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Chen MA, Yang YH, Liu CK, Matsuo K, Hsu CC, Lin YC, Huang HL. Salivary Antimicrobial Peptide in Patients With Dementia Before and After Clinical Oral Rehabilitation Programme: A Randomised Controlled Trial. J Oral Rehabil 2024. [PMID: 39370532 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests a link between salivary metabolite changes and neurodegenerative dementia, with antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) implicated in its pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of a clinical oral rehabilitation programme tailored for dementia patients on salivary flow rate, AMP levels and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). METHODS Eligible patients were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (EG; n = 28) or the control group (CG; n = 27). Both groups received a leaflet on oral health. In addition, the EG received an oral care intervention that included individual lessons on oral muscle exercises and oral self-care practices. Saliva samples and OHRQoL data were collected at baseline and follow-up visits. Generalised estimating equation models were used to analyse the changes over time. RESULTS At the 3-month follow-up, EG showed significantly lower histatin 5 (HTN-5) levels (β = -0.08; effect size [ES] = 0.72) than CG. At 6 months, EG exhibited improved salivary flow rate (β = 0.89; ES = 0.89) and OHRQoL (β = 6.99; ES = 1.31) compared to CG. Changes in salivary flow rate (β = 4.03), HTN-5 level (β = -0.78) and beta-defensin 2 level (BD-2) (β = -0.91) at 3 months predicted improved OHRQoL at 6 months (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our clinical oral rehabilitation programme reduced the level of salivary HTN-5, increased salivary flow rate and enhanced OHRQoL in dementia patients. Furthermore, changes in salivary flow rate, HTN-5 level and BD-2 level were associated with improvements in patients' OHRQoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-An Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Oral Hygiene, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Han Yang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Kuan Liu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Koichiro Matsuo
- Department of Oral Health Sciences for Community Welfare, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chih-Cheng Hsu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- National Center for Geriatrics and Welfare Research, National Health Research Institutes, Yunlin County, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Ling Huang
- Department of Oral Hygiene, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Frigini EN, Porasso RD, Beke-Somfai T, López Cascales JJ, Enriz RD, Pantano S. The Mechanism of Antimicrobial Small-Cationic Peptides from Coarse-Grained Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:6877-6889. [PMID: 37905818 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial cationic peptides (AMPs) are excellent candidates for use as therapeutic antimicrobial agents. Among them, short peptides possessing sequences of 9-11 amino acids have some advantages over long-sequence peptides. However, one of the main limitations of short peptides is that their mechanism of action at the molecular level is not well-known. In this article, we report a model based on multiscale molecular dynamics simulations of short peptides interacting with vesicles containing palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylglycerol (POPG)/palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE). Simulations using this approach have allowed us to understand the different behaviors of peptides with antimicrobial activity with respect to those that do not produce this effect. We found remarkable agreement with a series of experimental results directly supporting our model. Moreover, these results allow us to understand the mechanism of action at the molecular level of these short peptides. Our simulations suggest that mechanical inhomogeneities appear in the membrane, promoting membrane rupture when a threshold concentration of peptides adsorbed on the membrane is achieved. These results explain the high structural demand for these peptides to maintain a delicate balance between the affinity for the bilayer surface, a low peptide-peptide repulsion (in order to reach the threshold concentration), and an acceptable tendency to penetrate into the bilayer. This mechanism is different from those proposed for peptides with long amino acid sequences. Such information is very useful from the medicinal chemistry point of view for the design of new small antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel N Frigini
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO-SL), Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejército de los Andes 950, San Luis 5700, Argentina
- Biomolecular Simulations Group, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Rodolfo D Porasso
- Instituto de Matemáticas Aplicada San Luis (IMASL), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Av. Ejército de los Andes 950, San Luis 5700, Argentina
| | - Tamás Beke-Somfai
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - José Javier López Cascales
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Grupo de Bioinformática y Macromoleculas (BioMac), Area de Química Física, Aulario II, Campus de Alfonso XIII, 30203 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ricardo D Enriz
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO-SL), Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejército de los Andes 950, San Luis 5700, Argentina
| | - Sergio Pantano
- Biomolecular Simulations Group, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
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Silveira RF, Roque-Borda CA, Vicente EF. Antimicrobial peptides as a feed additive alternative to animal production, food safety and public health implications: An overview. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:896-904. [PMID: 34632120 PMCID: PMC8484980 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years, feed additives have been used in animal nutrition to improve nutrient utilization, health parameters and animal performance. However, the use of antibiotics as feed additives has allowed the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which can bring as a consequence, an increase in the morbidity and mortality of diseases that were previously treatable with antibiotics. In this context, antimicrobial peptides (AMP) have appeared as a promising strategy because they have multiple biological activities and represent a powerful strategy to prevent the development of resistant microorganisms. Despite the small number of studies applied in vivo, AMP appear as a potent alternative to the use of antibiotics in animal nutrition, due to an increase in feed efficiency and the prevention/treatment of some animal diseases. This review discusses the problems associated with antimicrobial resistance and the use of AMP as a strong candidate to replace conventional antibiotics, mainly in the animal industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiza F Silveira
- São Paulo State University, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cesar A Roque-Borda
- São Paulo State University, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Vicente
- São Paulo State University, School of Sciences and Engineering, Tupã, São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Lima B, Ricci M, Garro A, Juhász T, Szigyártó IC, Papp ZI, Feresin G, Garcia de la Torre J, Lopez Cascales J, Fülöp L, Beke-Somfai T, Enriz RD. New short cationic antibacterial peptides. Synthesis, biological activity and mechanism of action. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183665. [PMID: 34097861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a theoretical and experimental study on a new series of small-sized antibacterial peptides. Synthesis and bioassays for these peptides are reported here. In addition, we evaluated different physicochemical parameters that modulate antimicrobial activity (charge, secondary structure, amphipathicity, hydrophobicity and polarity). We also performed molecular dynamic simulations to assess the interaction between these peptides and their molecular target (the membrane). Biophysical characterization of the peptides was carried out with different techniques, such as circular dichroism (CD), linear dichroism (LD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), fluorescence spectroscopy and TEM studies using model systems (liposomes) for mammalian and bacterial membranes. The results of this study allow us to draw important conclusions on three different aspects. Theoretical and experimental results indicate that small-sized peptides have a particular mechanism of action that is different to that of large peptides. These results provide additional support for a previously proposed four-step mechanism of action. The possible pharmacophoric requirement for these small-sized peptides is discussed. Furthermore, our results indicate that a net +4 charge is the adequate for 9 amino acid long peptides to produce antibacterial activity. The information reported here is very important for designing new antibacterial peptides with these structural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Lima
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Libertador General San Martín 1109 (O), CP 5400 San Juan, Argentina
| | - Maria Ricci
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adriana Garro
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO-SL), Chacabuco 915, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
| | - Tünde Juhász
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imola Csilla Szigyártó
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zita I Papp
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Dóm tér 8, Hungary
| | - Gabriela Feresin
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Libertador General San Martín 1109 (O), CP 5400 San Juan, Argentina
| | - Jose Garcia de la Torre
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Javier Lopez Cascales
- Grupo de Bioinformática y Macromoléculas (BioMac), Área de Química Física, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Aulario II, ́ Campus de Alfonso XIII, 30203 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lívia Fülöp
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Dóm tér 8, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Beke-Somfai
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ricardo D Enriz
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO-SL), Chacabuco 915, 5700 San Luis, Argentina.
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Murugan NA, Raja KMP, Saraswathi NT. Peptide-Based Antiviral Drugs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1322:261-284. [PMID: 34258744 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0267-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Three types of chemical entities, namely, small organic molecules (organics), peptides, and biologics, are mainly used as drug candidates for the treatment of various diseases. Even though the peptide drugs are known since 1920 in association with the clinical use of insulin, only a limited number of peptides are currently used for therapeutics due to various disadvantages associated with them such as limited serum and blood stability, oral bioavailability, and permeability. Since, through chemical modifications and structure tuning, many of these limitations can be overcome, peptide-based drugs are gaining attention in pharmaceutical research. As of today, there are more than 60 peptide-based drugs approved by FDA, and over 150 peptides are in the advanced clinical studies. In this book chapter, the peptide-based lead compounds and drugs available for treating various viral diseases and their advantages and disadvantages when compared to small molecules drugs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Arul Murugan
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - K Muruga Poopathi Raja
- Chemical Biology and Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - N T Saraswathi
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology, Sastra Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
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7
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Ding BT, Tan KG, Kau CY, Chan HYH, Mohd Fadil MFB. Accuracy of the α-defensin lateral flow assay for diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection in Asians. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2020; 27:2309499019828459. [PMID: 30744473 DOI: 10.1177/2309499019828459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to test the accuracy of the Synovasure®, α-defensin lateral flow test kit, in diagnosing periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) in a predominantly Asian population and to evaluate whether other patient or disease factors may affect its results. METHODS 61 Asian patients comprising 70 hip or knee prosthetic joints, performed between November 2015 and November 2018, were retrospectively evaluated. Cases were categorized as infected or not infected using Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) Criteria. Synovial fluid was tested for α-defensin using a commercially available kit. . RESULTS The Synovasure test had a sensitivity of 73.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 48.8-90.9%) and specificity of 92.2% (95% CI: 81.1-97.8%) in an Asian population, which was slightly lower compared to previously reported studies in a predominantly Caucasian population. The positive predictive value was 77.8% (95% CI: 56.8-90.3%) and the negative predictive value was 90.4% (95% CI: 81.5-95.2%). The test had an area under curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) graph of 0.938, which represents an accuracy that is similar to synovial white blood cells (WBCs) and almost equivalent to that of synovial polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs). The presence of diabetes ( p = 0.26), systemic inflammatory joint disease ( p = 0.33), other metallic implants ( p = 0.53), immunosuppression ( p = 0.13), prior antibiotic usage ( p = 0.99), and chronicity of symptoms ( p = 0.34) was not significantly associated with a positive test in patients with PJI. CONCLUSION The α-defensin lateral flow test kit is highly accurate in the diagnosis of PJI but with slightly lower sensitivity and specificity in an Asian population when compared with previous studies. The test should be used in conjunction with other MSIS criteria to provide clinically relevant and meaningful results for the diagnosis of PJI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tk Ding
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Chung Yuan Kau
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
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8
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Wahl EP, Garrigues GE. Diagnosis of Shoulder Arthroplasty Infection: New Tests on the Horizon. Orthopedics 2020; 43:76-82. [PMID: 31841608 DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20191212-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Periprosthetic shoulder infection (PSI), although less common than prosthetic hip and knee infections, continues to be a devastating complication of shoulder arthroplasty. Unlike its counterparts in the hip and knee, infection with nonsuppurative bacteria is more common than infection with more virulent bacteria in periprosthetic shoulder infection. The diagnosis of PSI can be challenging because the traditional clinical and laboratory findings are not always present. The authors present a narrative review of the current methods used in the diagnosis of PSI, as well as recently developed tests that may hold promise for the diagnosis of PSI. [Orthopedics. 2020; 43(2):76-82.].
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9
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SLPI - a Biomarker of Acute Kidney Injury after Open and Endovascular Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm (TAAA) Repair. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3453. [PMID: 32103084 PMCID: PMC7044192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a relevant complication following thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair (TAAA). Biomarkers, such as secretory leucocyte peptidase inhibitor (SLPI), may enable a more accurate diagnosis. In this study, we tested if SLPI measured in serum is an appropriate biomarker of AKI after TAAA repair. In a prospective observational single-center study including 33 patients (51.5% women, mean age 63.0 ± 16.2 years) undergoing open and endovascular aortic aneurysm repair in 2017, SLPI was measured peri-operatively (until 72 h after surgery). After surgery, the postoperative complications AKI, as defined according to the KDIGO diagnostic criteria, sepsis, death, MACE (major cardiovascular events) and, pneumonia were assessed. In a subgroup analysis, patients with preexisting kidney disease were excluded. Of 33 patients, 51.5% (n = 17) of patients developed AKI. Twelve hours after admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), SLPI serum levels were significantly increased in patients who developed AKI. Multivariable logistic regression revealed a significant association between SLPI 12 hours after admission to ICU and AKI (P = 0.0181, OR = 1.055, 95% CI = 1.009-1.103). The sensitivity of SLPI for AKI prediction was 76.47% (95% CI = 50.1-93.2) and the specificity was 87.5% (95% CI = 61.7-98.4) with an AUC = 0.838 (95% CI = 0.7-0.976) for an optimal cut-off 70.03 ng/ml 12 hours after surgery. In patients without pre-existing impaired renal function, an improved diagnostic quality of SLPI for AKI was observed (Sensitivities of 45.45-91.67%, Specificities of 77.7-100%, AUC = 0.716-0.932). There was no association between perioperative SLPI and the incidence of sepsis, death, MACE (major cardiovascular events), pneumonia. This study suggests that SLPI might be a post-operative biomarker of AKI after TAAA repair, with a superior diagnostic accuracy for patients without preexisting impaired renal function.
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Salem A, Almahmoudi R, Hagström J, Stark H, Nordström D, Salo T, Eklund KK. Human β-Defensin 2 Expression in Oral Epithelium: Potential Therapeutic Targets in Oral Lichen Planus. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071780. [PMID: 30974892 PMCID: PMC6479702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human β-defensin 2 (hBD-2) is a potent antimicrobial peptide that participates in defense against invading bacteria. We recently showed that bacterial components and histamine, through histamine H4 receptor (H4R), are involved in the pathogenesis of the potentially malignant lesion, oral lichen planus (OLP). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We, therefore, investigated the role of hBD2–histamine crosstalk signaling in promoting OLP pathology. Biopsies from OLP and oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) patients, and healthy controls were used. Two OTSCC cell lines and normal human oral keratinocytes (HOKs) were used. HBD-2 and other targets were mapped by immunostaining and analyzed by ImageJ2 software. The highly sensitive droplet-digital PCR technology and qRT-PCR were utilized to study the clinically derived and in vitro samples, respectively. H4R was challenged with the specific agonist HST-10 and inverse agonist ST-1007. HBD-2 was highly induced in OLP lesions. In contrast, hBD2 expression was attenuated in OTSCC tissues, while very low levels of hBD-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) were observed in OTSCC cells. Together with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), histamine upregulated hBD-2 mRNA expression in HOKs. Activation of H4R seems to modulate the expression of epithelial hBD-2. These findings suggest the involvement of hBD-2 in the pathogenesis of OLP and may, thus, be harnessed for therapeutic interventions in OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhakim Salem
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Rabeia Almahmoudi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jaana Hagström
- Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland and Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Dan Nordström
- Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University and Helsinki Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tuula Salo
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Medical Research Centre, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland.
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Kari K Eklund
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University and Helsinki Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Rheumatology, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, and Orton Orthopedic Hospital and Research Institute, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Hazam PK, Goyal R, Ramakrishnan V. Peptide based antimicrobials: Design strategies and therapeutic potential. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 142:10-22. [PMID: 30125585 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic activity of antibiotics is noteworthy, as they are used in the treatment of microbial infections. Regardless of their utility, there has been a steep decrease in the number of drug candidates due to antibiotic resistance, an inevitable consequence of noncompliance with the full therapeutic regimen. A variety of resistant species like MDR (Multi-Drug Resistant), XDR (Extensively Drug-Resistant) and PDR (Pan Drug-Resistant) species have evolved, but discovery pipeline has already shown signs of getting dried up. Therefore, the need for newer antibiotics is of utmost priority to combat the microbial infections of future times. Peptides have some interesting features like minimal side effect, high tolerability and selectivity towards specific targets, which would help them successfully comply with the stringent safety standards set for clinical trials. In this review, we attempt to present the state of the art in the discovery of peptide-based antimicrobials from a design perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Kishore Hazam
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, 781039, India
| | - Ruchika Goyal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, 781039, India
| | - Vibin Ramakrishnan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, 781039, India.
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12
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de Paula VS, Valente AP. A Dynamic Overview of Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Complexes. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23082040. [PMID: 30111717 PMCID: PMC6222744 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this narrative review, we comprehensively review the available information about the recognition, structure, and dynamics of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Their complex behaviors occur across a wide range of time scales and have been challenging to portray. Recent advances in nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular dynamics simulations have revealed the importance of the molecular plasticity of AMPs and their abilities to recognize targets. We also highlight experimental data obtained using nuclear magnetic resonance methodologies, showing that conformational selection is a major mechanism of target interaction in AMP families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Silva de Paula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Ana Paula Valente
- Centro de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Jiri Jonas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.
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13
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Ji S, Yun H, Park G, Min HJ, Lee CW. Expression and characterization of recombinant rattusin, an α-defensin-related peptide with a homodimeric scaffold formed by intermolecular disulfide exchanges. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 147:17-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
α, β, and θ defensins are effectors of the innate immune system with potent antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activity. Defensins have direct antiviral activity in cell culture, with varied mechanisms for individual viruses, although some common themes have emerged. In addition, defensins have potent immunomodulatory activity that can alter innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infection. In some cases, there is evidence for paradoxical escape from defensin neutralization or enhancement of viral infection. The direct and indirect activities of defensins have led to their development as therapeutics and vaccine components. The major area of investigation that continues to lag is the connection between the effects of defensins in cell culture models and viral pathogenesis in vivo. Model systems to study defensin biology, including more physiologic models designed to bridge this gap, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi K Holly
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195;
| | - Karina Diaz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195;
| | - Jason G Smith
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195;
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Min HJ, Yun H, Ji S, Rajasekaran G, Kim JI, Kim JS, Shin SY, Lee CW. Rattusin structure reveals a novel defensin scaffold formed by intermolecular disulfide exchanges. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45282. [PMID: 28345637 PMCID: PMC5366907 DOI: 10.1038/srep45282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Defensin peptides are essential for innate immunity in humans and other living systems, as they provide protection against infectious pathogens and regulate the immune response. Here, we report the solution structure of rattusin (RTSN), an α-defensin-related peptide, which revealed a novel C2-symmetric disulfide-linked dimeric structure. RTSN was synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and refolded by air oxidation in vitro. Dimerization of the refolded RTSN (r-RTSN) resulted from five intermolecular disulfide (SS) bond exchanges formed by ten cysteines within two protomer chains. The SS bond pairings of r-RTSN were determined by mass analysis of peptide fragments cleaved by trypsin digestion. In addition to mass analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments for a C15S mutant and r-RTSN confirmed that the intermolecular SS bond structure of r-RTSN showed an I-V', II-IV', III-III', IV-II', V-I' arrangement. The overall structure of r-RTSN exhibited a cylindrical array, similar to that of β-sandwich folds, with a highly basic surface. Furthermore, fluorescence spectroscopy results suggest that r-RTSN exerts bactericidal activity by damaging membrane integrity. Collectively, these results provide a novel structural scaffold for designing highly potent peptide-based antibiotics suitable for use under various physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jung Min
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea.,Department of Pharmaceutical Cosmetics, Kwangju Women's University, Gwangju 62396, South Korea
| | - Hyosuk Yun
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Sehyeon Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Ganesan Rajasekaran
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, South Korea
| | - Jae Il Kim
- Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Song Yub Shin
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, South Korea
| | - Chul Won Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
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16
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Yang M, Zhang C, Zhang MZ, Zhang S. Novel synthetic analogues of avian β-defensin-12: the role of charge, hydrophobicity, and disulfide bridges in biological functions. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:43. [PMID: 28231771 PMCID: PMC5324278 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian β-defensins (AvBD) possess broad-spectrum antimicrobial, LPS neutralizing and chemotactic properties. AvBD-12 is a chemoattractant for avian immune cells and mammalian dendritic cells (JAWSII) — a unique feature that is relevant to the applications of AvBDs as chemotherapeutic agents in mammalian hosts. To identify the structural components essential to various biological functions, we have designed and evaluated seven AvBD analogues. Results In the first group of analogues, the three conserved disulfide bridges were eliminated by replacing cysteines with alanine and serine residues, peptide hydrophobicity and charge were increased by changing negatively charged amino acid residues to hydrophobic (AvBD-12A1) or positively charged residues (AvBD-12A2 and AvBD-12A3). All three analogues in this group showed improved antimicrobial activity, though AvBD-12A3, with a net positive charge of +9, hydrophobicity of 40% and a predicted CCR2 binding domain, was the most potent antimicrobial peptide. AvBD-12A3 also retained more than 50% of wild type chemotactic activity. In the second group of analogues (AvBD-12A4 to AvBD-12A6), one to three disulfide bridges were removed via substitution of cysteines with isosteric amino acids. Their antimicrobial activity was compromised and chemotactic activity abolished. The third type of analogue was a hybrid that had the backbone of AvBD-12 and positively charged amino acid residues AvBD-6. The antimicrobial and chemotactic activities of the hybrid resembled that of AvBD-6 and AvBD-12, respectively. Conclusions While the net positive charge and charge distribution have a dominating effect on the antimicrobial potency of AvBDs, the three conserved disulfide bridges are essential to the chemotactic property and the maximum antimicrobial activity. Analogue AvBD-12A3 with a high net positive charge, a moderate degree of hydrophobicity and a CCR2-binding domain can serve as a template for the design of novel antimicrobial peptides with chemotactic property and salt resistance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-017-0959-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Chunye Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Michael Z Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. .,Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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17
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Alpha-defensin—novel synovial fluid biomarker for the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2016; 40:2447-2452. [DOI: 10.1007/s00264-016-3306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Yang M, Zhang C, Zhang X, Zhang MZ, Rottinghaus GE, Zhang S. Structure-function analysis of Avian β-defensin-6 and β-defensin-12: role of charge and disulfide bridges. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:210. [PMID: 27613063 PMCID: PMC5016922 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0828-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian beta-defensins (AvBD) are small, cationic, antimicrobial peptides. The potential application of AvBDs as alternatives to antibiotics has been the subject of interest. However, the mechanisms of action remain to be fully understood. The present study characterized the structure-function relationship of AvBD-6 and AvBD-12, two peptides with different net positive charges, similar hydrophobicity and distinct tissue expression profiles. Results AvBD-6 was more potent than AvBD-12 against E. coli, S. Typhimurium, and S. aureus as well as clinical isolates of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL)-positive E. coli and K. pneumoniae. AvBD-6 was more effective than AvBD-12 in neutralizing LPS and interacting with bacterial genomic DNA. Increasing bacterial concentration from 105 CFU/ml to 109 CFU/ml abolished AvBDs’ antimicrobial activity. Increasing NaCl concentration significantly inhibited AvBDs’ antimicrobial activity, but not the LPS-neutralizing function. Both AvBDs were mildly chemotactic for chicken macrophages and strongly chemotactic for CHO-K1 cells expressing chicken chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2). AvBD-12 at higher concentrations also induced chemotactic migration of murine immature dendritic cells (DCs). Disruption of disulfide bridges abolished AvBDs’ chemotactic activity. Neither AvBDs was toxic to CHO-K1, macrophages, or DCs. Conclusions AvBDs are potent antimicrobial peptides under low-salt conditions, effective LPS-neutralizing agents, and broad-spectrum chemoattractant peptides. Their antimicrobial activity is positively correlated with the peptides’ net positive charges, inversely correlated with NaCl concentration and bacterial concentration, and minimally dependent on intramolecular disulfide bridges. In contrast, their chemotactic property requires the presence of intramolecular disulfide bridges. Data from the present study provide a theoretical basis for the design of AvBD-based therapeutic and immunomodulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Chunye Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Xuehan Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael Z Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - George E Rottinghaus
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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19
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Wang S, Zeng X, Yang Q, Qiao S. Antimicrobial Peptides as Potential Alternatives to Antibiotics in Food Animal Industry. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050603. [PMID: 27153059 PMCID: PMC4881439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens has become a global concern, which has prompted the search for alternative antibacterial agents for use in food animals. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), produced by bacteria, insects, amphibians and mammals, as well as by chemical synthesis, are possible candidates for the design of new antimicrobial agents because of their natural antimicrobial properties and a low propensity for development of resistance by microorganisms. This manuscript reviews the current knowledge of the basic biology of AMPs and their applications in non-ruminant nutrition. Antimicrobial peptides not only have broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses but also have the ability to bypass the common resistance mechanisms that are placing standard antibiotics in jeopardy. In addition, AMPs have beneficial effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology and gut microbiota in pigs and broilers. Therefore, AMPs have good potential as suitable alternatives to conventional antibiotics used in swine and poultry industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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20
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α-Defensin Accuracy to Diagnose Periprosthetic Joint Infection-Best Available Test? J Arthroplasty 2016; 31:456-60. [PMID: 26545577 DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2015.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to test the accuracy of a single synovial fluid biomarker, α-defensin, in diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection in revision total hip and revision total knee arthroplasty. METHODS A total of 102 patients comprising 116 revision total hip arthroplasty and revision total knee arthroplasty procedures performed between May 2013 and March 2014 were prospectively evaluated. Cases were categorized as infected or notinfected using Musculoskeletal Infection Society criteria. Synovial fluid was obtained and tested for α-defensin using a commercially available kit (Synovasure [CD Diagnostics, Baltimore, Maryland]). RESULTS For first-stage and single-stage revisions, the α-defensin test had a sensitivity of 100% (95% confidence interval [CI], 86%-100%) and a specificity of 98% (95% CI, 90%-100%) with a positive predictive value of 96% (95% CI, 80%-99%) and negative predictive value of 100% (95% CI, 93%-100%). CONCLUSION A positive α-defensin test result was significantly more sensitive and specific for predicting infection than current diagnostic testing and should be considered when managing periprosthetic joint infection. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, Study of Diagnostic Test.
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21
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ElSawy KM, Lane DP, Verma CS, Caves LSD. Recognition Dynamics of p53 and MDM2: Implications for Peptide Design. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:320-8. [PMID: 26701330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b11162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Peptides that inhibit MDM2 and attenuate MDM2-p53 interactions, thus activating p53, are currently being pursued as anticancer drug leads for tumors harboring wild type p53. The thermodynamic determinants of peptide-MDM2 interactions have been extensively studied. However, a detailed understanding of the dynamics that underlie these interactions is largely missing. In this study, we explore the kinetics of the binding of a set of peptides using Brownian dynamics simulations. We systematically investigate the effect of peptide C-terminal substitutions (Ser, Ala, Asn, Pro) of a Q16ETFSDLWKLLP27 p53-based peptide and a M1PRFMDYWEGLN12 12/1 phage-derived peptide on their interaction dynamics with MDM2. The substitutions modulate peptide residence times around the MDM2 protein. In particular, the highest affinity peptide, Q16ETFSDLWKLLS27, has the longest residence time (t ∼ 25 μs) around MDM2, suggesting its potentially important contribution to binding affinity. The binding of the p53-based peptides appears to be kinetically driven while that of the phage-derived series appears to be thermodynamically driven. The phage-derived peptides were found to adopt distinctly different modes of interaction with the MDM2 protein compared to their p53-based counterparts. The p53-based peptides approach the N-terminal region of the MDM2 protein with the peptide C-terminal end oriented toward the protein, while the M1PRFMDYWEGLN12-based peptides adopt the reverse orientation. To probe the determinants of this switch in orientation, a designed mutant of the phage-derived peptide, R3E (M1PEFMDYWEGLN12), was simulated and found to adopt the orientation adopted by the p53-based peptides and also to result in almost a 5-fold increase in the peptide residence time (∼120 μs) relative to the p53-based peptides. On this basis, we suggest that the R3E mutant phage-derived peptide has a higher affinity for MDM2 than the p53-based peptides and would therefore, competitively inhibit MDM2-p53. The study, therefore, provides a novel computational framework for kinetics-based lead optimization for anticancer drug development strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim M ElSawy
- York Centre for Complex Systems Analysis (YCCSA), University of York , York, YO10 5GE, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University , Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - David P Lane
- p53 Laboratory, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) , 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-04/05, Neuros/Immunos , Singapore , 138648
| | - Chandra S Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) , 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix , Singapore , 138671.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore , 14 Science Drive 4 , Singapore 117543.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Drive , Singapore 637551
| | - Leo S D Caves
- York Centre for Complex Systems Analysis (YCCSA), University of York , York, YO10 5GE, United Kingdom.,Department of Biology, University of York , York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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22
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Majchrzak-Gorecka M, Majewski P, Grygier B, Murzyn K, Cichy J. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), a multifunctional protein in the host defense response. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 28:79-93. [PMID: 26718149 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), a ∼12kDa nonglycosylated cationic protein, is emerging as an important regulator of innate and adaptive immunity and as a component of tissue regenerative programs. First described as an inhibitor of serine proteases such as neutrophil elastase, this protein is increasingly recognized as a molecule that benefits the host via its anti-proteolytic, anti-microbial and immunomodulatory activities. Here, we discuss the diverse functions of SLPI. Moreover, we review several novel layers of SLPI-mediated control that protect the host from excessive/dysregulated inflammation typical of infectious, allergic and autoinflammatory diseases and that support healing responses through affecting cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Majchrzak-Gorecka
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Pawel Majewski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Beata Grygier
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Murzyn
- Department of Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Cichy
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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23
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Frangiamore SJ, Saleh A, Grosso MJ, Kovac MF, Higuera CA, Iannotti JP, Ricchetti ET. α-Defensin as a predictor of periprosthetic shoulder infection. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2015; 24:1021-7. [PMID: 25672257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) in revision shoulder arthroplasty can be challenging because of the indolent nature of the common offending organisms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of synovial fluid α-defensin levels in identifying PJI of the shoulder. METHODS Thirty patients evaluated for painful shoulder arthroplasty were prospectively enrolled and underwent revision surgery (n = 33 cases). Cases were categorized into infection (n = 11) and no-infection (n = 22) groups on the basis of preoperative and intraoperative findings. Synovial fluid was obtained from preoperative aspirations or intraoperative aspiration before arthrotomy. α-Defensin was tested by the Synovasure (CD Diagnostics, Wynnewood, PA, USA) test for joint infection. Synovial fluid was also obtained intraoperatively from a control group undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (n = 16) for baseline data on normal α-defensin levels in the shoulder. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the diagnostic utility of synovial fluid α-defensin. RESULTS Synovial α-defensin had an area under the curve, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios of 0.78, 63%, 95%, 12.1, and 0.38, respectively. There was a significant difference in α-defensin levels between the infection (median, 3.2 S/CO [signal to cutoff ratio]) and no-infection groups (median, 0.21 S/CO; P = .006). Synovial α-defensin was elevated in the presence of a culture positive for Propionibacterium acnes (median, 1.33 S/CO; P = .03) and showed moderate correlation with the number of positive cultures. CONCLUSION Synovial fluid α-defensin was more effective than current diagnostic testing in predicting positive cultures and may be an effective adjunct in the workup of shoulder PJI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anas Saleh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Matthew J Grosso
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mario Farias Kovac
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Carlos A Higuera
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Joseph P Iannotti
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Eric T Ricchetti
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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24
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Alterations of skin innate immunity in lymphedematous limbs: Correlations with opportunistic diseases. Clin Dermatol 2014; 32:592-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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25
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Wilson SS, Wiens ME, Smith JG. Antiviral mechanisms of human defensins. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:4965-80. [PMID: 24095897 PMCID: PMC3842434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Defensins are an effector component of the innate immune system with broad antimicrobial activity. Humans express two types of defensins, α- and β-defensins, which have antiviral activity against both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. The diversity of defensin-sensitive viral species reflects a multitude of antiviral mechanisms. These include direct defensin targeting of viral envelopes, glycoproteins, and capsids in addition to inhibition of viral fusion and post-entry neutralization. Binding and modulation of host cell surface receptors and disruption of intracellular signaling by defensins can also inhibit viral replication. In addition, defensins can function as chemokines to augment and alter adaptive immune responses, revealing an indirect antiviral mechanism. Nonetheless, many questions regarding the antiviral activities of defensins remain. Although significant mechanistic data are known for α-defensins, molecular details for β-defensin inhibition are mostly lacking. Importantly, the role of defensin antiviral activity in vivo has not been addressed due to the lack of a complete defensin knockout model. Overall, the antiviral activity of defensins is well established as are the variety of mechanisms by which defensins achieve this inhibition; however, additional research is needed to fully understand the role of defensins in viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason G. Smith
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 357735, 1705 North East Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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26
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Yu H, Dong J, Gu Y, Liu H, Xin A, Shi H, Sun F, Zhang Y, Lin D, Diao H. The novel human β-defensin 114 regulates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammation and protects sperm from motility loss. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:12270-82. [PMID: 23482568 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.411884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an important pathological factor involved in serious inflammatory diseases and male reproductive impairments. Emerging evidence demonstrates that antimicrobial peptides possess protective activity in response to LPS-induced inflammation. However, the LPS-binding and/or immunosuppressive activity of β-defensins (DEFBs) has been underestimated. In the present work, we characterized a novel human defensin, DEFB114, which was expressed predominantly in the epididymis and gingival cells at the RNA level. Homogenous recombinant DEFB114 peptides were prepared and characterized using mass spectrometry. DEFB114 protein exhibited a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity with salt sensitivity against typical pathogenic microbes (i.e. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans). Interestingly, DEFB114 demonstrated novel LPS-binding activity in vitro and inhibited TNF-α release in RAW264.7 cultures through the inhibition of MAPK p42/44 when challenged with LPS. Moreover, DEFB114 could also rescue the LPS-induced reduction of human sperm motility in vitro and protect d-galactosamine-sensitized C57BL/6 mice from LPS-induced lethality in vivo. The protective activity of DEFB114 on RAW264.7, human sperm, and the d-galactosamine-sensitized mice was disulfide bond-dependent because alkylated DEFB114 lost its activity. The low cytotoxicity of the DEFB114 peptide toward human erythrocytes is indicative of its potential therapeutic use in the treatment of LPS-induced inflammation, LPS contamination, and potentially septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heguo Yu
- National Population and Family Planning Commission Key Laboratory of Contraceptives and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai 200032, China
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Leonor Sánchez M, María Belén Martínez M, César Maffia P. Natural Antimicrobial Peptides: Pleiotropic Molecules in Host Defense. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/cellbio.2013.24023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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ElSawy KM, Twarock R, Verma CS, Caves LSD. Peptide inhibitors of viral assembly: a novel route to broad-spectrum antivirals. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:770-6. [PMID: 22390317 DOI: 10.1021/ci200467s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the potential of small peptide segments to function as broad-spectrum antiviral drug leads. We extracted the α-helical peptide segments that share common secondary-structure environments in the capsid protein-protein interfaces of three unrelated virus classes (PRD1-like, HK97-like, and BTV-like) that encompass different levels of pathogenicity to humans, animals, and plants. The potential for the binding of these peptides to the individual capsid proteins was then investigated using blind docking simulations. Most of the extracted α-helical peptides were found to interact favorably with one or more of the protein-protein interfaces within the capsid in all three classes of virus. Moreover, binding of these peptides to the interface regions was found to block one or more of the putative "hot spot" regions on the protein interface, thereby providing the potential to disrupt virus capsid assembly via competitive interaction with other capsid proteins. In particular, binding of the GDFNALSN peptide was found to block interface "hot spot" regions in most of the viruses, providing a potential lead for broad-spectrum antiviral drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim M ElSawy
- York Centre for Complex Systems Analysis (YCCSA), University of York, York YO10 5YW, UK
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29
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30
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The anisin1 gene encodes a defensin-like protein and supports the fitness of Aspergillus nidulans. Arch Microbiol 2011; 194:427-37. [PMID: 22113351 PMCID: PMC3354322 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-011-0773-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the genome of Aspergillus nidulans, a defensin-like protein, Anisin1, was annotated with high homology to the mosquito defensin AaDefA1. So far, no studies exist on defensins from filamentous ascomycetes. Therefore, we characterized the anisin1 gene in A. nidulans and generated a deletion mutant, which suffered from a defect in mitospore development and produced less conidia at 42°C compared to the reference strain. In surface cultures of A. nidulans wild type, the anisin1 expression correlated with that of the central regulator for asexual development, brlA, and with the major scavanger of H2O2 stress, catB, which is indicative for cell differentiation in developing fungi. Interestingly, brlA and anisin1 expressions were deregulated in a ΔsrrA strain that covers a central role in the histidine-to-aspartate (His-Asp) phosphorelay signaling pathway and shows impaired asexual development and H2O2 detoxification. In submers cultures of A. nidulans wild type and other mutants of the His-Asp phosphorelay signaling pathway, anisin1 was repressed, but derepressed in a ΔsrrA background, and anisin1 transcription was further increased in this mutant by H2O2 addition. We therefore conclude that the secreted protein Anisin1 contributes to the optimal development of A. nidulans and we further propose that it has a sensing/signaling function for elevated H2O2 levels.
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Eckert R. Road to clinical efficacy: challenges and novel strategies for antimicrobial peptide development. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:635-51. [PMID: 21707311 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of magainins, cecropins and defensins 30 years ago, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been hailed as a potential solution to the dearth of novel antibiotic development. AMPs have shown robust activity against a wide variety of pathogens, including drug-resistant bacteria. Unlike small-molecule antibiotics, however, AMPs have failed to translate this success to the clinic. Only the polymyxins, gramicidins, nisin and daptomycin are currently approved for medical use; the latter is the only example to have been developed in the last several decades. Nonetheless, researchers continue to isolate, modify and develop novel AMPs for therapeutic applications. Efforts have focused on increasing stability, reducing cytotoxicity, improving antimicrobial activity and incorporating AMPs in novel formulations, including nanoscale particles. As peptide synthesis and recombinant production methodologies improve, and more relevant bioassays become available, it becomes increasingly likely that AMPs will break the regulatory barrier and enter the marketplace as valuable antimicrobial weapons in the next 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randal Eckert
- C3 Jian, Inc., 423 Hindry Ave, Unit D, Inglewood, CA 90301, USA.
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Wanniarachchi YA, Kaczmarek P, Wan A, Nolan EM. Human defensin 5 disulfide array mutants: disulfide bond deletion attenuates antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Biochemistry 2011; 50:8005-17. [PMID: 21861459 DOI: 10.1021/bi201043j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human α-defensin 5 (HD5, HD5(ox) to specify the oxidized and disulfide linked form) is a 32-residue cysteine-rich host-defense peptide, expressed and released by small intestinal Paneth cells, that exhibits antibacterial activity against a number of Gram-negative and -positive bacterial strains. To ascertain the contributions of its disulfide array to structure, antimicrobial activity, and proteolytic stability, a series of HD5 double mutant peptides where pairs of cysteine residues corresponding to native disulfide linkages (Cys(3)-Cys(31), Cys(5)-Cys(20), Cys(10)-Cys(30)) were mutated to Ser or Ala residues, overexpressed in E. coli, purified, and characterized. A hexa mutant peptide, HD5[Ser(hexa)], where all six native Cys residues are replaced by Ser residues, was also evaluated. Removal of a single native S-S linkage influences oxidative folding and regioisomerization, antibacterial activity, Gram-negative bacterial membrane permeabilization, and proteolytic stability. Whereas the majority of the HD5 mutant peptides show low micromolar activity against Gram-negative E. coli ATCC 25922 in colony counting assays, the wild-type disulfide array is essential for low micromolar activity against Gram-positive S. aureus ATCC 25923. Removal of a single disulfide bond attenuates the activity observed for HD5(ox) against this Gram-positive bacterial strain. This observation supports the notion that the HD5(ox) mechanism of antibacterial action differs for Gram-negative and Gram-positive species [Wei et al. (2009) J. Biol. Chem. 284, 29180-29192] and that the native disulfide array is a requirement for its activity against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitha A Wanniarachchi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Mohammed I, Yeung A, Abedin A, Hopkinson A, Dua HS. Signalling pathways involved in ribonuclease-7 expression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:1941-52. [PMID: 20967562 PMCID: PMC11114760 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are host defence molecules that play a potential role in preventing infection at the epithelial surfaces. Ribonuclease (RNase)-7 has been shown to possess a broad spectrum of microbicidal activity against various pathogens. Here, we demonstrate that RNase-7 protein is localised to the superficial layers of ocular surface cells and increased in response to interleukin (IL)-1β, suggesting an active role during inflammation related to ocular surface infection. Signal transduction pathways involved in RNase-7 expression are unknown. Involvement of transforming growth factor β-activated kinase-1 (TAK-1) activated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway molecules [c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38] were studied because of their importance in infection and inflammation. Blocking the MAPKs resulted in inhibition of RNase-7 expression in response to IL-1β. However, RNase-7 induction by IL-1β was not affected by inhibiting the NF-κB signalling pathway. In conclusion, our results indicate that RNase-7 expression is specifically mediated via MAPKs but not NF-κB signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Mohammed
- Larry A Donoso Laboratory for Eye Research, Division of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University Hospital, Nottingham, NG7 2UH UK
| | - Aaron Yeung
- Larry A Donoso Laboratory for Eye Research, Division of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University Hospital, Nottingham, NG7 2UH UK
| | - Asiya Abedin
- Larry A Donoso Laboratory for Eye Research, Division of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University Hospital, Nottingham, NG7 2UH UK
| | - Andrew Hopkinson
- Larry A Donoso Laboratory for Eye Research, Division of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University Hospital, Nottingham, NG7 2UH UK
| | - Harminder S. Dua
- Larry A Donoso Laboratory for Eye Research, Division of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University Hospital, Nottingham, NG7 2UH UK
- Division of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Eye and ENT Building, Queens Medical Centre Campus, Derby Road, Nottingham, NG7 2UH UK
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Hazlett L, Wu M. Defensins in innate immunity. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 343:175-88. [PMID: 20730446 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against many common microorganisms, which can initiate adaptive immune responses to provide increased protection against subsequent re-infection by the same pathogen. As a major family of antimicrobial peptides, defensins are widely expressed in a variety of epithelial cells and sometimes in leukocytes, playing an important role in the innate immune system due to their antimicrobial, chemotactic and regulatory activities. This review introduces their structure, classification, distribution, synthesis, and focuses on their biological activities and mechanisms, as well as clinical relevance. These studies of defensins in the innate immune system have implications for the prevention and treatment of a variety of infectious diseases, including bacterial ocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Hazlett
- Anatomy/Cell Biology, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield Ave, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Staphylococcus aureus mutant screen reveals interaction of the human antimicrobial peptide dermcidin with membrane phospholipids. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:4200-10. [PMID: 19596877 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00428-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) form an important part of the innate host defense. In contrast to most AMPs, human dermcidin has an anionic net charge. To investigate whether bacteria have developed specific mechanisms of resistance to dermcidin, we screened for mutants of the leading human pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, with altered resistance to dermcidin. To that end, we constructed a plasmid for use in mariner-based transposon mutagenesis and developed a high-throughput cell viability screening method based on luminescence. In a large screen, we did not find mutants with strongly increased susceptibility to dermcidin, indicating that S. aureus has no specific mechanism of resistance to this AMP. Furthermore, we detected a mutation in a gene of unknown function that resulted in significantly increased resistance to dermcidin. The mutant strain had an altered membrane phospholipid pattern and showed decreased binding of dermcidin to the bacterial surface, indicating that dermcidin interacts with membrane phospholipids. The mode of this interaction was direct, as shown by assays of dermcidin binding to phospholipid preparations, and specific, as the resistance to other AMPs was not affected. Our findings indicate that dermcidin has an exceptional value for the human innate host defense and lend support to the idea that it evolved to evade bacterial resistance mechanisms targeted at the cationic character of most AMPs. Moreover, they suggest that the antimicrobial activity of dermcidin is dependent on the interaction with the bacterial membrane and might thus assist with the determination of the yet unknown mode of action of this important human AMP.
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Liu S, Zhou L, Chen L, Dastidar SG, Verma C, Li J, Tan D, Beuerman R. Effect of structural parameters of peptides on dimer formation and highly oxidized side products in the oxidation of thiols of linear analogues of human beta-defensin 3 by DMSO. J Pept Sci 2009; 15:95-106. [PMID: 19108000 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of structural parameters of peptides on their oxidation by DMSO, including location of cysteine, effect of adjunct group participation, molecular hydrophobicity, steric hindrance or the accessibility of thiol group and peptide conformation, on oxidation rates, dimer formation and associated side products. We designed and synthesized two series of linear cysteine-containing analogues of human beta-defensin 3 (the C1-peptides with cysteine at the N-terminus residue 1, the C29-peptides with cysteine located at residue 29 in the centre of peptide), which were used for preparation of disulphide-linked homodimers. HPLC-ESI-MS was used to monitor the oxidation process and to characterize the molecular weights of dimers and side products of high oxidation. The formations of dimers and side products were dependent on the position of cysteines. Hydrophobicity generally rendered the thiol groups less accessible and hence exposed them to slow oxidation to form dimers (or even fail to form dimers during the timescale of observation). Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the exposure of cysteines (and sulphurs) of the C1-peptides was much larger than for the C29-peptides. The larger hydrophobic side chains tended to enable clustering of the side chains that sequester cysteine, particularly in the C29-peptides, which provided a molecular explanation for the observed trends in oxidation rates. Together with molecular modelling, we propose a reaction mechanism to elucidate the oxidation results of these peptides.
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Abstract
The conventional notion that peptides are poor candidates for orally available drugs because of protease-sensitive peptide bonds, intrinsic hydrophilicity, and ionic charges contrasts with the diversity of antibiotic natural products with peptide-based frameworks that are synthesized and utilized by Nature. Several of these antibiotics, including penicillin and vancomycin, are employed to treat bacterial infections in humans and have been best-selling therapeutics for decades. Others might provide new platforms for the design of novel therapeutics to combat emerging antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Nolan
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Andreeva-Kovalevskaya ZI, Solonin AS, Sineva EV, Ternovsky VI. Pore-forming proteins and adaptation of living organisms to environmental conditions. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2009; 73:1473-92. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297908130087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Gomez SA, Argüelles CL, Guerrieri D, Tateosian NL, Amiano NO, Slimovich R, Maffia PC, Abbate E, Musella RM, Garcia VE, Chuluyan HE. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor: a secreted pattern recognition receptor for mycobacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 179:247-53. [PMID: 19011154 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200804-615oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Human secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) displays bactericidal activity against pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Streptococcus. Furthermore, it has been reported that murine SLPI shows potent antimycobacterial activity. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to investigate whether human recombinant SLPI not only kills mycobacteria but also acts as a pattern recognition receptor for the host immune system. METHODS For the in vivo experiment, BALB/c mice were infected by intranasal instillation with Mycobacterium bovis BCG and viable BCG load in lung homogenates was later determined. For the in vitro experiments, SLPI was incubated overnight with a suspension of M. bovis BCG or the virulent strain Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, and the percentage survival as well as the binding of SLPI to mycobacteria was determined. Furthermore, bacteria phagocytosis was also determined by flow cytometry. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Intranasal SLPI treatment decreased the number of colony-forming units recovered from lung homogenates, indicating that SLPI interfered with M. bovis BCG infection. Moreover, SLPI decreased the viability of both M. bovis BCG and H37Rv. We demonstrated that SLPI attached to the surface of the mycobacteria by binding to pathogen-associated molecular pattern mannan-capped lipoarabinomannans and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. Furthermore, we found that in the sputum of patients with tuberculosis, mycobacteria were coated with endogenous SLPI. Finally, we showed that phagocytosis of SLPI-coated mycobacteria was faster than that of uncoated bacteria. CONCLUSIONS The present results demonstrate for the first time that human SLPI kills mycobacteria and is a new pattern recognition receptor for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia A Gomez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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