1
|
Miyaji S, Ito T, Kitaiwa T, Nishizono K, Agake SI, Harata H, Aoyama H, Umahashi M, Sato M, Inaba J, Fushinobu S, Yokoyama T, Maruyama-Nakashita A, Hirai MY, Ohkama-Ohtsu N. N 2-Acetylornithine deacetylase functions as a Cys-Gly dipeptidase in the cytosolic glutathione degradation pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1603-1618. [PMID: 38441834 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is required for various physiological processes in plants, including redox regulation and detoxification of harmful compounds. GSH also functions as a repository for assimilated sulfur and is actively catabolized in plants. In Arabidopsis, GSH is mainly degraded initially by cytosolic enzymes, γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase, and γ-glutamyl peptidase, which release cysteinylglycine (Cys-Gly). However, the subsequent enzyme responsible for catabolizing this dipeptide has not been identified to date. In the present study, we identified At4g17830 as a Cys-Gly dipeptidase, namely cysteinylglycine peptidase 1 (CGP1). CGP1 complemented the phenotype of the yeast mutant that cannot degrade Cys-Gly. The Arabidopsis cgp1 mutant had lower Cys-Gly degradation activity than the wild type and showed perturbed concentrations of thiol compounds. Recombinant CGP1 showed reasonable Cys-Gly degradation activity in vitro. Metabolomic analysis revealed that cgp1 exhibited signs of severe sulfur deficiency, such as elevated accumulation of O-acetylserine (OAS) and the decrease in sulfur-containing metabolites. Morphological changes observed in cgp1, including longer primary roots of germinating seeds, were also likely associated with sulfur starvation. Notably, At4g17830 has previously been reported to encode an N2-acetylornithine deacetylase (NAOD) that functions in the ornithine biosynthesis. The cgp1 mutant did not show a decrease in ornithine content, whereas the analysis of CGP1 structure did not rule out the possibility that CGP1 has Cys-Gly dipeptidase and NAOD activities. Therefore, we propose that CGP1 is a Cys-Gly dipeptidase that functions in the cytosolic GSH degradation pathway and may play dual roles in GSH and ornithine metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Miyaji
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takehiro Ito
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kitaiwa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kosuke Nishizono
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Agake
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroki Harata
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Haruna Aoyama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Minori Umahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Muneo Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Jun Inaba
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shinya Fushinobu
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yokoyama
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Akiko Maruyama-Nakashita
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naoko Ohkama-Ohtsu
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Grigoryan H, Imani P, Sacerdote C, Masala G, Grioni S, Tumino R, Chiodini P, Dudoit S, Vineis P, Rappaport SM. HSA Adductomics Reveals Sex Differences in NHL Incidence and Possible Involvement of Microbial Translocation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023; 32:1217-1226. [PMID: 37409972 PMCID: PMC10529301 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-23-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The higher incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in males is not well understood. Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated as causes of NHL, they cannot be measured directly in archived blood. METHODS We performed untargeted adductomics of stable ROS adducts in human serum albumin (HSA) from 67 incident NHL cases and 82 matched controls from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Italy cohort. Regression and classification methods were employed to select features associated with NHL in all subjects and in males and females separately. RESULTS Sixty seven HSA-adduct features were quantified by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry at Cys34 (n = 55) and Lys525 (n = 12). Three features were selected for association with NHL in all subjects, while seven were selected for males and five for females with minimal overlap. Two selected features were more abundant in cases and seven in controls, suggesting that altered homeostasis of ROS may affect NHL incidence. Heat maps revealed differential clustering of features between sexes, suggesting differences in operative pathways. CONCLUSIONS Adduct clusters dominated by Cys34 oxidation products and disulfides further implicate ROS and redox biology in the etiology of NHL. Sex differences in dietary and alcohol consumption also help to explain the limited overlap of feature selection between sexes. Intriguingly, a disulfide of methanethiol from enteric microbial metabolism was more abundant in male cases, thereby implicating microbial translocation as a potential contributor to NHL in males. IMPACT Only two of the ROS adducts associated with NHL overlapped between sexes and one adduct implicates microbial translocation as a risk factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hasmik Grigoryan
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, United States
| | - Partow Imani
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, United States
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Institute of Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Grioni
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Hyblean Association for Epidemiological Research, AIRE-ONLUS, 97100, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Paolo Chiodini
- Dipartimento di Salute Mentale e Fisica e Medicina Preventiva, Università degli Studi della Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Sandrine Dudoit
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, United States
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, 10126, Turin, Italy
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College, Norfolk Place London W21PG, UK
| | - Stephen M. Rappaport
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ito T, Ohkama-Ohtsu N. Degradation of glutathione and glutathione conjugates in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3313-3327. [PMID: 36651789 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a ubiquitous, abundant, and indispensable thiol for plants that participates in various biological processes, such as scavenging reactive oxygen species, redox signaling, storage and transport of sulfur, detoxification of harmful substances, and metabolism of several compounds. Therefore knowledge of GSH metabolism is essential for plant science. Nevertheless, GSH degradation has been insufficiently elucidated, and this has hampered our understanding of plant life. Over the last five decades, the γ-glutamyl cycle has been dominant in GSH studies, and the exoenzyme γ-glutamyl transpeptidase has been regarded as the major GSH degradation enzyme. However, recent studies have shown that GSH is degraded in cells by cytosolic enzymes such as γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase or γ-glutamyl peptidase. Meanwhile, a portion of GSH is degraded after conjugation with other molecules, which has also been found to be carried out by vacuolar γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, γ-glutamyl peptidase, or phytochelatin synthase. These findings highlight the need to re-assess previous assumptions concerning the γ-glutamyl cycle, and a novel overview of the plant GSH degradation pathway is essential. This review aims to build a foundation for future studies by summarizing current understanding of GSH/glutathione conjugate degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Ito
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Naoko Ohkama-Ohtsu
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pavão ML, Ferin R, Lima A, Baptista J. Cysteine and related aminothiols in cardiovascular disease, obesity and insulin resistance. Adv Clin Chem 2022; 109:75-127. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
5
|
Muraoka M, Yoshida S, Ohno M, Matsuura H, Nagano K, Hirata Y, Arai M, Hirata K. Reactivity of γ-glutamyl-cysteine with intracellular and extracellular glutathione metabolic enzymes. FEBS Lett 2021; 596:180-188. [PMID: 34923639 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-glutamyl-cysteine (γ-EC) is a precursor of glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis. We investigated whether it functions as a substrate for three intracellular and one extracellular GSH metabolic enzymes, which mediate the antioxidant defence function of GSH. Among them, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) exhibited substrate specificity for γ-EC, whereas glutathione reductase did not. The specificities of γ-EC and its disulphide form to GGT were comparable to GSH and its oxidized form, GSSG respectively. These results indicate that they can supply GSH constituent amino acids, glutamate, cysteine and cystine through degradation by GGT. γ-EC may contribute valuable antioxidant defence properties as a food and cosmetic additive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misa Muraoka
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Saki Yoshida
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Moeka Ohno
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Matsuura
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nagano
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Masayoshi Arai
- Natural Products for Drug Discovery Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Hirata
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Takeuchi I, Kawamata R, Makino K. Effects of GGsTop ® on Collagen and Glutathione in the Oral Mucosa Using a Rat Model of 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Oral Mucositis. In Vivo 2021; 35:175-180. [PMID: 33402464 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM To evaluate the usefulness of GGsTop® for oral mucositis, a quantitative study focusing on oral mucosal tissues is necessary. In this study, we aimed to quantify collagen and glutathione using a rat model of 5-fluorouracil-induced oral mucositis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Changes in ulcer area and erythrocyte count were measured to confirm the usefulness of GGsTop® for oral mucositis. The effect of GGsTop on collagen was evaluated by observing oral mucosal tissue sections and measuring the collagen concentration in the tissues. The total glutathione concentration and the oxidized glutathione concentration were measured, and the concentration of the reduced form was calculated. RESULTS GGsTop® shortened the treatment period for oral mucositis without affecting the white blood cell count. In addition, GGsTop® promoted collagen production and alleviated oxidative stress conditions. CONCLUSION GGsTop affects collagen and glutathione in the treatment of oral mucositis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Issei Takeuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Center for Drug Delivery Research, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Riko Kawamata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kimiko Makino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan; .,Center for Drug Delivery Research, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Corti A, Belcastro E, Dominici S, Maellaro E, Pompella A. The dark side of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT): Pathogenic effects of an 'antioxidant' enzyme. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:807-819. [PMID: 32916278 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Having long been regarded as just a member in the cellular antioxidant systems, as well as a clinical biomarker of hepatobiliary diseases and alcohol abuse, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) enzyme activity has been highlighted by more recent research as a critical factor in modulation of redox equilibria within the cell and in its surroundings. Moreover, due to the prooxidant reactions which can originate during its metabolic function in selected conditions, experimental and clinical studies are increasingly involving GGT in the pathogenesis of several important disease conditions, such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, lung inflammation, neuroinflammation and bone disorders. The present article is an overview of the laboratory findings that have prompted an evolution in interpretation of the significance of GGT in human pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Corti
- Dept. of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, Italy
| | - Eugenia Belcastro
- Dept. of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, Italy
| | - Silvia Dominici
- Dept. of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, Italy
| | - Emilia Maellaro
- Dept. of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Alfonso Pompella
- Dept. of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zinellu A, Zinellu E, Sotgiu E, Fois AG, Paliogiannis P, Scano V, Piras B, Sotgia S, Mangoni AA, Carru C, Pirina P. Systemic transsulfuration pathway thiol concentrations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Eur J Clin Invest 2020; 50:e13267. [PMID: 32378181 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is amply reported that patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent evidence suggests that COPD patients have elevated concentrations of plasma homocysteine (Hcy), a transsulfuration pathway analyte that is commonly regarded as a CVD risk factor. DESIGN We comprehensively investigated the plasma concentrations of transsulfuration pathway analytes, and their relationship with markers of oxidative stress and inflammation, to identify which low molecular thiols might play a pathophysiological role both in CVD and in COPD. Hcy, cysteine (Cys), glutathione (GSH), cysteinylglycine (CysGly), glutamylcysteine (GluCys), taurine (Tau), oxidative stress markers (TBARS and protein-SH, PSH) and the inflammation marker kynurenine/tryptophan (Kyn/Trp) ratio were measured in 54 COPD patients and 54 control subjects. RESULTS We found increased concentrations of total Hcy (P < .01) and total CysGly (P < .05) in COPD patients when compared to controls. Total Hcy and CysGly were also significantly associated with abnormal lung function parameters and COPD severity. In COPD patients, total Hcy was significantly associated with the Kyn/Trp ratio (P = .0017) whereas total CysGly was significantly associated with both PSH (P = .0298) and the Kyn/Trp ratio (P = <.0001). CONCLUSION Both total Hcy and CysGly concentrations were significantly associated with the presence and severity of COPD and with markers of oxidative stress (total CysGly) and inflammation (total Hcy and CysGly). This suggests that specific low molecular mass thiols might play a role in the inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways involved in both CVD and COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Zinellu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital Sassari (AOU), Sassari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Sotgiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandro G Fois
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital Sassari (AOU), Sassari, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Scano
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital Sassari (AOU), Sassari, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Barbara Piras
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sotgia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Arduino A Mangoni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ciriaco Carru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pietro Pirina
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital Sassari (AOU), Sassari, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ndrepepa G, Colleran R, Kastrati A. Gamma-glutamyl transferase and the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 476:130-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
10
|
Zhang C, Wang H, Ning Z, Xu L, Zhuang L, Wang P, Meng Z. Serum liver enzymes serve as prognostic factors in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:1441-1449. [PMID: 28331337 PMCID: PMC5348058 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s124161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Liver functions, reflective of the overall status of the host, have been reported to be important factors affecting the prognosis in many types of cancers. In this study, we explored the influences of liver enzymes albumin (ALB), globulin (GELO), total protein (TP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), gamma glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) on the overall survival (OS) in a number of 173 patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). Patients and methods Between 2011 and 2015, we enrolled patients with pathologically proven locally advanced or metastatic ICC. The impact of ALB, GELO, TP, ALP, ALT, AST, TBIL, DBIL, GGT, and LDH on OS were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier analysis. Next, the associations between these liver enzymes and OS were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. Finally, the role of these enzymes in OS was evaluated in the subgroups. Results Elevated liver enzymes were linked with OS. We revealed that independent prognostic factors of poor outcome were ALP, TBIL, DBIL, and GGT, whereas ALB is a protective factor in ICC patients. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that these liver enzymes may serve as valuable predictive markers in ICC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyue Zhang
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospita & Institute, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhouyu Ning
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Litao Xu
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Zhuang
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Meng
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lu SS, Grigoryan H, Edmands WM, Hu W, Iavarone AT, Hubbard A, Rothman N, Vermeulen R, Lan Q, Rappaport SM. Profiling the Serum Albumin Cys34 Adductome of Solid Fuel Users in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:46-57. [PMID: 27936627 PMCID: PMC5567851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Xuanwei and Fuyuan counties in China have the highest lung cancer rates in the world due to household air pollution from combustion of smoky coal for cooking and heating. To discover potential biomarkers of indoor combustion products, we profiled adducts at the Cys34 locus of human serum albumin (HSA) in 29 nonsmoking Xuanwei and Fuyuan females who used smoky coal, smokeless coal, or wood and 10 local controls who used electricity or gas fuel. Our untargeted "adductomics" method detected 50 tryptic peptides of HSA, containing Cys34 and prominent post-translational modifications. Putative adducts included Cys34 oxidation products, mixed disulfides, rearrangements, and truncations. The most significant differences in adduct levels across fuel types were observed for S-glutathione (S-GSH) and S-γ-glutamylcysteine (S-γ-GluCys), both of which were present at lower levels in subjects exposed to combustion products than in controls. After adjustment for age and personal measurements of airborne benzo(a)pyrene, the largest reductions in levels of S-GSH and S-γ-GluCys relative to controls were observed for users of smoky coal, compared to users of smokeless coal and wood. These results point to possible depletion of GSH, an essential antioxidant, and its precursor γ-GluCys in nonsmoking females exposed to indoor-combustion products in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sixin S. Lu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, College of Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hasmik Grigoryan
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - William M.B. Edmands
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Wei Hu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Service, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Anthony T. Iavarone
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alan Hubbard
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Service, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Service, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Stephen M. Rappaport
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Corresponding author: Prof. S. M. Rappaport, Center for Exposure Biology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Tel: 510-642-4255. Fax: 510-642-5815.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mukherjee AK, Manna SK, Roy SK, Chakraborty M, Das S, Naskar JP. Plasma-aminothiols status and inverse correlation of total homocysteine with B-vitamins in arsenic exposed population of West Bengal, India. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2016; 51:962-973. [PMID: 27336853 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1191816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic arsenic toxicity is a serious environmental health problem across the world. Bangladesh and India (particularly the state of West Bengal) are the worst affected countries with such problem. The present study reports plasma-aminothiols (p-aminothiols) like L-cysteine (L-Cys), cysteinyl glycine (Cys-gly), total homocysteine (t-Hcy) and glutathione (GSH) status, and the inverse relationship of t-Hcy with B-vitamins (B1, B6, B9 and B12) in arsenic exposed population of West Bengal, India. Reverse phase HPLC was used to measure p-aminothiols and serum B-vitamins in different arsenic exposed population. Arsenic in drinking water and urine were measured by flow injection analysis system - Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FIAS-AAS) and Transversely heated graphite atomizer (THGA-AAS) techniques, respectively. Water arsenic exposure was >50 µg/L in 50% population, of which majority (33.58%) belong to the range of >50-500 µg/L and more than 8% were even >1000 µg/L. Urine arsenic (µg/g creatinine) levels increased with arsenic exposure. The variability among p-aminothiols was also observed with higher exposure to arsenic in drinking water. A significant difference between exposed and control population was noticed for plasma L-Cys. The difference of B-vitamins between the population exposed to <50 and >50 µg/L arsenic in drinking water was also found to be significant. B9 and B12 deficiency with increased consumption of arsenic in water corroborates the anemic conditions commonly observed among arsenic exposed population. The aminothiol status indicated oxidative stress in exposed population. This study demonstrated progressive increase in plasma t-Hcy as well as inverse relationships of serum B-vitamins with increased water arsenic concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashit K Mukherjee
- a Regional Occupational Health Centre (Eastern), Indian Council of Medical Research, Kolkata , India
| | - Sujoy K Manna
- a Regional Occupational Health Centre (Eastern), Indian Council of Medical Research, Kolkata , India
| | - Sanjit K Roy
- a Regional Occupational Health Centre (Eastern), Indian Council of Medical Research, Kolkata , India
| | - Manisha Chakraborty
- a Regional Occupational Health Centre (Eastern), Indian Council of Medical Research, Kolkata , India
| | - Surajit Das
- a Regional Occupational Health Centre (Eastern), Indian Council of Medical Research, Kolkata , India
| | - Jnan P Naskar
- b Department of Chemistry , Jadavpur University , Kolkata , India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Miranti EH, Freedman ND, Weinstein SJ, Abnet CC, Selhub J, Murphy G, Diaw L, Männistö S, Taylor PR, Albanes D, Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ. Prospective study of serum cysteine and cysteinylglycine and cancer of the head and neck, esophagus, and stomach in a cohort of male smokers. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104:686-93. [PMID: 27534643 PMCID: PMC4997291 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.125799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nonessential amino acid cysteine is known to be involved in many antioxidant and anticarcinogenic pathways. Cysteinylglycine is a pro-oxidant metabolite of glutathione and a precursor of cysteine. OBJECTIVE To examine the relation between serum cysteine and cysteinylglycine and risk of gastric adenocarcinomas, esophageal squamous cell carcinomas, and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, we conducted a nested case-control study within the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention study of male Finnish smokers aged 50-69 y at baseline. DESIGN In total, 170 gastric adenocarcinomas, 68 esophageal squamous cell carcinomas, and 270 head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (identified from the Finnish Cancer Registry) were matched one-to-one with cancer-free control subjects on age and the date of serum collection. We calculated ORs and 95% CIs with the use of a multivariate-adjusted conditional logistic regression. RESULTS Cysteine had a U-shaped association with gastric adenocarcinomas; a model that included a linear and a squared term had a significant global P-test (P = 0.036). Serum cysteinylglycine was inversely associated with adenocarcinomas of the gastric cardia (OR for above the median compared with below the median: 0.07; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.70; n = 38 cases) but not for other sites. Both cysteine and cysteinylglycine were not associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma or head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS We observed associations between serum cysteine and cysteinylglycine with upper gastrointestinal cancer risk. Future studies are needed to replicate these findings. This trial was registered at clininicaltrials.gov as NCT00342992.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia H Miranti
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD;
| | - Stephanie J Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD
| | - Christian C Abnet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD
| | - Jacob Selhub
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Gwen Murphy
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD
| | - Lena Diaw
- Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD; and
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Philip R Taylor
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD
| | - Rachael Z Stolzenberg-Solomon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Phosphonate-based irreversible inhibitors of human γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). GGsTop is a non-toxic and highly selective inhibitor with critical electrostatic interaction with an active-site residue Lys562 for enhanced inhibitory activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:5340-5352. [PMID: 27622749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT, EC 2.3.2.2) that catalyzes the hydrolysis and transpeptidation of glutathione and its S-conjugates is involved in a number of physiological and pathological processes through glutathione metabolism and is an attractive pharmaceutical target. We report here the evaluation of a phosphonate-based irreversible inhibitor, 2-amino-4-{[3-(carboxymethyl)phenoxy](methoyl)phosphoryl}butanoic acid (GGsTop) and its analogues as a mechanism-based inhibitor of human GGT. GGsTop is a stable compound, but inactivated the human enzyme significantly faster than the other phosphonates, and importantly did not inhibit a glutamine amidotransferase. The structure-activity relationships, X-ray crystallography with Escherichia coli GGT, sequence alignment and site-directed mutagenesis of human GGT revealed a critical electrostatic interaction between the terminal carboxylate of GGsTop and the active-site residue Lys562 of human GGT for potent inhibition. GGsTop showed no cytotoxicity toward human fibroblasts and hepatic stellate cells up to 1mM. GGsTop serves as a non-toxic, selective and highly potent irreversible GGT inhibitor that could be used for various in vivo as well as in vitro biochemical studies.
Collapse
|
15
|
Tamura K, Hayashi N, George J, Toshikuni N, Arisawa T, Hiratake J, Tsuchishima M, Tsutsumi M. GGsTop, a novel and specific γ-glutamyl transpeptidase inhibitor, protects hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G305-12. [PMID: 27365338 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00439.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a major clinical problem and is associated with numerous adverse effects. GGsTop [2-amino-4{[3-(carboxymethyl)phenyl](methyl)phosphono}butanoic acid] is a highly specific and irreversible γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT) inhibitor. We studied the protective effects of GGsTop on IR-induced hepatic injury in rats. Ischemia was induced by clamping the portal vein and hepatic artery of left lateral and median lobes of the liver. Before clamping, saline (IR group) or saline containing 1 mg/kg body wt of GGsTop (IR-GGsTop group) was injected into the liver through the inferior vena cava. At 90 min of ischemia, blood flow was restored. Blood was collected before induction of ischemia and prior to restoration of blood flow and at 12, 24, and 48 h after reperfusion. All the animals were euthanized at 48 h after reperfusion and the livers were harvested. Serum levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and γ-GT were significantly lower after reperfusion in the IR-GGsTop group compared with the IR group. Massive hepatic necrosis was present in the IR group, while only few necroses were present in the IR-GGsTop group. Treatment with GGsTop increased hepatic GSH content, which was significantly reduced in the IR group. Furthermore, GGsTop prevented increase of hepatic γ-GT, malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal, and TNF-α while all these molecules significantly increased in the IR group. In conclusion, treatment with GGsTop increased glutathione levels and prevented formation of free radicals in the hepatic tissue that led to decreased IR-induced liver injury. GGsTop could be used as a pharmacological agent to prevent IR-induced liver injury and the related adverse events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaneto Tamura
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Joseph George
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Toshikuni
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tomiyasu Arisawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan; and
| | - Jun Hiratake
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Tsuchishima
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Tsutsumi
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ehala-Aleksejev K, Punab M. Serum hepatic enzyme activity in relation to semen quality and serum reproductive hormone levels among Estonian fertile Men. Andrology 2016; 4:152-9. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Punab
- Andrology Unit; Tartu University Hospital; Tartu Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang XW, Li M, Hou WS, Li K, Zhou JR, Tang ZY. Association between Gamma-Glutamyltransferase Level and Risk of Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2015; 24:2816-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
|
18
|
Belcastro E, Franzini M, Cianchetti S, Lorenzini E, Masotti S, Fierabracci V, Pucci A, Pompella A, Corti A. Monocytes/macrophages activation contributes to b-gamma-glutamyltransferase accumulation inside atherosclerotic plaques. J Transl Med 2015; 13:325. [PMID: 26463174 PMCID: PMC4604102 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0687-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is a well-established independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality related to atherosclerotic disease. Four GGT fractions have been identified in plasma, but only b-GGT fraction accumulates in atherosclerotic plaques, and correlates with other histological markers of vulnerability. The present study was aimed to evaluate whether macrophagic lineage cells may provide a source of b-GGT within the atherosclerotic plaque. Methods GGT expression and release were studied in human monocytes isolated from peripheral blood of healthy donors. The growth factors GM-CSF and M-CSF were used to induce differentiation into M1-like and M2-like macrophages, respectively. Plaque GGT was investigated in tissue samples obtained from patients undergoing carotid endoarterectomy. Results We found that M1-like macrophages express higher levels of GGT as compared to M2-like, and that both monocytes and M1-like macrophages—but not M2-like—are able to release the b-GGT fraction upon activation with pro-inflammatory stimuli. Western blot analysis of b-GGT extracted from plaques confirmed the presence of a GGT immunoreactive peptide coincident with that of macrophages. Conclusions Our data indicate that macrophages characterized by a pro-inflammatory phenotype may contribute to intra-plaque accumulation of b-GGT, which in turn may play a role in the progression of atherosclerosis by modulating inflammatory processes and favouring plaque instability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Belcastro
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Medical School, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy. .,CITHEFOR-EA 3452, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.
| | - Maria Franzini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Medical School, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Silvana Cianchetti
- Department of Surgery and Medical, Molecular, and Critical Area Pathology, Medical School, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Evelina Lorenzini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Medical School, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Silvia Masotti
- Life Science Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Vanna Fierabracci
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Medical School, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Angela Pucci
- Histopathology Department, University Hospital, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alfonso Pompella
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Medical School, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Corti
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Medical School, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bulusu S, Sharma M. What does serum γ-glutamyltransferase tell us as a cardiometabolic risk marker? Ann Clin Biochem 2015; 53:312-32. [PMID: 26139450 DOI: 10.1177/0004563215597010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
γ-glutamyltransferase plays a key role in the synthesis and metabolism of extracellular glutathione, a major antioxidant in several defence mechanisms in the body. γ-glutamyltransferase is affected by environmental and genetic factors, and is raised when there is depletion of glutathione. Hence, it is a marker of oxidative stress. There is robust evidence that γ-glutamyltransferase even when values are within the reference interval is associated with increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in both sexes, in normal subjects and subjects with coronary artery disease, in the middle-aged and the elderly after adjusting for confounding factors. γ-glutamyltransferase even within the reference interval is associated with future presentation of type 2 diabetes, and the longitudinal increase in γ-glutamyltransferase activity is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular mortality. γ-glutamyltransferase is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome. It has a prognostic value after a previous acute myocardial infarction and may be an indicator of adverse outcome in acute coronary syndromes and other chronic cardiac disorders. There is limited data about γ-glutamyltransferase and any association with peripheral arterial disease and also whether knowing γ-glutamyltransferase activity improves cardiovascular risk prediction beyond conventional risk factors. γ-glutamyltransferase is present in atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary and carotid arteries, and has a prooxidant role leading to the production of reactive oxygen species and atherosclerosis. Current reference intervals for γ-glutamyltransferase are inappropriate and need to be addressed. Some laboratories still use non- International Federation of Clinical Chemistry methods for estimation of γ-glutamyltransferase which are associated with lower results. Such laboratories should review their method and consider changing to the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Bulusu
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Homerton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Manisha Sharma
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Homerton Hospital, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yang F, Zhang S, Yang H, Luo K, Wen J, Hu Y, Hu R, Huang Q, Chen J, Fu J. Prognostic significance of gamma-glutamyltransferase in patients with resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Dis Esophagus 2015; 28:496-504. [PMID: 24766310 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is a membrane-bound enzyme involved in the glutathione metabolism. Studies suggested that GGT was a marker of apoptotic balance and modulated tumor progression, invasion and drug resistance. Recently, GGT was shown to be associated with the progression of high-grade esophageal epithelial dysplasia to invasive carcinoma. This study was conducted to investigate the value of pre-therapeutic serum GGT levels as prognostic parameter in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Six hundred thirty-nine resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients were recruited in this study and were stratified into two GGT risk groups. The association of pre-therapeutic serum GGT levels and clinical-pathological parameters was examined. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were performed. GGT serum levels were associated with gender, smoking status, TNM stage and lymph node involvement. Higher pre-therapeutic serum GGT was found in males, smoker, advanced TNM stage and lymph node positive patients. Patients assigned to the low-risk group had higher 5-year overall survival rate (53.1% vs. 33.0%, P < 0.01) and disease-free survival rate (45.2% vs. 23.4%, P < 0.01) than the high-risk group. Patients with high-risk group of GGT had 1.568 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.259 ∼ 1.952) times the risk of death and 1.582 (95% CI, 1.286 ∼ 1.946) times the risk of disease recurrence contrast with those with low-risk group of GGT. The pre-therapeutic serum GGT is a novel independent prognostic parameter for disease-free survival and overall survival in resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - S Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - H Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - K Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Y Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - R Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Q Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jinnouchi H, Morita K, Tanaka T, Kajiwara A, Kawata Y, Oniki K, Saruwatari J, Nakagawa K, Otake K, Ogata Y, Yoshida A, Hokimoto S, Ogawa H. Interactive effects of a common γ-glutamyltransferase 1 variant and low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol on diabetic macro- and micro-angiopathy. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2015; 14:49. [PMID: 25952030 PMCID: PMC4428095 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-015-0212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the clinical relevance of a common variant, rs4820599, in the γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT)1 gene, associated with the serum GGT level, in Japanese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects. METHODS We conducted a retrospective longitudinal study (4.9 ± 2.5 years) including 352 T2DM patients (T2DM subjects) and a cross-sectional study including 796 health screening program participants (general subjects). A real-time TaqMan allelic discrimination assay was used to identify the genotypes. Risk factors for a high brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) (≥1750 cm/sec) or diabetic retinopathy (DR) were determined using a generalized estimating equations approach, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis or Cox proportional hazards model, etc. RESULTS The frequency of the GGT1 G allele was 20.8% in the T2DM subjects, and no associations were found between the GGT1 genotype and risk of T2DM. The mean log GGT values in the T2DM and general subjects were significantly higher among G allele carriers than non-carriers. The G allele and a low HDL-C level were identified to be risk factors for a high baPWV in the T2DM subjects [odds ratio (OR) 1.80, P = 0.008; OR 1.71, P = 0.03; respectively), and a significant interactive effect between these factors was found on the risk of a high baPWV and DR. The HDL-C level at baseline was a significant predictor of a high baPWV only in G allele carriers according to the ROC analysis. This result regarding baPWV in the T2DM subjects was replicated in the general population. Meanwhile, the GGT1 genotype was not associated with the risk of DR, although it affected the principal factors involved in the risk of DR, and a low HDL-C level was also found to be a risk factor for DR only in G allele carriers. CONCLUSIONS We herein describe for the first time the significant interactive effects of the GGT1 G allele and a low HDL-C level on a high baPWV and DR. These findings may encourage future clinical trials comparing the efficacy of agents increasing the HDL-C levels among the GGT1 genotypes. However, well-designed studies in larger cohorts are needed to confirm our results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Jinnouchi
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan. .,Jinnouchi Clinic, Diabetes Care Center, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Morita
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1, Oe-honmachi, 862-0973, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Tanaka
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1, Oe-honmachi, 862-0973, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Ayami Kajiwara
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1, Oe-honmachi, 862-0973, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Yuki Kawata
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1, Oe-honmachi, 862-0973, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Oniki
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1, Oe-honmachi, 862-0973, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Junji Saruwatari
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1, Oe-honmachi, 862-0973, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Kazuko Nakagawa
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1, Oe-honmachi, 862-0973, Kumamoto, Japan. .,Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Koji Otake
- Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Health Care Center, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Ogata
- Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Health Care Center, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Akira Yoshida
- Jinnouchi Clinic, Diabetes Care Center, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Seiji Hokimoto
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan. .,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Hisao Ogawa
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan. .,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jamshed H, Gilani AH. Lower Dose of Almonds Exhibits Vasculo-protective Effect when Given in Empty Stomach. INT J PHARMACOL 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2015.122.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
23
|
Pucci A, Franzini M, Matteucci M, Ceragioli S, Marconi M, Ferrari M, Passino C, Basolo F, Emdin M, Paolicchi A. b-Gamma-glutamyltransferase activity in human vulnerable carotid plaques. Atherosclerosis 2014; 237:307-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
24
|
Nakajima M, Watanabe B, Han L, Shimizu BI, Wada K, Fukuyama K, Suzuki H, Hiratake J. Glutathione-analogous peptidyl phosphorus esters as mechanism-based inhibitors of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase for probing cysteinyl-glycine binding site. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 22:1176-94. [PMID: 24411479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) catalyzing the cleavage of γ-glutamyl bond of glutathione and its S-conjugates is involved in a number of physiological and pathological processes through glutathione homeostasis. Defining its Cys-Gly binding site is extremely important not only in defining the physiological function of GGT, but also in designing specific and effective inhibitors for pharmaceutical purposes. Here we report the synthesis and evaluation of a series of glutathione-analogous peptidyl phosphorus esters as mechanism-based inhibitors of human and Escherichia coli GGTs to probe the structural and stereochemical preferences in the Cys-Gly binding site. Both enzymes were inhibited strongly and irreversibly by the peptidyl phosphorus esters with a good leaving group (phenoxide). Human GGT was highly selective for l-aliphatic amino acid such as l-2-aminobutyrate (l-Cys mimic) at the Cys binding site, whereas E. coli GGT significantly preferred l-Phe mimic at this site. The C-terminal Gly and a l-amino acid analogue at the Cys binding site were necessary for inhibition, suggesting that human GGT was highly selective for glutathione (γ-Glu-l-Cys-Gly), whereas E. coli GGT are not selective for glutathione, but still retained the dipeptide (l-AA-Gly) binding site. The diastereoisomers with respect to the chiral phosphorus were separated. Both GGTs were inactivated by only one of the stereoisomers with the same stereochemistry at phosphorus. The strict recognition of phosphorus stereochemistry gave insights into the stereochemical course of the catalyzed reaction. Ion-spray mass analysis of the inhibited E. coli GGT confirmed the formation of a 1:1 covalent adduct with the catalytic subunit (small subunit) with concomitant loss of phenoxide, leaving the peptidyl moiety that presumably occupies the Cys-Gly binding site. The peptidyl phosphonate inhibitors are highly useful as a ligand for X-ray structural analysis of GGT for defining hitherto unidentified Cys-Gly binding site to design specific inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mado Nakajima
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Bunta Watanabe
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Liyou Han
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Bun-Ichi Shimizu
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kei Wada
- Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Division of Applied Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Jun Hiratake
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Valenzuela M, Bravo D, Canales J, Sanhueza C, Díaz N, Almarza O, Toledo H, Quest AFG. Helicobacter pylori–Induced Loss of Survivin and Gastric Cell Viability Is Attributable to Secreted Bacterial Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Activity. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:1131-41. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
|
26
|
Sarentonglaga B, Ogata K, Taguchi Y, Kato Y, Nagao Y. The developmental potential of oocytes is impaired in cattle with liver abnormalities. J Reprod Dev 2012; 59:168-73. [PMID: 23291712 PMCID: PMC3934198 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2012-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we investigated the effect of liver abnormality on the developmental potential of
bovine oocytes. Good quality oocytes from healthy cows and from animals with a liver
abnormality were matured and fertilized in vitro and then cultured to the
blastocyst stage. On day 7 after fertilization, embryo cleavage and development were
assessed. The concentrations of glucose, nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), γ-glutamyl
transpeptidase (γ-GTP), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and glutathione were measured in
follicular fluids (FF). The proportion of good quality oocytes and the frequency of
development to the blastocyst stage were lower in the liver anomaly group than those of
the control group (P<0.05). The concentrations of γ-GTP and BHBA in the FF of the liver
anomaly group were higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). The concentration
of glutathione in the FF of the liver anomaly group was lower than that of the control
group (P<0.05). Moreover, there was a negative correlation between these concentrations
and the proportions of oocytes that developed to the blastocyst stage (P<0.05).
Supplementation of the culture medium with γ-GTP or BHBA did not affect the rate of oocyte
maturation but did cause a concentration-dependent reduction in the frequency of
fertilized oocytes that developed to the blastocyst stage. Our findings indicate that the
quality of oocytes and their potential for development are lower in cattle with liver
disorders than those in healthy cattle; one possible cause may be the high concentration
of γ-GTP and/or BHBA in their FF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borjigin Sarentonglaga
- Department of Animal Production Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Masannat YA, Fentiman IS. γ-glutamyl transferase and risk of breast cancer. BREAST CANCER MANAGEMENT 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/bmt.12.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yazan A Masannat
- The Breast Unit, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ian S Fentiman
- The Breast Unit, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kim KN, Kim KM, Lee DJ, Joo NS. Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase concentration correlates with Framingham risk score in Koreans. J Korean Med Sci 2011; 26:1305-9. [PMID: 22022182 PMCID: PMC3192341 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2011.26.10.1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is a novel coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factor, but its use as an independent factor for CAD risk prediction remains unclear in Asian population. This study examined the association between serum GGT concentration and Framingham risk score (FRS) in the Korean population. This cross-sectional study was performed on 30,710 Koreans. Besides FRS, body mass index, fasting blood glucose, liver enzymes, lipid profile, uric acid and high sensitive C-reactive protein data were used. The study subjects were grouped into quartiles according to the levels of GGT. Analyses relating GGT to FRS ≥ 20% utilized multiple confounders adjusted logistic regression. Positive correlations were established between log-transformed GGT concentration and FRS (r = 0.38; P < 0.001). Increasing the quartile of serum GGT concentration was significantly associated with linear increasing trends in FRS (P-trend < 0.001). Compared to the lowest baseline GGT category, age-gender adjusted odd ratios for FRS ≥ 20% were significantly increased from the lowest to highest GGT quartiles; these results remained significantly after adjustments for multiple confounders. Increased GGT concentration is associated with the increase in FRS. Serum GGT may be helpful to predict the future risk of CAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Nam Kim
- Department of Family Practice and Community Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kwang-Min Kim
- Department of Family Practice and Community Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Duck-Joo Lee
- Department of Family Practice and Community Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Nam-Seok Joo
- Department of Family Practice and Community Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yamamoto S, Watanabe B, Hiratake J, Tanaka R, Ohkita M, Matsumura Y. Preventive effect of GGsTop, a novel and selective γ-glutamyl transpeptidase inhibitor, on ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal injury in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 339:945-51. [PMID: 21937737 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.183004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
GGsTop [2-amino-4-{[3-(carboxymethyl)phenyl](methyl)phosphono}butanoic acid], is a novel, highly selective, and irreversible γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) inhibitor with no inhibitory activity on glutamine amidotransferases. In this study, we investigated the effects of treatment with GGsTop on ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal injury in uninephrectomized rats. Ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI) was induced by occlusion of the left renal artery and vein for 45 min followed by reperfusion 2 weeks after contralateral nephrectomy. Renal function in vehicle-treated AKI rats markedly decreased at 1 day after reperfusion. Treatment with GGsTop (1 and 10 mg/kg i.v.) 5 min before ischemia attenuated the ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal dysfunction in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathological examination of the kidney of AKI rats revealed severe renal damage, which was significantly suppressed by the GGsTop treatment. In renal tissues exposed to ischemia/reperfusion, GGT activity was markedly increased immediately after reperfusion, whereas renal superoxide production and malondialdehyde level were significantly increased 6 h after reperfusion. These alterations were abolished by the treatment with GGsTop. In addition, renal glutathione content was decreased by the 45-min ischemia, but its level was markedly elevated by the GGsTop treatment. Our results demonstrate that the novel and highly selective GGT inhibitor GGsTop prevents ischemia/reperfusion-induced AKI. The renoprotective effect of GGsTop seems to be attributed to the suppression of oxidative stress by inhibiting GGT activation, thereby preventing the degradation of glutathione.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mansoor MA, Hervig T, Stakkestad JA, Drabløs PA, Apeland T, Wentzel-Larsen T, Bates CJ. Serum folate is significantly correlated with plasma cysteine concentrations in healthy industry workers. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2011; 58:68-73. [PMID: 21430377 DOI: 10.1159/000325537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A low concentration of serum folate is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Extracellular cysteine is involved in aging, cancer and cardiovascular disease. The relationship between serum folate and plasma cysteine is poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated this relationship in industry workers, whose health has economic implications. METHODS The concentration of serum folate was determined by the Access ImmunoAssay System Sanofi Pasteur. Plasma cysteine and homocysteine were measured by an ion-pair HPLC method. The concentrations of serum triglycerides were determined by an enzymatic colorimetric method. RESULTS We detected a positive correlation between the concentration of serum folate and plasma cysteine, whereas the concentration of serum folate was negatively correlated with plasma homocysteine and serum triglycerides. In a multiple regression analysis with adjustment for age, BMI and smoking, serum folate as the dependent variable exhibited a strong relationship with plasma cysteine, and a negative relationship with plasma homocysteine and serum triglycerides. CONCLUSION We observed significant correlations between serum folate, plasma cysteine and serum triglyceride concentrations in industry workers, implying that folate may modulate key aspects of the body's cysteine and lipid metabolism.
Collapse
|
31
|
Bakirdere S, Bramanti E, D’ulivo A, Ataman OY, Mester Z. Speciation and determination of thiols in biological samples using high performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography–Orbitrap MS. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 680:41-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
32
|
Franzini M, Paolicchi A, Fornaciari I, Ottaviano V, Fierabracci V, Maltinti M, Ripoli A, Zyw L, Scatena F, Passino C, Pompella A, Emdin M. Cardiovascular risk factors and gamma-glutamyltransferase fractions in healthy individuals. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 48:713-7. [PMID: 20158443 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2010.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase activity (GGT), even when within its normal reference range, catalyzes low density lipoprotein oxidation in vitro and predicts cardiovascular events. Of the four GGT fractions (b-GGT, m-GGT, s-GGT, and f-GGT) recently identified in blood, only b-GGT is found within atherosclerotic plaques. Our goal was to identify the determinants of the GGT fractions (b-, m-, s-, and f-GGT) and their association with established cardiovascular risk factors in healthy subjects. METHODS Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to estimate the association of fractional GGT with gender, age, body mass index, arterial pressure (AP), plasma glucose, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), high and low density lipoproteins (LDL-C) cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in 200 healthy subjects. RESULTS All GGT fractions were associated with ALT; b-GGT with AP, TG, and CRP; m-GGT with LDL-C, TG and CRP; s-GGT with TG and CRP, and f-GGT only with LDL-C, whereas gender was associated with s-GGT and f-GGT only. CONCLUSIONS In healthy individuals, cardiovascular risk factors are associated with high molecular weight GGT fractions, namely with b-GGT, the only form present within the plaque. This finding adds to the present knowledge concerning the relevance of GGT, within its reference range, for atherosclerosis-related events.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Background: It has been reported that there is an increased risk of cancer in individuals with elevated levels of serum γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT). Methods: In the Guernsey Breast Cancer Cohort Study, GGT was measured in sera from 1803 normal women. Among these women, 251 subsequently developed cancer, of whom 96 developed breast cancer. Results: After adjustment for age at entry, height, weight, age at menarche and first birth with nulliparity, there was a highly significant relationship between elevated GGT and breast cancer risk. In the highest quartile, the hazard ratio (HR) was 2.17 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.19, 3.93). When subdivided by menopausal status, there was a reduced non-significant effect in postmenopausal women, whereas for premenopausal women in the highest quartile, HR was 3.81 (95% CI: 1.37, 10.59). Premenopausal women with serum GGT levels above the normal range had a significantly elevated HR of 4.90 (95% CI: 1.86, 12.94). Conclusions: These results suggest that premenopausal women with high normal (above median) serum GGT or elevated levels (⩽40 IU l−1) are at increased risk of breast cancer and might benefit from close surveillance, possibly with breast magnetic resonance imaging scans. Serum GGT may mark previous exposure to carcinogens and lead to the identification of DNA adducts involved in mammary carcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
34
|
Emdin M, Passino C, Franzini M, Paolicchi A, Pompella A. gamma-glutamyltransferase and pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Future Cardiol 2010; 3:263-70. [PMID: 19804218 DOI: 10.2217/14796678.3.3.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular epidemiology has recently highlighted a clear link between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and risk for stroke, infarction and cardiovascular death, associated with the evolution of atherosclerosis-related conditions, such as coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease. Thus, serum GGT is now recognized as a cardiovascular prognostic marker. However, the reasons for the association between serum GGT elevations and unfavorable prognosis remain to be defined. Histochemistry and biochemistry have provided intriguing clues, focusing new research approaches on the complex issue of monitoring and treatment of chronic cardiovascular conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Emdin
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via G Moruzzi 1-56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The history of free radical biochemistry is briefly reviewed in respect to major trend shifts from the focus on radiation damage toward enzymology of radical production and removal and ultimately the role of radicals, hydroperoxides, and related fast reacting compounds in metabolic regulation. Selected aspects of the chemistry of radicals and hydroperoxides, the enzymology of peroxidases, and the biochemistry of adaptive responses and regulatory phenomena are compiled and discussed under the perspective of how the fragments of knowledge can be merged to biologically meaningful concepts of regulation. It is concluded that (i) not radicals but H(2)O(2), hydroperoxides, and peroxynitrite are the best candidates for oxidant signals, (ii) peroxidases of the GPx and Prx family or functionally equivalent proteins have the chance to specifically sense hydroperoxides and to transduce the oxidant signal, (iii) redox signaling proceeds via reactions known from thiol peroxidase and redoxin chemistry, (iv) proximal targets are proteins that are modified at SH groups, and (v) redoxins are documented signal transducers but also used as terminators. The importance of kinetics for forward signaling and for sensitivity modulation by competition is emphasized and ways to restore resting conditions are discussed. Research needs to validate emerging concepts are outlined.
Collapse
|
36
|
Franzini M, Corti A, Martinelli B, Del Corso A, Emdin M, Parenti GF, Glauber M, Pompella A, Paolicchi A. Gamma-glutamyltransferase activity in human atherosclerotic plaques--biochemical similarities with the circulating enzyme. Atherosclerosis 2008; 202:119-27. [PMID: 18486136 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity has been identified as a predictor of complications of atherosclerosis, with a prognostic value for cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Human atherosclerotic lesions contain active GGT, which can give rise to pro-oxidant molecular species; thus a direct contribution of GGT to atherosclerosis progression is conceivable. The relationship between plaque and serum GGT is however unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS Human carotid plaques obtained from 18 consecutive patients undergoing carotid endoarteriectomy were analyzed, of which 6 were used for anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography/western blot studies, 7 for beta-lipoprotein precipitation, and 5 for RNA extraction and determination of low molecular weight thiols. Mean GGT activity in crude plaque homogenates was 60.9+/-21.5 (S.D.) mU/g tissue. The characteristics of GGT activity were compared in plaque homogenates and in serum obtained from controls (healthy blood donors). The methods employed (anion exchange and gel chromatography, western blot) showed the presence in plaque homogenates of two distinct complexes containing GGT activity, one of which comparable with plasma LDL/GGT complexes. Accordingly, precipitation of beta-lipoproteins from plaque homogenates resulted in removal of GGT activity. RT-PCR indicated in plaques the presence of GGT mRNA transcribed from GGT-I gene. Analysis of plaque extracts also revealed the presence of enzyme product cysteinyl-glycine both as free and protein-bound form, confirming that GGT-dependent pro-oxidant reactions may occur within the plaque environment. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained suggest the presence in plaques of a serum-like GGT protein, indicating that a direct contribution of serum GGT to enzyme activity found within atherosclerotic lesions is possible. Data also indicate the occurrence of GGT-mediated redox reactions within plaque environment, which might influence plaque progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Franzini
- Department of Experimental Pathology BMIE, University of Pisa Medical School, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lin J, Manson JE, Selhub J, Buring JE, Zhang SM. Plasma cysteinylglycine levels and breast cancer risk in women. Cancer Res 2008; 67:11123-7. [PMID: 18056435 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-3061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinylglycine, a prooxidant generated during the catabolism of glutathione, has been suggested to induce oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, leading to the development of human cancers. Observational data relating cysteinylglycine status to breast cancer risk are lacking. We prospectively evaluated plasma cysteinylglycine levels and invasive breast cancer risk among 812 case-control pairs nested in the Women's Health Study, a completed randomized trial evaluating low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in middle-aged and older women. We additionally evaluated the effect modification by risk factors for oxidative stress, such as vitamin E assignment, alcohol consumption, obesity, and postmenopausal hormone use. Logistic regression controlling for matching factors, as well as other risk factors for breast cancer, was used to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). All statistical tests were two sided. We observed no overall association between plasma cysteinylglycine and invasive breast cancer risk. However, higher cysteinylglycine levels were marginally associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in the high oxidative stress groups. Women in the highest quintile group of cysteinylglycine relative to the lowest group had multivariate RRs (95% CIs) of 1.64 (1.01-2.66; P(trend) = 0.04) in the vitamin E placebo group, 2.51 (1.01-6.24; P(trend) = 0.07) in the high alcohol intake group (>or=9 g/day), and 1.66 (0.97-2.84; P(trend) = 0.03) in the overweight and obese group. Our findings suggest that women who are susceptible to experiencing oxidative stress may be at a greater risk for developing breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lin
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 900 Commonwealth Avenue East, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Shibayama K, Wachino JI, Arakawa Y, Saidijam M, Rutherford NG, Henderson PJF. Metabolism of glutamine and glutathione via gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and glutamate transport in Helicobacter pylori: possible significance in the pathophysiology of the organism. Mol Microbiol 2007; 64:396-406. [PMID: 17381553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) is a periplasmic enzyme of Helicobacter pylori implicated in its pathogenesis towards mammalian cells. We have cloned and expressed the H. pylori strain 26695 recombinant GGT protein in Escherichia coli and purified it to homogeneity. The purified protein exhibited hydrolysis activity with very high affinities for glutamine and glutathione shown by apparent K(m) values lower than 1 muM. H. pylori cells were unable to take up extracellular glutamine and glutathione directly. Instead, these substances were hydrolysed to glutamate by the action of GGT outside the cells. The glutamate produced was then transported by a Na(+)-dependent reaction into H. pylori cells, where it was mainly incorporated into the TCA cycle and partially utilized as a substrate for glutamine synthesis. These observations show that one of the principle physiological functions of H. pylori GGT is to enable H. pylori cells to utilize extracellular glutamine and glutathione as a source of glutamate. As glutamine and glutathione are important nutrients for maintenance of healthy gastrointestinal tissue, their depletion by the GGT enzyme is hypothesized to account for the damaging of mammalian cells and the pathophysiology of H. pylori.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Shibayama
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Infection Control, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Iciek M, Chwatko G, Rokita H, Bald E, Włodek L. The effects of modulation of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in HepG2 cells on thiol homeostasis and caspase-3-activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2007; 1773:201-8. [PMID: 17141888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2006] [Revised: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present studies aimed to elucidate how the modulation of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gammaGT) activity in human hepatoma (HepG2) cell line influences H(2)O(2) production, caspase 3 activity, protein S-thiolation by glutathione (GSH), cysteinyl-glycine (Cys-Gly) and cysteine (Cys), and the level of other redox forms of these thiols. The experiments showed that 1-h stimulation of gammaGT elevated H(2)O(2) production, leading to prooxidant conditions. After 24-h stimulation, H(2)O(2) concentration was at the control level, while Cys-Gly-, Cys- and GSH-dependent S-thiolation was markedly increased, which was accompanied by a drop in caspase-3 activity. The inhibition of gammaGT activity by acivicin led to H(2)O(2) decrease after 1-h incubation which still persisted after 24 h. The inhibition of gammaGT activity in HepG2 cells was also connected with the lowering of S-thiolation with Cys and Cys-Gly and with increasing of caspase-3 activity. The results of our studies indicate that the modulation of gammaGT activity can be used to change cellular redox status, and can affect Cys- and Cys-Gly-dependent S-thiolation and caspase-3 activity. We suggest that the role of high gammaGT activity in HepG2 cells can be connected with production of reactive oxygen species and with S-thiolation with Cys and Cys-Gly that can influence activity of caspase 3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Iciek
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika Str., 7, 31-034 Kraków, Poland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Franzini M, Corti A, Lorenzini E, Paolicchi A, Pompella A, De Cesare M, Perego P, Gatti L, Leone R, Apostoli P, Zunino F. Modulation of cell growth and cisplatin sensitivity by membrane γ-glutamyltransferase in melanoma cells. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:2623-30. [PMID: 16928443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane enzyme gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is regarded as critical for the maintenance of intracellular levels of glutathione (GSH). GGT expression has been implicated in drug resistance through elevation of intracellular GSH. The dependence of intracellular GSH on GGT expression was not conclusively ascertained. The present study was designed to investigate the role of GGT and of intracellular GSH levels in modulating proliferation and sensitivity to cisplatin of melanoma cells. GGT transfection resulted in increased growth, both in vitro and in tumour xenografts. In addition, GGT-transfected cells exhibited reduced sensitivity to cisplatin associated with lower DNA platination. A decrease in intracellular GSH levels, rather than an increase, was observed in GGT-transfected cells; moreover, in cysteine-deficient conditions, the expression of GGT did not provide transfected cells with the ability of utilising extracellular GSH. In conclusion, these results indicate that GGT activity confers a growth advantage unrelated with intracellular glutathione supply, and are consistent with the interpretation that cisplatin resistance is the consequence of modifications of cellular pharmacokinetics as a result of extracellular drug inactivation by thiol metabolites originated by GGT-mediated GSH cleavage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Franzini
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale BMIE, University of Pisa Medical School, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Dominici S, Paolicchi A, Corti A, Maellaro E, Pompella A. Prooxidant reactions promoted by soluble and cell-bound gamma-glutamyltransferase activity. Methods Enzymol 2006; 401:484-501. [PMID: 16399404 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(05)01029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have provided evidence for the prooxidant roles played by molecular species originating during the catabolism of glutathione (GSH) effected by gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), an enzyme normally present in serum and on the outer surface of numerous cell types. The reduction of metal ions by GSH catabolites is capable of inducing the redox cycling processes, leading to the production of reactive oxygen species and other free radicals. Through the action of these reactive compounds, cell membrane GGT activity can ultimately produce oxidative modifications on a variety of molecular targets, involving oxidation and/or S-thiolation of protein thiol groups in the first place. This chapter is a survey of the procedures most suitable to reveal GGT-dependent prooxidant reactions and their effects at the cellular and extracellular level, including methods in histochemistry, cytochemistry, and biochemistry, with special reference to methods for the evaluation of protein thiol redox status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Dominici
- Department of experimental Pathology, University of Pisa Medical School, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sung B, Jung KJ, Song HS, Son MJ, Yu BP, Chung HY. cDNA representational difference analysis used in the identification of genes related to the aging process in rat kidney. Mech Ageing Dev 2005; 126:882-91. [PMID: 15893360 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a complex physiological process by which the functions of many organ systems deteriorate. Growing evidence shows that age-related changes and damage are causally related to oxidative stress and inflammatory responses from reactive species. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes in old and young kidneys of Fisher 344 male rats during the aging process using complementary DNA representational difference analysis (cDNA RDA). cDNA RDA is a subtractive technique for identifying a focused set of differentially expressed genes. The distinctive advantage of this technique is its capability of detecting differences in gene expressions at less than one copy per cell and identifying genes not previously described in the database. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with specific primers was applied to confirm the differences found by RDA. Twenty-one putative differentially expressed genes were identified. Sixteen genes were up-regulated during aging and were associated with stress-response and inflammatory reactions, while five genes were down-regulated. These data suggested that the inflammatory process is a plausible cause of the aging process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Sung
- College of Pharmacy, Aging Tissue Bank, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-ku, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Corti A, Paolicchi A, Franzini M, Dominici S, Casini AF, Pompella A. The S-thiolating activity of membrane gamma-glutamyltransferase: formation of cysteinyl-glycine mixed disulfides with cellular proteins and in the cell microenvironment. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005; 7:911-8. [PMID: 15998246 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2005.7.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have documented that activity of the plasma membrane enzyme gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is accompanied by prooxidant processes, with production of reactive oxygen species and oxidation of cellular protein thiols. The present work was aimed to verify the occurrence and extent of S-thiolation mediated by GGT and characterize the molecular species involved in mixed disulfide formation. Experiments show that the cysteinyl-glycine (CG) originating from cellular GGT-mediated glutathione (GSH) metabolism can efficiently thiolate cellular proteins, as well as proteins present in the extracellular environment. With cells presenting high levels of GGT expression, basal levels of CG-containing protein mixed disulfides are detectable, in cellular proteins, as well as in proteins of the culture medium. Stimulation of GGT activity in these cells by administration of substrates results in an increase of CG mixed disulfide formation and a concomitant decrease of GSH-containing disulfides, likely due to GGT-dependent removal of GSH from the system. The findings reported suggest that binding of CG ("protein S-cysteylglycylation") may represent an as yet unrecognized function of membrane GGT, likely playing a regulatory role(s) in the cell and its surroundings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Corti
- Department of Experimental Pathology BMIE, University of Pisa Medical School, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lee DH, Jacobs DR. Association between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and C-reactive protein. Atherosclerosis 2005; 178:327-30. [PMID: 15694941 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2004] [Revised: 08/09/2004] [Accepted: 08/13/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of epidemiological studies have suggested serum gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) within its normal range might be an early marker of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress appears to be a key component of many reactions associated with chronic inflammation. Therefore, we examined the cross-sectional association between deciles of serum GGT and concentrations of serum C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of chronic inflammation, among 12,110 adult participants in the third U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. After adjustment for race, sex, age, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and body mass index (BMI), serum concentration of GGT across all deciles was positively associated with serum concentrations of CRP (P for trend<0.01). For example, adjusted relative risks of serum CRP> or =3.0mg/L by deciles of serum GGT were 1.0, 1.23, 1.40, 1.59, 1.62, 1.61, 2.17, 2.38, 2.45, and 3.41 (P for trend<0.01). This association was consistently observed among all subgroups; Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, Mexican American, men, women, non-drinkers, drinkers, non-smokers, ex-smokers, current smokers, BMI<25, BMI 25-29.9, and BMI> or =30. The strong association of serum GGT and CRP suggest that further studies on cellular and/or serum GGT might help to elucidate the association between oxidative stress and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Hee Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine and Health Promotion Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 101 Dongin-dong, Jung-gu, Daegu 700 422, Korea.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Pompella A, Emdin M, Passino C, Paolicchi A. The significance of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase in cardiovascular diseases. Clin Chem Lab Med 2005; 42:1085-91. [PMID: 15552264 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2004.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Since early after the introduction of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) in clinical practice as a reliable and widely employed laboratory test, epidemiological and prospective studies have repeatedly shown that this activity possesses a prognostic value for morbidity and mortality. The association is independent of possibly concomitant conditions of liver disease, and notably, a significant independent correlation of serum GGT exists with the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases (myocardial infarction, stroke). Experimental work has documented that active GGT is present in atherosclerotic plaques of coronary as well as in cerebral arteries. These findings, and the recently recognized functions of GGT in the generation of reactive oxygen species, indicate that serum GGT represents a true marker of cardiovascular diseases and underlying atherosclerosis. Further insights into potential therapeutic interest will probably be derived from studies investigating the origin of GGT activity in plaque tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Pompella
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pisa Medical School, Pisa, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Corti A, Raggi C, Franzini M, Paolicchi A, Pompella A, Casini AF. Plasma membrane gamma-glutamyltransferase activity facilitates the uptake of vitamin C in melanoma cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:1906-15. [PMID: 15528049 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2004] [Revised: 08/03/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adequate cellular transport of ascorbic acid (AA) and its oxidation product dehydroascorbate (DHA) is assured through specific carriers. It was shown that vitamin C is taken up as DHA by most cell types, including cancer cells, via the facilitative GLUT transporters. Thus, AA oxidation to DHA can be considered a mechanism favoring vitamin C uptake and intracellular accumulation. We have investigated whether such an AA-oxidizing action might be provided by plasma membrane gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), previously shown to function as an autocrine source of prooxidants. The process was studied using two distinct human metastatic melanoma clones. It was observed that the Me665/2/60 clone, expressing high levels of membrane GGT activity, was capable of effecting the oxidation of extracellular AA, accompanied by a marked increase of intracellular AA levels. The phenomenon was not observed with Me665/2/21 cells, possessing only traces of membrane GGT. On the other hand, AA oxidation and stimulation of cellular uptake were indeed observed after transfection of 2/21 cells with cDNA coding for GGT. The mechanism of GGT-mediated AA oxidation was investigated in acellular systems, including GGT and its substrate glutathione. The process was observed in the presence of redox-active chelated iron(II) and of transferrin or ferritin, i.e., two physiological iron sources. Thus, membrane GGT activity-often expressed at high levels in human malignancies-can oxidize extracellular AA and promote its uptake efficiently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Corti
- Department of Experimental Pathology B.M.I.E., University of Pisa Medical School, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Pompella A, Visvikis A, Paolicchi A, De Tata V, Casini AF. The changing faces of glutathione, a cellular protagonist. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:1499-503. [PMID: 14555227 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 831] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) has been described for a long time just as a defensive reagent against the action of toxic xenobiotics (drugs, pollutants, carcinogens). As a prototype antioxidant, it has been involved in cell protection from the noxious effect of excess oxidant stress, both directly and as a cofactor of glutathione peroxidases. In addition, it has long been known that GSH is capable of forming disulfide bonds with cysteine residues of proteins, and the relevance of this mechanism ("S-glutathionylation") in regulation of protein function is currently receiving confirmation in a series of research lines. Rather paradoxically, however, recent studies have also highlighted the ability of GSH-and notably of its catabolites-to promote oxidative processes, by participating in metal ion-mediated reactions eventually leading to formation of reactive oxygen species and free radicals. A crucial role in these phenomena is played by membrane bound gamma-glutamyltransferase activity. The significance of GSH as a major factor in regulation of cell life, proliferation, and death, should be regarded as the integrated result of all these roles it can play.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Pompella
- Thiols et Fonctions Cellulaires, Université H.Poincaré, 30 Rue Lionnais, 54000 Nancy, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|