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Gagnon J, Caron V, Tremblay A. SUMOylation of nuclear receptor Nor1/NR4A3 coordinates microtubule cytoskeletal dynamics and stability in neuronal cells. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:91. [PMID: 38997783 PMCID: PMC11245793 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nor1/NR4A3 is a member of the NR4A subfamily of nuclear receptors that play essential roles in regulating gene expression related to development, cell homeostasis and neurological functions. However, Nor1 is still considered an orphan receptor, as its natural ligand remains unclear for mediating transcriptional activation. Yet other activation signals may modulate Nor1 activity, although their precise role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system remains elusive. METHODS We used transcriptional reporter assays, gene expression profiling, protein turnover measurement, and cell growth assays to assess the functional relevance of Nor1 and SUMO-defective variants in neuronal cells. SUMO1 and SUMO2 conjugation to Nor1 were assessed by immunoprecipitation. Tubulin stability was determined by acetylation and polymerization assays, and live-cell fluorescent microscopy. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that Nor1 undergoes SUMO1 conjugation at Lys-89 within a canonical ψKxE SUMOylation motif, contributing to the complex pattern of Nor1 SUMOylation, which also includes Lys-137. Disruption of Lys-89, thereby preventing SUMO1 conjugation, led to reduced Nor1 transcriptional competence and protein stability, as well as the downregulation of genes involved in cell growth and metabolism, such as ENO3, EN1, and CFLAR, and in microtubule cytoskeleton dynamics, including MAP2 and MAPT, which resulted in reduced survival of neuronal cells. Interestingly, Lys-89 SUMOylation was potentiated in response to nocodazole, a microtubule depolymerizing drug, although this was insufficient to rescue cells from microtubule disruption despite enhanced Nor1 gene expression. Instead, Lys-89 deSUMOylation reduced the expression of microtubule-severing genes like KATNA1, SPAST, and FIGN, and enhanced α-tubulin cellular levels, acetylation, and microfilament organization, promoting microtubule stability and resistance to nocodazole. These effects contrasted with Lys-137 SUMOylation, suggesting distinct regulatory mechanisms based on specific Nor1 input SUMOylation signals. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides novel insights into Nor1 transcriptional signaling competence and identifies a hierarchical mechanism whereby selective Nor1 SUMOylation may govern neuronal cytoskeleton network dynamics and resistance against microtubule disturbances, a condition strongly associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gagnon
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Véronique Caron
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - André Tremblay
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C5, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 7C6, Canada.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.
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Montoya-Novoa I, Gardeazábal-Torbado JL, Alegre-Martí A, Fuentes-Prior P, Estébanez-Perpiñá E. Androgen receptor post-translational modifications and their implications for pathology. Biochem Soc Trans 2024:BST20231082. [PMID: 38958586 DOI: 10.1042/bst20231082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
A major mechanism to modulate the biological activities of the androgen receptor (AR) involves a growing number of post-translational modifications (PTMs). In this review we summarise the current knowledge on the structural and functional impact of PTMs that affect this major transcription factor. Next, we discuss the cross-talk between these different PTMs and the presence of clusters of modified residues in the AR protein. Finally, we discuss the implications of these covalent modifications for the aetiology of diseases such as spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy's disease) and prostate cancer, and the perspectives for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Montoya-Novoa
- Structural Biology of Nuclear Receptors, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Gardeazábal-Torbado
- Structural Biology of Nuclear Receptors, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Alegre-Martí
- Structural Biology of Nuclear Receptors, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Fuentes-Prior
- Structural Biology of Nuclear Receptors, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Estébanez-Perpiñá
- Structural Biology of Nuclear Receptors, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Jayaprakash S, Hegde M, Girisa S, Alqahtani MS, Abbas M, Lee EHC, Yap KCH, Sethi G, Kumar AP, Kunnumakkara AB. Demystifying the Functional Role of Nuclear Receptors in Esophageal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810952. [PMID: 36142861 PMCID: PMC9501100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC), an aggressive and poorly understood disease, is one of the top causes of cancer-related fatalities. GLOBOCAN 2020 reports that there are 544,076 deaths and 604,100 new cases expected worldwide. Even though there are various advancements in treatment procedures, this cancer has been reported as one of the most difficult cancers to cure, and to increase patient survival; treatment targets still need to be established. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a type of transcription factor, which has a key role in several biological processes such as reproduction, development, cellular differentiation, stress response, immunity, metabolism, lipids, and drugs, and are essential regulators of several diseases, including cancer. Numerous studies have demonstrated the importance of NRs in tumor immunology and proved the well-known roles of multiple NRs in modulating proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. There are surplus of studies conducted on NRs and their implications in EC, but only a few studies have demonstrated the diagnostic and prognostic potential of NRs. Therefore, there is still a paucity of the role of NRs and different ways to target them in EC cells to stop them from spreading malignancy. This review emphasizes the significance of NRs in EC by discussing their diverse agonists as well as antagonists and their response to tumor progression. Additionally, we emphasize NRs’ potential to serve as a novel therapeutic target and their capacity to treat and prevent EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujitha Jayaprakash
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Mangala Hegde
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Mohammed S. Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, Michael Atiyah Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Electronics and Communications Department, College of Engineering, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 35712, Egypt
| | - E. Hui Clarissa Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Chun-Hong Yap
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Correspondence: (A.P.K.); (A.B.K.)
| | - Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
- Correspondence: (A.P.K.); (A.B.K.)
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Anticancer activity of herbal formula Jisilhaebaekgyeji-Tang against human breast cancer cells and its mechanism. Mol Cell Toxicol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-022-00271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Gagnon J, Caron V, Gyenizse L, Tremblay A. Atypic SUMOylation of Nor1/NR4A3 regulates neural cell viability and redox sensitivity. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21827. [PMID: 34383980 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100395r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuron-derived orphan receptor 1, NR4A3 (Nor1)/NR4A3 is an orphan nuclear receptor involved in the transcriptional control of developmental and neurological functions. Oxidative stress-induced conditions are primarily associated with neurological defects in humans, yet the impact on Nor1-mediated transcription of neuronal genes remains with unknown mechanism. Here, we demonstrate that Nor1 is a non-conventional target of SUMO2/3 conjugation at Lys-137 contained in an atypic ψKxSP motif referred to as the pSuM. Nor1 pSuM SUMOylation differs from the canonical process with the obligate phosphorylation of Ser-139 by Ras signaling to create the required negatively charged interface for SUMOylation. Additional phosphorylation at sites flanking the pSuM is also mediated by the coordinated action of protein kinase casein kinase 2 to function as a small ubiquitin-like modifier enhancer, regulating Nor1-mediated transcription and proteasomal degradation. Nor1 responsive genes involved in cell proliferation and metabolism, such as activating transcription factor 3, cyclin D1, CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator, and enolase 3 were upregulated in response to pSuM disruption in mouse HT-22 hippocampal neuronal cells and human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. We also identified critical antioxidant genes, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase 1, and microsomal glutathione S-transferase 2, as responsive targets of Nor1 under pSuM regulation. Nor1 SUMOylation impaired gene transcription through less effective Nor1 chromatin binding and reduced enrichment of histone H3K27ac marks to gene promoters. These effects resulted in decreased neuronal cell growth, increased apoptosis, and reduced survival to oxidative stress damage, underlying the role of pSuM-modified Nor1 in redox homeostasis. Our findings uncover a hierarchical post-translational mechanism that dictates Nor1 non-canonical SUMOylation, disrupting Nor1 transcriptional competence, and neuroprotective redox sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gagnon
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Véronique Caron
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Laurent Gyenizse
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - André Tremblay
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Salsano S, González-Martín R, Quiñonero A, Pérez-Debén S, Domínguez F. Deciphering the Role of PGRMC1 During Human Decidualization Using an In Vitro Approach. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:2313-2327. [PMID: 33955452 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Non-classical membrane progesterone receptor (mPRs) and progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) expression have been detected in endometrium, but their role in decidualization had not yet been investigated. We previously demonstrated PGRMC1 downregulation in receptive endometrium and that its overexpression inhibits decidualization. Furthermore, during decidualization, PGRMC1 mainly interacts with proteins involved in biosynthesis, intracellular transport, and mitochondrial activity. OBJECTIVE To determine PGRMC1 and mPRs signaling role during decidualization. METHODS Isolated primary endometrial stromal cells (EnSC) were decidualized in vitro in the presence of classic stimuli (E2 + P4), PGRMC1 inhibitor (AG205), or membrane-impermeable P4 (P4-BSA). Endometrial biopsies were obtained from 19 fertile oocyte donors attending the IVI-Valencia in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinic. EnSC decidualization was evaluated by prolactin ELISA and F-actin immunostaining. Progesterone receptor localization was evaluated by immunofluorescence. EnSC transcriptomic profiles were analyzed by microarray technology. RESULTS PGRMC1 inhibition during EnSC decidualization (AG205dEnSC) does not interfere with EnSC cytoskeletal rearrangements and prolactin secretion. However, global transcriptional profiling revealed more differentially expressed genes in AG205dEnSC than in dEnSC, compared with nondecidualized EnSC (ndEnSC). In silico analysis showed that PGRMC1 inhibition upregulated more genes related to metabolism, molecular transport, and hormonal biosynthesis compared with control dEnSC. EnSC decidualized in the presence of P4-BSA showed a similar behavior as ndEnSC in terms of morphological features, absence of prolactin secretion, and transcriptomic pattern. CONCLUSION Our findings associate PGRMC1 to hormonal biosynthesis, metabolism, and vesicular transport-important cellular functions for dEnSC supporting pregnancy. Activation of membrane P4 receptor signaling alone was unable to induce downstream effects needed for proper decidualization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Francisco Domínguez
- IVI Foundation-RMA Global, 46026, Valencia, Spain
- IIS La Fe, 46026, Valencia, Spain
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Yuseran H, Hartoyo E, Nurseta T, Kalim H. Genistein inhibits the proliferation of human choriocarcinoma cells via the downregulation of estrogen receptor-α phosphorylation at serine 118. CLINICAL NUTRITION OPEN SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yclnex.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Zhao Z, Xue F, Gu Y, Han J, Jia Y, Ye K, Zhang Y. Crosstalk between the muscular estrogen receptor α and BDNF/TrkB signaling alleviates metabolic syndrome via 7,8-dihydroxyflavone in female mice. Mol Metab 2020; 45:101149. [PMID: 33352311 PMCID: PMC7811170 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), a small molecular mimetic of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), alleviates high-fat diet-induced obesity in female mice in a sex-specific manner by activating muscular tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB). However, the underlying molecular mechanism for this sex difference is unknown. Moreover, muscular estrogen receptor α (ERα) plays a critical role in metabolic diseases. Impaired ERα action is often accompanied by metabolic syndrome (MetS) in postmenopausal women. This study investigated whether muscular ERα is involved in the metabolic effects of 7,8-DHF. Methods For the in vivo studies, 72 female C57BL/6J mice were given a low-fat diet or high-fat diet, and both received daily intragastric administration of vehicle or 7,8-DHF for 24 weeks. The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis function was assessed by investigating typical sex-related serum hormones and the ovarian reserve. Indicators of menopausal MetS, including lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, bone density, and serum inflammatory cytokines, were also evaluated. The expression levels of ERα and other relevant signaling molecules were also examined. In vitro, the molecular mechanism involved in the interplay of ERα and TrkB receptors was verified in differentiated C2C12 myotubes using several inhibitors and a lentivirus short hairpin RNA-knockdown strategy. Results Long-term oral administration of 7,8-DHF acted as a protective factor for the female HPO axis function, protecting against ovarian failure, earlier menopause, and sex hormone disorders, which was paralleled by the alleviation of MetS coupled with the production of ERα-rich, TrkB-activated, and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) high thermogenic skeletal muscle tissues. 7,8-DHF-stimulated transactivation of ERα at serine 118 (S118) and tyrosine 537 (Y537), which was crucial to activate the BDNF/TrkB signaling cascades. In turn, activation of BDNF/TrkB signaling was also required for the ligand-independent activation of ERα, especially at the Y537 phosphorylation site. In addition, Src family kinases played a core role in the interplay of ERα and TrkB, synergistically activating the signaling pathways related to energy metabolism. Conclusions These findings revealed a novel role of 7,8-DHF in protecting the function of the female HPO axis and activating tissue-specific ERα, which improves our understanding of this sex difference in 7,8-DHF-mediated maintenance of metabolic homeostasis and provides new therapeutic strategies for managing MetS in women. 7,8-DHF improves hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis function in mature adult female mice. 7,8-DHF protects against ovarian failure and onset of earlier menopause. 7,8-DHF-induced transactivation of ERα is crucial to activate BDNF/TrkB signaling cascades. 7,8-DHF-induced activations of ERα and BDNF/TrkB signaling are interdependent. Src family kinases play a core role in the crosstalk of ERα and BDNF/TrkB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlei Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fan Xue
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanpei Gu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianxin Han
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yingxian Jia
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Ohlsson C, Gustafsson KL, Farman HH, Henning P, Lionikaite V, Movérare-Skrtic S, Sjögren K, Törnqvist AE, Andersson A, Islander U, Bernardi AI, Poutanen M, Chambon P, Lagerquist MK. Phosphorylation site S122 in estrogen receptor α has a tissue-dependent role in female mice. FASEB J 2020; 34:15991-16002. [PMID: 33067917 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901376rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen treatment increases bone mass and reduces fat mass but is associated with adverse effects in postmenopausal women. Knowledge regarding tissue-specific estrogen signaling is important to aid the development of new tissue-specific treatments. We hypothesized that the posttranslational modification phosphorylation in estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) may modulate ERα activity in a tissue-dependent manner. Phosphorylation of site S122 in ERα has been shown in vitro to affect ERα activity, but the tissue-specific role in vivo is unknown. We herein developed and phenotyped a novel mouse model with a point mutation at the phosphorylation site 122 in ERα (S122A). Female S122A mice had increased fat mass and serum insulin levels but unchanged serum sex steroid levels, uterus weight, bone mass, thymus weight, and lymphocyte maturation compared to WT mice. In conclusion, phosphorylation site S122 in ERα has a tissue-dependent role with an impact specifically on fat mass in female mice. This study is the first to demonstrate in vivo that a phosphorylation site in a transactivation domain in a nuclear steroid receptor modulates the receptor activity in a tissue-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin L Gustafsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helen H Farman
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petra Henning
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vikte Lionikaite
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sofia Movérare-Skrtic
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Klara Sjögren
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna E Törnqvist
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annica Andersson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Islander
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Angelina I Bernardi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pierre Chambon
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, ULP, Collège de France, Illkirch-Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie K Lagerquist
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Gao X, Li Q, Liu Y, Zeng R. Multi-in-One: Multiple-Proteases, One-Hour-Shot Strategy for Fast and High-Coverage Phosphoproteomic Investigation. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8943-8951. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qingrun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yansheng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Rong Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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Lappano R, Mallet C, Rizzuti B, Grande F, Galli GR, Byrne C, Broutin I, Boudieu L, Eschalier A, Jacquot Y, Maggiolini M. The Peptide ERα17p Is a GPER Inverse Agonist that Exerts Antiproliferative Effects in Breast Cancer Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060590. [PMID: 31207943 PMCID: PMC6627388 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) offers promising perspectives for the treatment of breast tumors. A peptide corresponding to part of the hinge region/AF2 domain of the human estrogen receptor α (ERα17p, residues 295–311) exerts anti-proliferative effects in various breast cancer cells including those used as triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) models. As preliminary investigations have evoked a role for the GPER in the mechanism of action of this peptide, we focused our studies on this protein using SkBr3 breast cancer cells, which are ideal for GPER evaluation. ERα17p inhibits cell growth by targeting membrane signaling. Identified as a GPER inverse agonist, it co-localizes with GPER and induces the proteasome-dependent downregulation of GPER. It also decreases the level of pEGFR (phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor), pERK1/2 (phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase), and c-fos. ERα17p is rapidly distributed in mice after intra-peritoneal injection and is found primarily in the mammary glands. The N-terminal PLMI motif, which presents analogies with the GPER antagonist PBX1, reproduces the effect of the whole ERα17p. Thus, this motif seems to direct the action of the entire peptide, as highlighted by docking and molecular dynamics studies. Consequently, the tetrapeptide PLMI, which can be claimed as the first peptidic GPER disruptor, could open new avenues for specific GPER modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Lappano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
| | - Christophe Mallet
- NEURO-DOL Basics & Clinical Pharmacology of Pain, INSERM, CHU, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- ANALGESIA Institute, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Bruno Rizzuti
- CNR-NANOTEC, Licryl-UOS Cosenza and CEMIF.Cal, Department of Physics, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
| | - Fedora Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
| | - Giulia Raffaella Galli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
| | - Cillian Byrne
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), CNRS-UMR 7203, Sorbonne University, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Isabelle Broutin
- Cibles Thérapeutiques et Conception de Médicaments (CiTCoM), CNRS-UMR 8038, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France.
| | - Ludivine Boudieu
- NEURO-DOL Basics & Clinical Pharmacology of Pain, INSERM, CHU, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- ANALGESIA Institute, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Alain Eschalier
- NEURO-DOL Basics & Clinical Pharmacology of Pain, INSERM, CHU, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- ANALGESIA Institute, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Yves Jacquot
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), CNRS-UMR 7203, Sorbonne University, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
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12
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Nuclear Receptors Are Differentially Expressed and Activated in KAIMRC1 Compared to MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112028. [PMID: 31141879 PMCID: PMC6600534 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently established a KAIMRC1 cell line that has unique features compared to the known breast cancer cell lines, MCF7 and MDA-MB231. To characterize it further, we investigated the expression profile of nuclear receptors and their respective co-factors in these cell lines. We confirm that in contrast to the triple negative cell line MDA-MB231, the MCF7 and KAIMRC1 are estrogen receptor alpha (ERa) and progesterone receptor alpha (PRa) positive, with significant lower expression of these receptors in KAIMRC1. KAIMRC1 cell is a vitamin D receptor (VDR) negative and V-ErbA-Related Protein 2 (EAR2) positive in contrast to MCF7 and MDA-MB231. Remarkably, the histone deacetylases (HDACs) are highly expressed in KAIRMC1 with HDAC6 and HDAC 7 are exclusively expressed in KAIMRC1 while thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein 80 (TRAP80), telomeric DNA binding protein 1 (TBP1) and TGF-beta receptor interacting protein (TRIP1) are absent in KAIMRC1 but present in MCF7 and MDA-MB231. In a luciferase reporter assay, the ERa coexpression is needed for estrogen receptor element (ERE)-luciferase activation by estradiol in KAIMRC1 but not in MCF7. The co-expression of exogenous Liver X receptor alpha (LXRa)/retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRa) are necessary for LXR responsive element (LXRE) activation by the GW3696 in the three cell lines. However, the activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor response element (PPARE)-tk-luciferase reporter increased when peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha (PPARa)/RXRa were coexpressed but the addition of PPARa agonist (GW7647) did not stimulate further the reporter. The signal of the PPARE reporter increased in a dose-dependent manner with rosiglitazone (PPARg agonist) in KAIMRC1, MCF7, and MDA-MB231 when the proliferator-activated receptors gamma (PPARg)/RXRa receptors were cotransfected. Retinoic acid-induced activation of retinoic acid receptor response element (RARE)-tk-luciferase is dependent on exogenous expression of retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARa)/RXRa heterodimer in MDA-MB 231 but not in MCF7 and KAIMRC1 cell lines. In the three cell lines, Bexarotene-induced retinoid X receptor response element (RXRE)-luciferase reporter activation was induced only if the RXRa/LXRa heterodimer were co-expressed. The vitamin D receptor response element (VDRE)-luciferase reporter activity showed another distinct feature of KAIMRC1, where only co-expression of exogenous vitamin D receptor (VDR)/RXRa heterodimer was sufficient to reach the maximum rate of activation of VDRE reporter. In the proliferation assay, nuclear receptors ligands showed a distinct effect on KAIMRC1 compared to MCF7 and MDA-MB231. Growth inhibition effects of used ligands suggest that KAIMRC1 correlate more closely to MDA-MB231 than MCF7. Vitamin D3, rosiglitazone, novel RXR compound (RXRc) and PPARa compound (GW6471) have the most profound effects. In conclusion, we showed that nuclear receptors are differentially expressed, activated and also their ligand produced distinct effects in KAIMRC1 compared to MCF7 and MDA-MB231. This finding gives us confidence that KAIMRC1 has a unique biological phenotype.
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13
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Yang J, Sun Y, Xu F, Liu W, Hayashi T, Hattori S, Ushiki‐Kaku Y, Onodera S, Tashiro S, Ikejima T. Silibinin protects rat pancreatic β‐cell through up‐regulation of estrogen receptors' signaling against amylin‐ or Aβ
1–42
‐induced reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species generation. Phytother Res 2019; 33:998-1009. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Wuya College of InnovationShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Yue Sun
- Wuya College of InnovationShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Fanxing Xu
- Wuya College of InnovationShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Wuya College of InnovationShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- Wuya College of InnovationShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
- Department of Chemistry and Life science, School of Advanced EngineeringKogakuin University Tokyo Japan
| | - Shunji Hattori
- Nippi Research Institute of BiomatrixNippi, Incorporated Toride Japan
| | - Yuko Ushiki‐Kaku
- Nippi Research Institute of BiomatrixNippi, Incorporated Toride Japan
| | - Satoshi Onodera
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical SciencesShowa Pharmaceutical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Shin‐ichi Tashiro
- Department of Medical Education and Primary CareKyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- Wuya College of InnovationShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry‐Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & DevelopmentShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
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14
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Truong TH, Dwyer AR, Diep CH, Hu H, Hagen KM, Lange CA. Phosphorylated Progesterone Receptor Isoforms Mediate Opposing Stem Cell and Proliferative Breast Cancer Cell Fates. Endocrinology 2019; 160:430-446. [PMID: 30597041 PMCID: PMC6349004 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone receptors (PRs) are key modifiers of estrogen receptor (ER) target genes and drivers of luminal breast cancer progression. Total PR expression, rather than isoform-specific PR expression, is measured in breast tumors as an indicator of functional ER. We identified phenotypic differences between PR-A and PR-B in luminal breast cancer models with a focus on tumorsphere biology. Our findings indicated that PR-A is a dominant driver of cancer stem cell (CSC) expansion in T47D models, and PR-B is a potent driver of anchorage-independent proliferation. PR-A+ tumorspheres were enriched for aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, CD44+/CD24-, and CD49f+/CD24- cell populations relative to PR-B+ tumorspheres. Progestin promoted heightened expression of known CSC-associated target genes in PR-A+ but not PR-B+ cells cultured as tumorspheres. We report robust phosphorylation of PR-A relative to PR-B Ser294 and found that this residue is required for PR-A-induced expression of CSC-associated genes and CSC behavior. Cells expressing PR-A S294A exhibited impaired CSC phenotypes but heightened anchorage-independent cell proliferation. The PR target gene and coactivator, FOXO1, promoted PR phosphorylation and tumorsphere formation. The FOXO1 inhibitor (AS1842856) alone or combined with onapristone (PR antagonist), blunted phosphorylated PR, and tumorsphere formation in PR-A+ and PR-B+ T47D, MCF7, and BT474 models. Our data revealed unique isoform-specific functions of phosphorylated PRs as modulators of distinct and opposing pathways relevant to mechanisms of late recurrence. A clear understanding of PR isoforms, phosphorylation events, and the role of cofactors could lead to novel biomarkers of advanced tumor behavior and reveal new approaches to pharmacologically target CSCs in luminal breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu H Truong
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Amy R Dwyer
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Caroline H Diep
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Hsiangyu Hu
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kyla M Hagen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Carol A Lange
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Correspondence: Carol A. Lange, PhD, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Delivery Code 2812, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455. E-mail:
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15
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The Phosphorylated Estrogen Receptor α (ER) Cistrome Identifies a Subset of Active Enhancers Enriched for Direct ER-DNA Binding and the Transcription Factor GRHL2. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:MCB.00417-18. [PMID: 30455249 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00417-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications are key regulators of protein function, providing cues that can alter protein interactions and cellular location. Phosphorylation of estrogen receptor α (ER) at serine 118 (pS118-ER) occurs in response to multiple stimuli and is involved in modulating ER-dependent gene transcription. While the cistrome of ER is well established, surprisingly little is understood about how phosphorylation impacts ER-DNA binding activity. To define the pS118-ER cistrome, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing was performed on pS118-ER and ER in MCF-7 cells treated with estrogen. pS118-ER occupied a subset of ER binding sites which were associated with an active enhancer mark, acetylated H3K27. Unlike ER, pS118-ER sites were enriched in GRHL2 DNA binding motifs, and estrogen treatment increased GRHL2 recruitment to sites occupied by pS118-ER. Additionally, pS118-ER occupancy sites showed greater enrichment of full-length estrogen response elements relative to ER sites. In an in vitro DNA binding array of genomic binding sites, pS118-ER was more commonly associated with direct DNA binding events than indirect binding events. These results indicate that phosphorylation of ER at serine 118 promotes direct DNA binding at active enhancers and is a distinguishing mark for associated transcription factor complexes on chromatin.
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16
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Li D, Zhou W, Pang J, Tang Q, Zhong B, Shen C, Xiao L, Hou T. A magic drug target: Androgen receptor. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:1485-1514. [PMID: 30569509 DOI: 10.1002/med.21558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is closely associated with a group of hormone-related diseases including the cancers of prostate, breast, ovary, pancreas, etc and anabolic deficiencies such as muscle atrophy and osteoporosis. Depending on the specific type and stage of the diseases, AR ligands including not only antagonists but also agonists and modulators are considered as potential therapeutics, which makes AR an extremely interesting drug target. Here, we at first review the current understandings on the structural characteristics of AR, and then address why and how AR is investigated as a drug target for the relevant diseases and summarize the representative antagonists and agonists targeting five prospective small molecule binding sites at AR, including ligand-binding pocket, activation function-2 site, binding function-3 site, DNA-binding domain, and N-terminal domain, providing recent insights from a target and drug development view. Further comprehensive studies on AR and AR ligands would bring fruitful information and push the therapy of AR relevant diseases forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenfang Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Lab of CAD&CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinping Pang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qin Tang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bingling Zhong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Shen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Xiao
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Lab of CAD&CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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17
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Smith LC, Lavelle CM, Silva-Sanchez C, Denslow ND, Sabo-Attwood T. Early phosphoproteomic changes for adverse outcome pathway development in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) brain. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10212. [PMID: 29977039 PMCID: PMC6033950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28395-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) are conceptual frameworks that organize and link contaminant-induced mechanistic molecular changes to adverse biological responses at the individual and population level. AOPs leverage molecular and high content mechanistic information for regulatory decision-making, but most current AOPs for hormonally active agents (HAAs) focus on nuclear receptor-mediated effects only despite the overwhelming evidence that HAAs also activate membrane receptors. Activation of membrane receptors triggers non-genomic signaling cascades often transduced by protein phosphorylation leading to phenotypic changes. We utilized label-free LC-MS/MS to identify proteins differentially phosphorylated in the brain of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) aqueously exposed for 30 minutes to two HAAs, 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), a strong estrogenic substance, and levonorgestrel (LNG), a progestin, both components of the birth control pill. EE2 promoted differential phosphorylation of proteins involved in neuronal processes such as nervous system development, synaptic transmission, and neuroprotection, while LNG induced differential phosphorylation of proteins involved in axon cargo transport and calcium ion homeostasis. EE2 and LNG caused similar enrichment of synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. This study is the first to identify molecular changes in vivo in fish after short-term exposure and highlights transduction of rapid signaling mechanisms as targets of HAAs, in addition to nuclear receptor-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Smith
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, 1333 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32603, USA.,Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, 2187 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - C M Lavelle
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, 1225 Center Dr., Rm 4160, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, 2187 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - C Silva-Sanchez
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA
| | - N D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, 1333 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32603, USA. .,Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, 2187 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - T Sabo-Attwood
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, 1225 Center Dr., Rm 4160, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA. .,Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, 2187 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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18
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Abstract
The Androgen Receptor (AR), a member of the steroid hormone receptor family, plays important roles in the physiology and pathology of diverse tissues. AR ligands, which include circulating testosterone and locally synthesized dihydrotestosterone, bind to and activate the AR to elicit their effects. Ubiquitous expression of the AR, metabolism and cross reactivity with other receptors limit broad therapeutic utilization of steroidal androgens. However, the discovery of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) and other tissue-selective nuclear hormone receptor modulators that activate their cognate receptors in a tissue-selective manner provides an opportunity to promote the beneficial effects of androgens and other hormones in target tissues with greatly reduced unwanted side-effects. In the last two decades, significant resources have been dedicated to the discovery and biological characterization of SARMs in an effort to harness the untapped potential of the AR. SARMs have been proposed as treatments of choice for various diseases, including muscle-wasting, breast cancer, and osteoporosis. This review provides insight into the evolution of SARMs from proof-of-concept agents to the cusp of therapeutic use in less than two decades, while covering contemporary views of their mechanisms of action and therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Narayanan
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | | | - James T Dalton
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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19
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Abstract
The detection of phosphorylation status of proteins has become a critical component of the analysis of activity, localization, and turnover studies of most proteins, particularly for those involved in signaling. The androgen receptor is no exception to this rule with its localization, transcriptional activity, and interactions determined by a series of key phosphorylations on serine residues. Here we have presented a series of techniques for the investigation of the phosphorylation status and intracellular localization of the androgen receptor after hormone and growth factor stimulation of cells in culture (in vitro) and in prostate cancer tissue (in vivo). Modified methods for immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence detection with high efficacy for the measurement and monitoring of androgen receptor are presented here alongside examples of their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara McGuinness
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Swithback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Iain J McEwan
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresthill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
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20
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Park J, Lee Y. Hypoxia induced phosphorylation of estrogen receptor at serine 118 in the absence of ligand. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:146-152. [PMID: 28847747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The estrogen receptor (ER) plays an important role in breast cancer development and progression. Hypoxia modulates the level of ERα expression and induces ligand-independent transcriptional activation of ERα, which is closely related with the biology of breast carcinomas. Since phosphorylation itself affects the transcriptional activity and stabilization of ERα, we examined changes in ERα phosphorylation under hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia induced phosphorylation of ERα at serine residue 118 (S118) in the absence of estrogen through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK1/2 pathway. Cell proliferation was significantly decreased under normoxia or hypoxia when ERα harboring the S118A mutation was overexpressed. Our previous studies showed that ER degradation is the most prominent phenomenon under hypoxia. E2-induced ER protein downregulation is dependent on phosphorylation of S118. However, hypoxia-induced ERα degradation did not involve S118 phosphorylation. Our study implies the existence of a differential mechanism between E2 and hypoxia-mediated ERα protein degradation. Understanding the mechanistic behavior of ER under hypoxia will likely facilitate understanding of endocrine therapy resistance and development of treatment strategies for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonwoo Park
- College of Life Science, Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, South Korea
| | - YoungJoo Lee
- College of Life Science, Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, South Korea.
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21
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McDermott MSJ, Chumanevich AA, Lim CU, Liang J, Chen M, Altilia S, Oliver D, Rae JM, Shtutman M, Kiaris H, Győrffy B, Roninson IB, Broude EV. Inhibition of CDK8 mediator kinase suppresses estrogen dependent transcription and the growth of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:12558-12575. [PMID: 28147342 PMCID: PMC5355036 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormone therapy targeting estrogen receptor (ER) is the principal treatment for ER-positive breast cancers. However, many cancers develop resistance to hormone therapy while retaining ER expression. Identifying new druggable mediators of ER function can help to increase the efficacy of ER-targeting drugs. Cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) is a Mediator complex-associated transcriptional regulator with oncogenic activities. Expression of CDK8, its paralog CDK19 and their binding partner Cyclin C are negative prognostic markers in breast cancer. Meta-analysis of transcriptome databases revealed an inverse correlation between CDK8 and ERα expression, suggesting that CDK8 could be functionally associated with ER. We have found that CDK8 inhibition by CDK8/19-selective small-molecule kinase inhibitors, by shRNA knockdown or by CRISPR/CAS9 knockout suppresses estrogen-induced transcription in ER-positive breast cancer cells; this effect was exerted downstream of ER. Estrogen addition stimulated the binding of CDK8 to the ER-responsive GREB1 gene promoter and CDK8/19 inhibition reduced estrogen-stimulated association of an elongation-competent phosphorylated form of RNA Polymerase II with GREB1. CDK8/19 inhibitors abrogated the mitogenic effect of estrogen on ER-positive cells and potentiated the growth-inhibitory effects of ER antagonist fulvestrant. Treatment of estrogen-deprived ER-positive breast cancer cells with CDK8/19 inhibitors strongly impeded the development of estrogen independence. In vivo treatment with a CDK8/19 inhibitor Senexin B suppressed tumor growth and augmented the effects of fulvestrant in ER-positive breast cancer xenografts. These results identify CDK8 as a novel downstream mediator of ER and suggest the utility of CDK8 inhibitors for ER-positive breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina S J McDermott
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Alexander A Chumanevich
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Chang-Uk Lim
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jiaxin Liang
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mengqian Chen
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Serena Altilia
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - David Oliver
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - James M Rae
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael Shtutman
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Hippokratis Kiaris
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Semmelweis University 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Igor B Roninson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Eugenia V Broude
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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22
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Marquina-Sánchez B, González-Jorge J, Hansberg-Pastor V, Wegman-Ostrosky T, Baranda-Ávila N, Mejía-Pérez S, Camacho-Arroyo I, González-Arenas A. The interplay between intracellular progesterone receptor and PKC plays a key role in migration and invasion of human glioblastoma cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 172:198-206. [PMID: 27717886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular progesterone receptors (PRs) and protein kinases C (PKCs) are known regulators of cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Both PRs and PKCs are found overexpressed in grade IV human astrocytomas, also known as glioblastomas, which are the most frequent and aggressive brain tumors. In the present study, we investigated whether PR activation by PKC induces the migration and invasion of glioblastoma derived cell lines and if PKCα and δ isoforms are involved in PR activation. We observed that PKC activation with tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA) increases the migration and invasion capacity of two human glioblastoma derived human cell lines (U251 MG and U87) and that the treatment with the PR receptor antagonist RU486 blocks these processes. Interestingly, the pharmacological inhibition of the isoenzymes PKCα and PKCδ also resulted in a blocked PR transcriptional activity. Also, TPA-dependent PR activation increases the expression of progesterone-induced blocking factor (PIBF), a known PR target gene. These results hint to an existing cross-talk between PKCs and PRs in regulating the infiltration process of human glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Marquina-Sánchez
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Programa de Investigación en Cancer de Mama, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jesús González-Jorge
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Programa de Investigación en Cancer de Mama, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Valeria Hansberg-Pastor
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Talia Wegman-Ostrosky
- Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional Cancerología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Noemi Baranda-Ávila
- División de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Sonia Mejía-Pérez
- Subdirección de Neurocirugía, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Aliesha González-Arenas
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Programa de Investigación en Cancer de Mama, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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23
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Targeting androgen receptor versus targeting androgens to suppress castration resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2017; 397:133-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Weikum ER, Knuesel MT, Ortlund EA, Yamamoto KR. Glucocorticoid receptor control of transcription: precision and plasticity via allostery. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2017; 18:159-174. [PMID: 28053348 PMCID: PMC6257982 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2016.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a constitutively expressed transcriptional regulatory factor (TRF) that controls many distinct gene networks, each uniquely determined by particular cellular and physiological contexts. The precision of GR-mediated responses seems to depend on combinatorial, context-specific assembly of GR-nucleated transcription regulatory complexes at genomic response elements. In turn, evidence suggests that context-driven plasticity is conferred by the integration of multiple signals, each serving as an allosteric effector of GR conformation, a key determinant of regulatory complex composition and activity. This structural and mechanistic perspective on GR regulatory specificity is likely to extend to other eukaryotic TRFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Weikum
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Matthew T Knuesel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Keith R Yamamoto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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25
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Chan HJ, Petrossian K, Chen S. Structural and functional characterization of aromatase, estrogen receptor, and their genes in endocrine-responsive and -resistant breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 161:73-83. [PMID: 26277097 PMCID: PMC4752924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aromatase and estrogen receptor α (ER) are two key proteins for the proliferation of endocrine-responsive and -resistant breast cancers. Aromatase is an enzyme involved in the conversion of androgen (such as testosterone) to estrogen (such as 17β-estradiol). It is also a very effective therapeutic target for the treatment of endocrine-responsive breast cancer. Comparing endocrine-responsive and -resistant breast cancer, aromatase protein levels do not change significantly. Aromatase activity; however, can be increased via PI3K/Akt/IGFR signaling pathways in endocrine resistant cells. The activity of aromatase has been reported to be modulated by phosphorylation. The ER is an important steroid nuclear receptor in the proliferation of both endocrine-responsive and -resistant cells. Although the mutation or amplification of ER can cause endocrine resistance, it is not commonly found. Some point mutations and translocation events have been characterized and shown to promote estrogen-independent growth. Phosphorylation by cross-talk with growth factor pathways is one of the main mechanisms for ligand-independent activation of ER. Taken together, both ER and aromatase are important in ER-dependent breast cancer and the development of endocrine resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hei Jason Chan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Karineh Petrossian
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Shiuan Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States.
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26
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Zheng Y, Murphy LC. Regulation of steroid hormone receptors and coregulators during the cell cycle highlights potential novel function in addition to roles as transcription factors. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2016; 14:e001. [PMID: 26778927 PMCID: PMC4714463 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.14001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell cycle progression is tightly controlled by several kinase families including Cyclin-Dependent Kinases, Polo-Like Kinases, and Aurora Kinases. A large amount of data show that steroid hormone receptors and various components of the cell cycle, including cell cycle regulated kinases, interact, and this often results in altered transcriptional activity of the receptor. Furthermore, steroid hormones, through their receptors, can also regulate the transcriptional expression of genes that are required for cell cycle regulation. However, emerging data suggest that steroid hormone receptors may have roles in cell cycle progression independent of their transcriptional activity. The following is a review of how steroid receptors and their coregulators can regulate or be regulated by the cell cycle machinery, with a particular focus on roles independent of transcription in G2/M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics (YZ, LCM), University of Manitoba; Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology (YZ, LCM), CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Leigh C Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics (YZ, LCM), University of Manitoba; Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology (YZ, LCM), CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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27
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Anbalagan M, Rowan BG. Estrogen receptor alpha phosphorylation and its functional impact in human breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418 Pt 3:264-72. [PMID: 25597633 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation and homeostasis in various tissues. Sustained exposure to estrogen/estradiol (E2) increases the risk of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers. ERα function is also regulated by phosphorylation through various kinase signaling pathways that will impact various ERα functions including chromatin interaction, coregulator recruitment and gene expression, as well impact breast tumor growth/morphology and breast cancer patient response to endocrine therapy. However, many of the previously characterized ERα phosphorylation sites do not fully explain the impact of receptor phosphorylation on ERα function. This review discusses work from our laboratory toward understanding a role of ERα site-specific phosphorylation in ERα function and breast cancer. The key findings discussed in this review are: (1) the effect of site specific ERα phosphorylation on temporal recruitment of ERα and unique coactivator complexes to specific genes; (2) the impact of stable disruption of ERα S118 and S167 phosphorylation in breast cancer cells on eliciting unique gene expression profiles that culminate in significant effects on breast cancer growth/morphology/migration/invasion; (3) the Src kinase signaling pathway that impacts ERα phosphorylation to alter ERα function; and (4) circadian disruption by light exposure at night leading to elevated ERK1/2 and Src kinase and phosphorylation of ERα, concomitant with tamoxifen resistance in breast tumor models. Results from these studies demonstrate that even changes to single ERα phosphorylation sites can have a profound impact on ERα function in breast cancer. Future work will extend beyond single site phosphorylation analysis toward identification of specific patterns/profiles of ERα phosphorylation under different physiological/pharmacological conditions to understand how common phosphorylation profiles in breast cancer program specific physiological endpoints such as growth, apoptosis, migration/invasion, and endocrine therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muralidharan Anbalagan
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Brian G Rowan
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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28
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Pinceti E, Shults CL, Rao YS, Mott NN, Pak TR. Phosphorylation Alters Oestrogen Receptor β-Mediated Transcription in Neurones. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:861-71. [PMID: 26440063 PMCID: PMC4661120 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear steroid hormone receptors are ubiquitously expressed transcription factors whose activity can be altered by post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation. The consequences of post-translational modifications have been described for several members of the nuclear steroid hormone receptor superfamily; however, little is known about the effects of oestrogen receptor (ER)β phosphorylation in the brain. Moreover, to our knowledge, the presence of phosphorylated ERβ has not been detected in the brain of any species to date. Oestrogen receptor β is highly expressed in several regions of the brain and in vitro studies have demonstrated that it can be phosphorylated at two serine residues (S87 and S105) in the N-terminal AF-1 region. The present study aimed to determine whether phosphorylated ERβ is detectable in the hippocampus of aged female rats, as well as the functional consequences of ERβ S87 and S105 phosphorylation on transcriptional activity in neuronal cells. First, we used a novel PhosTag(™) approach to detect phosphorylated forms of ERβ in the dorsal hippocampus of aged female rats. The data obtained demonstrated abundant forms of phosphorylated ERβ in the dorsal hippocampus, suggesting that this post-translational modification might be an important regulator of ERβ function. To assess the functional consequences of ERβ phosphorylation in neuronal cells, we created phospho-mimetic (S87E, S105E) and phospho-null (S87A, S105A) ERβ receptors that were transiently transfected in a hippocampal-derived cell line. Collectively, our results showed that phosphorylation of S87 and S105 altered both ligand-independent and ligand-dependent ERβ transcriptional regulation. Overall, these data demonstrate that phosphorylated forms of ERβ are present in the brain of aged female rats and that phosphorylation of ERβ could differentially alter ERβ-mediated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pinceti
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - C L Shults
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Y S Rao
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - N N Mott
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - T R Pak
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
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29
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Grimm SL, Ward RD, Obr AE, Franco HL, Fernandez-Valdivia R, Kim JS, Roberts JM, Jeong JW, DeMayo FJ, Lydon JP, Edwards DP, Weigel NL. A role for site-specific phosphorylation of mouse progesterone receptor at serine 191 in vivo. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 28:2025-37. [PMID: 25333515 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone receptors (PRs) are phosphorylated on multiple sites, and a variety of roles for phosphorylation have been suggested by cell-based studies. Previous studies using PR-null mice have shown that PR plays an important role in female fertility, regulation of uterine growth, the uterine decidualization response, and proliferation as well as ductal side-branching and alveologenesis in the mammary gland. To study the role of PR phosphorylation in vivo, a mouse was engineered with homozygous replacement of PR with a PR serine-to-alanine mutation at amino acid 191. No overt phenotypes were observed in the mammary glands or uteri of PR S191A treated with progesterone (P4). In contrast, although PR S191A mice were fertile, litters were 19% smaller than wild type and the estrous cycle was lengthened slightly. Moreover, P4-dependent gene regulation in primary mammary epithelial cells (MECs) was altered in a gene-selective manner. MECs derived from wild type and PR S191A mice were grown in a three-dimensional culture. Both formed acinar structures that were morphologically similar, and proliferation was stimulated equally by P4. However, P4 induction of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and calcitonin was selectively reduced in S191A cultures. These differences were confirmed in freshly isolated MECs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that the binding of S191A PR to some of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand enhancers and a calcitonin enhancer was substantially reduced. Thus, the elimination of a single phosphorylation site is sufficient to modulate PR activity in vivo. PR contains many phosphorylation sites, and the coordinate regulation of multiple sites is a potential mechanism for selective modulation of PR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Grimm
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology (S.L.G., R.D.W., A.E.O., H.L.F., R.F.-V., J.-S.K., J.M.R., J.-W.J., F.J.D., J.P.L., D.P.E., N.L.W.) and Pathology and Immunology (D.P.E.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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30
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R. Lambert J, K. Nordeen S. A role for the non-conserved N-terminal domain of the TATA-binding protein in the crosstalk between cell signaling pathways and steroid receptors. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2015.2.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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31
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Vandevyver S, Dejager L, Libert C. Comprehensive overview of the structure and regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor. Endocr Rev 2014; 35:671-93. [PMID: 24937701 DOI: 10.1210/er.2014-1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are among the most prescribed drugs worldwide for the treatment of numerous immune and inflammatory disorders. They exert their actions by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. There are several GR isoforms resulting from alternative RNA splicing and translation initiation of the GR transcript. Additionally, these isoforms are all subject to several transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational modifications, all of which affect the protein's stability and/or function. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge on the distinct GR isoforms and the processes that generate them. We also review the importance of all known transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational modifications, including the regulation of GR by microRNAs. Moreover, we discuss the crucial role of the putative GR-bound DNA sequence as an allosteric ligand influencing GR structure and activity. Finally, we describe how the differential composition and distinct regulation at multiple levels of different GR species could account for the wide and diverse effects of glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Vandevyver
- Inflammation Research Center (S.V., L.D., C.L.), Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, B9052 Ghent, Belgium; and Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (S.V., L.D., C.L.), Ghent University, B9052 Ghent, Belgium
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32
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Zhang J, Lou X, Jin L, Zhou R, Liu S, Xu N, Liao DJ. Necrosis, and then stress induced necrosis-like cell death, but not apoptosis, should be the preferred cell death mode for chemotherapy: clearance of a few misconceptions. Oncoscience 2014; 1:407-22. [PMID: 25594039 PMCID: PMC4284620 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death overarches carcinogenesis and is a center of cancer researches, especially therapy studies. There have been many nomenclatures on cell death, but only three cell death modes are genuine, i.e. apoptosis, necrosis and stress-induced cell death (SICD). Like apoptosis, SICD is programmed. Like necrosis, SICD is a pathological event and may trigger regeneration and scar formation. Therefore, SICD has subtypes of stress-induced apoptosis-like cell death (SIaLCD) and stress-induced necrosis-like cell death (SInLCD). Whereas apoptosis removes redundant but healthy cells, SICD removes useful but ill or damaged cells. Many studies on cell death involve cancer tissues that resemble parasites in the host patients, which is a complicated system as it involves immune clearance of the alien cancer cells by the host. Cancer resembles an evolutionarily lower-level organism having a weaker apoptosis potential and poorer DNA repair mechanisms. Hence, targeting apoptosis for cancer therapy, i.e. killing via SIaLCD, will be less efficacious and more toxic. On the other hand, necrosis of cancer cells releases cellular debris and components to stimulate immune function, thus counteracting therapy-caused immune suppression and making necrosis better than SIaLCD for chemo drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Lou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Longyu Jin
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Rongjia Zhou
- Department of Genetics & Center for Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Siqi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute, Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - D. Joshua Liao
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
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33
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Elevated O-LinkedN-Acetylglucosamine Correlated with Reduced Sp1 Cooperative DNA Binding with Its Collaborating Factorsin Vivo. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 74:1668-72. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Abdel-Hafiz HA, Horwitz KB. Post-translational modifications of the progesterone receptors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 140:80-9. [PMID: 24333793 PMCID: PMC3923415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone plays a key role in the development, differentiation and maintenance of female reproductive tissues and has multiple non-reproductive neural functions. Depending on the cell and tissue, the hormonal environment, growth conditions and the developmental stage, progesterone can either stimulate cell growth or inhibit it while promoting differentiation. Progesterone receptors (PRs) belong to the steroid hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors. PR proteins are subject to extensive post-translational modifications that include phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination and SUMOylation. The interplay among these modifications is complex with alteration of the receptors by one factor influencing the impact of another. Control over these modifications is species-, tissue- and cell-specific. They in turn regulate multiple functions including PR stability, their subcellular localization, protein-protein interactions and transcriptional activity. These complexities may explain how tissue- and gene-specific differences in regulation are achieved in the same organism, by the same receptor protein and hormone. Here we review current knowledge of PR post-translational modifications and discuss how these may influence receptor function focusing on human breast cancer cells. There is much left to be learned. However, our understanding of this may help to identify therapeutic agents that target PR activity in tissue-specific, even gene-specific ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany A Abdel-Hafiz
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Kathryn B Horwitz
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pathology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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35
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Daniels G, Pei Z, Logan SK, Lee P. Mini-review: androgen receptor phosphorylation in prostate cancer. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2013; 1:25-29. [PMID: 25374897 PMCID: PMC4219286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) plays an important role in the tumorigenesis and progression of prostate cancer (PCa), and is the primary therapeutic target for PCa treatment. AR activity can be regulated via phosphorylation at multiple phosphorylation sites within the protein. Modifications by phosphorylation alter AR function, including its cellular localization, stability and transcriptional activity, ultimately leading to changes in cancer cell biology and disease progression. Here we present a brief overview of AR phosphorylation sites in PCa, focusing on functional roles of phospho-AR (p-AR) species, relevance in PCa disease progression, and potential as biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets through the use of kinase inhibitors. Additionally, recent evidence has shown the important role of AR activity in the cancer associated stroma on PCa growth and progression. The phosphorylation status of epithelial and stromal AR may be distinct; however, the current data available on stromal AR phosphorylation is limited. Further research will determine global view on the synergistic effects of phosphorylation across multiple AR sites in both epithelial and stromal cells and validate whether together they can be used as prognostic markers and/or effective therapeutic targets for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Daniels
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Zhiheng Pei
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Susan K Logan
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New YorkNY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Peng Lee
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New YorkNY, USA
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
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36
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Takeshita T, Omoto Y, Yamamoto-Ibusuki M, Yamamoto Y, Iwase H. Clinical significance of androgen receptor and its phosphorylated form in breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20:L15-21. [PMID: 23970793 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Nickisch K, Nair HB, Kesavaram N, Das B, Garfield R, Shi SQ, Bhaskaran SS, Grimm SL, Edwards DP. Synthesis and antiprogestational properties of novel 17-fluorinated steroids. Steroids 2013; 78:909-19. [PMID: 23607964 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone receptor (PR) plays a key role in reproductive functions, and compounds that inhibit progesterone action (antiprogestins) have potential use in the treatment of estrogen- and progesterone-dependent diseases, including uterine leiomyomas and breast cancer. In the present study, we chemically synthesized novel 17-fluorinated steroids and evaluated the cytotoxicity profiles of these compounds in T47D breast cancer cells compared to the activity of known antiprogestins, including ZK230 211, RU-486, CDB2914, CDB4124 and ORG33628. We analyzed in vitro receptor-binding assays and PR-transactivation assays to establish the antiprogestational activity of these molecules. The representative antiprogestin EC304 was found to inhibit in vitro tumorigenicity in a dose-dependent fashion in T47D cells by a colony formation assay at 1 and 10nM concentrations. The potent in vivo antiprogestational activity of EC304 was also demonstrated in an antinidation assay for the interruption of early pregnancy in rats. The strong antiprogestational activity and absence of antiglucocorticoid activity in EC compounds may demonstrate their utility in the treatment of leiomyoma, endometriosis and breast cancer.
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38
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Brennan JC, Denison MS, Holstege DM, Magiatis P, Dallas JL, Gutierrez EG, Soshilov AA, Millam JR. 2,3-cis-2R,3R-(-)-epiafzelechin-3-O-p-coumarate, a novel flavan-3-ol isolated from Fallopia convolvulus seed, is an estrogen receptor agonist in human cell lines. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:133. [PMID: 23768005 PMCID: PMC3695784 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background The plant genus Fallopia is well-known in Chinese traditional medicine and includes many species that contain bioactive compounds, namely phytoestrogens. Consumption of phytoestrogens may be linked to decreased incidence of breast and prostate cancers therefore discovery of novel phytoestrogens and novel sources of phytoestrogens is of interest. Although phytoestrogen content has been analyzed in the rhizomes of various Fallopia sp., seeds of a Fallopia sp. have never been examined for phytoestrogen presence. Methods Analytical chemistry techniques were used with guidance from an in vitro estrogen receptor bioassay (a stably transfected human ovarian carcinoma cell line) to isolate and identify estrogenic components from seeds of Fallopia convolvulus. A transiently transfected human breast carcinoma cell line was used to characterize the biological activity of the isolated compounds on estrogen receptors (ER) α and β. Results Two compounds, emodin and the novel flavan-3-ol, (−)-epiafzelechin-3-O-p-coumarate (rhodoeosein), were identified to be responsible for estrogenic activity of F. convolvulus seed extract. Absolute stereochemistry of rhodoeosein was determined by 1 and 2D NMR, optical rotation and circular dichroism. Emodin was identified by HPLC/DAD, LC/MS/MS, and FT/ICR-MS. When characterizing the ER specificity in biological activity of rhodoeosein and emodin, rhodoeosein was able to exhibit a four-fold greater relative estrogenic potency (REP) in breast cells transiently-transfected with ERβ as compared to those transfected with ERα, and emodin exhibited a six-fold greater REP in ERβ-transfected breast cells. Cell type-specific differences were observed with rhodoeosein but not emodin; rhodoeosein produced superinduction of reporter gene activity in the human ovarian cell line (> 400% of maximum estradiol [E2] induction) but not in the breast cell line. Conclusion This study is the first to characterize the novel flavan-3-ol compound, rhodoeosein, and its ability to induce estrogenic activity in human cell lines. Rhodoeosein and emodin may have potential therapeutic applications as natural products activating ERβ, and further characterization of rhodoeosein is necessary to evaluate its selectivity as a cell type-specific ER agonist.
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Role of nuclear receptors in the regulation of drug transporters in the brain. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:361-72. [PMID: 23769624 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette membrane-associated drug efflux transporters and solute carrier influx transporters, expressed at the blood-brain barrier, blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and in brain parenchyma, are important determinants of drug disposition in the central nervous system. Targeting the regulatory pathways that govern the expression of these transporters could provide novel approaches to selectively alter drug permeability into the brain. Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors which regulate the gene expression of several metabolic enzymes and drug efflux/influx transporters. Although efforts have primarily been focused on investigating these regulatory pathways in peripheral organs (i.e., liver and intestine), recent findings demonstrate their significance in the brain. This review addresses the role of nuclear receptors in the regulation of drug transporter functional expression in the brain. An in-depth understanding of these pathways could guide the development of novel pharmacotherapy with either enhanced efficacy in the central nervous system or minimal associated neurotoxicity.
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Nguyen HD, Phan TTP, Carraz M, Brunsveld L. Estrogen receptor α/β-cofactor motif interactions; interplay of tyrosine 537/488 phosphorylation and LXXLL motifs. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 8:3134-41. [PMID: 22930062 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25257k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Estrogen Receptors ERα and ERβ bind cofactor proteins via short LXXLL motifs. The exact regulation and selectivity of these interactions remains an open question and the role of post-translational modifications (PTMs) is virtually unexplored. Here, we designed an X(7)-LXXLL-X(7) T7 phage display library and screened this against four ER protein constructs: the 'naked' ERα and ERβ Ligand Binding Domains (LBDs) and the tyrosine phosphorylated ERα (pY537) and ERβ (pY488) LBDs. The site-selective tyrosine phosphorylated protein constructs were obtained via a protein semi-synthesis approach. Phage display screening yielded preferential sets of peptides. LXXLL peptides with a low pI/acidic C-terminus prefer binding to the naked ERβ over the phosphorylated ERβ analogue and ERα constructs. Peptides with a high pI/basic C-terminus show the opposite behaviour. These findings not only show regulation of the ERβ-cofactor interaction via tyrosine phosphorylation, but also suggest that ERβ and its tyrosine 488 phosphorylation play crucial roles in modulating interactions of coactivators to ERα since the natural Steroid Receptor Coactivators (SRCs) feature LXXLL motifs with acidic C-termini, while the repressor protein RIP140 features LXXLL motifs with basic C-termini. This insight provides explanation for ER transcriptional activity and can lead to more focussed targeting of the ER-coactivator interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang D Nguyen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Ren Q, Zhang L, Ruoff R, Ha S, Wang J, Jain S, Reuter V, Gerald W, Giri DD, Melamed J, Garabedian MJ, Lee P, Logan SK. Expression of androgen receptor and its phosphorylated forms in breast cancer progression. Cancer 2013; 119:2532-40. [PMID: 23605249 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen receptor (AR) expression in breast cancers may serve as a prognostic and predictive marker. We examined the expression pattern of AR and its phosphorylated forms, Ser-213 (AR-Ser[P]-213) and Ser-650 (AR-Ser[P]-650), in breast cancer and evaluated their association with clinicopathological parameters. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed on primary and distant metastatic breast cancers and benign breast tissue using antibodies against AR, AR-Ser(P)-213, and AR-Ser(P)-650. The levels of cytoplasmic and nuclear expression were scored semiquantitatively using a histoscore. RESULTS Nuclear staining of AR was observed in all benign breast tissue and 67% of cancer cases. Nuclear and cytoplasmic AR-Ser(P)-213 was increased in breast cancers 2-fold (P = .0014) and 1.7-fold (P = .05), respectively, compared with benign controls, whereas nuclear and cytoplasmic AR-Ser(P)-650 expression was decreased in tumors by 1.9-fold and 1.7-fold (both P < .0001), respectively. Increased expression of nuclear or cytoplasmic AR-Ser(P)-213 was observed in metastatic breast cancers (1.3-fold, P = .05), ER-negative (2.6-fold, P = .001), and invasive ductal carcinoma (6.8-fold, P = .04). AR-Ser(P)-650 expression was downregulated in lymph node-positive breast cancers (1.4-fold, P = .02) but was upregulated in invasive ductal carcinomas (3.2-fold, P < .0001) and metastases (1.5-fold, P = .003). Moreover, in ER-negative breast cancers, nuclear AR-Ser(P)-650 was decreased (1.4-fold, P = .005), and cytoplasmic AR-Ser(P)-650 was increased (1.4-fold, P = .003). CONCLUSIONS AR and its phosphorylation at serines 213 and 650 are differentially expressed in breast cancer tumorigenesis and progression. Phosphorylation of AR at serines 213 and 650 is increased in ER-negative breast cancers, ductal carcinomas, and metastases and may have predictive value in breast cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghu Ren
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Liying Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Rachel Ruoff
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Susan Ha
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY.,Department of New York University Cancer Institute, New York, NY
| | - Shilpa Jain
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Victor Reuter
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - William Gerald
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Dilip D Giri
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jonathan Melamed
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Michael J Garabedian
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.,Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.,Department of New York University Cancer Institute, New York, NY
| | - Peng Lee
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.,Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.,Department of New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY.,Department of New York University Cancer Institute, New York, NY
| | - Susan K Logan
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.,Department of New York University Cancer Institute, New York, NY
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Pan W, Stone KP, Hsuchou H, Manda VK, Zhang Y, Kastin AJ. Cytokine signaling modulates blood-brain barrier function. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 17:3729-40. [PMID: 21834767 DOI: 10.2174/138161211798220918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) provides a vast interface for cytokines to affect CNS function. The BBB is a target for therapeutic intervention. It is essential, therefore, to understand how cytokines interact with each other at the level of the BBB and how secondary signals modulate CNS functions beyond the BBB. The interactions between cytokines and lipids, however, have not been fully addressed at the level of the BBB. Here, we summarize current understanding of the localization of cytokine receptors and transporters in specific membrane microdomains, particularly lipid rafts, on the luminal (apical) surface of the microvascular endothelial cells composing the BBB. We then illustrate the clinical context of cytokine effects on the BBB by neuroendocrine regulation and amplification of inflammatory signals. Two unusual aspects discussed are signaling crosstalk by different classes of cytokines and genetic regulation of drug efflux transporters. We also introduce a novel area of focus on how cytokines may act through nuclear hormone receptors to modulate efflux transporters and other targets. A specific example discussed is the ATP-binding cassette transporter-1 (ABCA-1) that regulates lipid metabolism. Overall, cytokine signaling at the level of the BBB is a crucial feature of the dynamic regulation that can rapidly change BBB function and affect brain health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Pan
- Blood-Brain Barrier Group, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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Lonergan PE, Tindall DJ. Truncated Androgen Receptor Splice Variants in Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6828-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a key molecule in prostate cancer and Kennedy's disease. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of this steroid receptor is important in the development of potential therapies for these diseases. One layer of AR regulation is provided by post-translational modifications including phosphorylation, acetylation, sumoylation, ubiquitination and methylation. While these modifications have mostly been studied as individual events, it is becoming clear that these modifications can functionally interact with each other in a signalling pathway. In this review, the effects of all modifications are described with a focus on interplay between them and the functional consequences for the AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Coffey
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Group, The Medical School, Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
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Phosphorylation of the androgen receptor by PIM1 in hormone refractory prostate cancer. Oncogene 2012; 32:3992-4000. [PMID: 22986532 PMCID: PMC3527659 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Integration of cellular signaling pathways with androgen receptor (AR) signaling can be achieved through phosphorylation of AR by cellular kinases. However, the kinases responsible for phosphorylating the androgen receptor at numerous sites and the functional consequences of AR phosphorylation are only partially understood. Bioinformatic analysis revealed AR serine 213 (S213) as a putative substrate for PIM1, a kinase overexpressed in prostate cancer. Therefore, phosphorylation of AR serine 213 by PIM1 was examined using a phosphorylation site-specific antibody. Wild type PIM1, but not catalytically inactive PIM1, specifically phosphorylated AR but not an AR serine to alanine mutant (S213A). In vitro kinase assays confirmed that PIM1 can phosphorylate AR S213 in a ligand independent manner and cell type specific phosphorylation was observed in prostate cancer cell lines. Upon PIM1 overexpression AR phosphorylation was observed in the absence of hormone and was further increased in the presence of hormone in LNCaP, LNCaP-abl, and VCaP cells. Moreover, phosphorylation of AR was reduced in the presence of PIM kinase inhibitors. An examination of AR mediated transcription showed that reporter gene activity was reduced in the presence of PIM1 and wild type AR, but not S213A mutant AR. Androgen mediated transcription of endogenous PSA, Nkx3.1, and IGFBP5 was also decreased in the presence of PIM1 whereas IL6, cyclin A1, and caveolin 2 were increased. Immunohistochemical analysis of prostate cancer tissue microarrays showed significant P-AR S213 expression that was associated with hormone refractory prostate cancers, likely identifying cells with catalytically active PIM1. In addition, prostate cancers expressing a high level of P-AR S213 were twice as likely to be from biochemically recurrent cancers. Thus, AR phosphorylation by PIM1 at S213 impacts gene transcription and is highly prevalent in aggressive prostate cancer.
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Bobustuc GC, Smith JS, Maddipatla S, Jeudy S, Limaye A, Isley B, Caparas MLM, Constantino SM, Shah N, Baker CH, Srivenugopal KS, Baidas S, Konduri SD. MGMT inhibition restores ERα functional sensitivity to antiestrogen therapy. Mol Med 2012; 18:913-29. [PMID: 22549111 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiestrogen therapy resistance remains a huge stumbling block in the treatment of breast cancer. We have found significant elevation of O(6) methylguanine DNA methyl transferase (MGMT) expression in a small sample of consecutive patients who have failed tamoxifen treatment. Here, we show that tamoxifen resistance is accompanied by upregulation of MGMT. Further we show that administration of the MGMT inhibitor, O(6)-benzylguanine (BG), at nontoxic doses, leads to restoration of a favorable estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) phosphorylation phenotype (high p-ERα Ser167/low p-ERα Ser118), which has been reported to correlate with sensitivity to endocrine therapy and improved survival. We also show BG to be a dual inhibitor of MGMT and ERα. In tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells, BG alone or in combination with antiestrogen (tamoxifen [TAM]/ICI 182,780 [fulvestrant, Faslodex]) therapy enhances p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) expression, cytochrome C release and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, all indicative of apoptosis. In addition, BG increases the expression of p21(cip1/waf1). We also show that BG, alone or in combination therapy, curtails the growth of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. In tamoxifen-resistant MCF7 breast cancer xenografts, BG alone or in combination treatment causes significant delay in tumor growth. Immunohistochemistry confirms that BG increases p21(cip1/waf1) and p-ERα Ser167 expression and inhibits MGMT, ERα, p-ERα Ser118 and ki-67 expression. Collectively, our results suggest that MGMT inhibition leads to growth inhibition of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer in vitro and in vivo and resensitizes tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells to antiestrogen therapy. These findings suggest that MGMT inhibition may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for overcoming antiestrogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Bobustuc
- MD Anderson Cancer Center Orlando, Orlando, Florida 32827, United States of America.
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Itkonen H, Mills IG. Chromatin binding by the androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 360:44-51. [PMID: 21989426 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in transcriptional programs are fundamental to the development of cancers. The androgen receptor is central to the normal development of the prostate gland and to the development of prostate cancer. To a large extent this is believed to be due to the control of gene expression through the interaction of the androgen receptor with chromatin and subsequently with coregulators and the transcriptional machinery. Unbiased genome-wide studies have recently uncovered the recruitment sites that are gene-distal and intragenic rather than associated with proximal promoter regions. Whilst expression profiles from AR-positive primary prostate tumours and cell lines can directly relate to the AR cistrome in prostate cancer cells, this distribution raises significant challenges in making direct mechanistic connections. Furthermore, extrapolating from datasets assembled in one model to other model systems or clinical samples poses challenges if we are to use the AR-directed transcriptome to guide the development of novel biomarkers or treatment decisions. This review will provide an overview of the androgen receptor before addressing the challenges and opportunities created by whole-genome studies of the interplay between the androgen receptor and chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harri Itkonen
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Nordic EMBL Partnership, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1137 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway.
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Huderson BP, Duplessis TT, Williams CC, Seger HC, Marsden CG, Pouey KJ, Hill SM, Rowan BG. Stable inhibition of specific estrogen receptor α (ERα) phosphorylation confers increased growth, migration/invasion, and disruption of estradiol signaling in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Endocrinology 2012; 153:4144-59. [PMID: 22733972 PMCID: PMC3423624 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Elevated phosphorylation of estrogen receptor α (ERα) at serines 118 (S118) and 167 (S167) is associated with favorable outcome for tamoxifen adjuvant therapy and may serve as surrogate markers for a functional ERα signaling pathway in breast cancer. It is possible that loss of phosphorylation at S118 and/or S167 could disrupt ERα signaling, resulting in aggressive ERα-independent breast cancer cells. To this end, MCF-7 breast cancer cells were stably transfected with an ERα-specific short hairpin RNA that reduced endogenous ERα. The resulting cell line was stably transfected with wild-type ERα (ER-AB cells), or ERα containing serine to alanine mutation at S118 or S167 (S118A cells and S167A cells, respectively). These stable cell lines expressed approximately equivalent ERα compared with parental MCF-7 cells and were evaluated for growth, morphology, migration/invasion, and ERα-regulated gene expression. S118A cells and S167A cells exhibited increased growth and migration/invasion in vitro. Forward- and side-scatter flow cytometry revealed that S167A cells were smaller in size, and both S118A and S167A cells exhibited less cellular complexity. S118A and S167A cells expressed pancytokeratin and membrane localization of β-catenin and did not express vimentin, indicating retention of epithelial lineage markers. Expression of ERα-target genes and other genes regulated by ERα signaling or involved in breast cancer were markedly altered in both S118A and S167A cells. In summary, attenuated phosphorylation of ERα at S118 and S167 significantly affected cellular physiology and behavior in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, resulting in increased growth, migration/invasion, compromised expression of ERα target genes, and markedly altered gene expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Huderson
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, 1430 Tulane Avenue SL-49, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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La Montagna R, Caligiuri I, Maranta P, Lucchetti C, Esposito L, Paggi MG, Toffoli G, Rizzolio F, Giordano A. Androgen receptor serine 81 mediates Pin1 interaction and activity. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:3415-20. [PMID: 22894932 DOI: 10.4161/cc.21730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormone-dependent tumors are characterized by deregulated activity of specific steroid receptors, allowing aberrant expression of many genes involved in cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. In prostate cancer, the androgen receptor (AR) protein has pivotal functions, and over the years it has been the target of different drugs. AR is a nuclear receptor whose activity is regulated by a phosphorylation mechanism controlled by hormone and growth factors. Following phosphorylation, AR interacts with many cofactors that closely control its function. Among such cofactors, Pin1 is a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase that is involved in the control of protein phosphorylation and has a prognostic value in prostate cancer. In the present study, we demonstrate that ARSer81 is involved in the interaction with Pin1, and that this interaction is important for the transcriptional activity of AR. Since Pin1 expression positively correlates with tumor grade, our results suggest that Pin1 can participate in this process by modulating AR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele La Montagna
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Chabbert-Buffet N, Pintiaux A, Bouchard P. The immninent dawn of SPRMs in obstetrics and gynecology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 358:232-43. [PMID: 22415029 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs) have been developed since the late 70s when mifepristone was first described. They act through nuclear progesterone receptors and can have agonist or mixed agonist antagonist actions depending on the cell and tissue. Mifepristone has unique major antagonist properties allowing its use for pregnancy termination. Ulipristal acetate has been marketed in 2009 for emergency contraception and has been recently approved for preoperative myoma treatment. Further perspectives for SPRMs use include long term estrogen free contraception, endometriosis treatment. However long term applications will be possible only after confirmation of endometrial safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Chabbert-Buffet
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine Department, AP-HP, Hospital Tenon, UPMC Paris 06, Paris, France.
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