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Nanomaterials Used in Fluorescence Polarization Based Biosensors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158625. [PMID: 35955779 PMCID: PMC9369394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence polarization (FP) has been applied in detecting chemicals and biomolecules for early-stage diagnosis, food safety analyses, and environmental monitoring. Compared to organic dyes, inorganic nanomaterials such as quantum dots have special fluorescence properties that can enhance the photostability of FP-based biosensing. In addition, nanomaterials, such as metallic nanoparticles, can be used as signal amplifiers to increase fluorescence polarization. In this review paper, different types of nanomaterials used in in FP-based biosensors have been reviewed. The role of each type of nanomaterial, acting as a fluorescent element and/or the signal amplifier, has been discussed. In addition, the advantages of FP-based biosensing systems have been discussed and compared with other fluorescence-based techniques. The integration of nanomaterials and FP techniques allows biosensors to quickly detect analytes in a sensitive and cost-effective manner and positively impact a variety of different fields including early-stage diagnoses.
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Rizzolo-Brime L, Caro-Garcia EM, Alegre-Miranda CA, Felez-Nobrega M, Zamora-Ros R. Lignan exposure: a worldwide perspective. Eur J Nutr 2021; 61:1143-1165. [PMID: 34799775 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02736-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dietary lignans are phytoestrogens that are mostly found in plant-based foods, especially whole grains, seeds, nuts, legumes and vegetables. An accurate assessment of lignan exposure is crucial to evaluate their potential health benefits and to establish future recommendations and dietary guidelines. This narrative review aimed to (i) summarize the pros and the cons of the current main assessment methods for lignan exposure─i.e., dietary questionnaires, food composition tables and biomarkers, (ii) describe the individual lignans more consumed from a worldwide perspective, as well as their main food sources, (iii) determine the lignans concentrations in both urine and blood, and explore their heterogeneity among countries, and finally (iv) discuss the main determinants of lignan exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Rizzolo-Brime
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Av Gran Via 199-203, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elida M Caro-Garcia
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Av Gran Via 199-203, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cynthia A Alegre-Miranda
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Av Gran Via 199-203, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Raul Zamora-Ros
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Av Gran Via 199-203, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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Liu M, Jia S, Dong T, Zhao F, Xu T, Yang Q, Gong J, Fang M. Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of MCF-7 Cells Exposed to 23 Chemicals at Human-Relevant Levels: Estimation of Individual Chemical Contribution to Effects. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:127008. [PMID: 33325755 PMCID: PMC7741182 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans are constantly being exposed to various xenobiotics at relatively low concentrations. To date, limited evidence is available to ascertain whether a complex xenobiotic mixture at human-relevant levels causes any health effect. Moreover, there is no effective method to pinpoint the contribution of each chemical toward such an effect. OBJECTIVES This study aims to understand the responses of cells to a mixture containing 23 xenobiotics at human-relevant levels and develop a feasible method to decipher the chemical(s) that contribute significantly to the observed effect. METHODS We characterized the metabolome and transcriptome of breast cancer cells (MCF-7) before and after exposure to the mixture at human-relevant levels; preexposure levels were derived from existing large-scale biomonitoring data. A high-throughput metabolomics-based "leave-one-out" method was proposed to understand the relative contribution of each component by comparing the metabolome with and without the particular chemical in the mixture. RESULTS The metabolomic analysis suggested that the mixture altered metabolites associated with cell proliferation and oxidative stress. For the transcriptomes, gene ontology terms and pathways including "cell cycle," "cell proliferation," and "cell division" were significantly altered after mixture exposure. The mixture altered genes associated with pathways such as "genotoxicity" and "nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)." Through joint pathways analysis, metabolites and genes were observed to be well-aligned in pyrimidine and purine metabolisms. The leave-one-out results showed that many chemicals made their contributions to specific metabolic pathways. The overall metabolome pattern of the absence of 2,4-dihyroxybenzophenone (DHB) or bisphenol A (BPA) showed great resemblance to controls, suggesting their higher relative contribution to the observed effect. DISCUSSION The omics results showed that exposure to the mixture at human-relevant levels can induce significant in vitro cellular changes. Also, the leave one out method offers an effective approach for deconvoluting the effects of the mixture. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6641.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Shenglan Jia
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Ting Dong
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Fanrong Zhao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Tengfei Xu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Qin Yang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Jicheng Gong
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Mingliang Fang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Lindahl G, Rzepecka A, Dabrosin C. Increased Extracellular Osteopontin Levels in Normal Human Breast Tissue at High Risk of Developing Cancer and Its Association With Inflammatory Biomarkers in situ. Front Oncol 2019; 9:746. [PMID: 31475105 PMCID: PMC6707004 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammographic breast density is a strong independent risk factor for breast cancer (BC), but the molecular mechanisms behind this risk is yet undetermined and prevention strategies for these women are lacking. The anti-estrogen tamoxifen may reduce the risk of BC but this treatment is associated with severe side effects. Thus, other means for BC prevention, such as diet interventions, need to be developed. Osteopontin (OPN) is a major mediator of inflammation which is key in carcinogenesis. OPN may be cleaved by proteases in the tissue and cleaved OPN may in turn induce an inflammatory cascade in the extracellular microenvironment. We aimed to determine if extracellular OPN was altered in BC and in normal breast tissue with different densities and if tamoxifen or a diet of flaxseed could modify OPN levels. The study comprised 103 women; 13 diagnosed with BC, 42 healthy post-menopausal women with different breast densities at their mammography screen, and 34 post-menopausal women who added 25 g of ground flaxseed/day or were treated with tamoxifen 20 mg/day and were investigated before and after 6 weeks of exposure. Additionally, 10 premenopausal women who added flaxseed for one menstrual cycle and four who were investigated in two unexposed consecutive luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Microdialysis was used to sample extracellular proteins in vivo in breast tissue and proteins were quantified using a multiplex proximity extension assay. We found that, similar to BC, extracellular in vivo OPN levels were significantly increased in dense breast tissue. Additionally, significant correlations were found between OPN and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)-1, −8, −9, −10, and −11, interleukin-6, vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, −2, −3, 7, and −12 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator whereas no correlations were found with MMP-9, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL)-2, and −5. Estradiol did not affect OPN levels in breast tissue. None of the interventions altered OPN levels. The pro-tumorigenic protein OPN may indeed be a molecular target for BC prevention in women with increased breast density but other means than tamoxifen or flaxseed i.e., more potent anti-inflammatory approaches, need to be evaluated for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Lindahl
- Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna Rzepecka
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Radiology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Dabrosin
- Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Poschner S, Maier-Salamon A, Thalhammer T, Jäger W. Resveratrol and other dietary polyphenols are inhibitors of estrogen metabolism in human breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 190:11-18. [PMID: 30851384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols in foods and dietary supplements are commonly used for the prevention and treatment of a variety of malignancies, including breast cancer. However, daily intake by patients with breast cancer is controversial, as these compounds may stimulate cancer growth. Estrogens serve key roles in breast cancer cell proliferation; therefore, understanding the interaction between endogenous steroid hormones and natural dietary polyphenols is essential. Currently, comprehensive knowledge regarding these effects remains limited. The current review summarizes the dose-dependent in vitro and in vivo interactions of resveratrol and other dietary polyphenols with estrogen precursors, active estrogens, catechol estrogens and their respective glucuronidated, sulfated, glutathionated or O-methylated metabolites in estrogen receptor alpha negative (ERα-) and positive (ERα+) breast cancer. Which estrogen-metabolizing enzymes are affected by polyphenols is also reviewed in detail. Furthermore, the impacts of dose and therapy duration on disease development and progression in patients with breast cancer are discussed. The present article is part of a Special Issue titled 'CSR 2018'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Poschner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Maier-Salamon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresia Thalhammer
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Jäger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Austria.
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Lindahl G, Abrahamsson A, Dabrosin C. Dietary flaxseed and tamoxifen affect the inflammatory microenvironment in vivo in normal human breast tissue of postmenopausal women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2019; 73:1250-1259. [DOI: 10.1038/s41430-019-0396-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Hüser S, Guth S, Joost HG, Soukup ST, Köhrle J, Kreienbrock L, Diel P, Lachenmeier DW, Eisenbrand G, Vollmer G, Nöthlings U, Marko D, Mally A, Grune T, Lehmann L, Steinberg P, Kulling SE. Effects of isoflavones on breast tissue and the thyroid hormone system in humans: a comprehensive safety evaluation. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2703-2748. [PMID: 30132047 PMCID: PMC6132702 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones are secondary plant constituents of certain foods and feeds such as soy, linseeds, and red clover. Furthermore, isoflavone-containing preparations are marketed as food supplements and so-called dietary food for special medical purposes to alleviate health complaints of peri- and postmenopausal women. Based on the bioactivity of isoflavones, especially their hormonal properties, there is an ongoing discussion regarding their potential adverse effects on human health. This review evaluates and summarises the evidence from interventional and observational studies addressing potential unintended effects of isoflavones on the female breast in healthy women as well as in breast cancer patients and on the thyroid hormone system. In addition, evidence from animal and in vitro studies considered relevant in this context was taken into account along with their strengths and limitations. Key factors influencing the biological effects of isoflavones, e.g., bioavailability, plasma and tissue concentrations, metabolism, temporality (pre- vs. postmenopausal women), and duration of isoflavone exposure, were also addressed. Final conclusions on the safety of isoflavones are guided by the aim of precautionary consumer protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hüser
- Institute for Food Toxicology, Senate Commission on Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Guth
- Institute for Food Toxicology, Senate Commission on Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - H G Joost
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - S T Soukup
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, CVK, Berlin, Germany
| | - L Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - P Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - D W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G Eisenbrand
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Molecular Nutrition, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - G Vollmer
- Department of Biology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - U Nöthlings
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - D Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - T Grune
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - L Lehmann
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - P Steinberg
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Bircsak KM, Gupta V, Yuen PYS, Gorczyca L, Weinberger BI, Vetrano AM, Aleksunes LM. Genetic and Dietary Regulation of Glyburide Efflux by the Human Placental Breast Cancer Resistance Protein Transporter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 357:103-13. [PMID: 26850786 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.230185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyburide is frequently used to treat gestational diabetes owing to its low fetal accumulation resulting from placental efflux by the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)/ABCG2 transporter. Here we sought to determine how exposure to the dietary phytoestrogen genistein and expression of a loss-of-function polymorphism in the ABCG2 gene (C421A) impacted the transport of glyburide by BCRP using stably transfected human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK) cells, human placental choriocarcinoma BeWo cells, and human placental explants. Genistein competitively inhibited the BCRP-mediated transport of (3)H-glyburide in both wild-type (WT) and C421A-BCRP HEK-expressing cells, with greater accumulation of (3)H-glyburide in cells expressing the C421A variant. In BeWo cells, exposure to genistein for 60 minutes increased the accumulation of (3)H-glyburide 30%-70% at concentrations relevant to dietary exposure (IC50 ∼180 nM). Continuous exposure of BeWo cells to genistein for 48 hours reduced the expression of BCRP mRNA and protein by up to 40%, which impaired BCRP transport activity. Pharmacologic antagonism of the estrogen receptor attenuated the genistein-mediated downregulation of BCRP expression, suggesting that phytoestrogens may reduce BCRP levels through this hormone receptor pathway in BeWo cells. Interestingly, genistein treatment for 48 hours did not alter BCRP protein expression in explants dissected from healthy term placentas. These data suggest that whereas genistein can act as a competitive inhibitor of BCRP-mediated transport, its ability to downregulate placental BCRP expression may only occur in choriocarcinoma cells. Overall, this research provides important mechanistic data regarding how the environment (dietary genistein) and a frequent genetic variant (ABCG2, C421A) may alter the maternal-fetal disposition of glyburide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Bircsak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (K.M.B., L.M.A., L.G.), and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (L.M.A.), Piscataway, New Jersey; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.G.) and Pediatrics (P.Y.S.Y., A.M.V.), Rutgers University Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, New Hyde Park, New York (B.I.W.)
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (K.M.B., L.M.A., L.G.), and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (L.M.A.), Piscataway, New Jersey; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.G.) and Pediatrics (P.Y.S.Y., A.M.V.), Rutgers University Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, New Hyde Park, New York (B.I.W.)
| | - Poi Yu Sofia Yuen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (K.M.B., L.M.A., L.G.), and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (L.M.A.), Piscataway, New Jersey; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.G.) and Pediatrics (P.Y.S.Y., A.M.V.), Rutgers University Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, New Hyde Park, New York (B.I.W.)
| | - Ludwik Gorczyca
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (K.M.B., L.M.A., L.G.), and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (L.M.A.), Piscataway, New Jersey; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.G.) and Pediatrics (P.Y.S.Y., A.M.V.), Rutgers University Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, New Hyde Park, New York (B.I.W.)
| | - Barry I Weinberger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (K.M.B., L.M.A., L.G.), and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (L.M.A.), Piscataway, New Jersey; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.G.) and Pediatrics (P.Y.S.Y., A.M.V.), Rutgers University Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, New Hyde Park, New York (B.I.W.)
| | - Anna M Vetrano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (K.M.B., L.M.A., L.G.), and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (L.M.A.), Piscataway, New Jersey; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.G.) and Pediatrics (P.Y.S.Y., A.M.V.), Rutgers University Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, New Hyde Park, New York (B.I.W.)
| | - Lauren M Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (K.M.B., L.M.A., L.G.), and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (L.M.A.), Piscataway, New Jersey; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.G.) and Pediatrics (P.Y.S.Y., A.M.V.), Rutgers University Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, New Hyde Park, New York (B.I.W.)
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Matsumoto Y, Tousen Y, Nishide Y, Tadaishi M, Kato K, Ishimi Y. Combined effects of soy isoflavones and milk basic protein on bone mineral density in hind-limb unloaded mice. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2016; 58:141-5. [PMID: 27013781 PMCID: PMC4788396 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.14-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether the combination of isoflavone and milk basic protein both are reported to be effective for bone metabolism, prevents bone loss induced by skeletal hind-limb unloading in mice. Female ddY strain mice, aged 8 weeks, were divided into six groups (n = 6–8 each): (1) normally housed group, (2) loading group, (3) hind-limb unloading group fed a control diet, (4) hind-limb unloading group fed a 0.2% isoflavone conjugates diet, (5) hind-limb unloading group fed a 1.0% milk basic protein diet, and (6) hind-limb unloading group fed a 0.2% isoflavone conjugates and 1.0% milk basic protein diet. After 3 weeks, femoral bone mineral density was markedly reduced in unloading mice. The combination of isoflavone and milk basic protein showed cooperative effects in preventing bone loss and milk basic protein inhibited the increased expression of osteogenic genes in bone marrow cells in unloading mice. These results suggest that the combination of soy isoflavone and milk basic protein may be useful for bone health in subjects with disabling conditions as well as astronauts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Matsumoto
- Department of Food Function and Labeling, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan
| | - Yuko Tousen
- Department of Food Function and Labeling, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan
| | - Yoriko Nishide
- Department of Food Function and Labeling, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan
| | - Miki Tadaishi
- Department of Nutritional Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Ken Kato
- Milk Science Research Institute, Megmilk Snow Brand Co., Ltd., Saitama 350-1165, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Ishimi
- Department of Food Function and Labeling, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan
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Tang R, Chen M, Zhou K, Chen D, Yu J, Hu W, Song L, Hang B, Wang X, Xia Y. Prenatal lignan exposures, pregnancy urine estrogen profiles and birth outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 205:261-8. [PMID: 26093977 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
During pregnancy, human exposure to endogenous estrogens and xenoestrogens (such as lignans) may comprehensively impact the gestational maintenance and fetal growth. We measured the concentrations of 5 lignans and the profile of 13 estrogen metabolites (EMs) in the urine samples of 328 pregnant women and examined their associations with birth outcomes. We found significantly positive associations between gestational age and urinary matairesinol (MAT), enterodiol (END) and enterolactone (ENL), as well as 16-hydroxylation pathway EMs. There were consistently positive relationships between END and the 16-hydroxylation pathway EMs. The positive relationships of MAT, END and ENL exposures with the length of gestation were mainly in the low exposure strata of the levels of these EMs. This study reveals that MAT, END and ENL as well as 16-hydroxylation pathway EMs are associated with birth outcomes, and that there are interactive relationships between lignans and 16-hydroxylation pathway EMs with birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Minjian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Daozhen Chen
- Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Weiyue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Ling Song
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Bo Hang
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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11
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Parida S, Singh TU, Thangamalai R, Narasimha Reddy CE, Panigrahi M, Kandasamy K, Singh V, Mishra SK. Daidzein pretreatment improves survival in mouse model of sepsis. J Surg Res 2015; 197:363-73. [PMID: 25908100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of seven days daidzein pretreatment in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis. METHODS We assessed the survival benefit of daidzein and its effect on lung injury in CLP-induced sepsis in mice and determined the bacterial load in peritoneal fluid, blood, and lung homogenates. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and corticosterone levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; relative mRNA expression was estimated by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and standard biochemical techniques were used to measure nitrite level, myeloperoxidase activity, and vascular permeability. RESULTS Daidzein pretreatment for seven days at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight subcutaneously increased the survival time of septic mice. Daidzein decreased the bacterial load in peritoneal fluid, blood, and lungs, reduced the tumor necrosis factor α and nitrite level in plasma, and partially suppressed lung injury by reducing vascular permeability and myeloperoxidase activity in septic mice. Further, it restored the relative mRNA expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase, glucocorticoid receptor α, and glucocorticoid receptor β genes in septic lungs were restored by daidzein pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS Daidzein pretreatment for 7 d in sepsis increased the survival time in mice, which may be relate to decrease in bacterial load, anti-inflammatory effect, and protection from lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashree Parida
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India.
| | - Thakur U Singh
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Ramasamy Thangamalai
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Ch E Narasimha Reddy
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Manjit Panigrahi
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Kannan Kandasamy
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Vishakha Singh
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Santosh K Mishra
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
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12
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Bircsak KM, Aleksunes LM. Interaction of Isoflavones with the BCRP/ABCG2 Drug Transporter. Curr Drug Metab 2015; 16:124-40. [PMID: 26179608 PMCID: PMC4713194 DOI: 10.2174/138920021602150713114921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the interactions between dietary isoflavones and the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) G2 efflux transporter, which is also named the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Expressed in a variety of organs including the liver, kidneys, intestine, and placenta, BCRP mediates the disposition and excretion of numerous endogenous chemicals and xenobiotics. Isoflavones are a class of naturallyoccurring compounds that are found at high concentrations in commonly consumed foods and dietary supplements. A number of isoflavones, including genistein and daidzein and their metabolites, interact with BCRP as substrates, inhibitors, and/or modulators of gene expression. To date, a variety of model systems have been employed to study the ability of isoflavones to serve as substrates and inhibitors of BCRP; these include whole cells, inverted plasma membrane vesicles, in situ organ perfusion, as well as in vivo rodent and sheep models. Evidence suggests that BCRP plays a role in mediating the disposition of isoflavones and in particular, their conjugated forms. Furthermore, as inhibitors, these compounds may aid in reversing multidrug resistance and sensitizing cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. This review will also highlight the consequences of altered BCRP expression and/or function on the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of chemicals following isoflavone exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren M Aleksunes
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd. Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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13
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Hu XJ, Song WR, Gao LY, Nie SP, Eisenbrand G, Xie MY. Assessment of dietary phytoestrogen intake via plant-derived foods in China. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1325-35. [PMID: 24950423 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.930562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The potential influence of dietary phytoestrogen exposure on human health during different life phases including early childhood is a matter of scientific debate. In order to improve the risk-benefit assessment of exposure to dietary phytoestrogen, reliable and age-stratified exposure data are desirable. For contributing to the database on phytoestrogen exposure, in the present study plant-derived foods from the Chinese market were analysed by LC-MS/MS for their contents of phytoestrogens, including daidzein, genistein, secoisolariciresinol, glycitein and coumestrol. The analytical data showed the presence of phytoestrogens in a concentration range of less than 0.1 to about 50 μg g(-1). Dietary intake was assessed on the basis of average food intake data obtained from interviewing 1000 randomly selected people with the help of food frequency questionnaires. Based on the overall population sampled, the average total phytoestrogen intake was estimated at 232 μg kg(-1) day(-1). Genistein contributed to about 66%, secoisolariciresinol and glycitein to about 10% each, and daidzein to about 7% of the overall intake. Coumestrol was present only in trace amounts. Age-related exposure assessment indicated that pre-pubertal children (aged 0-14 years) were exposed at the highest level with an average total phytoestrogen intake of 621 μg kg(-1) day(-1). The substantially higher average exposure of children as compared with adults should trigger further research into the potential health effects of early life exposure to phytoestrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Juan Hu
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
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14
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Mahmoud AM, Zhu T, Parray A, Siddique HR, Yang W, Saleem M, Bosland MC. Differential effects of genistein on prostate cancer cells depend on mutational status of the androgen receptor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78479. [PMID: 24167630 PMCID: PMC3805529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking the androgen receptor (AR) activity is the main goal of therapies for advanced prostate cancer (PCa). However, relapse with a more aggressive, hormone refractory PCa arises, which harbors restored AR activity. One mechanism of such reactivation occurs through acquisition of AR mutations that enable its activation by various steroidal and non-steroidal structures. Thus, natural and chemical compounds that contribute to inappropriate (androgen-independent) activation of the AR become an area of intensive research. Here, we demonstrate that genistein, a soy phytoestrogen binds to both the wild and the Thr877Ala (T877A) mutant types of AR competitively with androgen, nevertheless, it exerts a pleiotropic effect on PCa cell proliferation and AR activity depending on the mutational status of the AR. Genistein inhibited, in a dose-dependent way, cell proliferation and AR nuclear localization and expression in LAPC-4 cells that have wild AR. However, in LNCaP cells that express the T877A mutant AR, genistein induced a biphasic effect where physiological doses (0.5-5 µmol/L) stimulated cell growth and increased AR expression and transcriptional activity, and higher doses induced inhibitory effects. Similar biphasic results were achieved in PC-3 cells transfected with AR mutants; T877A, W741C and H874Y. These findings suggest that genistein, at physiological concentrations, potentially act as an agonist and activate the mutant AR that can be present in advanced PCa after androgen ablation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M. Mahmoud
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tian Zhu
- Center of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Aijaz Parray
- Section of Molecular Chemoprevention and Therapeutics, the Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hifzur R. Siddique
- Section of Molecular Chemoprevention and Therapeutics, the Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wancai Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Mohammad Saleem
- Section of Molecular Chemoprevention and Therapeutics, the Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maarten C. Bosland
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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15
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Long M, Krüger T, Ghisari M, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC. Effects of selected phytoestrogens and their mixtures on the function of the thyroid hormone and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Nutr Cancer 2012; 64:1008-19. [PMID: 22966911 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.711419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens (PEs) are natural plant components, which can induce biologic responses in vertebrates by mimicking or blocking the actions of natural hormones or influencing the hormone production in the body. This study investigated the effect of different mixtures composed of food-relevant PEs on the thyroid hormone (TH) system assessing the proliferation of the 3,3',5-triiodi-L-thryonine (T3) dependent rat pituitary GH3 cells using the T-screen assay, and the effect on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) transactivation using an AhR-luciferase reporter gene assay. Most tested PEs and their mixtures showed effect on both the TH and AhR system. Single isoflavonoid metabolites and their mixture and coumestrol induced GH3 cell growth and AhR transactivity dose-dependently. Isoflavonoid metabolites elicited an additive effect on the T3-dependent GH3 cell growth, and a synergistic effect on the AhR transactivity. In conclusion, nutrition-relevant PEs, alone and in mixture may possess endocrine-disrupting potential by interfering with TH and AhR functions, which need to be considered when assessing the effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manhai Long
- Centre for Arctic Health & Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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16
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Kim SH, Park MJ. Effects of phytoestrogen on sexual development. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2012; 55:265-71. [PMID: 22977438 PMCID: PMC3433562 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2012.55.8.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogen is an estrogenic compound that occurs naturally in plants. The most common sources of phytoestrogen are soybean products, which contain high levels of isoflavones. This compound, which has structural similarity with estrogen, can act as an estrogen receptor agonist or antagonist. Animal studies provide evidence of the significant effects of phytoestrogen on sexual development, including altered pubertal timing, impaired estrous cycling and ovarian function, and altered hypothalamus and pituitary functions. Although human studies examining the effects of phytoestrogen on sexual development are extremely limited, the results of some studies agree with those of the animal studies. In this paper, we review the possible mechanism of phytoestrogen action and the evidence showing the effects of phytoestrogen on sexual development in animal and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hye Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Alhusainy W, van den Berg SJPL, Paini A, Campana A, Asselman M, Spenkelink A, Punt A, Scholz G, Schilter B, Adams TB, van Bladeren PJ, Rietjens IMCM. Matrix Modulation of the Bioactivation of Estragole by Constituents of Different Alkenylbenzene-containing Herbs and Spices and Physiologically Based Biokinetic Modeling of Possible In Vivo Effects. Toxicol Sci 2012; 129:174-87. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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18
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Kimira Y, Tajima K, Ohta A, Ishimi Y, Katsumata SI, Suzuki K, Adlercreutz H, Uehara M. Synergistic effect of isoflavone glycosides and fructooligosaccharides on postgastrectomy osteopenia in rats. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2012; 51:156-60. [PMID: 22962536 PMCID: PMC3432828 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.d-12-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructooligosaccharides stimulate the growth of Bifidobacteria, which cleave isoflavone glycosides to yield corresponding aglycones, and convert metabolites by enhancing enterohepatic recirculation of isoflavones in rats. In the present study, we determined the synergistic effect of dietary isoflavone glycosides and fructooligosaccharides on postgastrectomy osteopenia in rats. Nine-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were gastrectomized (n = 20) or sham operated, (control, n = 5) and then randomly assigned to 5 diet groups: sham-a purified diet control, gastrectomized-control, gastrectomized-isoflavone (0.2% isoflavone glycosides), gastrectomized-fructooligosaccharides (7.5% fructooligosaccharides), and isoflavone and fructooligosaccharides (0.2% isoflavone glycosides + 7.5% fructooligosaccharides). After 6 weeks, the rats were killed and biological samples were collected. In gastrectomized rats, fructooligosaccharides prevented femoral bone fragility, but isoflavone without fructooligosaccharides did not inhibit postgastrectomy osteopenia. Isoflavone and fructooligosaccharides exhibited a synergistic in the distal metaphyseal trabecular bone, indicated by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Moreover, fructooligosaccharides increased calcium absorption and equol production from daidzein in gastrectomized rats. These results indicate that isoflavone alone did not inhibit postgastrectomy osteopenia, but the combination of isoflavone and fructooligosaccharides improved the inhibition of trabecular bone loss by increasing calcium absorption and equol production through fructooligosaccharides supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Kimira
- Department of Nutritional Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
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19
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Lee J, Ju J, Park S, Hong SJ, Yoon S. Inhibition of IGF-1 signaling by genistein: modulation of E-cadherin expression and downregulation of β-catenin signaling in hormone refractory PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Nutr Cancer 2011; 64:153-62. [PMID: 22098108 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.630161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are associated with an increased risk of several different cancers, including prostate cancer. Inhibition of IGF-1 and the downstream signaling pathways mediated by the activation of the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) may be involved in inhibiting prostate carcinogenesis. We investigated whether genistein downregulated the IGF-1/IGF-1R signaling pathway and inhibited cell growth in hormone refractory PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Genistein treatment caused a significant inhibition of IGF-1-stimulated cell growth. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that genistein significantly decreased the number of IGF-1-stimulated cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. In IGF-1-treated cells, genistein effectively inhibited the phosphorylation of IGF-1R and the phosphorylation of its downstream targets, such as Src, Akt, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSk-3β). IGF-1 treatment decreased the levels of E-cadherin but increased the levels of β-catenin and cyclin D1. However, genistein treatment greatly attenuated IGF-1-induced β-catenin signaling that correlated with increasing the levels of E-cadherin and decreasing cyclin D1 levels in PC-3 cells. In addition, genistein inhibited T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF)-dependent transcriptional activity. These results showed that genistein effectively inhibited cell growth in IGF-1-stimulated PC-3 cells, possibly by inhibiting downstream of IGF-1R activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joomin Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Human Ecology, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Frankenfeld CL. Dairy consumption is a significant correlate of urinary equol concentration in a representative sample of US adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 93:1109-16. [PMID: 21389178 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.011825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equol and O-desmethylangolensin (ODMA) are products of gut bacterial metabolism of daidzein, a phytochemical found predominantly in soy. Dietary sources of equol from animal products have been identified, which has raised the question of the relative contributions of daidzein intake and gut metabolism to equol and of equol intake from animal products in low-soy-consuming populations. OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate the contribution of dietary food groups to urinary isoflavone and daidzein metabolite concentrations in a representative sample of US adults. DESIGN A cross-sectional analysis of dietary and urinary isoflavonoid data from 3115 individuals in the 2001-2002 and 2003-2004 data cycles of the National Nutrition and Health Examination Survey (NHANES) was conducted. RESULTS Daidzein intake and consumption frequency of grain products and legumes, nuts, and seeds were significant correlates of daidzein, genistein, and ODMA concentrations; and soy legumes were a stronger correlate than were nonsoy legumes. Milk and milk product consumption and daidzein intake, but not legumes, were significant correlates of urinary equol concentrations; milk products were more strongly correlated (P for trend < 0.001) than was daidzein intake (P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that dietary daidzein and legumes may contribute to urinary daidzein, genistein, and ODMA concentrations in this low-soy-consuming population. These results also suggest that equol concentrations in low-soy-consuming populations may reflect equol intakes from mammalian milk sources and may not reflect the endogenous production of equol from the microbial metabolism of daidzein-an observation not yet documented in the US population. These results support the careful design and interpretation of urinary isoflavonoid excretion studies, particularly bacterial metabolites, in low-soy-consuming populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Frankenfeld
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
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21
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Influence of ethnic origin (Asian v. Caucasian) and background diet on the bioavailability of dietary isoflavones. Br J Nutr 2009; 102:1642-53. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509990833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Yang H, Zonder JA, Dou QP. Clinical development of novel proteasome inhibitors for cancer treatment. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 18:957-71. [PMID: 19505187 PMCID: PMC3758888 DOI: 10.1517/13543780903002074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence demonstrates that targeting the tumor proteasome is a promising strategy for cancer therapy. OBJECTIVE This review summarizes recent results from cancer clinical trials using specific proteasome inhibitors or some natural compounds that have proteasome-inhibitory effects. METHODS A literature search was carried out using PubMed. Results about the clinical application of specific proteasome inhibitors and natural products with proteasome-inhibitory activity for cancer prevention or therapy were reviewed. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Bortezomib, the reversible proteasome inhibitor that first entered clinical trials, has been studied extensively as a single agent and in combination with glucocorticoids, cytotoxic agents, immunomodulatory drugs and radiation as treatment for multiple myeloma and other hematological malignancies. The results in some cases have been impressive. There is less evidence of bortezomib's efficacy in solid tumors. Novel irreversible proteasome inhibitors, NPI-0052 and carfilzomib, have also been developed and clinical trials are underway. Natural products with proteasome-inhibitory effects, such as green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), soy isoflavone genistein, and the spice turmeric compound curcumin, have been studied alone and in combination with traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy against various cancers. There is also interest in developing these natural compounds as potential chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjie Yang
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and the Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540.1 HWCRC, 4100 John R. Road, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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23
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Blay M, Espinel AE, Delgado MA, Baiges I, Bladé C, Arola L, Salvadó J. Isoflavone effect on gene expression profile and biomarkers of inflammation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 51:382-90. [PMID: 19410411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of high throughput techniques to find differences in gene expression profiles between related samples (transcriptomics) that underlie changes in physiological states can be applied in medicine, drug development and nutrition. Transcriptomics can be used to provide novel biomarkers of a future pathologic state and to study how bioactive food compounds or drugs can modulate them in the early stages. In this study, we examine the expression pattern in order to determine the effect of the pathological-inflammatory state on the RAW 264.7 cell model and to ascertain how isoflavones and their active functional metabolites alleviate the inflammatory burst and the extent of gene modulation due to the presence of polyphenols. Results demonstrated that genistein (20 microM) and equol (10 microM) significantly inhibited the overproduction of NO and PGE(2) induced by LPS plus INF-gamma when a pre-treatment was performed or when administered during activation. Daidzein, however, did not exert similar effects. Moreover, both isoflavone treatments regulated gene transcription of cytokines and inflammatory markers, among others. The transcriptomic changes provide clues firstly into defining a differential expression profile in inflammation in order to select putative biomarkers of the inflammatory process, and secondly into understanding the isoflavone action mechanism at the transcriptional level. In conclusion, isoflavone modulates the inflammatory response in activated macrophages by inhibiting NO and PGE(2) and by modulating the expression of key genes defined by transcriptomic profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Blay
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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24
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Massart F, Marcucci G, Brandi ML. Pharmacogenetics of bone treatments: the VDR and ERalpha gene story. Pharmacogenomics 2008; 9:733-46. [PMID: 18518851 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.9.6.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disease with a strong genetic component characterized by reduced bone mass and increased risk of fragility fractures. Although osteoporosis is a worldwide problem, there are many differences in human ethnics regarding both disease morbidity and drug treatment efficacy. Polymorphisms of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) loci are proposed as genetic determinants of bone quality, skeletal geometry and bone turnover markers. Furthermore, varying responsiveness to vitamin D and estrogen-based treatments may reflect allele variation in their signaling pathway genes (e.g., VDR or ERalpha). Because of their specific ethnic distribution, VDR and ERalpha polymorphisms may be involved in reported human differences of osteoporosis treatment responses.
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25
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Yang H, Landis-Piwowar KR, Chen D, Milacic V, Dou QP. Natural compounds with proteasome inhibitory activity for cancer prevention and treatment. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2008; 9:227-39. [PMID: 18537678 PMCID: PMC3303152 DOI: 10.2174/138920308784533998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The proteasome is a multicatalytic protease complex that degrades most endogenous proteins including misfolded or damaged proteins to ensure normal cellular function. The ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway plays an essential role in multiple cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis. It has been shown that human cancer cells are more sensitive to proteasome inhibition than normal cells, indicating that a proteasome inhibitor could be used as a novel anticancer drug. Indeed, this idea has been supported by the encouraging results of the clinical trials using the proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib (Velcade, PS-341), a drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Several natural compounds, including the microbial metabolite lactacystin, green tea polyphenols, and traditional medicinal triterpenes, have been shown to be potent proteasome inhibitors. These findings suggest the potential use of natural proteasome inhibitors as not only chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents, but also tumor sensitizers to conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In this review, we will summarize the structures and biological activities of the proteasome and several natural compounds with proteasome inhibitory activity, and will discuss the potential use of these compounds for the prevention and treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yang
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - KR. Landis-Piwowar
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - D Chen
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - V Milacic
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - QP Dou
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Ward H, Chapelais G, Kuhnle GGC, Luben R, Khaw KT, Bingham S. Breast cancer risk in relation to urinary and serum biomarkers of phytoestrogen exposure in the European Prospective into Cancer-Norfolk cohort study. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10:R32. [PMID: 18419813 PMCID: PMC2397534 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phytoestrogens are a group of compounds found in plants that structurally resemble the hormone oestradiol, and thus have the potential to act as oestrogen agonists or antagonists. Their potential effects may alter the risk of breast cancer, but only a limited range of phytoestrogens has been examined in prospective cohort studies. METHODS Serum and urine samples from 237 incident breast cancer cases and 952 control individuals (aged 45 to 75 years) in the European Prospective into Cancer-Norfolk cohort were analysed for seven phytoestrogens (daidzein, enterodiol, enterolactone, genistein, glycitein, o-desmethylangolensin, and equol) using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Data on participants' diet, demographics, anthropometrics, and medical history were collected upon recruitment. All models were adjusted for weight, fat and energy intake, family history of breast cancer, social class, analytical batch, and factors related to oestrogen exposure. RESULTS Urinary or serum phytoestrogens were not associated with protection from breast cancer in the European Prospective into Cancer-Norfolk cohort. Breast cancer risk was marginally increased with higher levels of total urinary isoflavones (odds ratio = 1.08 (95% confidence interval = 1.00 to 1.16), P = 0.055); among those with oestrogen receptor-positive tumours, the risk of breast cancer was increased with higher levels of urinary equol (odds ratio = 1.07 (95% confidence interval = 1.01 to 1.12), P = 0.013). CONCLUSION There was limited evidence of an association between phytoestrogen biomarkers and breast cancer risk in the present study. There was no indication of decreased likelihood of breast cancer with higher levels of phytoestrogen biomarkers, but the observation that some phytoestrogen biomarkers may be associated with greater risk of breast cancer warrants further study with greater statistical power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Ward
- MRC Centre for Nutrition and Cancer, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Wort's Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK.
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Mense SM, Hei TK, Ganju RK, Bhat HK. Phytoestrogens and breast cancer prevention: possible mechanisms of action. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2008; 116:426-33. [PMID: 18414622 PMCID: PMC2291001 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Phytoestrogens display an array of pharmacologic properties, and in recent years investigation of their potential as anticancer agents has increased dramatically. In this article we review the published literature related to phytoestrogens and breast cancer as well as suggest the possible mechanisms that may underlie the relationship between phytoestrogens and breast cancer. DATA SOURCES Electronic searches on phytoestrogens and breast cancer were performed on MEDLINE and EMBASE in June 2007. No date restriction was placed on the electronic search. DATA EXTRACTION We focused on experimental data from published studies that examined the characteristics of phytoestrogens using in vivo or in vitro models. We also include human intervention studies in this review. DATA SYNTHESIS We evaluated evidence regarding the possible mechanisms of phytoestrogen action. Discussions of these mechanisms were organized into those activities related to the estrogen receptor, cell growth and proliferation, tumor development, signaling pathways, and estrogen-metabolizing enzymes. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that despite numerous investigations, the mechanisms of phytoestrogen action in breast cancer have yet to be elucidated. It remains uncertain whether these plant compounds are chemoprotective or whether they may produce adverse outcomes related to breast carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Mense
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tom K. Hei
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ramesh K. Ganju
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hari K. Bhat
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Szkudelska K, Nogowski L, Szkudelski T. Genistein, a plant-derived isoflavone, counteracts the antilipolytic action of insulin in isolated rat adipocytes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 109:108-14. [PMID: 18207734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Genistein is a phytoestrogen exerting numerous biological effects. Its direct influence on adipocyte metabolism and leptin secretion was previously demonstrated. This study aimed to determine whether genistein antagonizes the antilipolytic action of insulin in rat adipocytes. Freshly isolated adipose cells were incubated for 90 min with epinephrine, epinephrine with insulin and epinephrine with a specific inhibitor of protein kinase A (H-89) at different concentrations of genistein (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 microM). Genistein failed to affect epinephrine-induced glycerol release, however, the inhibitory action of insulin on epinephrine-induced lipolysis was significantly abrogated in cells exposed to the phytoestrogen (12.5-100 microM). The increase in insulin concentration did not suppress the genistein effect. Its inhibitory influence on the antilipolytic action of insulin was accompanied by a substantial rise in cAMP in adipocytes. This rise appeared despite the presence of 10nM insulin in the incubation medium. Further experiments, in which insulin was replaced by H-89, revealed that the antilipolytic action of protein kinase A inhibitor on epinephrine-induced lipolysis was not affected by genistein. This means that genistein counteracted the antilipolytic action of insulin due to the increase in cAMP levels and activation of protein kinase A in adipocytes. The observed attenuation of the inhibitory effect of insulin on triglyceride breakdown evoked by genistein was not related to its estrogenic activities, as evidenced in experiments employing the intracellular estrogen receptor blocker, ICI 182,780. Moreover, it was found that genistein-induced impairment of the antilipolytic action of insulin was not accompanied by changes in the proportion between fatty acids and glycerol released from adipocytes. The ability of genistein to counteract the antilipolytic action of insulin may contribute to the decreased triglyceride accumulation in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Szkudelska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, August Cieszkowski University of Agriculture, 60-637 Wolynska 35, Poznan, Poland.
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Montani C, Penza M, Jeremic M, Biasiotto G, La Sala G, De Felici M, Ciana P, Maggi A, Di Lorenzo D. Genistein is an Efficient Estrogen in the Whole-Body throughout Mouse Development. Toxicol Sci 2008; 103:57-67. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Pan A, Sun J, Chen Y, Ye X, Li H, Yu Z, Wang Y, Gu W, Zhang X, Chen X, Demark-Wahnefried W, Liu Y, Lin X. Effects of a flaxseed-derived lignan supplement in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1148. [PMID: 17987126 PMCID: PMC2048577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flaxseed consumption has been shown to improve blood lipids in humans and flaxseed-derived lignan has been shown to enhance glycemic control in animals. The study aimed to investigate the effect of a flaxseed-derived lignan supplement on glycemic control, lipid profiles and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial and it was conducted between April and December 2006 in Shanghai, China. Seventy-three type 2 diabetic patients with mild hypercholesterolemia were enrolled into the study. Patients were randomized to supplementation with flaxseed-derived lignan capsules (360 mg lignan per day) or placebo for 12 weeks, separated by an 8-week wash-out period. HbA1c, lipid profiles, insulin resistance index and inflammatory factors were measured. Sixty-eight completed the study and were included in the analyses. The lignan supplement significantly improved glycemic control as measured by HbA(1c) (-0.10+/-0.65 % vs. 0.09+/-0.52 %, P = 0.001) compared to placebo; however, no significant changes were observed in fasting glucose and insulin concentrations, insulin resistance and blood lipid profiles. Urinary excretion of lignan metabolites (enterodiol and enterolactone) was significantly higher after the lignan supplement intervention compared to baseline (14.2+/-18.1 vs. 1.2+/-2.4 microg/mL, P<0.001). Data also suggested minimal competition between lignan and isoflavones for bioavailability when measured by the excretion concentrations. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Daily lignan supplementation resulted in modest, yet statistically significant improvements in glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients without apparently affecting fasting glucose, lipid profiles and insulin sensitivity. Further studies are needed to validate these findings and explore the efficacy of lignans on type 2 diabetes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00363233.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Pan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqin Sun
- Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqiu Chen
- Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingwang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaixing Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjia Gu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiafei Chen
- Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Chau MN, El Touny LH, Jagadeesh S, Banerjee PP. Physiologically achievable concentrations of genistein enhance telomerase activity in prostate cancer cells via the activation of STAT3. Carcinogenesis 2007; 28:2282-90. [PMID: 17615260 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase contributes to the infinite replicative potential of cancer cells by conferring proliferation and survival through the regulation of growth factors and apoptotic proteins. Although it is generally known that the phytoestrogen, genistein, has telomerase-repressing and anti-proliferative effects on various cancer cells at pharmacological concentrations, we report here that physiologically achievable concentrations of genistein enhance telomerase activity, the proliferation of human prostate cancer cells and tumor growth in the transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate model. In determining the mechanism for enhanced telomerase activity, we observed that physiological concentrations of genistein activated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) both in vitro and in vivo and increased STAT3 binding to the telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter in human prostate cancer cells. These results demonstrate for the first time that physiologically achievable concentrations of genistein enhance telomerase reverse transcriptase transcriptional activity in prostate cancer cells via the activation of STAT3. Consequently, these concentrations of genistein will augment the growth of prostate cancer cells that could be detrimental to individuals with prostate cancer and therefore, caution should be exercised when genistein is considered for chemotherapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- My N Chau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical-Dental Building, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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De Wilde A, Maria Rassi C, Cournot G, Colin C, Lacroix HC, Chaumaz G, Coxam V, Bennetau-Pelissero C, Pointillart A, Lieberherr M. Dietary isoflavones act on bone marrow osteoprogenitor cells and stimulate ovary development before influencing bone mass in pre-pubertal piglets. J Cell Physiol 2007; 212:51-9. [PMID: 17348029 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Food containing soybeans provide isoflavone phytoestrogens that can preserve bone mass in postmenopausal women, and prevent bone loss in ovariectomized rats. But their effects on bone remain unclear, particularly on bone formation during growth. Two groups of eight pre-pubertal piglets were fed a basal or an isoflavone-enriched (S800) diet for 6 weeks. The S800 diet contained 800 mg SoyLifetrade mark/kg, providing 2.8 mg isoflavones/kg body weight/day. Several bones were collected and tested for bone strength and density. Bone marrow was collected from humeri together with blood samples and genital tracts. The plasma concentrations of isoflavones were increased in the pigs fed S800, but growth rate, body weight, plasma bone markers, bone mineral density, and strength were all unaffected. In contrast, cultured stromal cells from S800 pigs had more alkaline phosphatase-rich cells and mineralized nodules, secreted more osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin and RANK-L, synthesized more osteoprotegerin, and RANK-L. Cultured mononucleated nonadherent bone marrow cells from S800 pigs developed fewer tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase mononucleated cells (osteoclast progenitors) when cultured with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), and resorbed a smaller area of dentine slices. Freshly isolated bone marrow osteoclast progenitors from S800 pigs had more caspase-3 cleavage activity, and synthesized less RANK. Both osteoclast and osteoblast progenitors had ERalpha and ERbeta, whose syntheses were stimulated by the S800 diet. The S800 piglets had heavier ovaries with more follicles, but their uterus weight was unaffected. We conclude that dietary isoflavones have no detectable effect on the bone mass of growing female piglets, but act on bone marrow osteoprogenitors via ERs--mainly ERbeta, and stimulate ovary development.
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Blaut M, Clavel T. Metabolic diversity of the intestinal microbiota: implications for health and disease. J Nutr 2007; 137:751S-5S. [PMID: 17311972 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.3.751s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacteria colonizing the human intestinal tract exhibit a high phylogenetic diversity that reflects their immense metabolic potential. By virtue of their catalytic activity, the human gut micro-organisms have an impact on gastrointestinal function and host health. All dietary components that escape digestion in the small intestine are potential substrates of the bacteria in the colon. The bacterial conversion of carbohydrates, proteins and nonnutritive compounds such as polyphenolic substances leads to the formation of a large number of compounds that may have beneficial or adverse effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Blaut
- Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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French MR, Thompson LU, Hawker GA. Validation of a phytoestrogen food frequency questionnaire with urinary concentrations of isoflavones and lignan metabolites in premenopausal women. J Am Coll Nutr 2007; 26:76-82. [PMID: 17353586 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2007.10719588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the association between dietary intake of phytoestrogens estimated by a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with urinary metabolites. METHODS Participants were 26 premenopausal, Caucasian women aged 25 to 42 years. Dietary intake of isoflavones (genistein and daidzein) and lignans (secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol) were estimated by a 53-item interviewer-administered FFQ on two occasions, reflecting 'habitual' (previous 2 months) and 'recent' (previous 2 days) dietary intake. Isoflavone (genistein, daidzein) and lignan (enterolactone, enterodiol and secoisolariciresinol) concentrations were measured in 24-hour urine samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Correlations between FFQ (habitual and recent, separately) and urinary metabolite values were assessed using Spearman correlation coefficients. RESULTS Mean habitual isoflavone and lignan intakes were 13.7 mg/day and 13.8 mg/day, respectively. Mean urinary concentrations of isoflavones and lignans were 17.4 micromol/day and 20.6 micromol/day, respectively. Recent and habitual isoflavone intakes were correlated with urinary excretion of metabolites (r = 0.64, p < 0.001 and r = 0.54, p = 0.004, respectively). Urinary excretion of lignans was also modestly correlated with recent and habitual lignan intakes (r = 0.46, p = 0.02 and r = 0.40, p = 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our results support the use of this FFQ as a measure of dietary isoflavone and lignan intake in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R French
- Osteoporosis Research Program, Women's College Hospital, 76 Grenville Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1B2, CANADA
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Mathey J, Lamothe V, Coxam V, Potier M, Sauvant P, Bennetau-Pelissero C. Concentrations of isoflavones in plasma and urine of post-menopausal women chronically ingesting high quantities of soy isoflavones. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:957-65. [PMID: 16513315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Soy food or food supplements based on soy containing isoflavones (Isos) are increasingly available in Western countries. However, the variability of Isos levels in urine and plasma in humans during chronic ingestion is poorly documented. Nevertheless, this is the way these compounds will most probably be used in the future, especially if the soy-based supplements market goes on increasing. Here, glycosilated Isos in an enriched extract of Prevastein equal to 100 mg of equivalent Isos aglycone was given daily to 27 post-menopausal women for 30 days and to 12 post-menopausal women for 60 days. Volunteers were given Prevastein in a cereal bar (25 mg Isos) and in a yoghurt (25 mg Isos) both at breakfast and dinner. Plasma samples were collected after overnight fasting. Urine samples were aliquots of a 24 h collection checked on volume and creatinin excretion levels. Genistein, daidzein and equol were measured at day 0 and every 15 days afterwards, using original specific ELISAs. Constant levels were reached from the 15th day. About 59.2% of the volunteers were significant equol producers in the first experiment and 58.3% in the second. A large variability in plasma and urine levels was observed among post-menopausal women consuming 100 mg Isos per day, although remaining relatively stable in each individual subject. This could partly account for the controversial effects of Isos recorded so far in clinical studies. So Isos plasma levels would have to be assayed during chronic exposures, and could help to better understand the large variability of the effects classically observed in clinical studies. ELISA techniques could be easily exported to analytical laboratories to help physicians and nutritionists with their prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mathey
- Groupe Ostéoporose, U3M, INRA Theix, 63122 Saint Genès-Champanelle, France
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Piller R, Chang-Claude J, Linseisen J. Plasma enterolactone and genistein and the risk of premenopausal breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 2006; 15:225-32. [PMID: 16679865 DOI: 10.1097/01.cej.0000197449.56862.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The scientific debate on the role of dietary phytoestrogens for prevention of breast cancer is still ongoing. We previously reported an inverse association between dietary phytoestrogen intake and premenopausal breast cancer risk and now examine the relationship with plasma phytoestrogen concentrations. METHODS We measured enterolactone (mammalian lignan) and genistein (isoflavone) concentrations in plasma samples of 220 premenopausal cases and 237 age-matched controls from a population-based case-control study in Germany. RESULTS Median plasma enterolactone concentrations in cases and controls were 6.3 and 9.7 nmol/l, respectively, and median genistein concentrations were 4.5 and 3.7 nmol/l, respectively. Premenopausal breast cancer risk decreased with increasing plasma enterolactone concentrations. Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 0.42 (0.20-0.90) and 0.38 (0.17-0.85) (P for trend 0.007) for women in the third and fourth quartile of plasma enterolactone compared to those in the lowest quartile. There was no significant association between plasma genistein concentration and premenopausal breast cancer risk. CONCLUSION Using biomarkers of phytoestrogen intake, we confirmed the strong inverse association between enterolactone and premenopausal breast cancer risk as found with dietary intake estimates. This result gives support to the potential role of mammalian lignans for breast cancer prevention among premenopausal women in Western populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Piller
- Unit of Human Nutrition and Cancer Prevention, Technical University of Munich, and German Cancer Research Center, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany
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Knust U, Spiegelhalder B, Strowitzki T, Owen RW. Contribution of linseed intake to urine and serum enterolignan levels in German females: a randomised controlled intervention trial. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:1057-64. [PMID: 16494982 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Revised: 11/25/2005] [Accepted: 12/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Linseeds are a rich source of lignans, secondary plant substances which are suggested to possess chemopreventive effects inter alia with regard to breast cancer. In a randomised controlled trial 40 German women were informed about "5-a-day" and encouraged to increase their dietary intake of fruit and vegetables. Moreover 19 participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group supplemented with ground linseeds (20 g/d) over a 2-month period. Before and after intervention, urine and blood samples were collected after an overnight fast. Analysis was by intention-to-treat and the outcome parameters of interest were enterolignan concentrations. After linseed supplementation, enterolignan concentrations (mean) measured as their glucuronides by a newly developed high performance liquid chromatography electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in serum (122 nmol/l) as well as in urine (72 micromol/l) showed a significant increase (P<0.01) compared to pre-intervention values (47 nmol/l and 29 micromol/l). In the control group enterolignan levels were raised slightly but did not reach significance. Serum and urinary enterolignans of the whole collective showed a good pairwise correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Knust
- Division of Toxicology and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Heald CL, Bolton-Smith C, Ritchie MR, Morton MS, Alexander FE. Phyto-oestrogen intake in Scottish men: use of serum to validate a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire in older men. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60:129-35. [PMID: 16205743 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2004] [Revised: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study dietary intake and serum concentrations of isoflavones in order to provide relative validation of isoflavone intake estimates from the Scottish Collaborative Group - Food-Frequency Questionnaire (SCG-FFQ). DESIGN Validation study. SETTING Southern Scotland. METHOD Dietary intake of isoflavones was estimated using the semiquantitative SCG-FFQ and rank correlation and Kappa statistics were used for the relative validation of intakes against serum isoflavone concentrations in 203 male participants who were population controls in a case-control study of diet and prostate cancer. RESULTS The median intake of isoflavones (daidzein and genistein) was 1.0mg/day (l-QR 0.6-1.8). The median serum concentration of genistein was 33.79 nmol/l (I-QR 14.12-64.93), nearly twice that of daidzein (18.00 nmol/l, I-QR 8.26-29.45). Equol was detected in 49% of subjects; in these subjects the median was 0.67 nmol/l (I-QR 0.34-1.51). Isoflavone intake was significantly correlated with serum concentrations of daidzein (p = 0.24, P = 0.001), genistein (p = 0.26, P < 0.001) and total isoflavonoids (sum of daidzein, genistein and equol) ( p = 0.27, P < 0.001). Whereas values for weighted Kappa ranged from 0.16 (P = 0.002) for daidzein and equol combined to 0.22 (P < 0.001) for genistein. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the suitability of the SCG-FFQ to rank usual isoflavone intakes in older Scottish men, a population observed to have low consumption of soy foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Heald
- Public Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, UK.
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Harada T, Masuda S, Arii M, Adachi Y, Nakajima M, Yadomae T, Ohno N. Soy isoflavone aglycone modulates a hematopoietic response in combination with soluble beta-glucan: SCG. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:2342-5. [PMID: 16327179 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.2342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Soy isoflavone aglycones (IFAs) have a wide range of biological actions that suggest they may be of use in cancer prevention. On the other hand, a branched beta-glucan from Sparassis crispa (SCG) is a major 6-branched 1,3-beta-D-glucan in an edible/medicinal mushroom: Sparassis crispa showing antitumor activity. We have previously reported that both oral and intraperitoneal administration of SCG enhanced the hematopoietic response in cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced leukopenic mice. In this study, we investigated the hematopoietic response due to IFA in combination with SCG in CY-induced leukopenic mice. The oral administration of IFA in combination with SCG synergistically enhanced the number of white blood cells, and increased spleen weight. Analyzing the leukocyte population by flow cytometry, the combination of IFA and SCG increased the number of monocytes and granulocytes in the spleen. Taken together, the combination of IFA and SCG synergistically provides the hematopoietic responses that are enhanced over IFA or SCG alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Harada
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Science, Hachioji, Japan
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Melby MK, Watanabe S, Whitten PL, Worthman CM. Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method using coulometric electrode array detection for measurement of phytoestrogens in dried blood spots. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 826:81-90. [PMID: 16154392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Revised: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As the epidemiological and physiological investigation of isoflavones and lignans expands, the need for sensitive methods for analyzing large numbers of samples intensifies. We have developed a method using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a coulometric electrode array detector for separation and sensitive detection of daidzein (Da), equol (Eq), genistein (Ge) and enterolactone (Enl) in dried blood spots (DBS). Detection limits ranged from 4.5 pg or 0.09 ng/mL (Eq) to 19 pg or 0.38 ng/mL (Ge) on column. Signal linearities ranged from detection limits to 200 ng/mL (Eq, Enl) and 600 ng/mL (Da, Ge) sample concentration. Correlations between DBS and serum concentrations were 0.66 (Enl), 0.88 (Eq), 0.98 (Ge) and 0.99 (Da). Intra-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) were less than 8% and inter-assay CVs ranged from 2.4 to 20.2% for Da, Eq and Ge for three levels of controls. Enl intra-assay CV was 13.6% for the low pooled control. Analytic recovery ranged from 87% (inter-assay Ge) to 98% (inter-assay Enl). DBS concentrations of Da, Ge and Eq were stable for at least 8 weeks at 4 and 25 degrees C, and at 37 degrees C for at least 5 weeks, with Enl showing greater variability at all temperatures but relative stability for 7 weeks. Measurement of samples from 135 perimenopausal Japanese women consuming habitual diets in Kyoto and Fukushima prefectures showed the former to have the expected lower concentrations of Da and Eq (416 and 87 nM) as well as Enl (49 nM) compared to the latter locale (566, 145 and 72 nM, respectively). This method could be useful in large epidemiological research or detailed physiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Melby
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, Laboratory of Public Health Nutrition and Epidemiology, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan.
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Valentín-Blasini L, Sadowski MA, Walden D, Caltabiano L, Needham LL, Barr DB. Urinary phytoestrogen concentrations in the U.S. population (1999-2000). JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2005; 15:509-23. [PMID: 15928707 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We report population-based urinary concentrations of phytoestrogens stratified by age, sex, and composite racial/ethnic variables. We measured the isoflavones - genistein, daidzein, equol, and O-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA) - and the lignans - enterolactone and enterodiol - in approximately 2500 urine samples from individuals aged 6 years and older who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 1999 and 2000. We detected all phytoestrogens in over 70% of the samples analyzed; enterolactone was detected in the highest concentrations, and daidzein was detected with the highest frequency. The geometric means for each phytoestrogen were as follows: genistein, 22.3 microg/g; daidzein, 68.6 microg/g; equol, 7.65 microg/g; O-DMA, 3.95 microg/g; enterolactone, 217 microg/g; and enterodiol, 24.3 microg/g creatinine. The 95th percentiles for each phytoestrogen were as follows: genistein, 380 microg/g; daidzein, 944 microg/g; equol, 50.3 microg/g; O-DMA, 217 microg/g; enterolactone, 2240 microg/g; and enterodiol, 240 microg/g creatinine. Multivariate analyses showed statistically significant differences among many of the demographic subgroups. Adolescents had higher concentrations of genistein and equol than adults. Non-Hispanic whites had higher concentrations of enterodiol and equol than Mexican Americans or non-Hispanic blacks. Non-Hispanic whites also had higher concentrations of enterolactone and O-DMA than Mexican Americans. Mexican Americans had higher concentrations of genistein than non-Hispanic blacks; however, the opposite was found for O-DMA. Determination of phytoestrogen exposure in the US population will help us to better understand phytoestrogen consumption in the US and will assist us in elucidating the potential role of phytoestrogens in protecting against cancer and heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Valentín-Blasini
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Abstract
Osteoporosis and its complications represent one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality around the world. Moreover, its management presents an important economic problem. Although osteoporosis is a worldwide health problem, there are many differences in ethnic groups regarding disease morbidity and drug treatment efficacy. This review analyzed clinical response data of two major osteoporotic treatments (vitamin D and estrogens) regarding four major human races (Asian, Caucasian, Hispanic and Negroid). From clinical studies, Asians seem to be more vitamin-D-sensitive while Caucasians appear more estrogen-sensitive than other human races. Different drug responses may be related to allelic variants in their signaling genes such as those for the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and estrogen receptor-alpha (ER alpha). Some polymorphisms of VDR and ER alpha loci appear to be genetic determinants of osteoporotic risk: ApaI-BsmI-TaqI, FokI variants and poly(A) repeats in VDR; PvuII-XbaI variants and (TA) repeats in ER alpha. Also, because of specific ethnic allele distributions, these VDR and ER alpha polymorphisms may be involved in race differences of osteoporosis treatment responses. Future studies and preventive strategies for the management of osteoporosis need to take into account these racial and genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Massart
- Pediatric Division, Department of Reproductive Medicine and Child Development, University of Pisa, Italy
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Thomsen AR, Mortensen A, Breinholt VM, Lindecrona RH, Peñalvo JL, Sørensen IK. Influence of Prevastein, an isoflavone-rich soy product, on mammary gland development and tumorigenesis in Tg.NK (MMTV/c-neu) mice. Nutr Cancer 2005; 52:176-88. [PMID: 16201849 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc5202_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
We investigated spontaneous mammary tumor development and mammary gland morphogenesis in female Tg.NK mice postnatally exposed to dietary soy isoflavones (0, 11, 39, and 130 mg aglycones/kg diet) added to a Western-style diet. Instead of preventing mammary tumorigenesis, the highest dose of isoflavones was associated with a small but significant increase in the number and size of tumors as compared to mice administered a Western-style control diet (P < 0.05). At postnatal Week 6, dynamic activity (measured as apoptotic density) at the highest dose and the degree of branching of the mammary tree in all isoflavone-exposed groups was increased as compared to controls (P < 0.05). At adulthood, the epithelium appeared more quiescent in the medium- and high-dose groups evident by reduced apoptotic density and a reduction in the percentage of terminal end buds (TEBs), respectively, as compared to controls (P < 0.05). The number of actively dividing cells within the TEBs was unaffected by isoflavone exposure as was the activity of drug-metabolizing and antioxidant enzymes. In conclusion, isoflavones may augment mammary gland and mammary tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni R Thomsen
- Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Søborg, Denmark
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Dean B, Chang S, Doss GA, King C, Thomas PE. Glucuronidation, oxidative metabolism, and bioactivation of enterolactone in rhesus monkeys. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 429:244-51. [PMID: 15313229 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Revised: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enterolactone (ENL) and enterodiol (END) are mammalian lignans derived from the plant lignans matairesionol (MAT), secoisolariciresinol (SECO), and other dietary precursors. ENL was found to undergo extensive glucuronidation with rhesus liver microsomes to form O-glucuronides at both phenolic hydroxy groups. In addition to glucuronidation, ENL was found to be a good substrate for oxidative metabolism. The major products had a m/z of 313 or 295 by LC-MS analysis in negative ion mode and were determined to be products of monohydroxylation of ENL. The m/z 295 products were the result of a dehydration of the m/z 313 in the MS source. Addition of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to the NADPH incubations resulted in a decrease of at least 2 major monohydroxylated products and the formation of a major and several minor new products with a m/z of 474. The major adduct was isolated, purified for NMR, and confirmed to be the NAC adduct of the ENL catechol. Incubations of ENL with liver microsomes containing UDPGA, NADPH, and NAC resulted in the formation of ENL-glucuronides; no NAC adducts were detected by LC-MS. Incubations of ENL with human and rhesus hepatocytes resulted in several metabolites. The major metabolites in hepatocytes were the glucuronic acid conjugates; minor amounts of the sulfate conjugate(s) and monohydroxylated products were also detected by LC-MS. Glutathione or other thiol adducts were not detected in hepatocytes. Conclusion. The high efficiency and specificity for the glucuronidation of ENL decrease its potential toxicity via CYP450 bioactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dean
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.
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Bennetau-Pelissero C, Sauvant P, Peltre G, Auriol P, Rocca A, Rancé F. Phyto-œstrogènes du soja : problèmes posés chez le nourrisson allergique au lait de vache et consommant des formules à base de soja. CAHIERS DE NUTRITION ET DE DIETETIQUE 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0007-9960(04)94339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Uesugi S, Watanabe S, Ishiwata N, Uehara M, Ouchi K. Effects of isoflavone supplements on bone metabolic markers and climacteric symptoms in Japanese women. Biofactors 2004; 22:221-8. [PMID: 15630287 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520220145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study on the effects of 40~mg/d isoflavone supplements was carried out by 58 climacteric Japanese women. A questionnaire and an interview concerning climacteric symptoms, health status, dietary and exercise habit, and medical history were carried out, and the physical check-up and biochemical tests including sex-hormone analysis were made at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. Urinary isoflavones were separately measured from the frozen samples. Isoflavone treatment did not cause any adverse effects on anthropometric measures or blood chemistry. Urinary deoxypyridinoline, a marker of bone resorption decreased significantly with isoflavone treatment. This tendency was remarkable among equol producers. Plasma osteocalcin and bone mineral density did not change by the four-weeks treatment. As for climacteric symptoms, hot flash decreased significantly. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure of hypertensive participants decreased significantly after isoflavone treatment compared with baseline and the placebo treatment. Isoflavone supplementation offers benefits to reduce effectively on bone resorption enhanced by menopause. The treatment also showed an improvement of climacteric hot flash and hypertension. Equol producers showed better results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayo Uesugi
- Laboratory of Nutritional Science, Department of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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Kazi A, Daniel KG, Smith DM, Kumar NB, Dou QP. Inhibition of the proteasome activity, a novel mechanism associated with the tumor cell apoptosis-inducing ability of genistein. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:965-76. [PMID: 12963483 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00414-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have suggested that increased soy consumption is associated with reduced cancer occurrence. Genistein, a soy isoflavone, has been reported to inhibit the growth of human tumor cells although the involved molecular mechanisms are not clearly defined. Here we report that genistein inhibits the proteasomal chymotrypsin-like activity in vitro and in vivo. Computational docking studies suggest that the interaction of genistein with the proteasomal beta 5 subunit is responsible for inhibition of the chymotrypsin-like activity. Inhibition of the proteasome by genistein in prostate cancer LNCaP and breast cancer MCF-7 cells is associated with accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and three known proteasome target proteins, the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1), inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B (I kappa B-alpha), and the pro-apoptotic protein Bax. Genistein-mediated proteasome inhibition was accompanied by induction of apoptosis in these solid tumor cells. Finally, genistein induced proteasome inhibition and apoptosis selectively in simian virus 40-transformed human fibroblasts, but not in their parental normal counterpart. Our results suggest that the proteasome is a potential target of genistein in human tumor cells and that inhibition of the proteasome activity by genistein might contribute to its cancer-preventive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslamuzzaman Kazi
- Drug Discovery Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Ramanathan L, Gray WG. Identification and characterization of a phytoestrogen-specific gene from the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003; 191:107-17. [PMID: 12946647 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-008x(03)00221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are a group of compounds present in human diet that display estrogenic-like properties. Several studies have demonstrated that populations who consume large quantities of phytoestrogens have a reduced risk of estrogen-dependent cancers. Although it has been shown that certain phytoestrogens modulate estrogen action, their biological role in cancer reduction remains unclear. Through the use of differential display reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and representational difference analysis of cDNA, we have identified several phytoestrogen-responsive genes from the human breast cancer cell MCF-7. Two of these genes, PE-13.1 and pRDA-D, have been characterized in greater detail in this study. These genes were not previously known to be regulated by phytoestrogen or estradiol. PE-13.1 is a novel gene that specifies the coding of a 1.10-kb mRNA transcript. Northern blot analysis confirmed that the PE-13.1 transcript is up-regulated by phytoestrogens (Genistein, sevenfold; Zearalenone, twofold) and is nonresponsive to estradiol. Conversely, the pRDA-D transcript was down-regulated by both phytoestrogens and estradiol. The antiestrogen ICI-182,780 inhibits the expression of PE-13.1 and reverses the inhibition of pRDA-D expression induced by phytoestrogens and estradiol. Analysis of the tissue distribution of PE-13.1 transcript by RNA blot reveals that this transcript is expressed in both normal and tumor tissues. This report demonstrates for the first time the presence of two phytoestrogen-responsive genes that may be used as molecular markers in understanding the role dietary estrogen plays in cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Ramanathan
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
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49
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Abstract
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for preventing loss of bone following the menopause is utilised by only 8-10 % of possible users, largely due to a fear of increased risk of breast cancer. Plant oestrogen-like compounds (phyto-oestrogens) have been proposed as an alternative to HRT to prevent osteoporosis. One class of phyto-oestrogens (the isoflavones) is found in soya foods and red clover. The food industry is developing a wide variety of new foods containing soya to substantially increase isoflavone intake, as well as extracting isoflavones from soya and clover to use as additives to non-soya foods. Pharmaceutical companies are also preparing isoflavone extracts to be used in pill form. In each case the targeted delivery is approximately 50 mg of isoflavones/d. Is this dose of isoflavones safe? In this review of the current literature, it is concluded that isoflavones consumed orally and in doses below 2 mg/kg body weight per d should be considered safe for most population groups. Whether these doses are sufficient to prevent osteoporosis is a separate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA.
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50
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Rosenberg Zand RS, Jenkins DJA, Diamandis EP. Flavonoids and steroid hormone-dependent cancers. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 777:219-32. [PMID: 12270215 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Steroid-hormone dependent cancers, including those of the breast, prostate and colon, are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in western countries. In rural Asian areas, these diseases are relatively uncommon. Dietary factors, including low consumption of fruit, vegetables and soy in the west have been shown in various epidemiologic studies as reasons for these differences. This review discusses flavonoids, one component of these plant foods that is being investigated for their role in chemoprevention. Epidemiological, in vitro, animal and human studies shall be explored to look at mechanisms involved, including steroid hormone activity, effects on cell growth, antioxidant activities, inhibition of chemical carcinogenesis and influences on modulators of cancer risk. Although the in vitro and animal models point to several pathways by which flavonoids may reduce incidence of these cancers, the clinical data are still relatively lacking. More research is needed to determine how best to use foods containing these compounds to reduce steroid hormone-dependent cancer risk.
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