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Bisquert R, Guillén A, Muñiz-Calvo S, Guillamón JM. Engineering a GPCR-based yeast biosensor for a highly sensitive melatonin detection from fermented beverages. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17852. [PMID: 39090231 PMCID: PMC11294354 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68633-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a multifunctional molecule with diverse biological roles that holds great value as a health-promoting bioactive molecule in any food product and yeast's ability to produce it has been extensively demonstrated in the last decade. However, its quantification presents costly analytical challenges due to the usual low concentrations found as the result of yeast metabolism. This study addresses these analytical challenges by optimizing a yeast biosensor based on G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) for melatonin detection and quantitation. Strategic genetic modifications were employed to significantly enhance its sensitivity and fluorescent signal output, making it suitable for detection of yeast-produced melatonin. The optimized biosensor demonstrated significantly improved sensitivity and fluorescence, enabling the screening of 101 yeast strains and the detection of melatonin in various wine samples. This biosensor's efficacy in quantifying melatonin in yeast growth media underscores its utility in exploring melatonin production dynamics and potential applications in functional food development. This study provides a new analytical approach that allows a rapid and cost-effective melatonin analysis to reach deeper insights into the bioactivity of melatonin in fermented products and its implications for human health. These findings highlight the broader potential of biosensor technology in streamlining analytical processes in fermentation science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Bisquert
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (CSIC), Avda. Agustín Escardino, 7, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Alba Guillén
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (CSIC), Avda. Agustín Escardino, 7, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Sara Muñiz-Calvo
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (CSIC), Avda. Agustín Escardino, 7, 46980, Paterna, Spain
- Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - José M Guillamón
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (CSIC), Avda. Agustín Escardino, 7, 46980, Paterna, Spain.
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2
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Saleski TE, Peng H, Lengger B, Wang J, Jensen MK, Jensen ED. High-throughput G protein-coupled receptor-based autocrine screening for secondary metabolite production in yeast. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024. [PMID: 38973176 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Biosensors are valuable tools in accelerating the test phase of the design-build-test-learn cycle of cell factory development, as well as in bioprocess monitoring and control. G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-based biosensors enable cells to sense a wide array of molecules and environmental conditions in a specific manner. Due to the extracellular nature of their sensing, GPCR-based biosensors require compartmentalization of distinct genotypes when screening production levels of a strain library to ensure that detected levels originate exclusively from the strain under assessment. Here, we explore the integration of production and sensing modalities into a single Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain and compartmentalization using three different methods: (1) cultivation in microtiter plates, (2) spatial separation on agar plates, and (3) encapsulation in water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion droplets, combined with analysis and sorting via a fluorescence-activated cell sorting machine. Employing tryptamine and serotonin as proof-of-concept target molecules, we optimize biosensing conditions and demonstrate the ability of the autocrine screening method to enrich for high producers, showing the enrichment of a serotonin-producing strain over a nonproducing strain. These findings illustrate a workflow that can be adapted to screening for a wide range of complex chemistry at high throughput using commercially available microfluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana E Saleski
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Huadong Peng
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bettina Lengger
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jinglin Wang
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael Krogh Jensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Emil D Jensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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3
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Wang Q, Li C, Yuan B, Yu A, Qu G, Sun Z. Engineering the Activity of a Newly Identified Arylalkylamine N-Acetyltransferase in the Acetylation of 5-Hydroxytryptamine. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400069. [PMID: 38504591 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) serves as a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of melatonin by transforming 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) to N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (NAS), while its low activity may hinder melatonin yield. In this study, a novel AANAT derived from Sus scrofa (SsAANAT) was identified through data mining using 5-HT as a model substrate, and a rational design of SsAANAT was conducted in the quest to improving its activity. After four rounds of mutagenesis procedures, a triple combinatorial dominant mutant M3 was successfully obtained. Compared to the parent enzyme, the conversion of the whole-cell reaction bearing the best variant M3 exhibted an increase from 50 % to 99 % in the transformation of 5-HT into NAS. Additionally, its catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) was enhanced by 2-fold while retaining the thermostability (Tm>45 °C). In the up-scaled reaction with a substrate loading of 50 mM, the whole-cell system incorporating variant M3 achieved a 99 % conversion of 5-HT in 30 h with an 80 % yield. Molecular dynamics simulations were ultilized to shed light on the origin of improved activity. This study broadens the repertoire of AANAT for the efficient biosynthesis of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 300457, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308, Tianjin, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, 300308, Tianjin, China
| | - Congcong Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308, Tianjin, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, 300308, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308, Tianjin, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, 300308, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308, Tianjin, China
| | - Aiqun Yu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 300457, Tianjin, China
| | - Ge Qu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308, Tianjin, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, 300308, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhoutong Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308, Tianjin, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, 300308, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300308, Tianjin, China
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4
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Gao M, Zhao Y, Yao Z, Su Q, Van Beek P, Shao Z. Xylose and shikimate transporters facilitates microbial consortium as a chassis for benzylisoquinoline alkaloid production. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7797. [PMID: 38016984 PMCID: PMC10684500 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43049-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-sourced aromatic amino acid (AAA) derivatives are a vast group of compounds with broad applications. Here, we present the development of a yeast consortium for efficient production of (S)-norcoclaurine, the key precursor for benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis. A xylose transporter enables the concurrent mixed-sugar utilization in Scheffersomyces stipitis, which plays a crucial role in enhancing the flux entering the highly regulated shikimate pathway located upstream of AAA biosynthesis. Two quinate permeases isolated from Aspergillus niger facilitates shikimate translocation to the co-cultured Saccharomyces cerevisiae that converts shikimate to (S)-norcoclaurine, resulting in the maximal titer (11.5 mg/L), nearly 110-fold higher than the titer reported for an S. cerevisiae monoculture. Our findings magnify the potential of microbial consortium platforms for the economical de novo synthesis of complex compounds, where pathway modularization and compartmentalization in distinct specialty strains enable effective fine-tuning of long biosynthetic pathways and diminish intermediate buildup, thereby leading to increases in production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Zhanyi Yao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Qianhe Su
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Payton Van Beek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Zengyi Shao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
- NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
- Bioeconomy Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
- The Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA.
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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5
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Zhang Z, Zhang X, Chen Y, Jiang W, Zhang J, Wang J, Wu Y, Wang S, Yang X, Liu M, Zhang Y. Understanding the mechanism of red light-induced melatonin biosynthesis facilitates the engineering of melatonin-enriched tomatoes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5525. [PMID: 37684283 PMCID: PMC10491657 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a functionally conserved broad-spectrum physiological regulator found in most biological organisms in nature. Enrichment of tomato fruit with melatonin not only enhances its agronomic traits but also provides extra health benefits. In this study, we elucidate the full melatonin biosynthesis pathway in tomato fruit by identifying biosynthesis-related genes that encode caffeic acid O-methyltransferase 2 (SlCOMT2) and N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine-methyltransferases 5/7 (SlASMT5/7). We further reveal that red light supplementation significantly enhances the melatonin content in tomato fruit. This induction relies on the "serotonin-N-acetylserotonin-melatonin" biosynthesis route via the SlphyB2-SlPIF4-SlCOMT2 module. Based on the regulatory mechanism, we design a gene-editing strategy to target the binding motif of SlPIF4 in the promoter of SlCOMT2, which significantly enhances the production of melatonin in tomato fruit. Our study provides a good example of how the understanding of plant metabolic pathways responding to environmental factors can guide the engineering of health-promoting foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Wenqian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yanjun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shouchuang Wang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu, 610213, China
| | - Mingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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6
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Bisquert R, Planells-Cárcel A, Alonso-Del-Real J, Muñiz-Calvo S, Guillamón JM. The Role of the PAA1 Gene on Melatonin Biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A Search of New Arylalkylamine N-Acetyltransferases. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1115. [PMID: 37317089 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the presence of melatonin in fermented beverages has been correlated with yeast metabolism during alcoholic fermentation. Melatonin, originally considered a unique product of the pineal gland of vertebrates, has been also identified in a wide range of invertebrates, plants, bacteria, and fungi in the last two decades. These findings bring the challenge of studying the function of melatonin in yeasts and the mechanisms underlying its synthesis. However, the necessary information to improve the selection and production of this interesting molecule in fermented beverages is to disclose the genes involved in the metabolic pathway. So far, only one gene has been proposed as involved in melatonin production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, PAA1, a polyamine acetyltransferase, a homolog of the vertebrate's aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT). In this study, we assessed the in vivo function of PAA1 by evaluating the bioconversion of the different possible substrates, such as 5-methoxytryptamine, tryptamine, and serotonin, using different protein expression platforms. Moreover, we expanded the search for new N-acetyltransferase candidates by combining a global transcriptome analysis and the use of powerful bioinformatic tools to predict similar domains to AANAT in S. cerevisiae. The AANAT activity of the candidate genes was validated by their overexpression in E. coli because, curiously, this system evidenced higher differences than the overexpression in their own host S. cerevisiae. Our results confirm that PAA1 possesses the ability to acetylate different aralkylamines, but AANAT activity does not seem to be the main acetylation activity. Moreover, we also prove that Paa1p is not the only enzyme with this AANAT activity. Our search of new genes detected HPA2 as a new arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase in S. cerevisiae. This is the first report that clearly proves the involvement of this enzyme in AANAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Bisquert
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos IATA, CSIC, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | | | - Javier Alonso-Del-Real
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos IATA, CSIC, 46980 Paterna, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia IBV, CSIC, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Muñiz-Calvo
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos IATA, CSIC, 46980 Paterna, Spain
- Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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7
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Melatonin: Both a Messenger of Darkness and a Participant in the Cellular Actions of Non-Visible Solar Radiation of Near Infrared Light. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12010089. [PMID: 36671781 PMCID: PMC9855654 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the history of melatonin research, almost exclusive focus has been on nocturnally-generated pineal melatonin production, which accounts for its circadian rhythm in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid; these light/dark melatonin cycles drive the daily and seasonal photoperiodic alterations in organismal physiology. Because pineal melatonin is produced and secreted primarily at night, it is referred to as the chemical expression of darkness. The importance of the other sources of melatonin has almost been ignored. Based on current evidence, there are at least four sources of melatonin in vertebrates that contribute to the whole-body melatonin pool. These include melatonin produced by (1) the pineal gland; (2) extrapineal cells, tissues, and organs; (3) the microbiota of the skin, mouth, nose, digestive tract, and vagina as well as (4) melatonin present in the diet. These multiple sources of melatonin exhibit differentially regulated mechanisms for its synthesis. Visible light striking the retina or an intense physical stimulus can suppress nocturnal pineal melatonin levels; in contrast, there are examples where extrapineal melatonin levels are increased during heavy exercise in daylight, which contains the whole range of NIR radiation. The cumulative impact of all cells producing augmented extrapineal melatonin is sufficient to elevate sweat concentrations, and potentially, if the exposure is sustained, to also increasing the circulating values. The transient increases in sweat and plasma melatonin support the premise that extrapineal melatonin has a production capacity that exceeds by far what can be produced by the pineal gland, and is used to maintain intercellular homeostasis and responds to rapid changes in ROS density. The potential regulatory mechanisms of near infrared light (NIR) on melatonin synthesis are discussed in detail herein. Combined with the discovery of high levels of melanopsin in most fat cells and their response to light further calls into question pineal centric theories. While the regulatory processes related to microbiota-derived melatonin are currently unknown, there does seem to be crosstalk between melatonin derived from the host and that originating from microbiota.
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8
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Arnao MB, Giraldo-Acosta M, Castejón-Castillejo A, Losada-Lorán M, Sánchez-Herrerías P, El Mihyaoui A, Cano A, Hernández-Ruiz J. Melatonin from Microorganisms, Algae, and Plants as Possible Alternatives to Synthetic Melatonin. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13010072. [PMID: 36676997 PMCID: PMC9862825 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin dietary supplements are widely consumed worldwide, with developed countries as the largest consumers, with an estimated annual growth rate of approximately 10% until 2027, mainly in developing countries. The wide use of melatonin against sleep disorders and particular problems, such as jet lag, has been added to other applications, such as anti-aging, anti-stress, immune system activation, anticancer, and others, which have triggered its use, normally without a prescription. The chemical industry currently covers 100% of the needs of the melatonin market. Motivated by sectors with more natural consumption habits, a few years ago, the possibility of obtaining melatonin from plants, called phytomelatonin, arose. More recently, the pharmaceutical industry has developed genetically modified microorganisms whose ability to produce biological melatonin in bioreactors has been enhanced. This paper reviews the aspects of the chemical and biological synthesis of melatonin for human consumption, mainly as dietary supplements. The pros and cons of obtaining melatonin from microorganisms and phytomelatonin from plants and algae are analyzed, as well as the advantages of natural melatonin, avoiding unwanted chemical by-products from the chemical synthesis of melatonin. Finally, the economic and quality aspects of these new products, some of which are already marketed, are analyzed.
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9
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Xiao S, Wang Z, Wang B, Hou B, Cheng J, Bai T, Zhang Y, Wang W, Yan L, Zhang J. Expanding the application of tryptophan: Industrial biomanufacturing of tryptophan derivatives. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1099098. [PMID: 37032885 PMCID: PMC10076799 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1099098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan derivatives are various aromatic compounds produced in the tryptophan metabolic pathway, such as 5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine, melatonin, 7-chloro-tryptophan, 7-bromo-tryptophan, indigo, indirubin, indole-3-acetic acid, violamycin, and dexoyviolacein. They have high added value, widely used in chemical, food, polymer and pharmaceutical industry and play an important role in treating diseases and improving life. At present, most tryptophan derivatives are synthesized by biosynthesis. The biosynthesis method is to combine metabolic engineering with synthetic biology and system biology, and use the tryptophan biosynthesis pathway of Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum and other related microorganisms to reconstruct the artificial biosynthesis pathway, and then produce various tryptophan derivatives. In this paper, the characteristics, applications and specific biosynthetic pathways and methods of these derivatives were reviewed, and some strategies to increase the yield of derivatives and reduce the production cost on the basis of biosynthesis were introduced in order to make some contributions to the development of tryptophan derivatives biosynthesis industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujian Xiao
- Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Cangzhou, China
| | - Bangxu Wang
- Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Hou
- Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Cheng, ; Lixiu Yan, ; Jiamin Zhang,
| | - Ting Bai
- Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixiu Yan
- Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Cheng, ; Lixiu Yan, ; Jiamin Zhang,
| | - Jiamin Zhang
- Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Cheng, ; Lixiu Yan, ; Jiamin Zhang,
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10
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Zhang XY, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Liu ZF, Wei BB, Feng XS. Melatonin in different food samples: Recent update on distribution, bioactivities, pretreatment and analysis techniques. Food Res Int 2023; 163:112272. [PMID: 36596183 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) plays a significant role on maintaining the basic physiological functions and regulating various metabolic processes in plentiful organisms. Recent years have witnessed an increase in MLT's share in global market with its affluent functions. However, the worrisome quality issues and inappropriate or excessive application of MLT take place inevitably. In addition, its photosensitive properties, oxidation, complex substrate concentration and trace levels leave exact detection of MLT doubly difficult. Therefore, it is essential to exploit precise, sensitive and stable extraction and detection methods to resolve above questions. In this study, we reviewed the distribution and bioactivities of MLT and conducted a comprehensive overview of the developments of pretreatment and analysis methods for MLT in food samples since 2010. Commonly used pretreatment methods for MLT include not only traditional techniques, but also novel ones, such as solid-phase extraction, QuEChERS, microextraction by packed sorbent, solid phase microextraction, liquid phase microextraction, and so on. Analysis methods include liquid chromatography coupled with different detectors, GC methods, capillary electrophoresis, sensors, and so on. The advantages and disadvantages of different techniques have been compared and the development tendency was prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021 China
| | - Zhi-Fei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Bin-Bin Wei
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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11
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Jensen ED, Deichmann M, Ma X, Vilandt RU, Schiesaro G, Rojek MB, Lengger B, Eliasson L, Vento JM, Durmusoglu D, Hovmand SP, Al'Abri I, Zhang J, Crook N, Jensen MK. Engineered cell differentiation and sexual reproduction in probiotic and mating yeasts. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6201. [PMID: 36261657 PMCID: PMC9582028 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33961-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) enable cells to sense environmental cues and are indispensable for coordinating vital processes including quorum sensing, proliferation, and sexual reproduction. GPCRs comprise the largest class of cell surface receptors in eukaryotes, and for more than three decades the pheromone-induced mating pathway in baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has served as a model for studying heterologous GPCRs (hGPCRs). Here we report transcriptome profiles following mating pathway activation in native and hGPCR-signaling yeast and use a model-guided approach to correlate gene expression to morphological changes. From this we demonstrate mating between haploid cells armed with hGPCRs and endogenous biosynthesis of their cognate ligands. Furthermore, we devise a ligand-free screening strategy for hGPCR compatibility with the yeast mating pathway and enable hGPCR-signaling in the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii. Combined, our findings enable new means to study mating, hGPCR-signaling, and cell-cell communication in a model eukaryote and yeast probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil D Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Marcus Deichmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Xin Ma
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rikke U Vilandt
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Giovanni Schiesaro
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marie B Rojek
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bettina Lengger
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Line Eliasson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Justin M Vento
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Deniz Durmusoglu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Sandie P Hovmand
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ibrahim Al'Abri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nathan Crook
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Michael K Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
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12
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Lengger B, Hoch-Schneider EE, Jensen CN, Jakočiu̅nas T, Petersen AA, Frimurer TM, Jensen ED, Jensen MK. Serotonin G Protein-Coupled Receptor-Based Biosensing Modalities in Yeast. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1323-1335. [PMID: 35452231 PMCID: PMC9150182 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is a key neurotransmitter involved in numerous physiological processes and serves as an important precursor for manufacturing bioactive indoleamines and alkaloids used in the treatment of human pathologies. In humans, serotonin sensing and signaling can occur by 12 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) coupled to Gα proteins. In yeast, human serotonin GPCRs coupled to Gα proteins have previously been shown to function as whole-cell biosensors of serotonin. However, systematic characterization of serotonin biosensing modalities between variant serotonin GPCRs and application thereof for high-resolution serotonin quantification is still awaiting. To systematically assess GPCR signaling in response to serotonin, we characterized reporter gene expression at two different pHs of a 144-sized library encoding all 12 human serotonin GPCRs in combination with 12 different Gα proteins engineered in yeast. From this screen, we observed changes in the biosensor sensitivities of >4 orders of magnitude. Furthermore, adopting optimal biosensing designs and pH conditions enabled high-resolution high-performance liquid chromatography-validated sensing of serotonin produced in yeast. Lastly, we used the yeast platform to characterize 19 serotonin GPCR polymorphisms found in human populations. While major differences in signaling were observed among the individual polymorphisms when studied in yeast, a cross-comparison of selected variants in mammalian cells showed both similar and disparate results. Taken together, our study highlights serotonin biosensing modalities of relevance to both biotechnological and potential human health applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Lengger
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Emma E. Hoch-Schneider
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christina N. Jensen
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tadas Jakočiu̅nas
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anja A. Petersen
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of
Health and Medical Sciences, University
of Copenhagen, Maersk
Tower, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas M. Frimurer
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of
Health and Medical Sciences, University
of Copenhagen, Maersk
Tower, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil D. Jensen
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael K. Jensen
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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13
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Gao T, Liu X, Tan K, Zhang D, Zhu B, Ma F, Li C. Introducing melatonin to the horticultural industry: physiological roles, potential applications, and challenges. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac094. [PMID: 35873728 PMCID: PMC9297156 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an emerging biomolecule that influences horticultural crop growth, flowering, fruit ripening, postharvest preservation, and stress protection. It functions as a plant growth regulator, preservative and antimicrobial agent to promote seed germination, regulate root system architecture, influence flowering and pollen germination, promote fruit production, ensure postharvest preservation, and increase resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Here, we highlight the potential applications of melatonin in multiple aspects of horticulture, including molecular breeding, vegetative reproduction, production of virus-free plants, food safety, and horticultural crop processing. We also discuss its effects on parthenocarpy, autophagy, and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Together, these many features contribute to the promise of melatonin for improving horticultural crop production and food safety. Effective translation of melatonin to the horticultural industry requires an understanding of the challenges associated with its uses, including the development of economically viable sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengteng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kexin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Danni Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bolin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | | | - Chao Li
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ,
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14
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Xie X, Ding D, Bai D, Zhu Y, Sun W, Sun Y, Zhang D. Melatonin biosynthesis pathways in nature and its production in engineered microorganisms. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 7:544-553. [PMID: 35087957 PMCID: PMC8761603 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a biogenic amine that can be found in plants, animals and microorganism. The metabolic pathway of melatonin is different in various organisms, and biosynthetic endogenous melatonin acts as a molecular signal and antioxidant protection against external stress. Microbial synthesis pathways of melatonin are similar to those of animals but different from those of plants. At present, the method of using microorganism fermentation to produce melatonin is gradually prevailing, and exploring the biosynthetic pathway of melatonin to modify microorganism is becoming the mainstream, which has more advantages than traditional chemical synthesis. Here, we review recent advances in the synthesis, optimization of melatonin pathway. l-tryptophan is one of the two crucial precursors for the synthesis of melatonin, which can be produced through a four-step reaction. Enzymes involved in melatonin synthesis have low specificity and catalytic efficiency. Site-directed mutation, directed evolution or promotion of cofactor synthesis can enhance enzyme activity and increase the metabolic flow to promote microbial melatonin production. On the whole, the status and bottleneck of melatonin biosynthesis can be improved to a higher level, providing an effective reference for future microbial modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Xie
- Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116000, PR China
| | - Dongqin Ding
- Tianjin Institutes of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
| | - Danyang Bai
- Tianjin Institutes of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
| | - Yaru Zhu
- Tianjin Institutes of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
| | - Wei Sun
- Tianjin University of science and technology, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
| | - Yumei Sun
- Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116000, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Tianjin Institutes of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- Corresponding author. Tianjin Institutes of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China.
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15
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Xu Y, Li Y, Wu Z, Lu Y, Tao G, Zhang L, Ding Z, Shi G. Combining Precursor-Directed Engineering with Modular Designing: An Effective Strategy for De Novo Biosynthesis of l-DOPA in Bacillus licheniformis. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:700-712. [PMID: 35076224 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-l-tyrosine (l-DOPA) is a promising drug for treating Parkinson's disease. Tyrosine hydroxylase catalyzes the microbial synthesis of l-DOPA, which is hindered by the efficiency of catalysis, the supply of cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin, and the regulation of the pathway. In this study, the modular engineering strategy in Bacillus licheniformis was identified to effectively enhance l-DOPA production. First, the catalytic efficiency of biocatalyst tyrosine hydroxylase from Streptosporangium roseum DSM 43021 (SrTH) was improved by 20.3% by strengthening its affinity toward tetrahydrobiopterin. Second, the tetrahydrobiopterin supply pool was increased by bottleneck gene expression, oxygen transport facilitation, budC (encoding meso-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase) deletion, and tetrahydrobiopterin regeneration using a native YfkO nitroreductase. The strain 45ABvC successfully produced tetrahydrobiopterin, which was detected as pterin (112.48 mg/L), the oxidation product of tetrahydrobiopterin. Finally, the yield of precursor l-tyrosine reached 148 mg/gDCW, with an increase of 71%, with the deletion of a novel spliced transcript 41sRNA associated with the regulation of the shikimate pathway. The engineered strain 45ABvCS::PD produced 167.14 mg/L (2.41 times of wild-type strain) and 1290 mg/L l-DOPA in a shake flask and a 15 L bioreactor, respectively, using a fermentation strategy on a mixture of carbon sources. This study holds great potential for constructing a microbial source of l-DOPA and its high-value downstream pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinbiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center for Applied Microbiology of Henan Province, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youran Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanjun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Loh D, Reiter RJ. Melatonin: Regulation of Prion Protein Phase Separation in Cancer Multidrug Resistance. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030705. [PMID: 35163973 PMCID: PMC8839844 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The unique ability to adapt and thrive in inhospitable, stressful tumor microenvironments (TME) also renders cancer cells resistant to traditional chemotherapeutic treatments and/or novel pharmaceuticals. Cancer cells exhibit extensive metabolic alterations involving hypoxia, accelerated glycolysis, oxidative stress, and increased extracellular ATP that may activate ancient, conserved prion adaptive response strategies that exacerbate multidrug resistance (MDR) by exploiting cellular stress to increase cancer metastatic potential and stemness, balance proliferation and differentiation, and amplify resistance to apoptosis. The regulation of prions in MDR is further complicated by important, putative physiological functions of ligand-binding and signal transduction. Melatonin is capable of both enhancing physiological functions and inhibiting oncogenic properties of prion proteins. Through regulation of phase separation of the prion N-terminal domain which targets and interacts with lipid rafts, melatonin may prevent conformational changes that can result in aggregation and/or conversion to pathological, infectious isoforms. As a cancer therapy adjuvant, melatonin could modulate TME oxidative stress levels and hypoxia, reverse pH gradient changes, reduce lipid peroxidation, and protect lipid raft compositions to suppress prion-mediated, non-Mendelian, heritable, but often reversible epigenetic adaptations that facilitate cancer heterogeneity, stemness, metastasis, and drug resistance. This review examines some of the mechanisms that may balance physiological and pathological effects of prions and prion-like proteins achieved through the synergistic use of melatonin to ameliorate MDR, which remains a challenge in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Loh
- Independent Researcher, Marble Falls, TX 78654, USA
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (R.J.R.)
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (R.J.R.)
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17
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Bisquert R, Planells-Cárcel A, Valera-García E, Guillamón JM, Muñiz-Calvo S. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for hydroxytyrosol overproduction directly from glucose. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 15:1499-1510. [PMID: 34689412 PMCID: PMC9049601 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is one of the most powerful dietary antioxidants with numerous applications in different areas, including cosmetics, nutraceuticals and food. In the present work, heterologous hydroxylase complex HpaBC from Escherichia coli was integrated into the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome in multiple copies. HT productivity was increased by redirecting the metabolic flux towards tyrosol synthesis to avoid exogenous tyrosol or tyrosine supplementation. After evaluating the potential of our selected strain as an HT producer from glucose, we adjusted the medium composition for HT production. The combination of the selected modifications in our engineered strain, combined with culture conditions optimization, resulted in a titre of approximately 375 mg l−1 of HT obtained from shake‐flask fermentation using a minimal synthetic‐defined medium with 160 g l−1 glucose as the sole carbon source. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest HT concentration produced by an engineered S. cerevisiae strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Bisquert
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - Andrés Planells-Cárcel
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - Elena Valera-García
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - José Manuel Guillamón
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
| | - Sara Muñiz-Calvo
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, IATA-CSIC, Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain
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18
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Perli T, Borodina I, Daran JM. Engineering of molybdenum-cofactor-dependent nitrate assimilation in Yarrowia lipolytica. FEMS Yeast Res 2021; 21:6370176. [PMID: 34519821 PMCID: PMC8456426 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering a new metabolic function in a microbial host can be limited by the availability of the relevant cofactor. For instance, in Yarrowia lipolytica, the expression of a functional nitrate reductase is precluded by the absence of molybdenum cofactor (Moco) biosynthesis. In this study, we demonstrated that the Ogataea parapolymorpha Moco biosynthesis pathway combined with the expression of a high affinity molybdate transporter could lead to the synthesis of Moco in Y. lipolytica. The functionality of Moco was demonstrated by expression of an active Moco-dependent nitrate assimilation pathway from the same yeast donor, O. parapolymorpha. In addition to 11 heterologous genes, fast growth on nitrate required adaptive laboratory evolution which, resulted in up to 100-fold increase in nitrate reductase activity and in up to 4-fold increase in growth rate, reaching 0.13h-1. Genome sequencing of evolved isolates revealed the presence of a limited number of non-synonymous mutations or small insertions/deletions in annotated coding sequences. This study that builds up on a previous work establishing Moco synthesis in S. cerevisiae demonstrated that the Moco pathway could be successfully transferred in very distant yeasts and, potentially, to any other genera, which would enable the expression of new enzyme families and expand the nutrient range used by industrial yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Perli
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Irina Borodina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jean-Marc Daran
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
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19
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Zhang Y, He Y, Zhang N, Gan J, Zhang S, Dong Z. Combining protein and metabolic engineering strategies for biosynthesis of melatonin in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:170. [PMID: 34454478 PMCID: PMC8403405 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01662-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melatonin has attracted substantial attention because of its excellent prospects for both medical applications and crop improvement. The microbial production of melatonin is a safer and more promising alternative to chemical synthesis approaches. Researchers have failed to produce high yields of melatonin in common heterologous hosts due to either the insolubility or low enzyme activity of proteins encoded by gene clusters related to melatonin biosynthesis. RESULTS Here, a combinatorial gene pathway for melatonin production was successfully established in Escherichia coli by combining the physostigmine biosynthetic genes from Streptomyces albulus and gene encoding phenylalanine 4-hydroxylase (P4H) from Xanthomonas campestris and caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase (COMT) from Oryza sativa. A threefold improvement of melatonin production was achieved by balancing the expression of heterologous proteins and adding 3% glycerol. Further protein engineering and metabolic engineering were conducted to improve the conversion of N-acetylserotonin (NAS) to melatonin. Construction of COMT variant containing C303F and V321T mutations increased the production of melatonin by fivefold. Moreover, the deletion of speD gene increased the supply of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), an indispensable cofactor of COMT, which doubled the yield of melatonin. In the final engineered strain EcMEL8, the production of NAS and melatonin reached 879.38 ± 71.42 mg/L and 136.17 ± 1.33 mg/L in a shake flask. Finally, in a 2-L bioreactor, EcMEL8 produced 1.06 ± 0.07 g/L NAS and 0.65 ± 0.11 g/L melatonin with tryptophan supplementation. CONCLUSIONS This study established a novel combinatorial pathway for melatonin biosynthesis in E. coli and provided alternative strategies for improvement of melatonin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - JiaJia Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Shenzhen Siyomicro Bio-Tech C., LTD, No. 39 Qingfeng Avenue, Baolong Community, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518116, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Lengger B, Jensen MK. Engineering G protein-coupled receptor signalling in yeast for biotechnological and medical purposes. FEMS Yeast Res 2021; 20:5673487. [PMID: 31825496 PMCID: PMC6977407 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foz087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest class of membrane proteins in the human genome, with a common denominator of seven-transmembrane domains largely conserved among eukaryotes. Yeast is naturally armoured with three different GPCRs for pheromone and sugar sensing, with the pheromone pathway being extensively hijacked for characterising heterologous GPCR signalling in a model eukaryote. This review focusses on functional GPCR studies performed in yeast and on the elucidated hotspots for engineering, and discusses both endogenous and heterologous GPCR signalling. Key emphasis will be devoted to studies describing important engineering parameters to consider for successful coupling of GPCRs to the yeast mating pathway. We also review the various means of applying yeast for studying GPCRs, including the use of yeast armed with heterologous GPCRs as a platform for (i) deorphanisation of orphan receptors, (ii) metabolic engineering of yeast for production of bioactive products and (iii) medical applications related to pathogen detection and drug discovery. Finally, this review summarises the current challenges related to expression of functional membrane-bound GPCRs in yeast and discusses the opportunities to continue capitalising on yeast as a model chassis for functional GPCR signalling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Lengger
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Michael K Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
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Danilovich ME, Alberto MR, Juárez Tomás MS. Microbial production of beneficial indoleamines (serotonin and melatonin) with potential application to biotechnological products for human health. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1668-1682. [PMID: 33484616 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Micro-organisms have showed the ability to produce biologically active compounds associated with neurotransmission in higher organisms. In particular, serotonin- and melatonin-producing microbes are valuable sources for the development of eco-friendly bioproducts. Serotonin and melatonin are indoleamines that have received special attention due to their positive effects on human health. These biomolecules exert a critical role in several physiological or pathological processes, including some mental and neurological disorders. This article includes a review of the microbial production of serotonin and melatonin, their functions in micro-organisms and their potential uses as therapeutic and/or preventive agents to improve human health. A description of the quantification methods employed to detect indoleamines and the evidence found concerning their microbial production at laboratory and industrial scale-for application in biotechnological products-is also provided. The microbial ability to synthesize beneficial indoleamines should be further studied and harnessed, to allow the development of sustainable bioprocesses to produce foods and pharmaceuticals for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Danilovich
- Instituto de Biotecnología Farmacéutica y Alimentaria (INBIOFAL)-CONICET, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - M R Alberto
- Instituto de Biotecnología Farmacéutica y Alimentaria (INBIOFAL)-CONICET, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - M S Juárez Tomás
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI)-CONICET, Tucumán, Argentina
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Juhnevica-Radenkova K, Moreno DA, Ikase L, Drudze I, Radenkovs V. Naturally occurring melatonin: Sources and possible ways of its biosynthesis. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:4008-4030. [PMID: 33337029 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
According to recent reports, the global market for melatonin is worth 700 million USD in 2018 and would reach 2,790 million USD by 2025, growing at a CAGR of 18.9% during 2019 to 2025. Having regard to the prevalence of sleep and circadian rhythm disorders and a clear tendency to increase the demand for melatonin, and the current lack of alternative green and cost-efficient technologies of its synthesis, the supply of this remedy will not be enough to guarantee melatonin supply and affordability on a global scale. The emergence of naturally occurring melatonin and its isomers in fermented foods has opened an exciting new research area; there are still, however, some obscure points in the efficient microbiological biosynthesis of melatonin. This review summarizes the research progress and recent evidence related to melatonin and its isomers in various foodstuffs. Additionally, one possible way to synthesize melatonin is also discussed. The evidence pointed out that the presence of melatonin and its isomers is not exclusive for grapes and grape-derived products, because it can be also found in sweet and sour cherries. However, different species of both Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts could be used to obtain melatonin and melatonin isomers in the process of alcoholic fermentation biotechnologically. The availability of L-tryptophan has been a key factor in determining the concentration of indolic compounds produced, and the utilization of probiotic lactic acid bacteria could help in the formation of melatonin isomers during malolactic fermentation. These approaches are environmentally friendly alternatives with a safer profile than conventional ones and could represent the future for sustainable industrial-scale melatonin production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego A Moreno
- Phytochemistry and Healthy Foods Lab, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
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Pouzet S, Banderas A, Le Bec M, Lautier T, Truan G, Hersen P. The Promise of Optogenetics for Bioproduction: Dynamic Control Strategies and Scale-Up Instruments. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:E151. [PMID: 33255280 PMCID: PMC7712799 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7040151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in metabolic engineering and synthetic and systems biology has made bioproduction an increasingly attractive and competitive strategy for synthesizing biomolecules, recombinant proteins and biofuels from renewable feedstocks. Yet, due to poor productivity, it remains difficult to make a bioproduction process economically viable at large scale. Achieving dynamic control of cellular processes could lead to even better yields by balancing the two characteristic phases of bioproduction, namely, growth versus production, which lie at the heart of a trade-off that substantially impacts productivity. The versatility and controllability offered by light will be a key element in attaining the level of control desired. The popularity of light-mediated control is increasing, with an expanding repertoire of optogenetic systems for novel applications, and many optogenetic devices have been designed to test optogenetic strains at various culture scales for bioproduction objectives. In this review, we aim to highlight the most important advances in this direction. We discuss how optogenetics is currently applied to control metabolism in the context of bioproduction, describe the optogenetic instruments and devices used at the laboratory scale for strain development, and explore how current industrial-scale bioproduction processes could be adapted for optogenetics or could benefit from existing photobioreactor designs. We then draw attention to the steps that must be undertaken to further optimize the control of biological systems in order to take full advantage of the potential offered by microbial factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Pouzet
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; (A.B.); (M.L.B.)
- Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
- Laboratoire MSC, UMR7057, Université Paris Diderot-CNRS, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Alvaro Banderas
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; (A.B.); (M.L.B.)
- Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
- Laboratoire MSC, UMR7057, Université Paris Diderot-CNRS, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Matthias Le Bec
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; (A.B.); (M.L.B.)
- Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
- Laboratoire MSC, UMR7057, Université Paris Diderot-CNRS, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Lautier
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31400 Toulouse, France; (T.L.); (G.T.)
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Gilles Truan
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31400 Toulouse, France; (T.L.); (G.T.)
| | - Pascal Hersen
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; (A.B.); (M.L.B.)
- Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
- Laboratoire MSC, UMR7057, Université Paris Diderot-CNRS, 75013 Paris, France
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Luo H, Schneider K, Christensen U, Lei Y, Herrgard M, Palsson BØ. Microbial Synthesis of Human-Hormone Melatonin at Gram Scales. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1240-1245. [PMID: 32501000 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a commercially attractive tryptophan-derived hormone. Here we describe a bioprocess for the production of melatonin using Escherichia coli to high titers. The first engineered strain produced 0.13 g/L of melatonin from tryptophan under fed-batch fermentation conditions. A 4-fold improvement on melatonin titer was further achieved by (1) protein engineering of rate-limiting tryptophan hydroxylase to improve 5-hydroxytryptophan biosynthesis and (2) chromosomal integration of aromatic-amino-acid decarboxylase to limit byproduct formation and to minimize gene toxicity to the host cell. Fermentation optimization improved melatonin titer by an additional 2-fold. Deletion of yddG, a tryptophan exporter, exhibited an additive beneficial effect. The final engineered strain produced ∼2.0 g/L of melatonin with tryptophan supplemented externally and ∼1.0 g/L with glucose as the sole carbon source for tryptophan supply. This study lays the foundation for further developing a commercial melatonin-producing E. coli strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Luo
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Konstantin Schneider
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Ulla Christensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Yang Lei
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Markus Herrgard
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Bernhard Ø. Palsson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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25
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Milne N, Thomsen P, Mølgaard Knudsen N, Rubaszka P, Kristensen M, Borodina I. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the de novo production of psilocybin and related tryptamine derivatives. Metab Eng 2020; 60:25-36. [PMID: 32224264 PMCID: PMC7232020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Psilocybin is a tryptamine-derived psychoactive alkaloid found mainly in the fungal genus Psilocybe, among others, and is the active ingredient in so-called “magic mushrooms”. Although its notoriety originates from its psychotropic properties and popular use as a recreational drug, clinical trials have recently recognized psilocybin as a promising candidate for the treatment of various psychological and neurological afflictions. In this work, we demonstrate the de novo biosynthetic production of psilocybin and related tryptamine derivatives in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by expression of a heterologous biosynthesis pathway sourced from Psilocybe cubensis. Additionally, we achieve improved product titers by supplementing the pathway with a novel cytochrome P450 reductase from P. cubensis. Further rational engineering resulted in a final production strain producing 627 ± 140 mg/L of psilocybin and 580 ± 276 mg/L of the dephosphorylated degradation product psilocin in triplicate controlled fed-batch fermentations in minimal synthetic media. Pathway intermediates baeocystin, nor norbaeocystin as well the dephosphorylated baeocystin degradation product norpsilocin were also detected in strains engineered for psilocybin production. We also demonstrate the biosynthetic production of natural tryptamine derivative aeruginascin as well as the production of a new-to-nature tryptamine derivative N-acetyl-4-hydroxytryptamine. These results lay the foundation for the biotechnological production of psilocybin in a controlled environment for pharmaceutical applications, and provide a starting point for the biosynthetic production of other tryptamine derivatives of therapeutic relevance. De novo production of psilocybin in S. cerevisiae. Expression of a novel cytochrome P450 reductase from P. cubensis significantly boosts production. Rational metabolic engineering results in 627 mg/L psilocybin production. Production of natural and new-to-nature tryptamine derivatives demonstrated including norbaeocystin, baeocystin, and aeruginascin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Milne
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - P Thomsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - N Mølgaard Knudsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - P Rubaszka
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M Kristensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - I Borodina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
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26
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Cao M, Gao M, Suástegui M, Mei Y, Shao Z. Building microbial factories for the production of aromatic amino acid pathway derivatives: From commodity chemicals to plant-sourced natural products. Metab Eng 2020; 58:94-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Development of a Phytomelatonin-Rich Extract from Cultured Plants with Excellent Biochemical and Functional Properties as an Alternative to Synthetic Melatonin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020158. [PMID: 32079061 PMCID: PMC7070989 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a pleiotropic molecule with multiple and various functions. In recent years, there has been a considerable increase in the consumption of melatonin supplements for reasons other than those related with sleep (as an antioxidant, for anti-aging, and as a hunger regulator). Although the chemical synthesis of melatonin has recently been improved, several unwanted by-products of the chemical reactions involved occur as contaminants. Phytomelatonin, melatonin of plant origin, was discovered in several plants in 1995, and the possibility of using raw plant material as a source to obtain dietary supplements rich in phytomelatonin instead of synthetic melatonin, with its corresponding chemical by-products was raised. This work characterizes the phytomelatonin-rich extract obtained from selected plant material and determines the contents in phytomelatonin, phenols, flavonoids, and carotenoids. Additionally, the antioxidant activity was measured. Finally, a melatonin-specific bioassay in fish was carried out to demonstrate the excellent biological properties of the natural phytomelatonin-rich extract obtained.
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28
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Madigan AP, Egidi E, Bedon F, Franks AE, Plummer KM. Bacterial and Fungal Communities Are Differentially Modified by Melatonin in Agricultural Soils Under Abiotic Stress. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2616. [PMID: 31849848 PMCID: PMC6901394 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An extensive body of evidence from the last decade has indicated that melatonin enhances plant resistance to a range of biotic and abiotic stressors. This has led to an interest in the application of melatonin in agriculture to reduce negative physiological effects from environmental stresses that affect yield and crop quality. However, there are no reports regarding the effects of melatonin on soil microbial communities under abiotic stress, despite the importance of microbes for plant root health and function. Three agricultural soils associated with different land usage histories (pasture, canola or wheat) were placed under abiotic stress by cadmium (100 or 280 mg kg-1 soil) or salt (4 or 7 g kg-1 soil) and treated with melatonin (0.2 and 4 mg kg-1 soil). Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA) was used to generate Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU) for microbial community analysis in each soil. Significant differences in richness (α diversity) and community structures (β diversity) were observed between bacterial and fungal assemblages across all three soils, demonstrating the effect of melatonin on soil microbial communities under abiotic stress. The analysis also indicated that the microbial response to melatonin is governed by the type of soil and history. The effects of melatonin on soil microbes need to be regarded in potential future agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Madigan
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eleonora Egidi
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Frank Bedon
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashley E. Franks
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Future Landscapes, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kim M. Plummer
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
Non-Saccharomyces are important during wine fermentation once they influence wine composition. In the early stages of wine fermentation, and together with indigenous or commercial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, non-Saccharomyces are able to transform grape-must sugars into ethanol, CO2, and other important secondary metabolites. A better understanding of yeast biochemistry will allow the selection of yeast strains that have defined specific influences on fermentation efficiency, wine quality, and the production of human health-promoting compounds. Yeast metabolism produces compounds derived from tryptophan, melatonin, and serotonin, which are found in fermented beverages, such as wine and beer. Melatonin is a neurohormone secreted from the pineal gland and has a wide-ranging regulatory and neuroprotective role, while serotonin, as well as being a precursor of melatonin synthesis, is also a neurotransmitter. This review summarizes the importance of some conventional and nonconventional yeast strains’ alcoholic fermentations, especially in the production of metabolites that promote human health and thus, attract consumers attention towards fermented beverages. A brief reference is also made on fermented beverages containing probiotics, namely kombucha, also known as kombucha tea, and its interesting microorganism’s symbiotic relationships named SCOBY.
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30
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Harnessing yeast metabolism of aromatic amino acids for fermented beverage bioflavouring and bioproduction. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:4325-4336. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09840-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Engineering a Model Cell for Rational Tuning of GPCR Signaling. Cell 2019; 177:782-796.e27. [PMID: 30955892 PMCID: PMC6476273 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is the primary method eukaryotes use to respond to specific cues in their environment. However, the relationship between stimulus and response for each GPCR is difficult to predict due to diversity in natural signal transduction architecture and expression. Using genome engineering in yeast, we constructed an insulated, modular GPCR signal transduction system to study how the response to stimuli can be predictably tuned using synthetic tools. We delineated the contributions of a minimal set of key components via computational and experimental refactoring, identifying simple design principles for rationally tuning the dose response. Using five different GPCRs, we demonstrate how this enables cells and consortia to be engineered to respond to desired concentrations of peptides, metabolites, and hormones relevant to human health. This work enables rational tuning of cell sensing while providing a framework to guide reprogramming of GPCR-based signaling in other systems.
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Muñiz-Calvo S, Bisquert R, Fernández-Cruz E, García-Parrilla MC, Guillamón JM. Deciphering the melatonin metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the bioconversion of related metabolites. J Pineal Res 2019; 66:e12554. [PMID: 30633359 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (Mel), originally considered a neurohormone, has been detected in beverages and food-fermented products in which yeast metabolism is highly important. This indolamine is synthesized from serotonin, with L-tryptophan being the initial substrate of both. Regarding Mel metabolism, the biosynthetic pathway in mammals consists in four-step reactions. However, six genes are implicated in the synthesis of Mel in plants, which suggest the presence of many pathways. The aim of this study was to provide new empirical data on the production of Mel and other indole-related compounds in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae). To this end, we performed the addition of the pathway intermediates in S. cerevisiae cells in different growth stages (exponential and arrested cells) to follow the bioconversion and new indolic compound production from them. The different bioconverted indolic compounds tested (L-tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, tryptamine, serotonin, N-acetylserotonin, 5-methoxytryptamine, and Mel) were analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS from the extra- and intracellular contents. Our results showed that serotonin, in yeast, was prevalently formed via tryptophan decarboxylation, followed by tryptamine hydroxylation as in plants. Mel production from serotonin can be achieved by either N-acetylation, followed by O-methylation or O-methylation, in turn followed by N-acetylation. Accordingly, the classic pathway of Mel synthesis in vertebrates does not seems prevalent in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Muñiz-Calvo
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ricardo Bisquert
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Edwin Fernández-Cruz
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Facultad de Farmacia, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - María C García-Parrilla
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Facultad de Farmacia, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - José M Guillamón
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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Wang W, Su S, Wang S, Ye L, Yu H. Significantly improved catalytic efficiency of caffeic acid O-methyltransferase towards N-acetylserotonin by strengthening its interactions with the unnatural substrate's terminal structure. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 125:1-5. [PMID: 30885319 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
O-Methylation of N-acetylserotonin (NAS) has been identified as the bottleneck in melatonin biosynthesis pathway. In the present paper, caffeic acid O-methyltransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtCOMT) was engineered by rational design to improve its catalytic efficiency in conversion of NAS to melatonin. Based on the notable difference in the terminal structure of caffeic acid and NAS, mutants were designed to strengthen the interactions between the substrate binding pocket of the enzyme and the terminal structure of the unnatural substrate NAS. The final triple mutant (C296F-Q310L-V314T) showed 9.5-fold activity improvement in O-methylation of NAS. Molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy analysis attributed the increased activity to the higher affinity between the substrate terminal structure and AtCOMT, resulting from the introduction of NH⋯π interaction by Phe296 substitution, hydrophobic interaction by Thr314 substitution and elimination of electrostatic repulsion by substitution of Gln310 with Leu310. This work provides hints for O-methyltransferase engineering and meanwhile lays foundation for biotechnological production of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Sisi Su
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shizhuo Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lidan Ye
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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34
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Maury J, Kannan S, Jensen NB, Öberg FK, Kildegaard KR, Forster J, Nielsen J, Workman CT, Borodina I. Glucose-Dependent Promoters for Dynamic Regulation of Metabolic Pathways. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:63. [PMID: 29872655 PMCID: PMC5972318 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For an industrial fermentation process, it can be advantageous to decouple cell growth from product formation. This decoupling would allow for the rapid accumulation of biomass without inhibition from product formation, after which the fermentation can be switched to a mode where cells would grow minimally and primarily act as catalysts to convert substrate into desired product. The switch in fermentation mode should preferably be accomplished without the addition of expensive inducers. A common cell factory Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a Crabtree-positive yeast and is typically fermented at industrial scale under glucose-limited conditions to avoid the formation of ethanol. In this work, we aimed to identify and characterize promoters that depend on glucose concentration for use as dynamic control elements. Through analysis of mRNA data of S. cerevisiae grown in chemostats under glucose excess or limitation, we identified 34 candidate promoters that strongly responded to glucose presence or absence. These promoters were characterized in small-scale batch and fed-batch cultivations using a quickly maturing rapidly degrading green fluorescent protein yEGFP3-Cln2PEST as a reporter. Expressing 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3HP) pathway from a set of selected regulated promoters allowed for suppression of 3HP production during glucose-excess phase of a batch cultivation with subsequent activation in glucose-limiting conditions. Regulating the 3HP pathway by the ICL1 promoter resulted in 70% improvement of 3HP titer in comparison to PGK1 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Maury
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Soumya Kannan
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Niels B Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Fredrik K Öberg
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kanchana R Kildegaard
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jochen Forster
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christopher T Workman
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Irina Borodina
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Rodriguez A, Chen Y, Khoomrung S, Özdemir E, Borodina I, Nielsen J. Comparison of the metabolic response to over-production of p-coumaric acid in two yeast strains. Metab Eng 2017; 44:265-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Meng JF, Shi TC, Song S, Zhang ZW, Fang YL. Melatonin in grapes and grape-related foodstuffs: A review. Food Chem 2017; 231:185-191. [PMID: 28449995 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A decade has passed since melatonin was first reported in grapes in 2006. During this time, melatonin has not only been found in the berries of most wine grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars, but also in most grape-related foodstuffs, e.g. wine, grape juice and grape vinegar. In this review, we discuss the melatonin content in grapes and grape-related foodstuffs (especially wine) from previous studies, the physiological function of melatonin in grapes, and the factors contributing to the production of melatonin in grapes and wines. In addition, we identify future research needed to clarify the mechanisms of grape melatonin biosynthesis and regulation, and establish more accurate analysis methods for melatonin in grapes and wines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Fei Meng
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tian-Ci Shi
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shuo Song
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518005, China
| | - Zhen-Wen Zhang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yu-Lin Fang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Ehrenworth AM, Peralta-Yahya P. Accelerating the semisynthesis of alkaloid-based drugs through metabolic engineering. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:249-258. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Back K, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. Melatonin biosynthesis in plants: multiple pathways catalyze tryptophan to melatonin in the cytoplasm or chloroplasts. J Pineal Res 2016; 61:426-437. [PMID: 27600803 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is an animal hormone as well as a signaling molecule in plants. It was first identified in plants in 1995, and almost all enzymes responsible for melatonin biosynthesis had already been characterized in these species. Melatonin biosynthesis from tryptophan requires four-step reactions. However, six genes, that is, TDC, TPH, T5H, SNAT, ASMT, and COMT, have been implicated in the synthesis of melatonin in plants, suggesting the presence of multiple pathways. Two major pathways have been proposed based on the enzyme kinetics: One is the tryptophan/tryptamine/serotonin/N-acetylserotonin/melatonin pathway, which may occur under normal growth conditions; the other is the tryptophan/tryptamine/serotonin/5-methoxytryptamine/melatonin pathway, which may occur when plants produce large amounts of serotonin, for example, upon senescence. The melatonin biosynthetic capacity associated with conversion of tryptophan to serotonin is much higher than that associated with conversion of serotonin to melatonin, which yields a low level of melatonin synthesis in plants. Many melatonin intermediates are produced in various subcellular compartments, such as the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, and chloroplasts, which either facilitates or impedes the subsequent enzymatic steps. Depending on the pathways, the final subcellular sites of melatonin synthesis vary at either the cytoplasm or chloroplasts, which may differentially affect the mode of action of melatonin in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungwhan Back
- Department of Biotechnology, Bioenergy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.
| | - Dun-Xian Tan
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Suástegui M, Shao Z. Yeast factories for the production of aromatic compounds: from building blocks to plant secondary metabolites. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 43:1611-1624. [PMID: 27581441 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1824-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway is a source to a plethora of commercially relevant chemicals with very diverse industrial applications. Tremendous efforts in microbial engineering have led to the production of compounds ranging from small aromatic molecular building blocks all the way to intricate plant secondary metabolites. Particularly, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been a great model organism given its superior capability to heterologously express long metabolic pathways, especially the ones containing cytochrome P450 enzymes. This review contains a collection of state-of-the-art metabolic engineering work devoted towards unraveling the mechanisms for enhancing the flux of carbon into the aromatic pathway. Some of the molecules discussed include the polymer precursor muconic acid, as well as important nutraceuticals (flavonoids and stilbenoids), and opium-derived drugs (benzylisoquinoline alkaloids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Suástegui
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.,NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Zengyi Shao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA. .,Microbiology Interdisciplinary Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA. .,NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.
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40
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Tan DX, Hardeland R, Back K, Manchester LC, Alatorre-Jimenez MA, Reiter RJ. On the significance of an alternate pathway of melatonin synthesis via 5-methoxytryptamine: comparisons across species. J Pineal Res 2016; 61:27-40. [PMID: 27112772 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a phylogenetically ancient molecule. It is ubiquitously present in almost all organisms from primitive photosynthetic bacteria to humans. Its original primary function is presumable to be that of an antioxidant with other functions of this molecule having been acquired during evolution. The synthetic pathway of melatonin in vertebrates has been extensively studied. It is common knowledge that serotonin is acetylated to form N-acetylserotonin by arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) or arylamine N-acetyltransferase (SNAT or NAT) and N-acetylserotonin is, subsequently, methylated to melatonin by N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT; also known as hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase, HIOMT). This is referred to as a classic melatonin synthetic pathway. Based on new evidence, we feel that this classic melatonin pathway is not generally the prevailing route of melatonin production. An alternate pathway is known to exist, in which serotonin is first O-methylated to 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT) and, thereafter, 5-MT is N-acetylated to melatonin. Here, we hypothesize that the alternate melatonin synthetic pathway may be more important in certain organisms and under certain conditions. Evidence strongly supports that this alternate pathway prevails in some plants, bacteria, and, perhaps, yeast and may also occur in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun-Xian Tan
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kyoungwhan Back
- Department of Biotechnology, Bioenergy Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Lucien C Manchester
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Moises A Alatorre-Jimenez
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Sun T, Chen L, Zhang W. Microbial production of mammalian melatonin - a promising solution to melatonin industry. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:601-2. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education); Tianjin University; Tianjin China
- SynBio Research Platform; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin China
| | - Lei Chen
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education); Tianjin University; Tianjin China
- SynBio Research Platform; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin China
| | - Weiwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education); Tianjin University; Tianjin China
- SynBio Research Platform; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin China
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