flavonoids have important effects on cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy. In many molecular mechanisms of action for prevention against cancer, flavonoids play a major role by interacting between different types of genes and enzymes. Many mechanisms of action have been identified, including carcinogen inactivation, antiproliferation, cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, antioxidation, and reversal of multidrug resistance or a combination of these mechanisms. This review focuses on the anticancer activity of flavonoids as well as their molecular mechanisms, including the treatment of mammary and prostate cancer. This review also highlights some advanced derivatives of flavonoids, which play an important role against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheep K. Chahar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302004, Rajasthan, India
| | - Neelu Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302004, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mahabeer P. Dobhal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302004, Rajasthan, India
| | - Yogesh C. Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302004, Rajasthan, India
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Choi KC, Chung WT, Kwon JK, Yu JY, Jang YS, Park SM, Lee SY, Lee JC. Inhibitory effects of quercetin on aflatoxin B1-induced hepatic damage in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:2747-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Choi KC, Chung WT, Kwon JK, Jang YS, Yu JY, Park SM, Lee JC. Chemoprevention of a flavonoid fraction from Rhus verniciflua Stokes on aflatoxin B1-induced hepatic damage in mice. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 31:150-6. [PMID: 20737424 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 06/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Since aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1))-mediated hepatic damage is related to the production of AFB(1)-8,9-epoxide and reactive oxygen species, bioactive compounds having antioxidant potentials are suggested to be capable of reducing AFB(1)-induced toxicity. We previously purified a mixture of flavonoids that we named RCMF (Rhus verniciflua Stokes chloroform-methanol fraction), from a traditional Korean food additive and herbal medicine. RCMF exhibited various biological effects, including antioxidant and antitumor activities. In this study, we examined whether RCMF protects against AFB(1)-induced liver injury using in vitro and in vivo systems. Pretreatment of HepG2 cells with RCMF significantly reduced AFB(1)-stimulated production of ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) to the control levels. RCMF also prevented the reduction in HepG2 cell viability caused by AFB(1). Oral administration of RCMF to mice significantly suppressed an AFB(1)-induced increase in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. It also prevented MDA formation and blocked decreases in glutathione levels and superoxide dismutase activities in the livers of AFB(1)-treated mice. In addition, RCMF supplementation prevented an AFB(1) -induced decrease in serum titers of IgA and IgG1. Collectively, these results suggest that RCMF attenuates AFB(1)-mediated damage to the liver, and that this effect is at least partially related to the restoration of antioxidant defense systems and an increase in AFB(1)-GSH conjugate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Choon Choi
- National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suweon, Korea
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15
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Jing Yu, Yumin Xu, Khaoustov V, Yoffe B. Identification of components of grape powder with anti-apoptotic effects. Toxicol Ind Health 2010; 27:19-28. [PMID: 20699283 DOI: 10.1177/0748233710380220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study is to investigate the mechanism underlying the anti-apoptotic effects of freeze-dried grape powder (FDGP) and identify the polyphenolic compounds involved. We examined apoptotic signaling pathways affected by FDGP and by its active components, including epicatechin, cyanidin, quercetin, and resveratrol, in human Huh7 hepatoma cells by assaying cell viability assays, the activities of caspase 3 and caspase 7, and the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated proteins. FDGP dramatically decreased taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA)-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Assessment of individual active components revealed that at concentrations corresponding to 300 μg/mL FDGP, only quercetin demonstrated cytoprotective effects against mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. In contrast, increased concentrations of other individual polyphenolic compounds were required to produce measurable cytoprotective effect. Only combinations of all four polyphenolic compounds (epicatechin, cyanidin, quercetin, and resveratrol) restored a degree of the anti-apoptotic effects seen with FDGP. The pretreatment of FDGP at 30 μg/mL concentration could reverse the thapsigargin-induced effects on the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated proteins. In conclusion, FDGP reduced oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and apoptosis. The mechanisms involved in the anti-apoptotic effects of FDGP included reduced generation of ROS, and reduced processing of certain caspases. We demonstrated that quercetin, epicatechin, and cyanidin are active compounds within FDGP that attenuate apoptosis. These findings contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant effects of grape and are expected to assist in developing clinical protocols to treat a variety of stress-mediated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Department of Hepatology, Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P R China.
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Choi KC, Lee BS, Chung WT, Choi MS, Lee JC. Protective effects of apigenin and quercetin on aflatoxin B1-induced immunotoxicity in mice. Food Sci Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-010-0138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Flavonoids in Cancer Prevention and Therapy: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Mechanisms of Action, and Perspectives for Cancer Drug Discovery. ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES FOR CANCER 2010. [PMCID: PMC7120123 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0020-3_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Among the numerous products available from plants, the flavonoid superfamily plays a central role by its large number of molecules (over 6000) and also by the role these products occupy in the normal physiology of plants. Flavonoids are secondary plant metabolites involved in several biological processes (e.g., germination, UV protection, insecticides) and are also involved in the attraction of pollinating agents via the vivid colors of the anthocyanin pigments found in flowers (e.g., blue, purple, yellow, orange, and red) [1–3]. Flavonoids are found in the normal human diet composed of green vegetables, onions, fruits (apples, grapes, strawberries, etc.), beverages (coffee, tea, beer, red wine) [4, 5], and isoflavonoids are mainly found in soya bean-derived products [6].
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Saunders FR, Wallace HM. On the natural chemoprevention of cancer. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2010; 48:621-626. [PMID: 20347597 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease to treat and the treatments have not progressed significantly in the last few years. Alternative strategies such as chemoprevention are being investigated. Proof of concept of chemoprevention has been shown with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); however there is significantly more interest in plant and naturally available compounds for chemoprevention. A number of different naturally occurring chemical compounds are reviewed here for their potential benefits and the pathways which they may target, in particular the polyamine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona R Saunders
- Section of Translational Medicine, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Polwarth Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland AB252ZD, UK
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19
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Miller NJ, Ruiz-Larrea MB. Flavonoids and Other Plant Phenols in the Diet: Their Significance as Antioxidants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/13590840220123352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Miller EG, Peacock JJ, Bourland TC, Taylor SE, Wright JM, Patil BS, Miller EG. Inhibition of oral carcinogenesis by citrus flavonoids. Nutr Cancer 2008; 60:69-74. [PMID: 18444138 DOI: 10.1080/01635580701616163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Six citrus flavonoids were tested for antineoplastic activity. The hamster cheek pouch model was utilized, and the solutions of the flavonoids (2.0-2.5%) and the solution of the carcinogen, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (0.5%), were applied topically to the pouches. The pouches of the positive controls were treated with the solvent used to dissolve the flavonoids and the solution of the carcinogen. The data show that 4 flavonoids (hesperetin, neohesperidin, tangeretin, and nobiletin) were inactive. The results with naringin and naringenin show that both of these flavonoids significantly lowered tumor number [5.00 (control group), 2.53 (naringin group), and 3.25 (naringenin group)]. Naringin also significantly reduced tumor burden [269 mm(3)(control group) and 77.1 mm(3)(naringin group)]. The data suggest that naringin and naringenin, 2 flavonoids found in high concentrations in grapefruit, may be able to inhibit the development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward G Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
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21
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Morley KL, Ferguson PJ, Koropatnick J. Tangeretin and nobiletin induce G1 cell cycle arrest but not apoptosis in human breast and colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2007; 251:168-78. [PMID: 17197076 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tangeretin and nobiletin are citrus flavonoids that are among the most effective at inhibiting cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. The antiproliferative activity of tangeretin and nobiletin was investigated in human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-435 and MCF-7 and human colon cancer line HT-29. Both flavonoids inhibited proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and blocked cell cycle progression at G1 in all three cell lines. At concentrations that resulted in significant inhibition of proliferation and cell cycle arrest, neither flavonoid induced apoptosis or cell death in any of the tumor cell lines. To test the ability of arrested cells to recover, cells that were incubated with tangeretin and nobiletin for 4 days were then cultured in flavonoid-free medium for an additional 4 days. Cells resumed proliferation similar to untreated control within a day of flavonoid removal. Cell cycle distribution was similar to that of control within 4 days of flavonoid removal. These data indicate that, in these cell lines at concentrations that inhibit proliferation up to 80% over 4 days, tangeretin and nobiletin are cytostatic and significantly suppress proliferation by cell cycle arrest without apoptosis. Such an agent could be expected to spare normal tissues from toxic side effects. Thus, tangeretin and nobiletin could be effective cytostatic anticancer agents. Inhibition of proliferation of human cancers without inducing cell death may be advantageous in treating tumors as it would restrict proliferation in a manner less likely to induce cytotoxicity and death in normal, non-tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Morley
- Cancer Research Laboratory Program, London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont., Canada
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22
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Infante-Rivard C, El-Zein M. Parental alcohol consumption and childhood cancers: a review. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2007; 10:101-29. [PMID: 18074306 DOI: 10.1080/10937400601034597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of childhood cancers remains generally unknown. Given that the metabolites of alcohol are likely carcinogens and that leukemia, the most frequent childhood cancer, can arise in utero, the study of alcohol consumption as a potential risk factor for the development of childhood cancer is justified. This article summarizes the epidemiological evidence on the association between parental exposure to alcohol and the risk of childhood cancers. To do this, a thorough search of the literature from 1960 to 2003 using the PubMed database was carried out. It yielded 33 case-control studies published between 1982 and 2003, including 13 studies that considered paternal exposure in the preconceptional period. In 10 of the 33 studies at least 1 statistically significant risk increase was reported in relation with parental alcohol consumption; in 7 of these studies the increase was related to maternal consumption, whereas in 3 studies, it was related to paternal consumption. The cancers most often found associated with parental drinking were leukemia, brain tumors, and neuroblastoma. A few studies also reported a protective effect with maternal exposure at modest levels. Inconsistencies in the results and the low risks reported do not suggest an association between childhood cancer and parental consumption of alcohol. However, before reaching any definitive conclusions, methodological issues need to be addressed in future studies, as well as the role of genetic susceptibility. Moreover, subtypes of specific cancers need to be studied separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Infante-Rivard
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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23
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van der Merwe JD, Joubert E, Richards ES, Manley M, Snijman PW, Marnewick JL, Gelderblom WCA. A comparative study on the antimutagenic properties of aqueous extracts of Aspalathus linearis (rooibos), different Cyclopia spp. (honeybush) and Camellia sinensis teas. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2006; 611:42-53. [PMID: 16949333 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Antimutagenic activity of aqueous extracts of the South African herbal teas, Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) and Cyclopia spp. (honeybush) was compared with that of Camellia sinensis (black, oolong and green) teas in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay using aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) and 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) as mutagens. The present study presents the first investigation on antimutagenic properties of C. subternata, C. genistoides and C. sessiliflora. The herbal teas demonstrated protection against both mutagens in the presence of metabolic activation, with the exception of "unfermented" (green/unoxidised) C. genistoides against 2-AAF, which either protected or enhanced mutagenesis depending on the concentration. Antimutagenic activity of "fermented" (oxidised) rooibos was significantly (P<0.05) less than that of Camellia sinensis teas against AFB(1), while for 2-AAF it was less (P<0.05) than that of black tea and similar (P>0.05) to that of oolong and green teas. Antimutagenic activity of unfermented C. intermedia and C. subternata exhibited a similar protection as fermented rooibos against AFB(1). Against 2-AAF, fermented rooibos exhibited similar protective properties than unfermented C. intermedia and C. sessiliflora. Unfermented rooibos was less effective than the C. sinensis teas and fermented rooibos, but had similar (P>0.05) antimutagenicity to that of fermented C. sessiliflora against AFB(1) and fermented C. subternata against 2-AAF. Fermented C. intermedia and C. genistoides exhibited the lowest protective effect against 2-AAF, while fermented C. intermedia exhibited the lowest protection when utilising AFB(1) as mutagen. Aspalathin and mangiferin, major polyphenols in rooibos and Cyclopia spp., respectively, exhibited weak to moderate protective effects when compared to the major green tea catechin, (-)epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Antimutagenic activity of selected herbal tea phenolic compounds indicated that they contribute towards (i) observed antimutagenic activity of the aqueous extracts against both mutagens and (ii) enhancement of the mutagenicity of 2-AAF by unfermented C. genistoides. Antimutagenic activity of the South African herbal teas was mutagen-specific, affected by fermentation and plant material, presumably due to changes and variation in phenolic composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D van der Merwe
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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24
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Lahouel M, Amedah S, Zellagui A, Touil A, Rhouati S, Benyache F, Leghouchi E, Bousseboua H. The Interaction of New Plant Flavonoids with Rat Liver Mitochondria: Relation between the Anti- and Pro-oxydant Effect and Flavonoids Concentration. Therapie 2006; 61:347-55. [PMID: 17124951 DOI: 10.2515/therapie:2006025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are polyphenols derivatives of plant origin that possesses a broad range of pharmacological properties, including protection of cells and tissues against the deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species. Their antioxidant activity results from scavenging of free radicals and other oxidizing intermediates, from the chelation of iron or copper ions and from inhibition of oxidases. But a number of studies have found both anti and prooxidant effects for many of these compounds. These reasons prompted us to investigate whether flavonoids compounds alone or combined flavonoids had antioxidant, free radical scavenger and antiapoptotic properties. The investigation was carried in vitro using rat hepatic mitochondria. Respiratory control ratio (RCR), oxygen consumption, adenosine tri phosphate (ATP) synthesis, scavenging action, enzymatic activities of involved complexes, superoxide anion and the release of cytochrome C were measured to assess the mechanisms of action of these drugs. Our data showed that the decrease of RCR induced by high concentrations (0.1 mM and 0.01 mM) of all flavonoids tested was due to a common inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (State 4) and activation of state 3. At the opposite mitochondrial swelling was slightly induced only by low concentrations (10(-8) and 10(-9) M) of the flavonoids. They had no effects on the mitochondrial complexes (I to V) activity. Furthermore the mitochondrial membrane potential was not affected by any flavonoids. The effect of flavonoids on superoxide anion generation was variable. All the flavonoids studied acted between 10(-4) M and 10(-6) M with no effects at lower concentrations. These effects were similar on lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde [MDA] levels). We remarked a concentration-dependent in the effect of flavonoids since they acted as antioxidant and also as uncoupler at high concentrations, which is a risk for the cells. We conclude that flavonoids extracted from algerian plants have some protecting effects against oxidative stress by protecting the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesbah Lahouel
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Département de Biologie, Université de Jijel, Algérie.
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25
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Lahouel M, Boulkour S, Segueni N, Fillastre JP. [The flavonoids effect against vinblastine, cyclophosphamide and paracetamol toxicity by inhibition of lipid-peroxydation and increasing liver glutathione concentration]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 52:314-22. [PMID: 15261373 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2004.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The paracetamol and cyclophosphamid are metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450. The formed reactive intermediates are responsible of a hepatocyte depletion of the glutathion and a lipoperoxydation. the vinblastine is also a chemotherapeutic agent hepatotoxic and hematotoxic. Otherwise, flavonoïds are polyphenols substances of plant origin having some biological and anti-oxydative properties. However no information is available on their effects on glutathion and glutathion-s-transferases. In our research, we valued the effect of oral administration of flavonoids (diosmine and quercetine) under shape of propolis extract to 60 mg/kg daily during 14 days, on hematological and hepatic toxicity of a single dose of cyclophosphamide 80 mg/kg by intravenous way, vinblastine 2 mg/kg by intravenous way and the hepatic toxicity of the paracetamol managed by oral way to 200 mg/kg corresponding to 2/3 the DL50 at the rat female albinos wistar. We did a blood numeration, an assessment of serum activities of transaminases and alkali phosphatases as well as quantification of the glutathion and the malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver homogenats of rats treated. Analyses are done at regular intervals; 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after the administration of drugs. In the group of rats treated by the cyclophosphamid paracetamol alone we observed since the 1st day, an increase of lipid peroxide (MDA) of 120% and a downfall of hepatic glutathion including the group receiving the vinblastine (until 210% of reduction). In the same way a severe leucopenia and a thrombopenia (70% of reduction) are observed between the 3rd and the 14th day at rats treated by the chemotherapeutic agents alone (cyclophosphamide and vinblastine). The combination of flavonoids with drugs have clearly reduced the effect of drugs toxicity. Indeed, the aplasic observed with the vinblastine, as well as the leucopenia and thrombopenia of the cyclophosphamide are corrected entirely. In the same way, we noted a restoration of rates of peroxide and glutathion. Flavonoïds seem to act by activation of the turn over of the glutathion and enzymes stimulating particularly glutathion-s-transferases permitting the captation of the reactive metabolites of the studied drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lahouel
- Laboratoire de pharmacologie et phytochimie, département de biologie, université de Jijel, 18000 Jijel, Algérie.
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26
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Singh RP, Agarwal R. A cancer chemopreventive agent silibinin, targets mitogenic and survival signaling in prostate cancer. Mutat Res 2004; 555:21-32. [PMID: 15476849 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2004] [Revised: 05/11/2004] [Accepted: 05/12/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There are many epigenetic variables that affect the biological responses of autocrine, paracrine and endocrine regulatory molecules, which determine the growth and development of different cancers including prostate cancer (PCA). One of the focuses of the current cancer chemoprevention studies is the search for non-toxic chemopreventive agents that inhibit mitogenic and cell survival signaling in cancer cells. In general, advanced stage cancer cells harbor many constitutively active mitogenic signaling and anti-apoptotic mechanisms, which make them less dependent on external growth factors as well as resistant to chemotherapeutic agents. In this regard, silibinin (a naturally occurring flavanone) has shown the pleiotropic anticancer effects in different cancer cells. Our extensive studies with PCA have shown that inhibition of mitogenic and cell survival signaling, such as epidermal growth factor receptor, insulin-like growth factor receptor type I and nuclear factor kappa B signaling are the most likely molecular targets of silibinin's efficacy in PCA. We have observed that silibinin inhibits prostate tumor growth in animal models without any apparent signs of toxicity. At the same time, silibinin is also physiologically available in different organs of the body including plasma and prostate, which is generally required for the pharmacological dosing and translational mechanistic studies of the compound. There are substantial amount of data to support the inhibitory effect of silibinin on mitogenic and cell survival signaling in PCA, which are reviewed in the present communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana P Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Box C238, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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27
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Marnewick JL, Batenburg W, Swart P, Joubert E, Swanevelder S, Gelderblom WCA. Ex vivo modulation of chemical-induced mutagenesis by subcellular liver fractions of rats treated with rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) tea, honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia) tea, as well as green and black (Camellia sinensis) teas. Mutat Res 2004; 558:145-54. [PMID: 15036128 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2003.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2003] [Revised: 11/20/2003] [Accepted: 12/01/2003] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Male Fischer rats were given unprocessed (not oxidized) and processed (oxidized) rooibos and honeybush teas as well as green and black teas as a sole source of drinking fluid for 10 weeks, and sub cellular liver fractions were prepared. Cytosolic fractions of rats consuming the unprocessed herbal teas, green and black teas significantly (P < 0.05) protected against 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF)-induced mutagenesis in the Salmonella mutagenicity test with strain TA 98, using Aroclor 1254-induced microsomes. A marginal or no protection was obtained with the processed herbal teas. The mutagenic response of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) against Salmonella strain TA 100 was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by cytosolic fractions from rats treated with processed and unprocessed herbal teas, while no effect was obtained with the green and black teas. Microsomal fractions prepared from livers of rats treated with both the processed and unprocessed rooibos teas and the unprocessed honeybush tea, significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the activation of AFB1 while no protection was observed against 2-AAF-induced mutagenesis. In contrast, microsomal fractions from rats treated with the green, black and unprocessed honeybush teas significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the mutagenic response of 2-AAF. None of the tea treatments significantly affected the concentration of the microsomal liver cytochrome P450.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Marnewick
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
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28
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Salama SA, Au WW. Susceptibility and biomarker knowledge for improvement of environmental health. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2003; 206:401-12. [PMID: 12971696 DOI: 10.1078/1438-4639-00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
At the international level, environmental health problems are usually most serious in countries that have the least resources to deal with the problems. Therefore, international efforts have been initiated to achieve equitable environmental health globally. One approach is to conduct international collaborative studies. This approach has been successful in the building of scientific infrastructure in these countries so that they can address their own environmental health concerns and to sustain the environmental health programs. Using liver and oral cancers as models for discussion, examples of success in the identification of etiology and the mechanisms for the diseases are provided. For example, biomarkers are used to provide early warning signals for the disease. In addition, the application of the collected information for developing disease prevention and intervention programs is presented. Expertise in genetic susceptibility is used to provide a more precise understanding of the cancer process. With the precise knowledge, the information can potentially be used to screen for high-risk individuals and to develop "designer" intervention procedures against specific biochemical defects. Success in disease prevention is dependent upon multidisciplinary collaborations at the local and international levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salama A Salama
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1110, USA
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Abstract
The control of cancer, the second leading cause of death worldwide, may benefit from the potential that resides in alternative therapies. The primary carcinogens stem from a variety of agricultural, industrial, and dietary factors. Conventional therapies cause serious side effects and, at best, merely extend the patient's lifespan by a few years. There is thus the need to utilise alternative concepts or approaches to the prevention of cancer. This review focuses on the many natural products that have been implicated in cancer prevention and that promote human health without recognisable side effects. These molecules originate from vegetables, fruits, plant extracts, and herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Reddy
- Department of Biotechnology, Durban Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
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30
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Abstract
Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds that are ubiquitously in plants. They have been shown to possess a variety of biological activities at nontoxic concentrations in organisms. The role of dietary flavonoids in cancer prevention is widely discussed. Compelling data from laboratory studies, epidemiological investigations, and human clinical trials indicate that flavonoids have important effects on cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy. Many mechanisms of action have been identified, including carcinogen inactivation, antiproliferation, cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis and differentiation, inhibition of angiogenesis, antioxidation and reversal of multidrug resistance or a combination of these mechanisms. Based on these results, flavonoids may be promising anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Ren
- Department of Hematology, 2nd Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P. R. China
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31
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Infante-Rivard C, Krajinovic M, Labuda D, Sinnett D. Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with parental alcohol consumption and polymorphisms of carcinogen-metabolizing genes. Epidemiology 2002; 13:277-81. [PMID: 11964928 DOI: 10.1097/00001648-200205000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited information is available on the association of parental consumption of alcohol prior to and during pregnancy with the risk of childhood leukemia, as well as for the potentially modifying role of genetic polymorphisms. METHODS We conducted a population-based, case-control study of 491 incident cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia age 0-9 years and matched on age and sex to 491 healthy controls. Cases were identified at tertiary care centers in the Province of Québec between 1980 and 1993. Each parent was interviewed separately about alcohol consumption habits. We also used a case-only design with 186 cases to estimate interaction odds ratios between prenatal exposure and child DNA variants in the GSTM1 and CYP2E1 genes. RESULTS The adjusted odds ratio for any maternal consumption during pregnancy was 0.7 (95% confidence interval = 0.5-0.9). The interaction odds ratios for the GSTM1 null genotype during third pregnancy trimester was 2.4 (95% confidence interval = 1.1-5.4); the interaction odds ratio for CYP2E1 variant G-1295C (or allele *5) during the nursing period was 4.9 (95% confidence interval = 1.5-16.7). CONCLUSIONS The observed association with maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy could be due to the potential chemopreventive effects of flavonoids found in wine and beer. These possible effects of alcohol may be at least partially genetically determined, although data are preliminary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Infante-Rivard
- Joint Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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