1
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Desai R, Jaiswal R, Manchekar T, Dugam S, Jain R, Dandekar P. Enhancing monoclonal antibody stability during protein a chromatography using 2-methyl imidazolium dihydrogen phosphate. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1733:465263. [PMID: 39154495 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of 2-methyl imidazolium dihydrogen phosphate (2-MIDHP) on monoclonal antibody (mAb) aggregation during the Protein A purification stage, at a low pH (pH 3.0), and the viral inactivation phase. Size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to assess the mAb aggregation. Additionally, the influence of 2-MIDHP on mAb recovery, host cell protein (HCP) clearance, and Protein A leaching was investigated. Thermal stability of mAb, eluted in buffers containing 5 % to 25 % 2-MIDHP was analysed, using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Structural insights were obtained via circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy. Our findings indicated that 2-MIDHP exerted a concentration-dependent protective effect against mAb aggregation, at the pH of 3.0. As the concentration of 2-MIDHP was increased from 0 % to 25 %, the aggregation was significantly reduced from 3.8 ± 0.01 % to 0.56 ± 0.002 %, as analysed by SE-HPLC. Addition of 2-MIDHP did not significantly impact the mAb recovery, HCP clearance, or Protein A leaching. DSC data supported these results, with higher 2-MIDHP concentrations leading to increased melting temperatures of mAb. CD and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed no significant changes in the secondary structure or aromatic residue environment in 2-MIDHP-treated samples, despite the observed reduction in aggregation. The results suggested that 2-MIDHP mitigated mAb aggregation during Protein A purification, possibly by stabilizing the protein structure under acidic stress conditions. These findings offer valuable insights for improving the robustness of mAb purification processes, enhancing product quality and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Desai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India; Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Rahul Jaiswal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Triveni Manchekar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Shailesh Dugam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
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2
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Brack L, Merkel O, Schroeder R. A rapid method to monitor structural perturbations of high-concentrated therapeutic antibody solutions using Intrinsic Tryptophan Fluorescence Emission spectroscopy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 201:114377. [PMID: 38955284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Drug product development of therapeutic antibody formulations is still dictated by the risk of protein particle formation during processing or storage, which can lead to loss of potency and potential immunogenic reactions. Since structural perturbations are the main driver for irreversible protein aggregation, the conformational integrity of antibodies should be closely monitored. The present study evaluated the applicability of a plate reader-based high throughput method for Intrinsic Tryptophan Fluorescence Emission (ITFE) spectroscopy to detect protein aggregation due to protein unfolding in high-concentrated therapeutic antibody samples. The impact of fluorophore concentration on the ITFE signal in microplate readers was investigated by analysis of dilution series of two therapeutic antibodies and pure tryptophan. At low antibody concentrations (< 5 mg/mL, equivalent to 0.8 mM tryptophan), the low inner filter effect suggests a quasi-linear relationship between antibody concentration and ITFE intensity. In contrast, the constant ITFE intensity at high protein concentrations (> 40 mg/mL, equivalent to 6.1 mM tryptophan) indicate that ITFE spectroscopy measurements of IgG1 antibodies are feasible in therapeutically relevant concentrations (up to 223 mg/mL). Furthermore, the capability of the method to detect low levels of unfolding (around 1 %) was confirmed by limit of detection (LOD) determination with temperature-stressed antibody samples as degradation standards. Change of fluorescence intensity at the maximum (ΔIaM) was identified as sensitive descriptor for protein degradation, providing the lowest LOD values. The results demonstrate that ITFE spectroscopy performed in a microplate reader is a valuable tool for high-throughput monitoring of protein degradation in therapeutic antibody formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Brack
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co KG, Product Development Science & Technology, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.
| | - Olivia Merkel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Munich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Schroeder
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co KG, Product Development Science & Technology, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
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3
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Manning MC, Holcomb RE, Payne RW, Stillahn JM, Connolly BD, Katayama DS, Liu H, Matsuura JE, Murphy BM, Henry CS, Crommelin DJA. Stability of Protein Pharmaceuticals: Recent Advances. Pharm Res 2024; 41:1301-1367. [PMID: 38937372 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
There have been significant advances in the formulation and stabilization of proteins in the liquid state over the past years since our previous review. Our mechanistic understanding of protein-excipient interactions has increased, allowing one to develop formulations in a more rational fashion. The field has moved towards more complex and challenging formulations, such as high concentration formulations to allow for subcutaneous administration and co-formulation. While much of the published work has focused on mAbs, the principles appear to apply to any therapeutic protein, although mAbs clearly have some distinctive features. In this review, we first discuss chemical degradation reactions. This is followed by a section on physical instability issues. Then, more specific topics are addressed: instability induced by interactions with interfaces, predictive methods for physical stability and interplay between chemical and physical instability. The final parts are devoted to discussions how all the above impacts (co-)formulation strategies, in particular for high protein concentration solutions.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Ryan E Holcomb
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Robert W Payne
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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4
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Herianto S, Subramani B, Chen BR, Chen CS. Recent advances in liposome development for studying protein-lipid interactions. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:1-14. [PMID: 36170980 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2111294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Protein-lipid interactions are crucial for various cellular biological processes like intracellular signaling, membrane transport, and cytoskeletal dynamics. Therefore, studying these interactions is essential to understand and unravel their specific functions. Nevertheless, the interacting proteins of many lipids are poorly understood and still require systematic study. Liposomes are the most well-known and familiar biomimetic systems used to study protein-lipid interactions. Although liposomes have been widely used for studying protein-lipid interactions in classical methods such as the co-flotation assay (CFA), co-sedimentation assay (CSA), and flow cytometric assay (FCA), an overview of their current applications and developments in high-throughput methods is not yet available. Here, we summarize the liposome development in low and high-throughput methods to study protein-lipid interactions. Besides, a constructive comment for each platform is presented to stimulate the advancement of these technologies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Herianto
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry (Chemical Biology Division), College of Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Boopathi Subramani
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Ruei Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sheng Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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5
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Irshad B, Lu C, Nederstigt AE, Hu P, Xue L, Lin-Cereghino J, Franz AH, Harrison JS, Lin-Cereghino GP. The effect of the bgs13 mutation on the structure of the reporter protein beta-lactoglobulin: Influence on folding and aggregation in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 212:106355. [PMID: 37598731 PMCID: PMC10528908 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Pichia pastoris, a methylotrophic yeast used for recombinant protein expression, has the capability of performing many eukaryotic post-translational modifications, growing to high cell densities, and producing proteins in a cost-effective manner. However, P. pastoris's secretion properties are not always efficient, and its secretory pathway mechanisms have not been thoroughly elucidated. A previously identified mutant strain, bgs13, was found to efficiently secrete most recombinant proteins tested, raising the possibility that this bgs13 mutant is a universal super secreter. In this study, we used a reporter protein, β-lactoglobulin (b-LG), to perform structural analysis of the protein secreted from wild type and mutant bgs13 strains to investigate the secretory mechanism. Primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of b-LG were examined using Edman sequencing, circular dichroism, tryptophan fluorescence, and temperature induced aggregation analysis. Our results demonstrate that the bgs13 produced more b-LG than the wt strain and that this protein was functionally folded similar to the wt. Surprisingly, we also found that the bgs13 b-LG was more resistant to aggregation, providing another example of the superior qualities of this strain for enhanced secreted protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Irshad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
| | - Cai Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
| | - Anneroos E Nederstigt
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Priscilla Hu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
| | - Liang Xue
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
| | - Joan Lin-Cereghino
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
| | - Andreas H Franz
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
| | - Joseph S Harrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA.
| | - Geoff P Lin-Cereghino
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA.
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6
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Bianconi E, Gidari A, Souma M, Sabbatini S, Grifagni D, Bigiotti C, Schiaroli E, Comez L, Paciaroni A, Cantini F, Francisci D, Macchiarulo A. The hope and hype of ellagic acid and urolithins as ligands of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp5 and inhibitors of viral replication. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2251721. [PMID: 37638806 PMCID: PMC10464554 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2251721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-structural protein 5 (Nsp5) is a cysteine protease that plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 replication, suppressing host protein synthesis and promoting immune evasion. The investigation of natural products as a potential strategy for Nsp5 inhibition is gaining attention as a means of developing antiviral agents. In this work, we have investigated the physicochemical properties and structure-activity relationships of ellagic acid and its gut metabolites, urolithins A-D, as ligands of Nsp5. Results allow us to identify urolithin D as promising ligand of Nsp5, with a dissociation constant in the nanomolar range of potency. Although urolithin D is able to bind to the catalytic cleft of Nsp5, the appraisal of its viral replication inhibition against SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 assay highlights a lack of activity. While these results are discussed in the framework of the available literature reporting conflicting data on polyphenol antiviral activity, they provide new clues for natural products as potential viral protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Bianconi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Gidari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Souma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Samuele Sabbatini
- Medical Microbiology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Deborah Grifagni
- Centre for Magnetic Resonance, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Carlo Bigiotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Schiaroli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucia Comez
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali-IOM, National Research Council-CNR, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Cantini
- Centre for Magnetic Resonance, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Daniela Francisci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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7
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Zürcher D, Caduff S, Aurand L, Capasso Palmiero U, Wuchner K, Arosio P. Comparison of the Protective Effect of Polysorbates, Poloxamer and Brij on Antibody Stability Against Different Interfaces. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2853-2862. [PMID: 37295604 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins and antibodies are exposed to a variety of interfaces during their lifecycle, which can compromise their stability. Formulations, including surfactants, must be carefully optimized to improve interfacial stability against all types of surfaces. Here we apply a nanoparticle-based approach to evaluate the instability of four antibody drugs against different solid-liquid interfaces characterized by different degrees of hydrophobicity. We considered a model hydrophobic material as well as cycloolefin-copolymer (COC) and cellulose, which represent some of the common solid-liquid interfaces encountered during drug production, storage, and delivery. We assess the protective effect of polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, Poloxamer 188 and Brij 35 in our assay and in a traditional agitation study. While all nonionic surfactants stabilize antibodies against the air-water interface, none of them can protect against hydrophilic charged cellulose. Polysorbates and Brij increase antibody stability in the presence of COC and the model hydrophobic interface, although to a lesser extent compared to the air-water interface, while Poloxamer 188 has a negligible stabilizing effect against these interfaces. These results highlight the challenge of fully protecting antibodies against all types of solid-liquid interfaces with traditional surfactants. In this context, our high-throughput nanoparticle-based approach can complement traditional shaking assays and assist in formulation design to ensure protein stability not only at air-water interfaces, but also at relevant solid-liquid interfaces encountered during the product lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Zürcher
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Severin Caduff
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laetitia Aurand
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Klaus Wuchner
- Janssen R&D, BTDS Analytical Development, Schaffhausen, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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8
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Lightle HE, Kafley P, Lewis TR, Wang RE. Site-specific protein conjugates incorporating Para-Azido-L-Phenylalanine for cellular and in vivo imaging. Methods 2023; 219:95-101. [PMID: 37804961 PMCID: PMC10841489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This work features the use of amber suppression-mediated unnatural amino acid (UAA) incorporation into proteins for various imaging purposes. The site-specific incorporation of the UAA, p-azido-L-phenylalanine (pAzF), provides an azide handle that can be used to complete the strain promoted azide-alkyne click cycloaddition (SPAAC) reaction to introduce an imaging modality such as a fluorophore or a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer on the protein of interest (POI). Such methodology can be pursued directly in mammalian cell lines or on proteins expressed in vitro, thereby conferring a homogeneous pool of protein conjugates. A general procedure for UAA incorporation to use with a site-specific protein labeling method is provided allowing for in vitro and in vivo imaging applications based on the representative proteins PTEN and PD-L1. This approach would help elucidate the cellular or in vivo biological activities of the POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey E Lightle
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Parmila Kafley
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Todd R Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Rongsheng E Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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9
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Campuzano IDG. A Research Journey: Over a Decade of Denaturing and Native-MS Analyses of Hydrophobic and Membrane Proteins in Amgen Therapeutic Discovery. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2413-2431. [PMID: 37643331 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins and associated complexes currently comprise the majority of therapeutic targets and remain among the most challenging classes of proteins for analytical characterization. Through long-term strategic collaborations forged between industrial and academic research groups, there has been tremendous progress in advancing membrane protein mass spectrometry (MS) analytical methods and their concomitant application to Amgen therapeutic project progression. Herein, I will describe a detailed and personal account of how electrospray ionization (ESI) native mass spectrometry (nMS), ion mobility-MS (IM-MS), reversed phase liquid chromatographic mass spectrometry (RPLC-MS), high-throughput solid phase extraction mass spectrometry, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry methods were developed, optimized, and validated within Amgen Research, and importantly, how these analytical methods were applied for membrane and hydrophobic protein analyses and ultimately therapeutic project support and progression. Additionally, I will discuss all the highly important and productive collaborative efforts, both internal Amgen and external academic, which were key in generating the samples, methods, and associated data described herein. I will also describe some early and previously unpublished nano-ESI (nESI) native-MS data from Amgen Research and the highly productive University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) collaboration. I will also present previously unpublished examples of real-life Amgen biotherapeutic membrane protein projects that were supported by all the MS (and IM) analytical techniques described herein. I will start by describing the initial nESI nMS experiments performed at Amgen in 2011 on empty nanodisc molecules, using a quadrupole time-of-flight MS, and how these experiments progressed on to the 15 Tesla Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance MS at UCLA. Then described are monomeric and multimeric membrane protein data acquired in both nESI nMS and tandem-MS modes, using multiple methods of ion activation, resulting in dramatic spectral simplification. Also described is how we investigated the far less established and less published subject, that is denaturing RPLC-MS analysis of membrane proteins, and how we developed a highly robust and reproducible RPLC-MS method capable of effective separation of membrane proteins differing in only the presence or absence of an N-terminal post translational modification. Also described is the evolution of the aforementioned RPLC-MS method into a high-throughput solid phase extraction MS method. Finally, I will give my opinion on key developments and how the area of nMS of membrane proteins needs to evolve to a state where it can be applied within the biopharmaceutical research environment for routine therapeutic project support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain D G Campuzano
- Amgen Research, Center for Research Acceleration by Digital Innovation, Molecular Analytics, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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10
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Wecksler AT, Lundin V, Williams AJ, Veeravalli K, Reilly DE, Grieco SH. Bioprocess Development and Characterization of a 13C-Labeled Hybrid Bispecific Antibody Produced in Escherichia coli. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:antib12010016. [PMID: 36810521 PMCID: PMC9944054 DOI: 10.3390/antib12010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are highly efficacious therapeutics; however, due to their large, dynamic nature, structural perturbations and regional modifications are often difficult to study. Moreover, the homodimeric, symmetrical nature of mAbs makes it difficult to elucidate which heavy chain (HC)-light chain (LC) pairs are responsible for any structural changes, stability concerns, and/or site-specific modifications. Isotopic labeling is an attractive means for selectively incorporating atoms with known mass differences to enable identification/monitoring using techniques such as mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). However, the isotopic incorporation of atoms into proteins is typically incomplete. Here we present a strategy for incorporating 13C-labeling of half antibodies using an Escherichia coli fermentation system. Unlike previous attempts to generate isotopically labeled mAbs, we provide an industry-relevant, high cell density process that yielded >99% 13C-incorporation using 13C-glucose and 13C-celtone. The isotopic incorporation was performed on a half antibody designed with knob-into-hole technology to enable assembly with its native (naturally abundant) counterpart to generate a hybrid bispecific (BsAb) molecule. This work is intended to provide a framework for producing full-length antibodies, of which half are isotopically labeled, in order to study the individual HC-LC pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T. Wecksler
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Victor Lundin
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ambrose J. Williams
- Purification Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Karthik Veeravalli
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Dorothea E. Reilly
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sung-Hye Grieco
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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11
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Mock M, Jacobitz AW, Langmead CJ, Sudom A, Yoo D, Humphreys SC, Alday M, Alekseychyk L, Angell N, Bi V, Catterall H, Chen CC, Chou HT, Conner KP, Cook KD, Correia AR, Dykstra A, Ghimire-Rijal S, Graham K, Grandsard P, Huh J, Hui JO, Jain M, Jann V, Jia L, Johnstone S, Khanal N, Kolvenbach C, Narhi L, Padaki R, Pelegri-O'Day EM, Qi W, Razinkov V, Rice AJ, Smith R, Spahr C, Stevens J, Sun Y, Thomas VA, van Driesche S, Vernon R, Wagner V, Walker KW, Wei Y, Winters D, Yang M, Campuzano IDG. Development of in silico models to predict viscosity and mouse clearance using a comprehensive analytical data set collected on 83 scaffold-consistent monoclonal antibodies. MAbs 2023; 15:2256745. [PMID: 37698932 PMCID: PMC10498806 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2256745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologic drug discovery pipelines are designed to deliver protein therapeutics that have exquisite functional potency and selectivity while also manifesting biophysical characteristics suitable for manufacturing, storage, and convenient administration to patients. The ability to use computational methods to predict biophysical properties from protein sequence, potentially in combination with high throughput assays, could decrease timelines and increase the success rates for therapeutic developability engineering by eliminating lengthy and expensive cycles of recombinant protein production and testing. To support development of high-quality predictive models for antibody developability, we designed a sequence-diverse panel of 83 effector functionless IgG1 antibodies displaying a range of biophysical properties, produced and formulated each protein under standard platform conditions, and collected a comprehensive package of analytical data, including in vitro assays and in vivo mouse pharmacokinetics. We used this robust training data set to build machine learning classifier models that can predict complex protein behavior from these data and features derived from predicted and/or experimental structures. Our models predict with 87% accuracy whether viscosity at 150 mg/mL is above or below a threshold of 15 centipoise (cP) and with 75% accuracy whether the area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve (AUC0-672 h) in normal mouse is above or below a threshold of 3.9 × 106 h x ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Mock
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Alex W Jacobitz
- Process Development, Amgen Operations, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Athena Sudom
- Structural Biology, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Yoo
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Sara C Humphreys
- Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mai Alday
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Nicolas Angell
- Process Development, Amgen Operations, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Vivian Bi
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Hannah Catterall
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Chen-Chun Chen
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Hui-Ting Chou
- Structural Biology, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kip P Conner
- Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin D Cook
- Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ana R Correia
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Dykstra
- Process Development, Amgen Operations, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Kevin Graham
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Peter Grandsard
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Joon Huh
- Process Development, Amgen Operations, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - John O Hui
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Mani Jain
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Victoria Jann
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Lei Jia
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Sheree Johnstone
- Structural Biology, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Neelam Khanal
- Process Development, Amgen Operations, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Carl Kolvenbach
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Linda Narhi
- Process Development, Amgen Operations, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Rupa Padaki
- Process Development, Amgen Operations, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Wei Qi
- Process Development, Amgen Operations, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Austin J Rice
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Richard Smith
- Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Spahr
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Yax Sun
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Veena A Thomas
- Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Robert Vernon
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Victoria Wagner
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth W Walker
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Yangjie Wei
- Process Development, Amgen Operations, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Dwight Winters
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Yang
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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12
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Nandal J, Mihooliya KN, Verma H, Kalidas N, Ashish F, Mishra RPN, Sahoo DK. Evaluation of physicochemical and functional similarity of a new CHO derived anti-EGFR antibody P-mAb to its reference medicinal product. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 50:17-28. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2022.2028284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Nandal
- Biochemical Engineering Research and Process Development Centre, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kanti N. Mihooliya
- Biochemical Engineering Research and Process Development Centre, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Himanshu Verma
- Biochemical Engineering Research and Process Development Centre, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nidhi Kalidas
- GNR Advanced Protein Centre, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Fnu Ashish
- GNR Advanced Protein Centre, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ravi P. N. Mishra
- Biochemical Engineering Research and Process Development Centre, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Debendra K. Sahoo
- Biochemical Engineering Research and Process Development Centre, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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13
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Determination of Conformational and Functional Stability of Potential Plague Vaccine Candidate in Formulation. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010027. [PMID: 36679872 PMCID: PMC9865242 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Generally, protein-based vaccines are available in liquid form and are highly susceptible to instability under elevated temperature changes including freezing conditions. There is a need to create a convenient formulation of protein/peptides that can be stored at ambient conditions without loss of activity or production of adverse effects. The efficiency of naturally occurring biocompatible polymer dextran in improving the shelf-life and biological activity of a highly thermally unstable plague vaccine candidate protein called Low Calcium Response V antigen (LcrV), which can be stored at room temperature (30 ± 2 °C), has been evaluated. To determine the preferential interactions with molecular-level insight into solvent-protein interactions, analytical techniques such asspectroscopy, particle size distribution, gel electrophoresis, microscopy, and thermal analysis have been performed along with the evaluation of humoral immune response, invivo. The analytical methods demonstrate the structural stability of the LcrV protein by expressing its interaction with the excipients in the formulation. The invivo studies elicited the biological activity of the formulated antigen with a significantly higher humoral immune response (p-value = 0.047) when compared to the native, adjuvanted antigen. We propose dextran as a potential biopolymer with its co-excipient sodium chloride (NaCl) to provide protein compactness, i.e., prevent protein unfolding by molecular crowding or masking mechanism using preferential hydrophobic interaction for up to three weeks at room temperature (30 ± 2 °C).
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14
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Gani K, Chirmade T, Ughade S, Thulasiram H, Bhambure R. Understanding unfolding and refolding of the antibody fragment (Fab) III: Mapping covalent and non-covalent interactions during in-vitro refolding of light chain, heavy chain, and Fab. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Stolzke T, Krieg F, Peng T, Zhang H, Häusler O, Brandenbusch C. Hydroxylpropyl-β-cyclodextrin as Potential Excipient to Prevent Stress-Induced Aggregation in Liquid Protein Formulations. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165094. [PMID: 36014329 PMCID: PMC9414600 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the growing demand for patient-friendly subcutaneous dosage forms, the ability to increasing protein solubility and stability in formulations to deliver on the required high protein concentrations is crucial. A common approach to ensure protein solubility and stability in high concentration protein formulations is the addition of excipients such as sugars, amino acids, surfactants, approved by the Food and Drug Administration. In a best-case scenario, these excipients fulfil multiple demands simultaneously, such as increasing long-term stability of the formulation, reducing protein adsorption on surfaces/interfaces, and stabilizing the protein against thermal or mechanical stress. 2-Hydroxylpropyl-β-cyclodextrin (derivative of β-cyclodextrin) holds this potential, but has not yet been sufficiently investigated for use in protein formulations. Within this work, we have systematically investigated the relevant molecular interactions to identify the potential of Kleptose®HPB (2-hydroxylpropyl-β-cyclodextrin from Roquette Freres, Lestrem, France) as “multirole” excipient within liquid protein formulations. Based on our results three factors determine the influence of Kleptose®HPB on protein formulation stability: (1) concentration of Kleptose®HPB, (2) protein type and protein concentration, and (3) quality of the protein formulation. Our results not only contribute to the understanding of the relevant interactions but also enable the target-oriented use of Kleptose®HPB within formulation design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Stolzke
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Franziska Krieg
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tao Peng
- Roquette Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd., Singapore 138588, Singapore
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Roquette Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd., Singapore 138588, Singapore
| | | | - Christoph Brandenbusch
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Correspondence:
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16
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Qian S, Heller W, Chen WR, Christianson A, Do C, Wang Y, Lin JYY, Huegle T, Jiang C, Boone C, Hart C, Graves V. CENTAUR-The small- and wide-angle neutron scattering diffractometer/spectrometer for the Second Target Station of the Spallation Neutron Source. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:075104. [PMID: 35922314 DOI: 10.1063/5.0090527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CENTAUR has been selected as one of the eight initial instruments to be built at the Second Target Station (STS) of the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. It is a small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and wide-angle neutron scattering (WANS) instrument with diffraction and spectroscopic capabilities. This instrument will maximally leverage the high brightness of the STS source, the state-of-the-art neutron optics, and a suite of detectors to deliver unprecedented capabilities that enable measurements over a wide range of length scales with excellent resolution, measurements on smaller samples, and time-resolved investigations of evolving structures. Notably, the simultaneous WANS and diffraction capability will be unique among neutron scattering instruments in the United States. This instrument will provide much needed capabilities for soft matter and polymer sciences, geology, biology, quantum condensed matter, and other materials sciences that need in situ and operando experiments for kinetic and/or out-of-equilibrium studies. Beam polarization and a high-resolution chopper will enable detailed structural and dynamical investigations of magnetic and quantum materials. CENTAUR's excellent resolution makes it ideal for low-angle diffraction studies of highly ordered large-scale structures, such as skyrmions, shear-induced ordering in colloids, and biomembranes. Additionally, the spectroscopic mode of this instrument extends to lower momentum transfers than are currently possible with existing spectrometers, thereby providing a unique capability for inelastic SANS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Qian
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - William Heller
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Wei-Ren Chen
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | | | - Changwoo Do
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Jiao Y Y Lin
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Thomas Huegle
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Chenyang Jiang
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Cristina Boone
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Cameron Hart
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Van Graves
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
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17
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Zhang F, Richter G, Bourgeois B, Spreitzer E, Moser A, Keilbach A, Kotnik P, Madl T. A General Small-Angle X-ray Scattering-Based Screening Protocol for Studying Physical Stability of Protein Formulations. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:69. [PMID: 35056965 PMCID: PMC8778066 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental step in developing a protein drug is the selection of a stable storage formulation that ensures efficacy of the drug and inhibits physiochemical degradation or aggregation. Here, we designed and evaluated a general workflow for screening of protein formulations based on small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Our SAXS pipeline combines automated sample handling, temperature control, and fast data analysis and provides protein particle interaction information. SAXS, together with different methods including turbidity analysis, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and SDS-PAGE measurements, were used to obtain different parameters to provide high throughput screenings. Using a set of model proteins and biopharmaceuticals, we show that SAXS is complementary to dynamic light scattering (DLS), which is widely used in biopharmaceutical research and industry. We found that, compared to DLS, SAXS can provide a more sensitive measure for protein particle interactions, such as protein aggregation and repulsion. Moreover, we show that SAXS is compatible with a broader range of buffers, excipients, and protein concentrations and that in situ SAXS provides a sensitive measure for long-term protein stability. This workflow can enable future high-throughput analysis of proteins and biopharmaceuticals and can be integrated with well-established complementary physicochemical analysis pipelines in (biopharmaceutical) research and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangrong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China;
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (G.R.); (B.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Gesa Richter
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (G.R.); (B.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Benjamin Bourgeois
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (G.R.); (B.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Emil Spreitzer
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (G.R.); (B.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Armin Moser
- Anton Paar GmbH, 8054 Graz, Austria; (A.M.); (A.K.); (P.K.)
| | | | - Petra Kotnik
- Anton Paar GmbH, 8054 Graz, Austria; (A.M.); (A.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Tobias Madl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (G.R.); (B.B.); (E.S.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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18
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Expanding the toolbox for predictive parameters describing antibody stability considering thermodynamic and kinetic determinants. Pharm Res 2021; 38:2065-2089. [PMID: 34904201 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Introduction of the activation energy (Ea) as a kinetic parameter to describe and discriminate monoclonal antibody (mAb) stability. METHODS Ea is derived from intrinsic fluorescence (IF) unfolding thermograms. An apparent irreversible three-state fit model based on the Arrhenius integral is developed to determine Ea of respective unfolding transitions. These activation energies are compared to the thermodynamic parameter of van´t Hoff enthalpies (∆Hvh). Using a set of 34 mAbs formulated in four different formulations, both the apparent thermodynamic and kinetic parameters together with apparent melting temperatures are correlated collectively with each other to storage stabilities to evaluate its predictive power with respect to long-term effects potentially reflected in shelf-life. RESULTS Ea allows for the discrimination of (i) different parent mAbs, (ii) different variants that originate from parent mAbs, and (iii) different formulations. Interestingly, we observed that the Ea of the CH2 unfolding transition shows strongest correlations with monomer and aggregate content after storage at accelerated and stress conditions when collectively compared to ∆Hvh and Tm of the CH2 transition. Moreover, the predictive parameters determined for the CH2 domain show generally stronger correlations with monomer and aggregate content than those derived for the Fab. Qualitative assessment by ranking Ea of the Fab domain showed good agreement with monomer content in storage stabilities of individual mAb sub-sets. CONCLUSION Ea from IF unfolding transitions can be used in addition to other commonly used thermodynamic predictive parameters to discriminate and characterize thermal stability of different mAbs in different formulations. Hence, it shows great potential for antibody engineering and formulation scientists.
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19
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Campuzano IDG, Sandoval W. Denaturing and Native Mass Spectrometric Analytics for Biotherapeutic Drug Discovery Research: Historical, Current, and Future Personal Perspectives. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1861-1885. [PMID: 33886297 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) plays a key role throughout all stages of drug development and is now as ubiquitous as other analytical techniques such as surface plasmon resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance, and supercritical fluid chromatography, among others. Herein, we aim to discuss the history of MS, both electrospray and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, specifically for the analysis of antibodies, evolving through to denaturing and native-MS analysis of newer biologic moieties such as antibody-drug conjugates, multispecific antibodies, and interfering nucleic acid-based therapies. We discuss challenging therapeutic target characterization such as membrane protein receptors. Importantly, we compare and contrast the MS and hyphenated analytical chromatographic methods used to characterize these therapeutic modalities and targets within biopharmaceutical research and highlight the importance of appropriate MS deconvolution software and its essential contribution to project progression. Finally, we describe emerging applications and MS technologies that are still predominantly within either a development or academic stage of use but are poised to have significant impact on future drug development within the biopharmaceutic industry once matured. The views reflected herein are personal and are not meant to be an exhaustive list of all relevant MS performed within biopharmaceutical research but are what we feel have been historically, are currently, and will be in the future the most impactful for the drug development process.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/analysis
- Automation, Laboratory
- Biopharmaceutics/methods
- Chromatography, Liquid
- Drug Discovery/methods
- Drug Industry/history
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/analysis
- Immunoconjugates/chemistry
- Protein Denaturation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Proteins/analysis
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/history
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/history
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain D G Campuzano
- Discovery Attribute Sciences, Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 92130, United States
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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20
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Schön A, Freire E. Reversibility and irreversibility in the temperature denaturation of monoclonal antibodies. Anal Biochem 2021; 626:114240. [PMID: 33964250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There have been numerous studies of the temperature denaturation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In general, mAbs are characterized by complex temperature denaturation transitions in which the various domains (CH2, CH3, Fab) give rise to different peaks in the heat capacity function. The complexity and overall irreversibility of the temperature denaturation transition is well known and has limited the number of publications with an in-depth analysis of the data. Here we report that the temperature denaturation of the CH2 domain is reversible and only becomes irreversible after denaturation of the Fab domain, which is intrinsically irreversible. For these studies we have used the HIV neutralizing monoclonal antibody 17b. To account for the experimental heat capacity function, a mixed denaturation model that combines multiple reversible and irreversible transitions has been developed. This model accounts well for the DSC data and for the pH dependence of the heat capacity function of 17b and other monoclonal antibodies for which data is available in the literature. It is expected that a more detailed analysis of the stability of monoclonal antibodies will contribute to the development of better approaches to understand and optimize the structural viability of these therapeutic macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Ernesto Freire
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
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21
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Rafipour R, Mousavi A, Mansouri K. Apoferritin nanocages for targeted delivery of idarubicin against breast cancer cells. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:1061-1067. [PMID: 33929766 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, nanotechnology has attracted attention for its capability to diagnose and remedy diverse tumors successfully. Protein nanocarriers as a platform of targeted drug delivery can be used to reduce toxicity and improve the effect of anticancer drugs. Idarubicin (IDR) is a chemotherapy drug that is classified as an anthracycline antitumor. In this study, IDR was encapsulated within horse spleen apoferritin (HsAFr) nanocarriers. Encapsulation was obtained through disassembling apoferritin into subunits at pH 2 and subsequently reassembling it at pH 7.4 in the presence of IDR. Transmission electron microscopy, UV-vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques showed that drug molecules are loaded within apoferritin. Intrinsic fluorescence information exhibited that the encapsulation does not have any effects on the tertiary structure of the protein. Drug loading and entrapment efficiency were found to be 7.15% and 84.75%, respectively. Comparison of anticancer activities in HsAFr-IDR and free drug IDR was made via the MTT viability technique in a human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Rafipour
- Department of Chemistry, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Asma Mousavi
- Department of Chemistry, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kamran Mansouri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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22
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Yang Z, Muccio DD, Melo N, Atigadda VR, Renfrow MB. Stability of the Retinoid X Receptor-α Homodimer in the Presence and Absence of Rexinoid and Coactivator Peptide. Biochemistry 2021; 60:1165-1177. [PMID: 33792309 PMCID: PMC9949482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Differential scanning calorimetry and differential scanning fluorimetry were used to measure the thermal stability of human retinoid X receptor-α ligand binding domain (RXRα LBD) homodimer in the absence or presence of rexinoid and coactivator peptide, GRIP-1. The apo-RXRα LBD homodimer displayed a single thermal unfolding transition with a Tm of 58.7 °C and an unfolding enthalpy (ΔH) of 673 kJ/mol (12.5 J/g), much lower than average value (35 J/g) of small globular proteins. Using a heat capacity change (ΔCp) of 15 kJ/(mol K) determined by measurements at different pH values, the free energy of unfolding (ΔG) of the native state was 33 kJ/mol at 37 °C. Rexinoid binding to the apo-homodimer increased Tm by 5 to 9 °C and increased the ΔG of the native homodimer by 12 to 20 kJ/mol at 37 °C, consistent with the nanomolar dissociation constant (Kd) of the rexinoids. GRIP-1 binding to holo-homodimers containing rexinoid resulted in additional increases in ΔG of 14 kJ/mol, a value that was the same for all three rexinoids. Binding of rexinoid and GRIP-1 resulted in a combined 50% increase in unfolding enthalpy, consistent with reduced structural fluidity and more compact folding observed in other published structural studies. The complexes of UAB110 and UAB111 are each more stable than the UAB30 complex by 8 kJ/mol due to enhanced hydrophobic interactions in the binding pocket because of their larger end groups. This increase in thermodynamic stability positively correlates with their improved RXR activation potency. Thermodynamic measurements are thus valuable in predicting agonist potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Donald D Muccio
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Nathalia Melo
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Venkatram R Atigadda
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Matthew B Renfrow
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
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23
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Particle Detection and Characterization for Biopharmaceutical Applications: Current Principles of Established and Alternative Techniques. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111112. [PMID: 33228023 PMCID: PMC7699340 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection and characterization of particles in the visible and subvisible size range is critical in many fields of industrial research. Commercial particle analysis systems have proliferated over the last decade. Despite that growth, most systems continue to be based on well-established principles, and only a handful of new approaches have emerged. Identifying the right particle-analysis approach remains a challenge in research and development. The choice depends on each individual application, the sample, and the information the operator needs to obtain. In biopharmaceutical applications, particle analysis decisions must take product safety, product quality, and regulatory requirements into account. Biopharmaceutical process samples and formulations are dynamic, polydisperse, and very susceptible to chemical and physical degradation: improperly handled product can degrade, becoming inactive or in specific cases immunogenic. This article reviews current methods for detecting, analyzing, and characterizing particles in the biopharmaceutical context. The first part of our article represents an overview about current particle detection and characterization principles, which are in part the base of the emerging techniques. It is very important to understand the measuring principle, in order to be adequately able to judge the outcome of the used assay. Typical principles used in all application fields, including particle–light interactions, the Coulter principle, suspended microchannel resonators, sedimentation processes, and further separation principles, are summarized to illustrate their potentials and limitations considering the investigated samples. In the second part, we describe potential technical approaches for biopharmaceutical particle analysis as some promising techniques, such as nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), micro flow imaging (MFI), tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS), flow cytometry, and the space- and time-resolved extinction profile (STEP®) technology.
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24
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Joshi S, Maharana C, Rathore AS. An application of Nano Differential Scanning Fluorimetry for Higher Order Structure assessment between mAb originator and biosimilars: Trastuzumab and Rituximab as case studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Augustijn D, Kulakova A, Mahapatra S, Harris P, Rinnan Å. Isothermal Chemical Denaturation: Data Analysis, Error Detection, and Correction by PARAFAC2. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6958-6967. [PMID: 32323977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of a protein's conformational stability is a key step in the development of biotherapeutics, where protein unfolding leads to adverse properties, such as aggregation and loss of efficacy. Isothermal chemical denaturation (ICD) can be applied to determine chemical stability, aiming to identify the optimal solvent conditions, in terms of pH, salt concentration, and added excipients. For seven monoclonal antibodies, this study investigates the observed intrinsic protein fluorescence emission spectra as a function of denaturant concentration. Protein formulations are screened in two experimental series. We show how the peak shapes of folded and unfolded proteins are preserved under added salt (0-140 mM NaCl) and added excipients concentrations, as typically found in biotherapeutic formulations and that only minor effects in tryptophan fluorescence peak tailing are observed over a large pH range (5.5-9.0). The data of seven mAbs, where GuHCl was a suitable denaturant, are modeled using PARAFAC2. PARAFAC2, a linear decomposition method, is well suited for the data and yields robust, valid, and automated models that allow for the detection of erroneous measurements. Analysis of the errors show correlation with the well-based experimental setup, and differences in observed errors between the two experimental series. We additionally show a correction method for these outliers based on PARAFAC2 model scores, such that full transition curves can be retrieved, increasing the accuracy of any subsequent analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillen Augustijn
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Alina Kulakova
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sujata Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.,Novozymes A/S, Biologiens Vej 2, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pernille Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Åsmund Rinnan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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26
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Melien R, Garidel P, Hinderberger D, Blech M. Thermodynamic Unfolding and Aggregation Fingerprints of Monoclonal Antibodies Using Thermal Profiling. Pharm Res 2020; 37:78. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02792-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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27
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Kunz P, Ortale A, Mücke N, Zinner K, Hoheisel JD. Nanobody stability engineering by employing the ΔTm shift; a comparison with apparent rate constants of heat-induced aggregation. Protein Eng Des Sel 2019; 32:241-249. [PMID: 31340035 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigen-binding domains of camelid heavy-chain antibodies, also called nanobodies, gained strong attention because of their unique functional and biophysical properties. They gave rise to an entire spectrum of applications in biotechnology, research and medicine. Despite several reports about reversibly refolding nanobodies, protein aggregation plays a major role in nanobody thermoresistance, asking for strategies to engineer their refolding behavior. Here, we use measurements of nanobody aggregation kinetics to validate structural features in the nanobody fold that are suppressing heat-induced nanobody aggregation. Furthermore, the kinetic measurements yielded a detailed insight into the concept of the ΔTm shift, a metric for protein aggregation propensities obtained from differential scanning fluorimetry measurements. By relating the equilibrium measurements of the ΔTm shift to the kinetic measurements of heat-induced nanobody aggregation, a distinct relationship could be identified that allows a prediction of nanobody aggregation rates from a simple equilibrium measurement of ΔTm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kunz
- Division of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aurelio Ortale
- Division of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Mücke
- Division of Biophysics of Macromolecules, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katinka Zinner
- Division of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg D Hoheisel
- Division of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, Heidelberg, Germany
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28
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Wawer J, Kaczkowska E, Karczewski J, Olszewski M, Augustin-Nowacka D, Krakowiak J. Amyloid fibril formation in the presence of water structure-affecting solutes. Biophys Chem 2019; 254:106265. [PMID: 31669866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2019.106265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The impact of the differently hydrated non-electrolytes (protein structure destabilizers) on the fibrillation of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) was investigated. Two isomeric urea derivatives i.e. butylurea (BU) and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylurea (TMU) were chosen as a tested compounds. The obtained results show that butylurea exerts greater impact on HEWL and its fibrillation than tetramethylurea. Both substances decrease the time of induction of the fibrillation (lag time) but only BU increases the efficiency of amyloidogenesis. For the systems with equivalent reduction of the HEWL stability (250mM BU and 500mM TMU) the not-equivalent increase of the protein fibrillation was recorded (higher for BU). This fact suggests that specific interactions with protein, possibly water mediated, are responsible for the action of the tested substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Wawer
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Emilia Kaczkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jakub Karczewski
- Department of Solid State Physics, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marcin Olszewski
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Krakowiak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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29
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Biophysical Methods for Characterization of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31643067 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9929-3_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) are made up of three components: (1) a mAb specific to cells of choice, (2) a small molecule with desired end goal, and (3) a linker to covalently link drug molecule to the antibody. Bringing together the mAb, drug molecule, and the linker results in the formation of an immunoconjugate designed to selectively deliver the drug molecule to a cell of interest. Synergic effects of the mAb and drug molecule lead to destroying the target tumor cells while leaving the normal cells unharmed. However, the development of ADCs is associated with challenges due to the heterogeneity of the ADC molecules created from the conjugation process. Addition of the linker and drug moieties during processing as well as the hydrophobicity of the drug itself can lead to structural changes that may affect the stability and functional profile of the conjugated molecule. Furthermore, linkers site of attachment plays a major role in determining the conformational and colloidal properties of the ADCs. In this chapter, several characterization methods are introduced to determine the biophysical characteristics of the ADC. Protocols, data analysis as well as notes for circular dichroism, intrinsic fluorescence, ANS fluorescence, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic scanning fluorimetry are outlined in detail.
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30
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Xu AY, Castellanos MM, Mattison K, Krueger S, Curtis JE. Studying Excipient Modulated Physical Stability and Viscosity of Monoclonal Antibody Formulations Using Small-Angle Scattering. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4319-4338. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Yuanyuan Xu
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 6102, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Maria Monica Castellanos
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 6102, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Kevin Mattison
- Malvern Panalytical, 117 Flanders Road, Westborough, Massachusetts 01581, United States
| | - Susan Krueger
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 6102, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Joseph E. Curtis
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 6102, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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31
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Augustijn D, Mahapatra S, Streicher W, Svilenov H, Kulakova A, Pohl C, Rinnan Å. Novel non-linear curve fitting to resolve protein unfolding transitions in intrinsic fluorescence differential scanning fluorimetry. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 142:506-517. [PMID: 31175923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In biotherapeutic protein research, an estimation of the studied protein's thermal stability is one of the important steps that determine developability as a function of solvent conditions. Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (DSF) can be applied to measure thermal stability. Label-free DSF measures amino acid fluorescence as a function of temperature, where conformational changes induce observable peak deformation, yielding apparent melting temperatures. The estimation of the stability parameters can be hindered in the case of multidomain, multimeric or aggregating proteins when multiple transitions partially coincide. These overlapping protein unfolding transitions are hard to evaluate by the conventional methodology, as peak maxima are shifted by convolution. We show how non-linear curve fitting of intrinsic fluorescence DSF can deconvolute highly overlapping transitions in formulation screening in a semi-automated process. The proposed methodology relies on synchronous, constrained fits of the fluorescence intensity, ratio and their derivatives, by combining linear baselines with generalized logistic transition functions. The proposed algorithm is applied to data from three proteins; a single transition, a double separated transition and a double overlapping transition. Extracted thermal stability parameters; apparent melting temperatures Tm,1, Tm,2 and melting onset temperature Tonset are obtained and compared with reference software analysis. The fits show R2 = 0.94 for single and R2 = 0.88 for separated transitions. Obtaining values and trends for Tonset in a well-described and automated way, will aid protein scientist to better evaluate the thermal stability of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillen Augustijn
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Sujata Mahapatra
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshøjvej 36, 2880 Bagsværd, Denmark; Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Hristo Svilenov
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Alina Kulakova
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshøjvej 36, 2880 Bagsværd, Denmark; Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christin Pohl
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshøjvej 36, 2880 Bagsværd, Denmark; Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Åsmund Rinnan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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32
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Krakowiak J, Krajewska M, Wawer J. Monitoring of lysozyme thermal denaturation by volumetric measurements and nanoDSF technique in the presence of N-butylurea. J Biol Phys 2019; 45:161-172. [PMID: 30903354 PMCID: PMC6548760 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-019-09521-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of thermal studies of denaturation of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) in water and an aqueous solution of N-butylurea (BU) are presented. High-precision densimetric measurements were used to characterize and analyze the changes of the specific volume, v, during temperature elevation. The temperature of the midpoint of protein denaturation was also determined by nanoDSF technique (differential scanning fluorimetry). The densities of lysozyme solutions were measured at temperatures ranging from 298.15 to 353.15 K with an interval of 5 K at atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa). The concentration of the protein covered the range from 2 to 20 mg per 1 ml of the solution. The optimal range of the concentration for the densimetric measurements was roughly estimated. In the transition region, the structural changes of the protein are accompanied by the biggest increase of ν values with temperature. Our measurements show that this effect can be monitored from volumetric data without precise determination of protein concentration. The results prove that a two-state model of denaturation could be used for data interpretation. Contrary to common misconception, the volumetric measurements suggest that the denatured protein does not necessarily need to be in a fully extended state. In this way, the 'protein volume paradox' could be explained. The surface area of the protein remains unchanged and thus the increase of the specific volume of the protein is relatively small. Additionally, the self-stabilizing effect of the protein in BU solution was reported. For the HEWL in pure water, this phenomenon was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Krakowiak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Krajewska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jarosław Wawer
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
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33
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Blaffert J, Haeri HH, Blech M, Hinderberger D, Garidel P. Spectroscopic methods for assessing the molecular origins of macroscopic solution properties of highly concentrated liquid protein solutions. Anal Biochem 2018; 561-562:70-88. [PMID: 30243977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In cases of subcutaneous injection of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, high protein concentrations (>50 mg/ml) are often required. During the development of these high concentration liquid formulations (HCLF), challenges such as aggregation, gelation, opalescence, phase separation, and high solution viscosities are more prone compared to low concentrated protein formulations. These properties can impair manufacturing processes, as well as protein stability and shelf life. To avoid such unfavourable solution properties, a detailed understanding about the nature of these properties and their driving forces are required. However, the fundamental mechanisms that lead to macroscopic solution properties, as above mentioned, are complex and not fully understood, yet. Established analytical methods for assessing the colloidal stability, i.e. the ability of a native protein to remain dispersed in solution, are restricted to dilute conditions and provide parameters such as the second osmotic virial coefficient, B22, and the diffusion interaction coefficient, kD. These parameters are routinely applied for qualitative estimations and identifications of proteins with challenging solution behaviours, such as high viscosities and aggregation, although the assays are prepared for low protein concentration conditions, typically between 0.1 and 20 mg/ml ("ideal" solution conditions). Quantitative analysis of samples of high protein concentration is difficult and it is hard to obtain information about the driving forces of such solution properties and corresponding protein-protein self-interactions. An advantage of using specific spectroscopic methods is the potential of directly analysing highly concentrated protein solutions at different solution conditions. This allows for collecting/gaining valuable information about the fundamental mechanisms of solution properties of the high protein concentration regime. In addition, the derived parameters might be more predictive as compared to the parameters originating from assays which are optimized for the low protein concentration range. The provided information includes structural data, molecular dynamics at various timescales and protein-solvent interactions, which can be obtained at molecular resolution. Herein, we provide an overview about spectroscopic techniques for analysing the origins of macroscopic solution behaviours in general, with a specific focus on pharmaceutically relevant high protein concentration and formulation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Blaffert
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Haleh Hashemi Haeri
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Protein Science, Birkerndorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach/Riß, Germany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Protein Science, Birkerndorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach/Riß, Germany.
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34
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Wilson EM, Luft JC, DeSimone JM. Formulation of High-Performance Dry Powder Aerosols for Pulmonary Protein Delivery. Pharm Res 2018; 35:195. [PMID: 30141117 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pulmonary delivery of biologics is of great interest, as it can be used for the local treatment of respiratory diseases or as a route to systemic drug delivery. To reach the full potential of inhaled biologics, a formulation platform capable of producing high performance aerosols without altering protein native structure is required. METHODS A formulation strategy using Particle Replication in Non-wetting Templates (PRINT) was developed to produce protein dry powders with precisely engineered particle morphology. Stability of the incorporated proteins was characterized and the aerosol properties of the protein dry powders was evaluated in vitro with an Andersen Cascade Impactor (ACI). RESULTS Model proteins bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme were micromolded into 1 μm cylinders composed of more than 80% protein, by mass. Extensive characterization of the incorporated proteins found no evidence of alteration of native structures. The BSA formulation produced a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 1.77 μm ± 0.06 and a geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 1.51 ± 0.06 while the lysozyme formulation had an MMAD of 1.83 μm ± 0.12 and a GSD of 1.44 ± 0.03. CONCLUSION Protein dry powders manufactured with PRINT could enable high-performance delivery of protein therapeutics to the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Wilson
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Christopher Luft
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joseph M DeSimone
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University,, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
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35
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The structural basis of nanobody unfolding reversibility and thermoresistance. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7934. [PMID: 29784954 PMCID: PMC5962586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26338-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanobodies represent the variable binding domain of camelid heavy-chain antibodies and are employed in a rapidly growing range of applications in biotechnology and biomedicine. Their success is based on unique properties including their reported ability to reversibly refold after heat-induced denaturation. This view, however, is contrasted by studies which involve irreversibly aggregating nanobodies, asking for a quantitative analysis that clearly defines nanobody thermoresistance and reveals the determinants of unfolding reversibility and aggregation propensity. By characterizing nearly 70 nanobodies, we show that irreversible aggregation does occur upon heat denaturation for the large majority of binders, potentially affecting application-relevant parameters like stability and immunogenicity. However, by deriving aggregation propensities from apparent melting temperatures, we show that an optional disulfide bond suppresses nanobody aggregation. This effect is further enhanced by increasing the length of a complementarity determining loop which, although expected to destabilize, contributes to nanobody stability. The effect of such variations depends on environmental conditions, however. Nanobodies with two disulfide bonds, for example, are prone to lose their functionality in the cytosol. Our study suggests strategies to engineer nanobodies that exhibit optimal performance parameters and gives insights into general mechanisms which evolved to prevent protein aggregation.
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36
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Schaefer JV, Sedlák E, Kast F, Nemergut M, Plückthun A. Modification of the kinetic stability of immunoglobulin G by solvent additives. MAbs 2018. [PMID: 29537925 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1450126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biophysical properties of antibody-based biopharmaceuticals are a critical part of their release criteria. In this context, finding the appropriate formulation is equally important as optimizing their intrinsic biophysical properties through protein engineering, and both are mutually dependent. Most previous studies have empirically tested the impact of additives on measures of colloidal stability, while mechanistic aspects have usually been limited to only the thermodynamic stability of the protein. Here we emphasize the kinetic impact of additives on the irreversible denaturation steps of immunoglobulins G (IgG) and their antigen-binding fragments (Fabs), as these are the key committed steps preceding aggregation, and thus especially informative in elucidating the molecular parameters of activity loss. We examined the effects of ten additives on the conformational kinetic stability by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), using a recently developed three-step model containing both reversible and irreversible steps. The data highlight and help to rationalize different effects of the additives on the properties of full-length IgG, analyzed by onset and aggregation temperatures as well as by kinetic parameters derived from our model. Our results further help to explain the observation that stabilizing mutations in the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) significantly affect the kinetic parameters of its thermal denaturation, but not the aggregation properties of the full-length IgGs. We show that the proper analysis of DSC scans for full-length IgGs and their corresponding Fabs not only helps in ranking their stability in different formats and formulations, but provides important mechanistic insights for improving the conformational kinetic stability of IgGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas V Schaefer
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Erik Sedlák
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich , Switzerland.,b Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, P.J. Šafárik University , Jesenná 5, Košice , Slovakia
| | - Florian Kast
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Michal Nemergut
- c Department of Biophysics , P.J. Šafárik University , Jesenná 5, Košice , Slovakia
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich , Switzerland
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37
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Barros HR, Kokkinopoulou M, Riegel-Vidotti IC, Landfester K, Thérien-Aubin H. Gold nanocolloid–protein interactions and their impact on β-sheet amyloid fibril formation. RSC Adv 2018; 8:980-986. [PMID: 35538945 PMCID: PMC9077019 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11219j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of the presence of small molecules and nanoparticles on the mechanism of amyloid fibril formation has attracted attention because amyloid protein fibrils are associated with degenerative diseases. Here, we studied the interaction between gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and a model protein (lysozyme). Both the formation of amyloid fibrils in the presence of gold nanoparticles, as well as the interaction between lysozyme and the amyloid fibrils with AuNPs, were investigated to gain an understanding of the distinct behaviour of lysozyme in its fibrillar and globular form. It was observed that the presence of AuNPs delayed the unfolding of α-helixes present in the globular lysozyme and the formation of the amyloid fibrils. However, the addition of AuNPs was also associated with a larger amount of β-sheet structures in the system once equilibrium was reached. Furthermore, the results showed that the driving force of the interaction between AuNPs and lysozyme in its fibrillar and globular forms was significantly different, and that the interaction of AuNPs with the preformed lysozyme amyloid fibrils led to a structural change in the protein. Formation of amyloid protein fibrils is associated with degenerative diseases. Here, the interaction mechanism between globular and fibrillar proteins with AuNPs were investigated in order to potentially control and reverse the fibrillation process.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloise R. Barros
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- Mainz
- Germany
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal do Paraná
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38
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Sousa F, Fonte P, Cruz A, Kennedy PJ, Pinto IM, Sarmento B. Polyester-Based Nanoparticles for the Encapsulation of Monoclonal Antibodies. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1674:239-253. [PMID: 28921443 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7312-5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aliphatic polyesters have been widely explored for biomedical applications (e.g., drug delivery systems, biomedical devices, and tissue engineering). Recently, polyesters have been used in nanoparticle formulations for the controlled release of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for the enhanced efficacy of antibody-based therapy. Polyester-based nanoparticles for mAb delivery provide decreased antibody dosage, increased antibody stability and protection and longer therapeutic action, ultimately translating to an increased therapeutic index. Additionally, nanoencapsulation holds the potential for the selective cellular recognition and internalization of mAbs, in the disease context when intracellular organelles and molecules (e.g., enzymes, transcription factors and oncogenic proteins) are the preferred target. We present here a detailed method to prepare mAb-loaded polyester-based nanoparticles and the various techniques to characterize the resulting nanoparticles and mAb structure. Finally, we highlight different biological approaches to assess the in vitro bioactivity of the antibody upon nanoparticle release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Sousa
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393, Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
- CESPU-Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116, Gandra, PRD, Portugal
| | - Pedro Fonte
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences-Applied Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Cruz
- INL, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Patrick J Kennedy
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393, Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP-Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Mendes Pinto
- INL, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393, Porto, Portugal.
- INEB-Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393, Porto, Portugal.
- ICBAS-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal.
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39
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Kuhn AB, Kube S, Karow-Zwick AR, Seeliger D, Garidel P, Blech M, Schäfer LV. Improved Solution-State Properties of Monoclonal Antibodies by Targeted Mutations. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:10818-10827. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b09126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B. Kuhn
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lars V. Schäfer
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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40
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Pisupati K, Benet A, Tian Y, Okbazghi S, Kang J, Ford M, Saveliev S, Sen KI, Carlson E, Tolbert TJ, Ruotolo BT, Schwendeman SP, Schwendeman A. Biosimilarity under stress: A forced degradation study of Remicade® and Remsima™. MAbs 2017; 9:1197-1209. [PMID: 28787231 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1347741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Remsima™ (infliximab) is the first biosimilar monoclonal antibody (mAb) approved by the European Medical Agency and the US Food and Drug Administration. Remsima™ is highly similar to its reference product, Remicade®, with identical formulation components. The 2 products, however, are not identical; Remsima™ has higher levels of soluble aggregates, C-terminal lysine truncation, and fucosylated glycans. To understand if these attribute differences could be amplified during forced degradation, solutions and lyophilized powders of the 2 products were subjected to stress at elevated temperature (40-60°C) and humidity (dry-97% relative humidity). Stress-induced aggregation and degradation profiles were similar for the 2 products and resulted in loss of infliximab binding to tumor necrosis factor and FcγRIIIa. Appearances of protein aggregates and hydrolysis products were time- and humidity-dependent, with similar degradation rates observed for the reference and biosimilar products. Protein powder incubations at 40°C/97% relative humidity resulted in partial mAb unfolding and increased asparagine deamidation. Minor differences in heat capacity, fluorescence, levels of subvisible particulates, deamidation and protein fragments were observed in the 2 stressed products, but these differences were not statistically significant. The protein solution instability at 60°C, although quite significant, was also similar for both products. Despite the small initial analytical differences, Remicade® and Remsima™ displayed similar degradation mechanisms and kinetics. Thus, our results show that the 2 products are highly similar and infliximab's primary sequence largely defines their protein instabilities compared with the limited influence of small initial purity and glycosylation differences in the 2 products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Pisupati
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor , MI.,b Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan , 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor , MI
| | - Alexander Benet
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor , MI.,b Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan , 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor , MI
| | - Yuwei Tian
- c Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , 930 North University Street, Ann Arbor , MI
| | - Solomon Okbazghi
- d Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Kansas , 2010 Becker Drive, Lawrence , KS
| | - Jukyung Kang
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor , MI.,b Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan , 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor , MI
| | - Michael Ford
- e MS Bioworks , 3950 Varsity Drive, Ann Arbor , MI
| | - Sergei Saveliev
- f Promega Corporation , 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Fitchburg , WI
| | - K Ilker Sen
- g Protein Metrics Inc. , 1622 San Carlos Avenue, San Carlos , CA
| | - Eric Carlson
- g Protein Metrics Inc. , 1622 San Carlos Avenue, San Carlos , CA
| | - Thomas J Tolbert
- d Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Kansas , 2010 Becker Drive, Lawrence , KS
| | - Brandon T Ruotolo
- c Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , 930 North University Street, Ann Arbor , MI
| | - Steven P Schwendeman
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor , MI.,b Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan , 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor , MI.,h Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan , 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor , MI
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor , MI.,b Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan , 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor , MI
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41
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Žoldák G, Jancura D, Sedlák E. The fluorescence intensities ratio is not a reliable parameter for evaluation of protein unfolding transitions. Protein Sci 2017; 26:1236-1239. [PMID: 28370732 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring the fluorescence of proteins, particularly the fluorescence of intrinsic tryptophan residues, is a popular method often used in the analysis of unfolding transitions (induced by temperature, chemical denaturant, and pH) in proteins. The tryptophan fluorescence provides several suitable parameters, such as steady-state fluorescence intensity, apparent quantum yield, mean fluorescence lifetime, position of emission maximum that are often utilized for the observation of the conformational/unfolding transitions of proteins. In addition, the fluorescence intensities ratio at different wavelengths (usually at 330 nm and 350 nm) is becoming an increasingly popular parameter for the evaluation of thermal transitions. We show that, under certain conditions, the use of this parameter for the analysis of unfolding transitions leads to the incorrect determination of thermodynamic parameters characterizing unfolding transitions in proteins (e.g., melting temperature) and, hence, can compromise the hit identification during high-throughput drug screening campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Žoldák
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biophysics, Technische Universität München, Garching, D-85748, Germany
| | - Daniel Jancura
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, 04154, Slovakia.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, 04154, Slovakia
| | - Erik Sedlák
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, 04154, Slovakia.,Department of Biochemistry, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, 04001, Slovakia
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42
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van der Kant R, Karow-Zwick AR, Van Durme J, Blech M, Gallardo R, Seeliger D, Aßfalg K, Baatsen P, Compernolle G, Gils A, Studts JM, Schulz P, Garidel P, Schymkowitz J, Rousseau F. Prediction and Reduction of the Aggregation of Monoclonal Antibodies. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:1244-1261. [PMID: 28322916 PMCID: PMC5397608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation remains a major area of focus in the production of monoclonal antibodies. Improving the intrinsic properties of antibodies can improve manufacturability, attrition rates, safety, formulation, titers, immunogenicity, and solubility. Here, we explore the potential of predicting and reducing the aggregation propensity of monoclonal antibodies, based on the identification of aggregation-prone regions and their contribution to the thermodynamic stability of the protein. Although aggregation-prone regions are thought to occur in the antigen binding region to drive hydrophobic binding with antigen, we were able to rationally design variants that display a marked decrease in aggregation propensity while retaining antigen binding through the introduction of artificial aggregation gatekeeper residues. The reduction in aggregation propensity was accompanied by an increase in expression titer, showing that reducing protein aggregation is beneficial throughout the development process. The data presented show that this approach can significantly reduce liabilities in novel therapeutic antibodies and proteins, leading to a more efficient path to clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob van der Kant
- VIB Switch Laboratory, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PO 802, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne R Karow-Zwick
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88400, Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Joost Van Durme
- VIB Switch Laboratory, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PO 802, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88400, Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Gallardo
- VIB Switch Laboratory, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PO 802, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel Seeliger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88400, Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Kerstin Aßfalg
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88400, Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Pieter Baatsen
- EM-platform VIB Bio Imaging Core, VIB-KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven
| | - Griet Compernolle
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PO 820, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Gils
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PO 820, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joey M Studts
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88400, Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Patrick Schulz
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88400, Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88400, Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Joost Schymkowitz
- VIB Switch Laboratory, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PO 802, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Frederic Rousseau
- VIB Switch Laboratory, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PO 802, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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43
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Hong J, Lee Y, Lee C, Eo S, Kim S, Lee N, Park J, Park S, Seo D, Jeong M, Lee Y, Yeon S, Bou-Assaf G, Sosic Z, Zhang W, Jaquez O. Physicochemical and biological characterization of SB2, a biosimilar of Remicade® (infliximab). MAbs 2016; 9:364-382. [PMID: 28005456 PMCID: PMC5297515 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1264550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A biosimilar is a biological medicinal product that contains a version of the active substance of an already authorized original biological medicinal product. Biosimilarity to the reference product (RP) in terms of quality characteristics, such as physicochemical and biological properties, safety, and efficacy, based on a comprehensive comparability exercise needs to be established. SB2 (Flixabi® and Renflexis®) is a biosimilar to Remicade® (infliximab). The development of SB2 was performed in accordance with relevant guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonisation, the European Medicines Agency, and the United States Food and Drug Administration. To determine whether critical quality attributes meet quality standards, an extensive characterization test was performed with more than 80 lots of EU- and US-sourced RP. The physicochemical characterization study results revealed that SB2 was similar to the RP. Although a few differences in physicochemical attributes were observed, the evidence from the related literature, structure-activity relationship studies, and comparative biological assays showed that these differences were unlikely to be clinically meaningful. The biological characterization results showed that SB2 was similar to the RP in terms of tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF-α) binding and TNF-α neutralization activities as a main mode of action. SB2 was also similar in Fc-related biological activities including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, neonatal Fc receptor binding, C1q binding, and Fc gamma receptor binding activities. These analytical findings support that SB2 is similar to the RP and also provide confidence of biosimilarity in terms of clinical safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyong Hong
- a Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd , Incheon , South Korea
| | - Yuhwa Lee
- a Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd , Incheon , South Korea
| | - Changsoo Lee
- a Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd , Incheon , South Korea
| | - Suhyeon Eo
- a Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd , Incheon , South Korea
| | - Soyeon Kim
- a Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd , Incheon , South Korea
| | - Nayoung Lee
- a Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd , Incheon , South Korea
| | - Jongmin Park
- a Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd , Incheon , South Korea
| | - Seungkyu Park
- a Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd , Incheon , South Korea
| | - Donghyuck Seo
- a Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd , Incheon , South Korea
| | - Min Jeong
- a Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd , Incheon , South Korea
| | - Youngji Lee
- a Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd , Incheon , South Korea
| | - Soojeong Yeon
- a Quality Evaluation Team, Samsung Bioepis Co., Ltd , Incheon , South Korea
| | - George Bou-Assaf
- b Department of Analytical Development , Biogen, Inc. , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Zoran Sosic
- b Department of Analytical Development , Biogen, Inc. , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- b Department of Analytical Development , Biogen, Inc. , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Orlando Jaquez
- c Department of Medical Affairs , Biosimilars , Biogen , Zug , Switzerland
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44
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Seeliger D, Schulz P, Litzenburger T, Spitz J, Hoerer S, Blech M, Enenkel B, Studts JM, Garidel P, Karow AR. Boosting antibody developability through rational sequence optimization. MAbs 2016; 7:505-15. [PMID: 25759214 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1017695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of monoclonal antibodies as commercial therapeutics poses substantial demands on stability and properties of an antibody. Therapeutic molecules that exhibit favorable properties increase the success rate in development. However, it is not yet fully understood how the protein sequences of an antibody translates into favorable in vitro molecule properties. In this work, computational design strategies based on heuristic sequence analysis were used to systematically modify an antibody that exhibited a tendency to precipitation in vitro. The resulting series of closely related antibodies showed improved stability as assessed by biophysical methods and long-term stability experiments. As a notable observation, expression levels also improved in comparison with the wild-type candidate. The methods employed to optimize the protein sequences, as well as the biophysical data used to determine the effect on stability under conditions commonly used in the formulation of therapeutic proteins, are described. Together, the experimental and computational data led to consistent conclusions regarding the effect of the introduced mutations. Our approach exemplifies how computational methods can be used to guide antibody optimization for increased stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Seeliger
- a Division Research Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG ; Biberach/Riss , Germany
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45
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Kaur P, Tomechko SE, Kiselar J, Shi W, Deperalta G, Wecksler AT, Gokulrangan G, Ling V, Chance MR. Characterizing monoclonal antibody structure by carboxyl group footprinting. MAbs 2016; 7:540-52. [PMID: 25933350 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1023683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural characterization of proteins and their antigen complexes is essential to the development of new biologic-based medicines. Amino acid-specific covalent labeling (CL) is well suited to probe such structures, especially for cases that are difficult to examine by alternative means due to size, complexity, or instability. We present here a detailed account of carboxyl group labeling (with glycine ethyl ester (GEE) tagging) applied to a glycosylated monoclonal antibody therapeutic (mAb). The experiments were optimized to preserve the structural integrity of the mAb, and experimental conditions were varied and replicated to establish the reproducibility of the technique. Homology-based models were generated and used to compare the solvent accessibility of the labeled residues, which include aspartic acid (D), glutamic acid (E), and the C-terminus (i.e., the target probes), with the experimental data in order to understand the accuracy of the approach. Data from the mAb were compared to reactivity measures of several model peptides to explain observed variations in reactivity. Attenuation of reactivity in otherwise solvent accessible probes is documented as arising from the effects of positive charge or bond formation between adjacent amine and carboxyl groups, the latter accompanied by observed water loss. A comparison of results with previously published data by Deperalta et al using hydroxyl radical footprinting showed that 55% (32/58) of target residues were GEE labeled in this study whereas the previous study reported 21% of the targets were labeled. Although the number of target residues in GEE labeling is fewer, the two approaches provide complementary information. The results highlight advantages of this approach, such as the ease of use at the bench top, the linearity of the dose response plots at high levels of labeling, reproducibility of replicate experiments (<2% variation in modification extent), the similar reactivity of the three target probes, and significant correlation of reactivity and solvent accessible surface area.
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Key Words
- 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide
- ACN, acetonitrile
- CD, circular dichroism
- CL, covalent labeling
- DR, dose response
- EDC, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide
- EIC, extracted ion chromatogram
- GEE, glycine ethyl ester
- HC, heavy chain
- HDX, hydrogen-deuterium exchange
- HRF, hydroxyl radical footprinting
- IT, ion trap
- IgG, immunoglobulin gamma
- LC, light chain
- Lys-C, lysyl endopeptidase
- MS, mass spectrometry
- RC, rate constant
- SASA, solvent accessible surface area
- SEC, size-exclusion chromatography
- acetonitrile
- circular dichroism
- covalent labeling
- dose response
- extracted ion chromatogram
- glycine ethyl ester
- heavy chain
- hydrogen-deuterium exchange
- hydroxyl radical footprinting
- immunoglobulin gamma
- ion trap
- light chain
- lysyl endopeptidase
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- mass spectrometry
- monoclonal antibody
- rate constant
- size-exclusion chromatography
- solvent accessible surface area
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Affiliation(s)
- Parminder Kaur
- a Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics; School of Medicine; Case Western Reserve University ; Cleveland , OH , USA
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46
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Structural hot spots for the solubility of globular proteins. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10816. [PMID: 26905391 PMCID: PMC4770091 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural selection shapes protein solubility to physiological requirements and recombinant applications that require higher protein concentrations are often problematic. This raises the question whether the solubility of natural protein sequences can be improved. We here show an anti-correlation between the number of aggregation prone regions (APRs) in a protein sequence and its solubility, suggesting that mutational suppression of APRs provides a simple strategy to increase protein solubility. We show that mutations at specific positions within a protein structure can act as APR suppressors without affecting protein stability. These hot spots for protein solubility are both structure and sequence dependent but can be computationally predicted. We demonstrate this by reducing the aggregation of human α-galactosidase and protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis through mutation. Our results indicate that many proteins possess hot spots allowing to adapt protein solubility independently of structure and function. Mutations in aggregation prone regions of recombinant proteins often improve their solubility, although they might cause negative effects on their structure and function. Here, the authors identify proteins hot spots that can be exploited to optimize solubility without compromising stability.
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47
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Chakroun N, Hilton D, Ahmad SS, Platt GW, Dalby PA. Mapping the Aggregation Kinetics of a Therapeutic Antibody Fragment. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:307-19. [PMID: 26692229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The analytical characterization of biopharmaceuticals is a fundamental step in the early stages of development and prediction of their behavior in bioprocesses. Protein aggregation in particular is a common issue as it affects all stages of product development. In the present work, we investigate the stability and the aggregation kinetics of A33Fab, a therapeutically relevant humanized antibody fragment at a wide range of pH, ionic strength, and temperature. We show that the propensity of A33Fab to aggregate under thermally accelerated conditions is pH and ionic-strength dependent with a stronger destabilizing effect of ionic strength at low pH. In the absence of added salts, A33Fab molecules appear to be protected from aggregation due to electrostatic colloidal repulsion at low pH. Analysis by transmission electron microscopy identified significantly different aggregate species formed at low and high pH. The correlations between apparent midpoints of thermal transitions (Tm,app values), or unfolded mole fractions, and aggregation rates are reported here to be significant only at the elevated incubation temperature of 65 °C, where aggregation from the unfolded state predominates. At all other conditions, particularly at 4-45 °C, aggregation of A33 Fab was predominantly from a native-like state, and the kinetics obeyed Arrhenius behavior. Despite this, the rank order of aggregation rates observed at 45 °C, 23 and 4 °C still did not correlate well to each other, indicating that forced degradation at elevated temperatures was not a good screen for predicting behavior at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Chakroun
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Emergent Macromolecular Therapies, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London , London WC1H 0AH, U.K.,Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London , London WC1H 0AH, U.K
| | - David Hilton
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Emergent Macromolecular Therapies, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London , London WC1H 0AH, U.K.,Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London , London WC1H 0AH, U.K
| | - Shahina S Ahmad
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London , London WC1H 0AH, U.K
| | - Geoffrey W Platt
- Unchained Laboratories, Unit 706, Avenue E West, Thorp Arch Estate, Wetherby LS23 7EG, U.K
| | - Paul A Dalby
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Emergent Macromolecular Therapies, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London , London WC1H 0AH, U.K.,Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London , London WC1H 0AH, U.K
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48
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Temel DB, Landsman P, Brader ML. Orthogonal Methods for Characterizing the Unfolding of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Methods Enzymol 2016; 567:359-89. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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49
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Garidel P, Pevestorf B, Bahrenburg S. Stability of buffer-free freeze-dried formulations: A feasibility study of a monoclonal antibody at high protein concentrations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 97:125-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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50
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Lin JC, Glover ZK, Sreedhara A. Assessing the Utility of Circular Dichroism and FTIR Spectroscopy in Monoclonal-Antibody Comparability Studies. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:4459-4466. [PMID: 26505267 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein characterization is a necessary activity during development, technical transfers, and licensure. One important aspect of protein characterization is higher order structure assessment, which can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Circular dichroism (CD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies provide global higher order structure and are routinely used to measure the overall structure for product characterization; however, their use as comparability tools is uncertain because of their insensitivity to local or small structure changes. We use a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to explore the usefulness of CD and FTIR compared with other indirect methods of structure characterization such as size-exclusion and ion-exchange chromatographies (SEC and IEC). A panel of degraded samples of a mAb was generated; their higher order structure evaluated using CD and FTIR and was found to be largely unchanged. However, the SEC and IEC chromatograms of certain degraded samples were found to have measurable changes. Based on these studies, we conclude that the application of CD and FTIR should be reserved for global higher order structure identification or product characterization only. The use of CD or FTIR comparability of mAbs should be carefully evaluated, as comparability can be sensitively determined using indirect methods based on chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper C Lin
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080.
| | - Zephania Kwong Glover
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Alavattam Sreedhara
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
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