1
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Speranza L, Molinari M, Volpicelli F, Lacivita E, Leopoldo M, Pulcrano S, Carlo Bellenchi G, Perrone Capano C, Crispino M. Modulation of neuronal morphology by antipsychotic drug: Involvement of serotonin receptor 7. Brain Res 2024; 1830:148815. [PMID: 38387714 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs (APDs) are the primary pharmacological treatment for schizophrenia, a complex disorder characterized by altered neuronal connectivity. Atypical or second-generation antipsychotics, such as Risperidone (RSP) and Clozapine (CZP) predominantly block dopaminergic D2 and serotonin receptor 2A (5-HT2A) neurotransmission. Both compounds also exhibit affinity for the 5-HT7R, with RSP acting as an antagonist and CZP as an inverse agonist. Our study aimed to determine whether RSP and CZP can influence neuronal morphology through a 5-HT7R-mediated mechanism. Here, we demonstrated that CZP promotes neurite outgrowth of early postnatal cortical neurons, and the 5-HT7R mediates its effect. Conversely, RSP leads to a reduction of neurite length of early postnatal cortical neurons, in a 5-HT7R-independent way. Furthermore, we found that the effects of CZP, mediated by 5-HT7R activation, require the participation of ERK and Cdk5 kinase pathways. At the same time, the modulation of neurite length by RSP does not involve these pathways. In conclusion, our findings provide valuable insights into the morphological changes induced by these two APDs in neurons and elucidate some of the associated molecular pathways. Investigating the 5-HT7R-dependent signaling pathways underlying the neuronal morphogenic effects of APDs may contribute to the identification of novel targets for the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Speranza
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marta Molinari
- Telethon Institute of Genetics & Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Floriana Volpicelli
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pulcrano
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gian Carlo Bellenchi
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Perrone Capano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Crispino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
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2
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Abstract
Cdk5 is a proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase that governs a variety of cellular processes in neurons, the dysregulation of which compromises normal brain function. The mechanisms underlying the modulation of Cdk5, its modes of action, and its effects on the nervous system have been a great focus in the field for nearly three decades. In this review, we provide an overview of the discovery and regulation of Cdk5, highlighting recent findings revealing its role in neuronal/synaptic functions, circadian clocks, DNA damage, cell cycle reentry, mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as its non-neuronal functions under physiological and pathological conditions. Moreover, we discuss evidence underscoring aberrant Cdk5 activity as a common theme observed in many neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Chieh Pao
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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3
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Ouyang L, Chen Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Fu AKY, Fu WY, Ip NY. p39-associated Cdk5 activity regulates dendritic morphogenesis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18746. [PMID: 33127972 PMCID: PMC7603351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrites, branched structures extending from neuronal cell soma, are specialized for processing information from other neurons. The morphogenesis of dendritic structures is spatiotemporally regulated by well-orchestrated signaling cascades. Dysregulation of these processes impacts the wiring of neuronal circuit and efficacy of neurotransmission, which contribute to the pathogeneses of neurological disorders. While Cdk5 (cyclin-dependent kinase 5) plays a critical role in neuronal dendritic development, its underlying molecular control is not fully understood. In this study, we show that p39, one of the two neuronal Cdk5 activators, is a key regulator of dendritic morphogenesis. Pyramidal neurons deficient in p39 exhibit aberrant dendritic morphology characterized by shorter length and reduced arborization, which is comparable to dendrites in Cdk5-deficient neurons. RNA sequencing analysis shows that the adaptor protein, WDFY1 (WD repeat and FYVE domain-containing 1), acts downstream of Cdk5/p39 to regulate dendritic morphogenesis. While WDFY1 is elevated in p39-deficient neurons, suppressing its expression rescues the impaired dendritic arborization. Further phosphoproteomic analysis suggests that Cdk5/p39 mediates dendritic morphogenesis by modulating various downstream signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt-, cAMP-, or small GTPase-mediated signaling transduction pathways, thereby regulating cytoskeletal organization, protein synthesis, and protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ouyang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China.,The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuewen Chen
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China.,The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong, China
| | - Amy K Y Fu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong, China
| | - Wing-Yu Fu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nancy Y Ip
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China. .,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong, China.
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4
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Zhao D, Zhou Y, Huo Y, Meng J, Xiao X, Han L, Zhang X, Luo H, Can D, Sun H, Huang TY, Wang X, Zhang J, Liu FR, Xu H, Zhang YW. RPS23RG1 modulates tau phosphorylation and axon outgrowth through regulating p35 proteasomal degradation. Cell Death Differ 2020; 28:337-348. [PMID: 32908202 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies are a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by hyperphosphorylation of the microtubule-binding protein, tau, and typically feature axon impairment and synaptic dysfunction. Cyclin-dependent kinase5 (Cdk5) is a major tau kinase and its activity requires p35 or p25 regulatory subunits. P35 is subjected to rapid proteasomal degradation in its membrane-bound form and is cleaved by calpain under stress to a stable p25 form, leading to aberrant Cdk5 activation and tau hyperphosphorylation. The type Ib transmembrane protein RPS23RG1 has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, physiological and pathological roles for RPS23RG1 in AD and other tauopathies are largely unclear. Herein, we observed retarded axon outgrowth, elevated p35 and p25 protein levels, and increased tau phosphorylation at major Cdk5 phosphorylation sites in Rps23rg1 knockout (KO) mice. Both downregulation of p35 and the Cdk5 inhibitor roscovitine attenuated tau hyperphosphorylation and axon outgrowth impairment in Rps23rg1 KO neurons. Interestingly, interactions between the RPS23RG1 carboxyl-terminus and p35 amino-terminus promoted p35 membrane distribution and proteasomal degradation. Moreover, P301L tau transgenic (Tg) mice showed increased tau hyperphosphorylation with reduced RPS23RG1 levels and impaired axon outgrowth. Overexpression of RPS23RG1 markedly attenuated tau hyperphosphorylation and axon outgrowth defects in P301L tau Tg neurons. Our results demonstrate the involvement of RPS23RG1 in tauopathy disorders, and implicate a role for RPS23RG1 in inhibiting tau hyperphosphorylation through homeostatic p35 degradation and suppression of Cdk5 activation. Reduced RPS23RG1 levels in tauopathy trigger aberrant Cdk5-p35 activation, consequent tau hyperphosphorylation, and axon outgrowth impairment, suggesting that RPS23RG1 may be a potential therapeutic target in tauopathy disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yunqiang Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yuanhui Huo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Jian Meng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xiao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Linkun Han
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Hong Luo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Dan Can
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Timothy Y Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Fa-Rong Liu
- Department of Psychology, Xiamen Xianyue Hospital, Xiamen, 361012, Fujian, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China. .,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, China.
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5
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Park J, Seo J, Won J, Yeo HG, Ahn YJ, Kim K, Jin YB, Koo BS, Lim KS, Jeong KJ, Kang P, Lee HY, Baek SH, Jeon CY, Hong JJ, Huh JW, Kim YH, Park SJ, Kim SU, Lee DS, Lee SR, Lee Y. Abnormal Mitochondria in a Non-human Primate Model of MPTP-induced Parkinson's Disease: Drp1 and CDK5/p25 Signaling. Exp Neurobiol 2019; 28:414-424. [PMID: 31308800 PMCID: PMC6614070 DOI: 10.5607/en.2019.28.3.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria continuously fuse and divide to maintain homeostasis. An impairment in the balance between the fusion and fission processes can trigger mitochondrial dysfunction. Accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction is related to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), with excessive mitochondrial fission in dopaminergic neurons being one of the pathological mechanisms of PD. Here, we investigated the balance between mitochondrial fusion and fission in the substantia nigra of a non-human primate model of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD. We found that MPTP induced shorter and abnormally distributed mitochondria. This phenomenon was accompanied by the activation of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), a mitochondrial fission protein, through increased phosphorylation at S616. Thereafter, we assessed for activation of the components of the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascades, which are known regulators of Drp1(S616) phosphorylation. MPTP induced an increase in p25 and p35, which are required for CDK5 activation. Together, these findings suggest that the phosphorylation of Drp1(S616) by CDK5 is involved in mitochondrial fission in the substantia nigra of a non-human primate model of MPTP-induced PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyung Park
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Jincheol Seo
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Won
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Gu Yeo
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Ahn
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Keonwoo Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea
| | - Yeung Bae Jin
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Bon-Sang Koo
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Kyung Seob Lim
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Kang-Jin Jeong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Philyong Kang
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Hwal-Yong Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Seung Ho Baek
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Chang-Yeop Jeon
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Jung-Joo Hong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Huh
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Young-Hyun Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Sang-Je Park
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Sun-Uk Kim
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea.,Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Youngjeon Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
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6
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De Vincenti AP, Ríos AS, Paratcha G, Ledda F. Mechanisms That Modulate and Diversify BDNF Functions: Implications for Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:135. [PMID: 31024262 PMCID: PMC6465932 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin that has pleiotropic effects on neuronal morphology and synaptic plasticity that underlie hippocampal circuit development and cognition. Recent advances established that BDNF function is controlled and diversified by molecular and cellular mechanisms including trafficking and subcellular compartmentalization of different Bdnf mRNA species, pre- vs. postsynaptic release of BDNF, control of BDNF signaling by tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) receptor interactors and conversion of pro-BDNF to mature BDNF and BDNF-propeptide. Defects in these regulatory mechanisms affect dendritic spine formation and morphology of pyramidal neurons as well as synaptic integration of newborn granule cells (GCs) into preexisting circuits of mature hippocampus, compromising the cognitive function. Here, we review recent findings describing novel dynamic mechanisms that diversify and locally control the function of BDNF in hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula De Vincenti
- División de Neurociencia Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonella S Ríos
- División de Neurociencia Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Paratcha
- División de Neurociencia Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Ledda
- División de Neurociencia Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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7
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Takahashi M, Kobayashi Y, Ando K, Saito Y, Hisanaga SI. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 promotes proteasomal degradation of the 5-HT 1A receptor via phosphorylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 510:370-375. [PMID: 30712943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is a major neurotransmitter in mammalian brains and is involved in brain development and psychiatric disorders. The 5-HT1A receptor (5-HT1AR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) associated with an inhibitory G-protein (Gi) with the widest and most abundant expression. It is not known; however, how expression or activity of 5-HTlAR is regulated. We studied here phosphorylation of 5-HT1AR by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), a neuron-specific membrane-bound Ser/Thr kinase that is activated by binding of the p35 Cdk5 activator. 5-HT1AR was phosphorylated by the Cdk5-p35 complex at Thr314 in the third cytoplasmic loop. The phosphorylation stimulated the degradation of 5-HT1AR by the proteasome, resulting in neutralization of the inhibitory action of 5-HT1AR on intracellular cAMP concentration. These results suggest that Cdk5-p35 modulates 5-HT signaling through phosphorylation-dependent degradation of 5-HTlAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Takahashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yuki Kobayashi
- Graduate School Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Kanae Ando
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saito
- Graduate School Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hisanaga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
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8
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Zhao G, Wang C, Wang H, Gao L, Liu Z, Xu B, Guo X. Characterization of the CDK5 gene in Apis cerana cerana (AccCDK5) and a preliminary identification of its activator gene, AccCDK5r1. Cell Stress Chaperones 2018; 23:13-28. [PMID: 28674940 PMCID: PMC5741578 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-017-0820-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is an unusual CDK whose function has been implicated in protecting the central nervous system (CNS) from oxidative damage. However, there have been few studies of CDK5 in insects. In this study, we identified the AccCDK5 gene from Apis cerana cerana and investigated its role in oxidation resistance. We found that AccCDK5 is highly conserved across species and contains conserved features of the CDK5 family. The results of qPCR analysis indicated that AccCDK5 is highly expressed during the larval and pupal stages and in the adult head and muscle. We further observed that AccCDK5 is induced by several environmental oxidative stresses. Moreover, the overexpression of the AccCDK5 protein in E. coli enhances the resistance of the bacteria to oxidative stress. The activation of CDK5 requires binding to its activator. Therefore, we also identified and cloned cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulatory subunit 1, which we named AccCDK5r1, from Apis cerana cerana. AccCDK5r1 contains a conserved cell localization targeting domain as well as binding and activation sites for CDK5. Yeast two-hybrid analysis demonstrated the interaction between AccCDK5 and AccCDK5r1. The expression patterns of the two genes were similar after stress treatment. Collectively, these results suggest that AccCDK5 plays a pivotal role in the response to oxidative stresses and that AccCDK5r1 is a potential activator of AccCDK5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong, 271016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Baohua Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Abstract
Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are the non-coding RNAs with 24-32 nucleotides (nt). They exhibit stark differences in length, expression pattern, abundance, and genomic organization when compared to micro-RNAs (miRNAs). There are hundreds of thousands unique piRNA sequences in each species. Numerous piRNAs have been identified and deposited in public databases. Since the piRNAs were originally discovered and well-studied in the germline, a few other studies have reported the presence of piRNAs in somatic cells including neurons. This paper reviewed the common features, biogenesis, functions, and distributions of piRNAs and summarized their specific functions in the brain. This review may provide new insights and research direction for brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Zuo
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zhiren Wang
- Biological Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Biological Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangning Chen
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine and Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Xingguang Luo
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Biological Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
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10
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Cdk5-dependent phosphorylation of liprinα1 mediates neuronal activity-dependent synapse development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E6992-E7001. [PMID: 28760951 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708240114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The experience-dependent modulation of brain circuitry depends on dynamic changes in synaptic connections that are guided by neuronal activity. In particular, postsynaptic maturation requires changes in dendritic spine morphology, the targeting of postsynaptic proteins, and the insertion of synaptic neurotransmitter receptors. Thus, it is critical to understand how neuronal activity controls postsynaptic maturation. Here we report that the scaffold protein liprinα1 and its phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) are critical for the maturation of excitatory synapses through regulation of the synaptic localization of the major postsynaptic organizer postsynaptic density (PSD)-95. Whereas Cdk5 phosphorylates liprinα1 at Thr701, this phosphorylation decreases in neurons in response to neuronal activity. Blockade of liprinα1 phosphorylation enhances the structural and functional maturation of excitatory synapses. Nanoscale superresolution imaging reveals that inhibition of liprinα1 phosphorylation increases the colocalization of liprinα1 with PSD-95. Furthermore, disruption of liprinα1 phosphorylation by a small interfering peptide, siLIP, promotes the synaptic localization of PSD-95 and enhances synaptic strength in vivo. Our findings collectively demonstrate that the Cdk5-dependent phosphorylation of liprinα1 is important for the postsynaptic organization during activity-dependent synapse development.
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11
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Posada-Duque RA, Ramirez O, Härtel S, Inestrosa NC, Bodaleo F, González-Billault C, Kirkwood A, Cardona-Gómez GP. CDK5 downregulation enhances synaptic plasticity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:153-172. [PMID: 27506619 PMCID: PMC11107552 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CDK5 is a serine/threonine kinase that is involved in the normal function of the adult brain and plays a role in neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. However, its over-regulation has been associated with Tau hyperphosphorylation and cognitive deficits. Our previous studies have demonstrated that CDK5 targeting using shRNA-miR provides neuroprotection and prevents cognitive deficits. Dendritic spine morphogenesis and forms of long-term synaptic plasticity-such as long-term potentiation (LTP)-have been proposed as essential processes of neuroplasticity. However, whether CDK5 participates in these processes remains controversial and depends on the experimental model. Using wild-type mice that received injections of CDK5 shRNA-miR in CA1 showed an increased LTP and recovered the PPF in deficient LTP of APPswe/PS1Δ9 transgenic mice. On mature hippocampal neurons CDK5, shRNA-miR for 12 days induced increased dendritic protrusion morphogenesis, which was dependent on Rac activity. In addition, silencing of CDK5 increased BDNF expression, temporarily increased phosphorylation of CaMKII, ERK, and CREB; and facilitated calcium signaling in neurites. Together, our data suggest that CDK5 downregulation induces synaptic plasticity in mature neurons involving Ca2+ signaling and BDNF/CREB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Andrés Posada-Duque
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Calle 62 # 52-59, Torre 1, Piso 4, Laboratorio 412, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Omar Ramirez
- Laboratory for Scientific Image Analysis (SCIAN-Lab), Center for Medical Informatics and Telemedicine (CIMT), Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, ICBM, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Steffen Härtel
- Laboratory for Scientific Image Analysis (SCIAN-Lab), Center for Medical Informatics and Telemedicine (CIMT), Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, ICBM, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Bodaleo
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian González-Billault
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo Kirkwood
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Zanvyl-Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Calle 62 # 52-59, Torre 1, Piso 4, Laboratorio 412, Medellín, Colombia.
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12
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Mojabi FS, Fahimi A, Moghadam S, Moghadam S, Windy McNerneny M, Ponnusamy R, Kleschevnikov A, Mobley WC, Salehi A. GABAergic hyperinnervation of dentate granule cells in the Ts65Dn mouse model of down syndrome: Exploring the role of App. Hippocampus 2016; 26:1641-1654. [PMID: 27701794 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that increased GABAergic innervation in the hippocampus plays a significant role in cognitive dysfunction in Down syndrome (DS). Bolstering this notion, are studies linking hyper-innervation of the dentate gyrus (DG) by GABAergic terminals to failure in LTP induction in the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS. Here, we used extensive morphometrical methods to assess the status of GABAergic interneurons in the DG of young and old Ts65Dn mice and their 2N controls. We detected an age-dependent increase in GABAergic innervation of dentate granule cells (DGCs) in Ts65Dn mice. The primary source of GABAergic terminals to DGCs somata is basket cells (BCs). For this reason, we assessed the status of these cells and found a significant increase in the number of BCs in Ts65Dn mice compared with controls. Then we aimed to identify the gene/s whose overexpression could be linked to increased number of BCs in Ts65Dn and found that deleting the third copy of App gene in Ts65Dn mice led to normalization of the number of BCs in these mice. Our data suggest that App overexpression plays a major role in the pathophysiology of GABAergic hyperinnervation of the DG in Ts65Dn mice. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh S Mojabi
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Atoossa Fahimi
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | | | | | - M Windy McNerneny
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | | | | | - William C Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Ahmad Salehi
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
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13
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The Activators of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 p35 and p39 Are Essential for Oligodendrocyte Maturation, Process Formation, and Myelination. J Neurosci 2016; 36:3024-37. [PMID: 26961956 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2250-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of oligodendrocyte development and myelin formation in the CNS is poorly defined. Multiple signals influence the rate and extent of CNS myelination, including the noncanonical cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) whose functions are regulated by its activators p35 and p39. Here we show that selective loss of either p35 or p39 perturbed specific aspects of oligodendrocyte development, whereas loss of both p35 and p39 completely inhibited the development of mature oligodendrocytes and myelination. In the absence of p35, oligodendrocyte differentiation was delayed, process outgrowth was truncated in vitro, and the patterning and extent of myelination were perturbed in the CNS of p35(-/-) mice. In the absence of p39, oligodendrocyte maturation was transiently affected both in vitro and in vivo. However, loss of both p35 and p39 in oligodendrocyte lineage cells completely inhibited oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation and myelination both in vitro and after transplantation into shiverer slice cultures. Loss of p35 and p39 had a more profound effect on oligodendrocyte development than simply the loss of Cdk5 and could not be rescued by Cdk5 overexpression. These data suggest p35 and p39 have specific and overlapping roles in oligodendrocyte development, some of which may be independent of Cdk5 activation.
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14
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Takada S, Mizuno K, Saito T, Asada A, Giese KP, Hisanaga SI. Effects of p35 Mutations Associated with Mental Retardation on the Cellular Function of p35-CDK5. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140821. [PMID: 26469698 PMCID: PMC4607440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
p35 is an activation subunit of the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), which is a Ser/Thr kinase that is expressed predominantly in neurons. Disruption of the CDK5 or p35 (CDK5R1) genes induces abnormal neuronal layering in various regions of the mouse brain via impaired neuronal migration, which may be relevant for mental retardation in humans. Accordingly, mutations in the p35 gene were reported in patients with nonsyndromic mental retardation; however, their effect on the biochemical function of p35 has not been examined. Here, we studied the biochemical effect of mutant p35 on its known properties, i.e., stability, CDK5 activation, and cellular localization, using heterologous expression in cultured cells. We also examined the effect of the mutations on axon elongation in cultured primary neurons and migration of newborn neurons in embryonic brains. However, we did not detect any significant differences in the effects of the mutant forms of p35 compared with wild-type p35. Therefore, we conclude that these p35 mutations are unlikely to cause mental retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Takada
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Mizuno
- Centre for Cellular Basis of Behavior, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, United Kingdom
| | - Taro Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Asada
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karl Peter Giese
- Centre for Cellular Basis of Behavior, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shin-ichi Hisanaga
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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15
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Chang TY, Cheng PL. Relay of cyclin-dependent kinases in the regulation of axonal growth. Exp Neurol 2015; 271:259-61. [PMID: 26102184 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
One of the most perplexing problems in neuronal morphogenesis is how local polarity signals echo genetic instructions to establish structural and functional asymmetry of neuronal compartments, i.e., axons, dendrites, and synapses. However studying these phenomena is complicated because both genes and the local environment influence the phenotype of developing neurons. Cell cycle-associated nuclear transcription regulators involved in axon extension, for example Cdk12 and Cdk13, thus provide ideal models for connecting spatially separated events at specific developmental time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ya Chang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lin Cheng
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan.
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16
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A novel phosphorylation site of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor GluN2B at S1284 is regulated by Cdk5 in neuronal ischemia. Exp Neurol 2015; 271:251-8. [PMID: 26093036 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are a key player in synaptic and several neurological diseases, such as stroke. Phosphorylation of NMDAR subunits at their cytoplasmic carboxyl termini has been considered to be an important mechanism to regulate the receptor function. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) has been demonstrated to be responsible for regulating phosphorylation and function of NMDARs. Besides, it is also suggested that Cdk5 is involved in ischemic insult. In the present study, we showed that GluN2B subunit serine 1284 at its cytoplasmic carboxyl termini was regulated by Cdk5 in neuronal ischemia. Interestingly, both oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) in cultured hippocampal neurons and transient global ischemia in mice induce dramatic changes in the phosphorylated level of GluN2B at S1284. However, no significant changes in the phosphorylation of this site are found neither in chemical LTP stimulation in cultured hippocampal neurons nor fear conditioning in adult mice. Taken together, our study identified NMDAR GluN2B S1284 as a novel phosphorylation site regulated by Cdk5 with implication in neuronal ischemia.
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17
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Bele MS, Gajare KA, Deshmukh AA. Caloric restriction mimetic 2-deoxyglucose maintains cytoarchitecture and reduces tau phosphorylation in primary culture of mouse hippocampal pyramidal neurons. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 51:546-55. [PMID: 25678460 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9867-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Typical form of neurons is crucially important for their functions. This is maintained by microtubules and associated proteins like tau. Hyperphosphorylation of tau is a major concern in neurodegenerative diseases. Glycogen synthase kinase3β (GSK3β) and cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 (Cdk5) are the enzymes that govern tau phosphorylation. Currently, efforts are being made to target GSK3β and Cdk5 as possible therapeutic avenues to control tau phosphorylation and treat neurodegenerative diseases related to taupathies. In a number of studies, caloric restriction mimetic 2-deoxyglucose (C6H12O5) was found to be beneficial in improving the brain functions. However, no reports are available on the effect of 2-deoxyglucose 2-DG on tau phosphorylation. In the present study, hippocampal pyramidal neurons from E17 mouse embryos were isolated and cultured on poly-L-lysine-coated coverslips. Neurons from the experimental group were treated with 10 mM 2-deoxyglucose. The treatment of 2-DG resulted in healthier neuronal morphology in terms of significantly lower number of cytoplasmic vacuoles, little or no membrane blebbings, maintained axon hillock and intact neurites. There were decreased immunofluorescence signals for GSK3β, pTau at Ser262, Cdk5 and pTau at Ser235 suggesting decreased tau phosphorylation, which was further confirmed by Western blotting. The results indicate the beneficial effects of 2-DG in controlling the tau phosphorylation and maintaining the healthy neuronal cytoarchitecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Bele
- Cellular stress response laboratory, Cell Biology Division, Department of Zoology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India
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18
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Washbourne P. Synapse assembly and neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:4-15. [PMID: 24990427 PMCID: PMC4262893 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this review we examine the current understanding of how genetic deficits associated with neurodevelopmental disorders may impact synapse assembly. We then go on to discuss how the critical periods for these genetic deficits will shape the nature of future clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Washbourne
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA, Tel: +1 541 346 4138, Fax: +1 541 346 4548, E-mail:
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19
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Castro-Alvarez JF, Uribe-Arias SA, Mejía-Raigosa D, Cardona-Gómez GP. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5, a node protein in diminished tauopathy: a systems biology approach. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:232. [PMID: 25225483 PMCID: PMC4150361 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide. One of the main pathological changes that occurs in AD is the intracellular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein in neurons. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is one of the major kinases involved in Tau phosphorylation, directly phosphorylating various residues and simultaneously regulating various substrates such as kinases and phosphatases that influence Tau phosphorylation in a synergistic and antagonistic way. It remains unknown how the interaction between CDK5 and its substrates promotes Tau phosphorylation, and systemic approaches are needed that allow an analysis of all the proteins involved. In this review, the role of the CDK5 signaling pathway in Tau hyperphosphorylation is described, an in silico model of the CDK5 signaling pathway is presented. The relationship among these theoretical and computational models shows that the regulation of Tau phosphorylation by PP2A and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is essential under basal conditions and also describes the leading role of CDK5 under excitotoxic conditions, where silencing of CDK5 can generate changes in these enzymes to reverse a pathological condition that simulates AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Castro-Alvarez
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Sede de Investigación Universitaria Medellin, Colombia
| | - S Alejandro Uribe-Arias
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Sede de Investigación Universitaria Medellin, Colombia
| | - Daniel Mejía-Raigosa
- Group of Biophysics, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Physics, University of Antioquia Medellin, Colombia
| | - Gloria P Cardona-Gómez
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Sede de Investigación Universitaria Medellin, Colombia
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20
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Chen HR, Lin GT, Huang CK, Fann MJ. Cdk12 and Cdk13 regulate axonal elongation through a common signaling pathway that modulates Cdk5 expression. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:10-21. [PMID: 24999027 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cdk12 and Cdk13 are Cdc2-related proteins that share 92% identity in their kinase domains. Using in situ hybridization and Western blot analysis, we detected the expression of Cdk12 and Cdk13 mRNAs and their proteins in developing mouse embryos, especially during development of the nervous system. We explored the roles of Cdk12 and Cdk13 in neuronal differentiation using the P19 neuronal differentiation model. Upon knockdown of Cdk12 or Cdk13, no effect on differentiated cell numbers was detected, but a substantial decrease of numbers of neurons with long neurites was identified. Similarly, knockdown of Cdk12 or Cdk13 in primarily cultured cortical neurons shortens the averaged axonal length. A microarray analysis was used to examine changes in gene expression after knockdown or overexpression of Cdk12 and we identified Cdk5 as a molecule potentially involved in mediating the effect of Cdk12 and Cdk13. Depletion of Cdk12 or Cdk13 in P19 cells significantly reduces Cdk5 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. Expression of Cdk5 protein in the developing mouse brain is also reduced in conditional Cdk12-knockout mice in proportion to the residual amount of Cdk12 protein present. This suggests that the reduced axonal outgrowth after knockdown of Cdk12 or Cdk13 might be due to lower Cdk5 expression. Furthermore, overexpression of Cdk5 protein in P19 cells was able to partially rescue the neurite outgrowth defect observed when Cdk12 or Cdk13 is depleted. Together, these findings suggest that Cdk12 and Cdk13 regulate axonal elongation through a common signaling pathway that modulates Cdk5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ru Chen
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Guan-Ting Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Kai Huang
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Ji Fann
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, ROC; Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, ROC.
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21
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Kobayashi H, Saito T, Sato K, Furusawa K, Hosokawa T, Tsutsumi K, Asada A, Kamada S, Ohshima T, Hisanaga SI. Phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) at Tyr-15 is inhibited by Cdk5 activators and does not contribute to the activation of Cdk5. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19627-36. [PMID: 24872417 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.501148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdk5 is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) family. In contrast to other Cdks that promote cell proliferation, Cdk5 plays a role in regulating various neuronal functions, including neuronal migration, synaptic activity, and neuron death. Cdks responsible for cell proliferation need phosphorylation in the activation loop for activation in addition to binding a regulatory subunit cyclin. Cdk5, however, is activated only by binding to its activator, p35 or p39. Furthermore, in contrast to Cdk1 and Cdk2, which are inhibited by phosphorylation at Tyr-15, the kinase activity of Cdk5 is reported to be stimulated when phosphorylated at Tyr-15 by Src family kinases or receptor-type tyrosine kinases. We investigated the activation mechanism of Cdk5 by phosphorylation at Tyr-15. Unexpectedly, however, it was found that Tyr-15 phosphorylation occurred only on monomeric Cdk5, and the coexpression of activators, p35/p25, p39, or Cyclin I, inhibited the phosphorylation. In neuron cultures, too, the activation of Fyn tyrosine kinase did not increase Tyr-15 phosphorylation of Cdk5. Further, phospho-Cdk5 at Tyr-15 was not detected in the p35-bound Cdk5. In contrast, expression of active Fyn increased p35 in neurons. These results indicate that phosphorylation at Tyr-15 is not an activation mechanism of Cdk5 but, rather, indicate that tyrosine kinases could activate Cdk5 by increasing the protein amount of p35. These results call for reinvestigation of how Cdk5 is regulated downstream of Src family kinases or receptor tyrosine kinases in neurons, which is an important signaling cascade in a variety of neuronal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Taro Saito
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Ko Sato
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kotaro Furusawa
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hosokawa
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Koji Tsutsumi
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Akiko Asada
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shinji Kamada
- the Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, and
| | - Toshio Ohshima
- the Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Hisanaga
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan,
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22
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Ito Y, Asada A, Kobayashi H, Takano T, Sharma G, Saito T, Ohta Y, Amano M, Kaibuchi K, Hisanaga SI. Preferential targeting of p39-activated Cdk5 to Rac1-induced lamellipodia. Mol Cell Neurosci 2014; 61:34-45. [PMID: 24877974 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cdk5 is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) family that plays a role in various neuronal activities including brain development, synaptic regulation, and neurodegeneration. Cdk5 requires the neuronal specific activators, p35 and p39 for subcellular compartmentalization. However, it is not known how active Cdk5 is recruited to F-actin cytoskeleton, which is a Cdk5 target. Here we found p35 and p39 localized to F-actin rich regions of the plasma membrane and investigated the underlying targeting mechanism in vitro by expressing them with Rho family GTPases in Neuro2A cells. Both p35 and p39 accumulated at the cell peripheral lamellipodia and perinuclear regions, where active Rac1 is localized. Interestingly, p35 and p39 displayed different localization patterns as p35 was found more at the perinuclear region and p39 was found more in peripheral lamellipodia. We then confirmed this distinct localization in primary hippocampal neurons. We also determined that the localization of p39 to lamellipodia requires myristoylation and Lys clusters within the N-terminal p10 region. Additionally, we found that p39-Cdk5, but not p35-Cdk5 suppressed lamellipodia formation by reducing Rac1 activity. These results suggest that p39-Cdk5 has a dominant role in Rac1-dependent lamellipodial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ito
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Akiko Asada
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takano
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Govinda Sharma
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Taro Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Ohta
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
| | - Mutsuki Amano
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hisanaga
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
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Takahashi M, Ishida M, Saito T, Ohshima T, Hisanaga SI. Valproic acid downregulates Cdk5 activity via the transcription of the p35 mRNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 447:678-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Takano T, Urushibara T, Yoshioka N, Saito T, Fukuda M, Tomomura M, Hisanaga SI. LMTK1 regulates dendritic formation by regulating movement of Rab11A-positive endosomes. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:1755-68. [PMID: 24672056 PMCID: PMC4038502 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-01-0675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons extend two types of neurites-axons and dendrites-that differ in structure and function. Although it is well understood that the cytoskeleton plays a pivotal role in neurite differentiation and extension, the mechanisms by which membrane components are supplied to growing axons or dendrites is largely unknown. We previously reported that the membrane supply to axons is regulated by lemur kinase 1 (LMTK1) through Rab11A-positive endosomes. Here we investigate the role of LMTK1 in dendrite formation. Down-regulation of LMTK1 increases dendrite growth and branching of cerebral cortical neurons in vitro and in vivo. LMTK1 knockout significantly enhances the prevalence, velocity, and run length of anterograde movement of Rab11A-positive endosomes to levels similar to those expressing constitutively active Rab11A-Q70L. Rab11A-positive endosome dynamics also increases in the cell body and growth cone of LMTK1-deficient neurons. Moreover, a nonphosphorylatable LMTK1 mutant (Ser34Ala, a Cdk5 phosphorylation site) dramatically promotes dendrite growth. Thus LMTK1 negatively controls dendritic formation by regulating Rab11A-positive endosomal trafficking in a Cdk5-dependent manner, indicating the Cdk5-LMTK1-Rab11A pathway as a regulatory mechanism of dendrite development as well as axon outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Takano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tomoki Urushibara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Nozomu Yoshioka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Taro Saito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Mineko Tomomura
- Meikai Pharmaco-Medical Laboratory, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado 350-0283, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hisanaga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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25
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Lee MH, Amin ND, Venkatesan A, Wang T, Tyagi R, Pant HC, Nath A. Impaired neurogenesis and neurite outgrowth in an HIV-gp120 transgenic model is reversed by exercise via BDNF production and Cdk5 regulation. J Neurovirol 2013; 19:418-31. [PMID: 23982957 PMCID: PMC3799978 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-013-0194-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection-associated neurocognitive disorders is accompanied with brain atrophy. In these patients, impairment of adult neurogenesis and neurite outgrowth in the hippocampus may contribute to cognitive dysfunction. Although running exercises can enhance neurogenesis and normalize neurite outgrowth, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. The HIV envelope protein, gp120, has been shown to impair neurogenesis. Using a gp120 transgenic mouse model, we demonstrate that exercise stimulated neural progenitor cell (NPC) proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and increased the survival rate and generation of newborn cells. However, sustained exercise activity was necessary as the effects were reversed by detraining. Exercise also normalized dendritic outgrowth of neurons. Furthermore, it increased the expression of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and normalized hyperactivation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5). Hyperactivated Cdk5 or gp120 treatment led to aberrant neurite outgrowth and BDNF treatment normalized the neurite outgrowth in NPC cultures. These results suggest that sustained exercise has trophic activity on the neuronal lineage which is mediated by Cdk5 modulation of the BDNF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-Hwa Lee
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institutes of Health, M.D. Bldg 10, Room 7C-103, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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26
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Vadodaria KC, Jessberger S. Maturation and integration of adult born hippocampal neurons: signal convergence onto small Rho GTPases. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2013; 5:4. [PMID: 23986696 PMCID: PMC3752586 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2013.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis, restricted to specific regions in the mammalian brain, represents one of the most interesting forms of plasticity in the mature nervous system. Adult-born hippocampal neurons play important roles in certain forms of learning and memory, and altered hippocampal neurogenesis has been associated with a number of neuropsychiatric diseases such as major depression and epilepsy. Newborn neurons go through distinct developmental steps, from a dividing neurogenic precursor to a synaptically integrated mature neuron. Previous studies have uncovered several molecular signaling pathways involved in distinct steps of this maturational process. In this context, the small Rho GTPases, Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA have recently been shown to regulate the morphological and synaptic maturation of adult-born dentate granule cells in vivo. Distinct upstream regulators, including growth factors that modulate maturation and integration of newborn neurons have been shown to also recruit the small Rho GTPases. Here we review recent findings and highlight the possibility that small Rho GTPases may act as central assimilators, downstream of critical input onto adult-born hippocampal neurons contributing to their maturation and integration into the existing dentate gyrus (DG) circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna C Vadodaria
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland ; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
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27
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Easley-Neal C, Fierro J, Buchanan J, Washbourne P. Late recruitment of synapsin to nascent synapses is regulated by Cdk5. Cell Rep 2013; 3:1199-212. [PMID: 23602570 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapse formation is a complex process that involves the recruitment and assembly of a myriad of pre- and postsynaptic proteins. Despite being present at every synapse in the vertebrate CNS, little is known about the transport, recruitment, and stabilization of synapsin at nascent synapses during development. We examined the transport and recruitment of synapsin to nascent presynaptic terminals in vivo in the developing zebrafish spinal cord. Synapsin was transported in a transport packet independently of two other presynaptic organelles: synaptic vesicle (SV) protein transport vesicles (STVs) and Piccolo-containing active zone precursor transport vesicles (PTVs). During presynaptic assembly, recruitment of all three transport packets occurred in an ordered sequence: STVs preceded PTVs, which in turn preceded synapsin. Importantly, cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) specifically regulated the late recruitment of synapsin transport packets at synapses. These results point to additional layers of complexity in the established mechanisms of synaptogenesis.
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28
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The serotonin receptor 7 promotes neurite outgrowth via ERK and Cdk5 signaling pathways. Neuropharmacology 2013; 67:155-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Hashiguchi M, Hashiguchi T. Kinase–Kinase Interaction and Modulation of Tau Phosphorylation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 300:121-60. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405210-9.00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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Arikkath J. Molecular mechanisms of dendrite morphogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2012; 6:61. [PMID: 23293584 PMCID: PMC3531598 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2012.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrites are key integrators of synaptic information in neurons and play vital roles in neuronal plasticity. Hence, it is necessary that dendrite arborization is precisely controlled and coordinated with synaptic activity to ensure appropriate functional neural network integrity. In the past several years, it has become increasingly clear that several cell intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms contribute to dendritic arborization. In this review, we will discuss some of the molecular mechanisms that regulate dendrite morphogenesis, particularly in cortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons and some of the implications of aberrant dendritic morphology for human disease. Finally, we will discuss the current challenges and future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi Arikkath
- Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE, USA
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31
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Yun J, Nagai T, Furukawa-Hibi Y, Kuroda K, Kaibuchi K, Greenberg ME, Yamada K. Neuronal Per Arnt Sim (PAS) domain protein 4 (NPAS4) regulates neurite outgrowth and phosphorylation of synapsin I. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:2655-64. [PMID: 23172225 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.413310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal Per Arnt Sim domain protein 4 (NPAS4), a brain-specific basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, has recently been shown to regulate the development of the GABAergic inhibitory synapses and transcription program for contextual memory formation in the hippocampus. We previously reported that chronic social isolation or restriction stress in mice resulted in an impairment in memory and emotional behavior, which was associated with a decrease in Npas4 mRNA levels. In this study, we investigated the role of NPAS4 in neuronal function in vitro and in vivo. Differentiation medium-induced neurite outgrowth was inhibited in Npas4 knockdown Neuro2a cells, whereas overexpression of NPAS4 accelerated the neurite outgrowth in Neuro2a cells. Furthermore, depolarization-induced neurite outgrowth was abolished in Npas4 KO hippocampal neurons. NPAS4 overexpression increased cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5)-dependent synapsin I phosphorylation in Neuro2a cells and primary cultured hippocampal neurons. A CDK5 inhibitor, roscovitine, inhibited the neurite outgrowth and the increase in phosphorylated synapsin I (p-SYN I) levels in Npas4-overexpressed Neuro2a cells. Interaction of NPAS4 with promoters of Cdk5 and NeuN genes was demonstrated by a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. In an in vivo study, pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions in mice resulted in an increase in NPAS4 and p-SYN I levels in the prefrontal cortex of wild-type mice, although no changes in p-SYN I levels were observed in Npas4 knock-out mice. These results suggest that NPAS4 plays an important role in the structural and functional plasticity of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesuk Yun
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8560, Nagoya, Japan
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32
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Abstract
Whether mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has a distinct neuropathological profile that reflects an intermediate state between no cognitive impairment and dementia is not clear. Identifying which biological events occur at the earliest stage of progressive disease and which are secondary to the neuropathological process is important for understating pathological pathways and for targeted disease prevention. Many studies have now reported on the neurobiology of this intermediate stage. In this systematic review, we synthesize current evidence on the neuropathological profile of MCI. A total of 162 studies were identified with varied definition of MCI, settings ranging from population to specialist clinics and a wide range of objectives. From these studies, it is clear that MCI is neuropathologically complex and cannot be understood within a single framework. Pathological changes identified include plaque and tangle formation, vascular pathologies, neurochemical deficits, cellular injury, inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial changes, changes in genomic activity, synaptic dysfunction, disturbed protein metabolism and disrupted metabolic homeostasis. Determining which factors primarily drive neurodegeneration and dementia and which are secondary features of disease progression still requires further research. Standardization of the definition of MCI and reporting of pathology would greatly assist in building an integrated picture of the clinical and neuropathological profile of MCI.
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33
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Golden SA, Russo SJ. Mechanisms of psychostimulant-induced structural plasticity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012; 2:cshperspect.a011957. [PMID: 22935995 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a011957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Psychostimulants robustly induce alterations in neuronal structural plasticity throughout brain reward circuits. However, despite our extensive understanding of how these circuits modulate motivated behavior, it is still unclear whether structural plasticity within these regions drives pathological behavioral responses in addiction. Although these structural changes have been subjected to an exhaustive phenomenological characterization, we still have a limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating their induction and the functional relevance of such changes in mediating addiction-like behavior. Here we have highlighted the known molecular pathways and intracellular signaling cascades that regulate psychostimulant-induced changes in neuronal morphology and synaptic restructuring, and we discuss them in the larger context of addiction behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam A Golden
- Department of Neuroscience and The Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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34
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McLinden KA, Trunova S, Giniger E. At the Fulcrum in Health and Disease: Cdk5 and the Balancing Acts of Neuronal Structure and Physiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 2012:001. [PMID: 25364642 PMCID: PMC4212508 DOI: 10.4172/2168-975x.s1-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cdk5 has been implicated in a multitude of processes in neuronal development, cell biology and physiology. These influence many neurological disorders, but the very breadth of Cdk5 effects has made it difficult to synthesize a coherent picture of the part played by this protein in health and disease. In this review, we focus on the roles of Cdk5 in neuronal function, particularly synaptic homeostasis, plasticity, neurotransmission, subcellular organization, and trafficking. We then discuss how disruption of these Cdk5 activities may initiate or exacerbate neural disorders. A recurring theme will be the sensitivity of Cdk5 sequelae to the precise biological context under consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A McLinden
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, USA ; National Human Genome Research Institute, USA
| | - Svetlana Trunova
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, USA ; National Human Genome Research Institute, USA
| | - Edward Giniger
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, USA ; National Human Genome Research Institute, USA
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35
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Wang L, Li J, Jia M, Yue W, Ruan Y, Lu T, Zhang J, Liu J, Zhang D. No association of polymorphisms in the CDK5, NDEL1, and LIS1 with autism in Chinese Han population. Psychiatry Res 2011; 190:369-71. [PMID: 21890215 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Autism is a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder. CDK5 (cyclin-dependent kinase 5) and its interacting molecules are involved in neurodevelopment. We performed a family-based association analysis between CDK5, NDEL1, and LIS1 polymorphisms and autism in a Chinese Han population. Our study did not detect a significant association. It indicated that common genetic variations in these genes might not play a role in the genetic predisposition to autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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36
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Synaptic deficits are rescued in the p25/Cdk5 model of neurodegeneration by the reduction of β-secretase (BACE1). J Neurosci 2011; 31:15751-6. [PMID: 22049418 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3588-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, and is characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline, as well as amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation, and progressive neurodegeneration. Cdk5 is a proline-directed serine/threonine kinase whose activation by the p25 protein has been implicated in a number of neurodegenerative disorders. The CK-p25 inducible mouse model exhibits progressive neuronal death, elevated Aβ, reduced synaptic plasticity, and impaired learning following p25 overexpression in forebrain neurons. Levels of Aβ, as well as the APP processing enzyme, β-secretase (BACE1), are also increased in CK-p25 mice. It is unknown what role increased Aβ plays in the cognitive and neurodegenerative phenotype of the CK-p25 mouse. In the current work, we restored Aβ levels in the CK-p25 mouse to those of wild-type mice via the partial genetic deletion of BACE1, allowing us to examine the Aβ-independent phenotype of this mouse model. We show that, in the CK-p25 mouse, normalization of Aβ levels led to a rescue of synaptic and cognitive deficits. Conversely, neuronal loss was not ameliorated. Our findings indicate that increases in p25/Cdk5 activity may mediate cognitive and synaptic impairment via an Aβ-dependent pathway in the CK-p25 mouse. These findings explore the impact of targeting Aβ production in a mouse model of neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment, and how this may translate into therapeutic approaches for sporadic AD.
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37
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Cheung ZH, Ip NY. Cdk5: a multifaceted kinase in neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Cell Biol 2011; 22:169-75. [PMID: 22189166 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the identification of cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (Cdk5) as a tau kinase and member of the Cdk family almost 20 years ago, deregulation of Cdk5 activity has been linked to an array of neurodegenerative diseases. As knowledge on the etiopathological mechanisms of these diseases evolved through the years, Cdk5 has also been implicated in additional cellular events that are affected under these pathological conditions. From the role of Cdk5 in the regulation of synaptic functions to its involvement in autophagy deregulation, significant insights have been obtained regarding the role of Cdk5 as a key regulator of neurodegeneration. Here, we summarize recent findings on the involvement of Cdk5 in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelda H Cheung
- Division of Life Science, Molecular Neuroscience Center and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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38
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Bai JP, Surguchev A, Joshi P, Gross L, Navaratnam D. CDK5 interacts with Slo and affects its surface expression and kinetics through direct phosphorylation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 302:C766-80. [PMID: 22094329 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00339.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels are ubiquitous and play an important role in a number of diseases. In hair cells of the ear, they play a critical role in electrical tuning, a mechanism of frequency discrimination. These channels show variable kinetics and expression along the tonotopic axis. Although the molecular underpinnings to its function in hair cells are poorly understood, it is established that BK channels consist of a pore-forming α-subunit (Slo) and a number of accessory subunits. Here we identify CDK5, a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family, as an interacting partner of Slo. We show CDK5 to be present in hair cells and expressed in high concentrations in the cuticular plate and in the circumferential zone. In human embryonic kidney cells, we show that CDK5 inhibits surface expression of Slo by direct phosphorylation of Slo. Similarly, we note that CDK5 affects Slo voltage activation and deactivation kinetics, by a direct phosphorylation of T847. Taken together with its increasing expression along the tonotopic axis, these data suggest that CDK5 likely plays a critical role in electrical tuning and surface expression of Slo in hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ping Bai
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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39
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López-Tobón A, Castro-Álvarez JF, Piedrahita D, Boudreau RL, Gallego-Gómez JC, Cardona-Gómez GP. Silencing of CDK5 as potential therapy for Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2011; 22:143-52. [PMID: 21476938 DOI: 10.1515/rns.2011.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is one of the greatest public health challenges for the 21st century. Among neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent and best characterized. Nevertheless, despite the large investment in AD research, currently there is no effective therapeutic option. In the present review, we highlight a novel alternative, which takes advantage of the biotechnological outbreak deployed by the discovery of the RNA interference-based gene silencing mechanism, and its application as a tool for neurodegeneration treatment. Here, we highlight cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) as a key candidate target for therapeutic gene silencing. Unlike other members of the cyclin-dependent kinase family, CDK5 does not seem to play a crucial role in cell cycle regulation. By contrast, CDK5 participates in multiple functions during nervous system development and has been established as a key mediator of Tau hyperphosphorylation and neurofibrillary pathology, thus serving as an optimal candidate for targeted therapy in the adult nervous system. We propose that the use of RNA interference for CDK5 silencing presents an attractive and specific therapeutic alternative for AD and perhaps against other tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro López-Tobón
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Viral Vector Core and Gene Therapy, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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40
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CYY-1/cyclin Y and CDK-5 differentially regulate synapse elimination and formation for rewiring neural circuits. Neuron 2011; 70:742-57. [PMID: 21609829 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The assembly and maturation of neural circuits require a delicate balance between synapse formation and elimination. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that coordinate synaptogenesis and synapse elimination are poorly understood. In C. elegans, DD motoneurons respecify their synaptic connectivity during development by completely eliminating existing synapses and forming new synapses without changing cell morphology. Using loss- and gain-of-function genetic approaches, we demonstrate that CYY-1, a cyclin box-containing protein, drives synapse removal in this process. In addition, cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (CDK-5) facilitates new synapse formation by regulating the transport of synaptic vesicles to the sites of synaptogenesis. Furthermore, we show that coordinated activation of UNC-104/Kinesin3 and Dynein is required for patterning newly formed synapses. During the remodeling process, presynaptic components from eliminated synapses are recycled to new synapses, suggesting that signaling mechanisms and molecular motors link the deconstruction of existing synapses and the assembly of new synapses during structural synaptic plasticity.
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41
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Lee EJ, Banerjee S, Zhou H, Jammalamadaka A, Arcila M, Manjunath BS, Kosik KS. Identification of piRNAs in the central nervous system. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 17:1090-1099. [PMID: 21515829 PMCID: PMC3096041 DOI: 10.1261/rna.2565011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs generated by a conserved pathway. Their most widely studied function involves restricting transposable elements, particularly in the germline, where piRNAs are highly abundant. Increasingly, another set of piRNAs derived from intergenic regions appears to have a role in the regulation of mRNA from early embryos and gonads. We report a more widespread expression of a limited set of piRNAs and particularly focus on their expression in the hippocampus. Deep sequencing of extracted RNA from the mouse hippocampus revealed a set of small RNAs in the size range of piRNAs. These were confirmed by their presence in the piRNA database as well as coimmunoprecipitation with MIWI. Their expression was validated by Northern blot and in situ hybridization in cultured hippocampal neurons, where signal from one piRNA extended to the dendritic compartment. Antisense suppression of this piRNA suggested a role in spine morphogenesis. Possible targets include genes, which control spine shape by a distinctive mechanism in comparison to microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Lee
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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42
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Morigaki R, Sako W, Okita S, Kasahara J, Yokoyama H, Nagahiro S, Kaji R, Goto S. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 with phosphorylation of tyrosine 15 residue is enriched in striatal matrix compartment in adult mice. Neuroscience 2011; 189:25-31. [PMID: 21640796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the striosome-matrix systems have a tight link with motor and behavioral brain functions and their disorders. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a versatile protein kinase that plays a role in synaptic functions and cell survival in adult brain, and its kinase activity is stimulated by phosphorylation at tyrosine 15 residue (pY15). In this study, we used an immunohistochemical method to show differential localization of Cdk5-pY15 in the striatal compartments of adult mice, with a heightened density of Cdk5-pY15 labeling in the matrix relative to the striosomes. Our findings indicate that Cdk5-pY15 can be a new marker for the striatal matrix compartment, and suggest a possible involvement of Cdk5-mediated signaling in compartment-specific neurotransmission and disease pathology in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Morigaki
- Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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43
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Zhu J, Li W, Mao Z. Cdk5: mediator of neuronal development, death and the response to DNA damage. Mech Ageing Dev 2011; 132:389-94. [PMID: 21600237 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), an unusual member of the Cdk family, is implicated in the regulation of various physiological processes ranging from neuronal survival, migration and differentiation, to synaptogenesis, synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission. Dysregulation of this kinase has been demonstrated to play a critical role in the pathogenic process of neurodegenerative disorders. DNA damage is emerging as an important pathological component in various neurodegenerative conditions. In this review, we discuss the recent progress regarding the regulation and roles of Cdk5 under physiological conditions, and its dysregulation under pathological conditions, especially in neuronal death mediated by DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiu Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Bldg., Rm505L 615 Michael St., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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He L, Zhang Z, Yu Y, Ahmed S, Cheung NS, Qi RZ. The neuronal p35 activator of Cdk5 is a novel F-actin binding and bundling protein. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:1633-43. [PMID: 20976519 PMCID: PMC11114985 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0562-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal Cdk5 activator p35 is involved in a multitude of neuronal activities, including cytoskeletal organization. We show here that p35 directly interacts with filamentous actin (F-actin) but not with monomeric actin (G-actin). Through binding, p35 induces the formation of actin bundles and stabilizes F-actin against dilution-induced depolymerization. p35 forms intermolecular self-associations, suggesting that p35 cross-links actin filaments into bundles via its intermolecular self-association. p35 dimerization and association with F-actin occur at the N-terminal region that is absent in the calpain-cleaved product p25, indicating that such p35 properties are lost by its truncation induced under neurotoxic conditions. Using p35 phosphorylated by Cdk5 and a mutational approach, we demonstrate that the phosphorylation of p35 promotes its homodimerization and p35-induced formation of F-actin bundles. In addition, the phosphorylation regulates p35 distribution to microtubule and actin cytoskeletons. Together, these observations define a novel function for p35 in cytoskeletal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng He
- Department of Biochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Zhaojun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Sohail Ahmed
- Institute of Medical Biology, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06, Immunos, Singapore, 138648 Republic of Singapore
| | - Nam Sang Cheung
- Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | - Robert Z. Qi
- Department of Biochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
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Lopes JP, Agostinho P. Cdk5: multitasking between physiological and pathological conditions. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 94:49-63. [PMID: 21473899 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a peculiar proline-directed serine/threonine kinase. Unlike the other members of the Cdk family, Cdk5 is not directly involved in cell cycle regulation, being normally associated with neuronal processes such as migration, cortical layering and synaptic plasticity. This kinase is present mainly in post-mitotic neurons and its activity is tightly regulated by the interaction with the specific activators, p35 and p39. Despite its pivotal role in CNS development, Cdk5 dysregulation has been implicated in different pathologies, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease (PD) and, most recently, prion-related encephalopathies (PRE). In these neurodegenerative conditions, Cdk5 overactivation and relocalization occurs upon association with p25, a truncated form of the normal activator p35. This activator switching will cause a shift in the phosphorylative pattern of Cdk5, with an alteration both in targets and activity, ultimately leading to neuronal demise. In AD and PRE, two disorders that share clinical and neuropathological features, Cdk5 dysregulation is a linking event between the major neuropathological markers: amyloid plaques, tau hyperphosphorylation and synaptic and neuronal loss. Moreover, this kinase was shown to be involved in abortive cell cycle re-entry, a feature recently proposed as a possible step in the neuronal apoptosis mechanism of several neurological diseases. This review focuses on the role of Cdk5 in neurons, namely in the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics, synaptic function and cell survival, both in physiological and in pathological conditions, highlighting the relevance of Cdk5 in the main mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease and other brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao P Lopes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry Institute, University of Coimbra, 3004 Coimbra, Portugal.
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S-nitrosylation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) regulates its kinase activity and dendrite growth during neuronal development. J Neurosci 2010; 30:14366-70. [PMID: 20980593 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3899-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family, is critical for proper neuronal development and functions. Cdk5 is activated through its association with the neuron-specific activator p35 or p39. Nonetheless, how its kinase activity is regulated in neurons is not well understood. In this study, we found that Cdk5 activity is regulated by S-nitrosylation, a post-translational modification of protein that affects a plethora of neuronal functions. S-nitrosylation of Cdk5 occurs at Cys83, which is one of the critical amino acids within the ATP-binding pocket of the kinase. Upon S-nitrosylation, Cdk5 exhibits reduced kinase activity, whereas mutation of Cys83 to Ala on Cdk5 renders the kinase refractory to such inhibition. Importantly, S-nitrosylated Cdk5 can be detected in the mouse brain, and blocking the S-nitrosylation of Cdk5 in cultured hippocampal neurons enhances dendritic growth and branching. Together, our findings reveal an important role of S-nitrosylation in regulating Cdk5 kinase activity and dendrite growth in neurons during development.
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Hisanaga SI, Endo R. Regulation and role of cyclin-dependent kinase activity in neuronal survival and death. J Neurochem 2010; 115:1309-21. [PMID: 21044075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)5 is a proline-directed Ser/Thr protein kinase that functions mainly in neurons and is activated by binding to a regulatory subunit, p35 or p39. Kinase activity is mainly determined by the amount of p35 available, which is controlled by a balance between synthesis and degradation. Kinase activity is also regulated by Cdk5 phosphorylation, but the activity of phosphorylated Cdk5 is in contrast to that of cycling Cdks. Cdk5 is a versatile protein kinase that regulates multiple neuronal activities including neuronal migration and synaptic signaling. Further, Cdk5 plays a role in both survival and death of neurons. Long-term inactivation of Cdk5 triggers cell death, and the survival activity of Cdk5 is apparent when neurons suffer from stress. In contrast, hyper-activation of Cdk5 by p25 promotes cell death, probably by reactivating cell-cycle machinery in the nucleus. The pro-death activity is suppressed by membrane association of Cdk5 via myristoylation of p35. Appropriate activity, localization, and regulation of Cdk5 may be critical for long-term survival of neurons, which is more than 80 years in the case of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Hisanaga
- Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
Neurons are highly specialized cells whose connectivity at synapses subserves rapid information transfer in the brain. Proper information processing, learning, and memory storage in the brain requires continuous remodeling of synaptic networks. Such remodeling includes synapse formation, elimination, synaptic protein turnover, and changes in synaptic transmission. An emergent mechanism for regulating synapse function is posttranslational modification through the ubiquitin pathway at the postsynaptic membrane. Here, we discuss recent findings implicating ubiquitination and protein degradation in postsynaptic function and plasticity. We describe postsynaptic ubiquitination pathways and their role in brain development, neuronal physiology, and brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Mabb
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Takano T, Tsutsumi K, Saito T, Asada A, Tomomura M, Fukuda M, Hisanaga SI. AATYK1A phosphorylation by Cdk5 regulates the recycling endosome pathway. Genes Cells 2010; 15:783-97. [PMID: 20553326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2010.01419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Trafficking of recycling endosomes (REs) is regulated by the small GTPase, Rab11A; however, the regulatory mechanism remains elusive. Apoptosis-associated tyrosine kinase 1A (AATYK1A) is a Ser/Thr kinase expressed highly in brain. We have recently shown that AATYK1A localizes to Rab11A-positive RE and is phosphorylated at Ser34 by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5). Here, we have investigated a role of AATYK1A and its phosphorylation in recycling endosomal trafficking using Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO-K1) cells. AATYK1A localizes predominantly to Rab11A-positive pericentrosomal endocytic recycling compartment (ERC). Phosphorylation at Ser34 of AATYK1A disrupts its accumulation in the pericentrosomal ERC. Consistently, phosphorylation-mimic mutant (AATYK1A-S34D) did not accumulate in the ERC and additionally attenuated ERC formation. ERC formation suppression can be reversed by constitutively active Rab11A-Q70L, suggesting a functional link between AATYK1A phosphorylation and Rab11A activity. Although no direct interaction between AATYK1A and Rab11A could be detected, the exchange of guanine nucleotides bound to Rab11A was significantly reduced in the presence of the phosphorylation-mimic AATYK1A-S34D. Together, our results reveal a regulatory role for AATYK1A in the formation of pericentrosomal ERC. They furthermore indicate that Cdk5 can disrupt ERC formation via Ser34 phosphorylation of AATYK1A. Finally, our data suggest a mechanism by which AATYK1A signaling couples Cdk5 to Rab11A activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Takano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Japan.
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Abstract
Neurons that reenter a cell cycle after maturation are at increased risk for death, yet the mechanisms by which a normal neuron suppresses the cycle remain mostly unknown. Our laboratory has shown that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a potent cell cycle suppressor, and we report here on the molecular basis of this activity. Cell cycle suppression by Cdk5 requires its binding to the p35 activator protein. The related p39 and p25 proteins cannot serve as substitutes. Unexpectedly, Cdk5 enzymatic activity is not required to perform this function. Rather, the link to cell cycle regulation is made through the formation of a previously unknown complex consisting of the p35-Cdk5 dimer and E2F1. Formation of this complex excludes the E2F1 cofactor, DP1, thus inhibiting E2F1 binding to the promoters of various cell cycle genes. This anti-cell cycle activity is most likely a neuroprotective function of Cdk5.
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