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Yu F, Shen Y, Pang Y, Fan H, Liu M, Liu X. Effects of branched-chain amino acids on surfactin structure and antibacterial activity in Bacillus velezensis YA215. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:281. [PMID: 39060617 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotics are essential for combating pathogens; however, their misuse has led to increased resistance, necessitating the search for effective, low-toxicity alternatives. Surfactin, a cyclic lipopeptide with a C12-C17 β-hydroxy fatty acid chain, exhibits significant antibacterial activity and resists resistance, making it a research focus. Nonetheless, the effects of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) on surfactin's structure and activity are not well understood. This study examines the influence of BCAAs (L-valine, L-leucine, and L-isoleucine) on the lipopeptide (surfactin) produced by Bacillus velezensis YA215. Process optimization shows that adding 1 g/L of L-Leu and L-Ile, and 0.5 g/L of L-Val, maximized surfactin production to 18.59%, 19.23%, and 20.64%, respectively. Surfactin content peaked at 36 h with L-Val and L-Ile, yielding 19.72% and 11.37%. In contrast, L-Leu addition peaked at 24 h, yielding 11.33%. Notably, L-Val supplementation resulted in the highest relative surfactin content. Antimicrobial testing demonstrated that BCAAs significantly enhance the antibacterial effects of lipopeptides against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with Val showing the most pronounced effect. The addition of BCAAs notably altered the composition of surfactin fatty acid chains. Specifically, Val increased the proportions of iso C14 and iso C16 β-hydroxy fatty acids from 13.3% and 4.216-23.803% and 8.31%, respectively. Additionally, the amino acid composition at the 7th position of the peptide chain changed significantly, especially with Val addition, which increased the proportion of C14 [Val 7] surfactin by 3.29 times. These structural changes are likely associated with the enhanced antibacterial activity of surfactin. These findings provide valuable insights into the roles of BCAAs in microbial fermentation, underscoring their importance in metabolic engineering to enhance the production of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futian Yu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shen
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yiyang Pang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Heliang Fan
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
- Key Laboratory of Deep Processing and Safety Control for Specialty Agricultural Products in Guangxi Universities, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530004, China.
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2
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Put H, Gerstmans H, Vande Capelle H, Fauvart M, Michiels J, Masschelein J. Bacillus subtilis as a host for natural product discovery and engineering of biosynthetic gene clusters. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:1113-1151. [PMID: 38465694 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00065f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Covering: up to October 2023Many bioactive natural products are synthesized by microorganisms that are either difficult or impossible to cultivate under laboratory conditions, or that produce only small amounts of the desired compound. By transferring biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) into alternative host organisms that are more easily cultured and engineered, larger quantities can be obtained and new analogues with potentially improved biological activity or other desirable properties can be generated. Moreover, expression of cryptic BGCs in a suitable host can facilitate the identification and characterization of novel natural products. Heterologous expression therefore represents a valuable tool for natural product discovery and engineering as it allows the study and manipulation of their biosynthetic pathways in a controlled setting, enabling innovative applications. Bacillus is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria that is widely used in industrial biotechnology as a host for the production of proteins from diverse origins, including enzymes and vaccines. However, despite numerous successful examples, Bacillus species remain underexploited as heterologous hosts for the expression of natural product BGCs. Here, we review important advantages that Bacillus species offer as expression hosts, such as high secretion capacity, natural competence for DNA uptake, and the increasing availability of a wide range of genetic tools for gene expression and strain engineering. We evaluate different strain optimization strategies and other critical factors that have improved the success and efficiency of heterologous natural product biosynthesis in B. subtilis. Finally, future perspectives for using B. subtilis as a heterologous host are discussed, identifying research gaps and promising areas that require further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Put
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Hans Gerstmans
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Discovery & Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hanne Vande Capelle
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Discovery & Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Fauvart
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- imec, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Michiels
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Joleen Masschelein
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Discovery & Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Sun HZ, Li Q, Shang W, Qiao B, Xu QM, Cheng JS. Combinatorial metabolic engineering of Bacillus subtilis for de novo production of polymyxin B. Metab Eng 2024; 83:123-136. [PMID: 38582143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Polymyxin is a lipopeptide antibiotic that is effective against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. However, its clinical development is limited due to low titer and the presence of homologs. To address this, the polymyxin gene cluster was integrated into Bacillus subtilis, and sfp from Paenibacillus polymyxa was expressed heterologously, enabling recombinant B. subtilis to synthesize polymyxin B. Regulating NRPS domain inhibited formation of polymyxin B2 and B3. The production of polymyxin B increased to 329.7 mg/L by replacing the native promoters of pmxA, pmxB, and pmxE with PfusA, C2up, and PfusA, respectively. Further enhancement in this production, up to 616.1 mg/L, was achieved by improving the synthesis ability of 6-methyloctanoic acid compared to the original strain expressing polymyxin heterologously. Additionally, incorporating an anikasin-derived domain into the hybrid nonribosomal peptide synthase of polymyxin increased the B1 ratio in polymyxin B from 57.5% to 62.2%. Through optimization of peptone supply in the fermentation medium and fermentation in a 5.0-L bioreactor, the final polymyxin B titer reached 962.1 mg/L, with a yield of 19.24 mg/g maltodextrin and a productivity of 10.02 mg/(L·h). This study demonstrates a successful approach for enhancing polymyxin B production and increasing the B1 ratio through combinatorial metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Zhong Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qing Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Wei Shang
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Bin Qiao
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qiu-Man Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Binshuixi Road 393, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Jing-Sheng Cheng
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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Qiao J, Borriss R, Sun K, Zhang R, Chen X, Liu Y, Liu Y. Research advances in the identification of regulatory mechanisms of surfactin production by Bacillus: a review. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:100. [PMID: 38566071 PMCID: PMC10988940 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Surfactin is a cyclic hexalipopeptide compound, nonribosomal synthesized by representatives of the Bacillus subtilis species complex which includes B. subtilis group and its closely related species, such as B. subtilis subsp subtilis, B. subtilis subsp spizizenii, B. subtilis subsp inaquosorum, B. atrophaeus, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. velezensis (Steinke mSystems 6: e00057, 2021) It functions as a biosurfactant and signaling molecule and has antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, and plant disease resistance properties. The Bacillus lipopeptides play an important role in agriculture, oil recovery, cosmetics, food processing and pharmaceuticals, but the natural yield of surfactin synthesized by Bacillus is low. This paper reviews the regulatory pathways and mechanisms that affect surfactin synthesis and release, highlighting the regulatory genes involved in the transcription of the srfAA-AD operon. The several ways to enhance surfactin production, such as governing expression of the genes involved in synthesis and regulation of surfactin synthesis and transport, removal of competitive pathways, optimization of media, and fermentation conditions were commented. This review will provide a theoretical platform for the systematic genetic modification of high-yielding strains of surfactin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Qiao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rainer Borriss
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Kai Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongsheng Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xijun Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youzhou Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.
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Ravagnan G, Lesemann J, Müller MF, Poehlein A, Daniel R, Noack S, Kabisch J, Schmid J. Genome reduction in Paenibacillus polymyxa DSM 365 for chassis development. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1378873. [PMID: 38605990 PMCID: PMC11007031 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1378873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The demand for highly robust and metabolically versatile microbes is of utmost importance for replacing fossil-based processes with biotechnological ones. Such an example is the implementation of Paenibacillus polymyxa DSM 365 as a novel platform organism for the production of value-added products such as 2,3-butanediol or exopolysaccharides. For this, a complete genome sequence is the first requirement towards further developing this host towards a microbial chassis. A genome sequencing project has just been reported for P. polymyxa DSM 365 showing a size of 5,788,318 bp with a total of 47 contigs. Herein, we report the first complete genome sequence of P. polymyxa DSM 365, which consists of 5,889,536 bp with 45 RNAs, 106 tRNAs, 5,370 coding sequences and an average GC content of 45.6%, resulting in a closed genome of P. polymyxa 365. The additional nucleotide data revealed a novel NRPS synthetase that may contribute to the production of tridecaptin. Building on these findings, we initiated the top-down construction of a chassis variant of P. polymyxa. In the first stage, single knock-out mutants of non-essential genomic regions were created and evaluated for their biological fitness. As a result, two out of 18 variants showed impaired growth. The remaining deletion mutants were combined in two genome-reduced P. polymyxa variants which either lack the production of endogenous biosynthetic gene clusters (GR1) or non-essential genomic regions including the insertion sequence ISPap1 (GR2), with a decrease of the native genome of 3.0% and 0.6%, respectively. Both variants, GR1 and GR2, showed identical growth characteristics to the wild-type. Endpoint titers of 2,3-butanediol and EPS production were also unaffected, validating these genome-reduced strains as suitable for further genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ravagnan
- Institute of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Janne Lesemann
- Institute of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Moritz-Fabian Müller
- Institute of Bio-and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Anja Poehlein
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Noack
- Institute of Bio-and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Johannes Kabisch
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jochen Schmid
- Institute of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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6
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Hu Y, Yang X, Tai B, Wang G, Zhang X, Yin Y, Xing F. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens A-1 inhibiting fungal spoilage in agricultural products is improved by metabolic engineering of enhancing surfactin yield. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113752. [PMID: 38129052 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Fungi and subsequent mycotoxins contamination in agricultural products have caused enormous losses and great harm to human and animal health. Biological control has attracted the attention of researchers due to its advantages, including mild conditions, low cost, high efficiency and low nutrient loss. In this study, a newly isolated strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens A-1 (A-1), was screened for its ability to inhibit the growth and Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production of Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3357. Electron microscopy results revealed that mycelium and conidia of A. flavus were destroyed by A-1, affecting hyphae, cell walls, cell membranes and organelles. RNA-seq analysis indicated disturbance in gene expression profiles of A. flavus, including amino acid degradation and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways. Importantly, the biosynthesis of AFB1 was significantly inhibited by the down-regulation of key regulatory genes, aflR and aflS, and the simultaneous down-regulation of most structural genes. Genome analysis predicted six secondary metabolites biosynthetic gene clusters. Then, four surfactin synthesized by cluster C were identified as the main active substance of A-1 using HPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The addition of alanine, threonine, Fe2+ increased surfactin production. Notably, the overexpression of comX also improved surfactin production. The vivo test results indicated that A-1 could significantly inhibit the decay of pear by Aspergillus westerdijkiae, and the mildew of maize and peanuts. Especially, the overexpression of comX in A-1 could enhance the inhibitory activity. In conclusion, the inhibition mechanism of A-1 was revealed, and comX was found can improve the production of surfactin and subsequent activities, which provides the scientific basis for the development of biocontrol agents to reduce spoilage in agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Bowen Tai
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Xinlong Zhang
- Shandong Xinfurui Agricultural Science and Technology Co., Ltd. Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Yixuan Yin
- Shandong Xinfurui Agricultural Science and Technology Co., Ltd. Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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7
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Xia L, Wen J. Available strategies for improving the biosynthesis of surfactin: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023; 43:1111-1128. [PMID: 36001039 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2095252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Surfactin is an excellent biosurfactant with a wide range of application prospects in many industrial fields. However, its low productivity and high cost have largely limited its commercial applications. In this review, the pathways for surfactin synthesis in Bacillus strains are summarized and discussed. Further, the latest strategies for improving surfactin production, including: medium optimization, genome engineering methods (rational genetic engineering, genome reduction, and genome shuffling), heterologous synthesis, and the use of synthetic biology combined with metabolic engineering approaches to construct high-quality artificial cells for surfactin production using xylose, are described. Finally, the prospects for improving surfactin synthesis are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xia
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- National Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Frontier Science Center of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- National Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Frontier Science Center of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Xie Y, Gong L, Liu S, Yan J, Zhao S, Xia C, Li K, Liu G, Mazhar MW, Zhao J. Antioxidants improve β-cypermethrin degradation by alleviating oxidative damage and increasing bioavailability by Bacillus cereus GW-01. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116680. [PMID: 37500036 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Microbial degradation of pesticide residues has the potential to reduce their hazards to human and environmental health. However, in some cases, degradation can activate pesticides, making them more toxic to microbes. Here we report on the β-cypermethrin (β-CY) toxicity to Bacillus cereus GW-01, a recently described β-CY degrader, and effects of antioxidants on β-CY degradation. GW-01 exposed to β-CY negatively affected the growth rate. The highest maximum specific growth rate (μm) appeared at 25 mg/L β-CY. β-CY induced the oxidative stress in GW-01. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalyse (CAT), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were significantly higher than that in control (p < 0.01); but they are decreased as growth phase pronged, which is contrary to the β-CY degradation by GW-01 cells obtaining from various growth phase. Ascorbic acid (Vc), tea polyphenols (TP), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) improved the degradation through changing the physiological property of GW-01. TP and AMP prompted the expression of gene encoding β-CY degradation in GW-01, while Vc does the opposite. Biofilm formation was significantly inhibited by β-CY, while was significantly enhanced by certain concentrations of TP and AMP (p < 0.05); while cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) was negatively associated with β-CY concentrations from 25 to 100 mg/L, and these 4 antioxidants all boosted the CSH. Cells grown with β-CY had lower levels of saturated fatty acids but increased levels of some unsaturated and branched fatty acids, and these antioxidants alleviated the FA composition changes and gene expression related with FA metabolism. We also mined transcriptome analyses at lag, logarithmic, and stationary phases, and found that β-CY induced oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to elaborate characteristics in relation to the microbial resistance of pesticide poisoning and the efficiency of pesticide degradation, and to provide a promising method for improving pesticide degradation by microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest (Sichuan Normal Universty), Ministry of Education, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lanmin Gong
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest (Sichuan Normal Universty), Ministry of Education, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest (Sichuan Normal Universty), Ministry of Education, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jisha Yan
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest (Sichuan Normal Universty), Ministry of Education, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Sijia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest (Sichuan Normal Universty), Ministry of Education, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Chen Xia
- Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 610066, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ke Li
- Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 610066, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest (Sichuan Normal Universty), Ministry of Education, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Muhammad Waqar Mazhar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Jiayuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest (Sichuan Normal Universty), Ministry of Education, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
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9
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Pilz M, Cavelius P, Qoura F, Awad D, Brück T. Lipopeptides development in cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications: A comprehensive review. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108210. [PMID: 37460047 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Lipopeptides are surface active, natural products of bacteria, fungi and green-blue algae origin, having diverse structures and functionalities. In analogy, a number of chemical synthesis techniques generated new designer lipopeptides with desirable features and functions. Lipopetides are self-assembly guided, supramolecular compounds which have the capacity of high-density presentation of the functional epitopes at the surface of the nanostructures. This feature contributes to their successful application in several industry sectors, including food, feed, personal care, and pharmaceutics. In this comprehensive review, the novel class of ribosomally synthesized lipopeptides is introduced alongside the more commonly occuring non-ribosomal lipopeptides. We highlight key representatives of the most researched as well as recently described lipopeptide families, with emphasis on structural features, self-assembly and associated functions. The common biological, chemical and hybrid production routes of lipopeptides, including prominent analogues and derivatives are also discussed. Furthermore, genetic engineering strategies aimed at increasing lipopeptide yields, diversity and biological activity are summarized and exemplified. With respect to application, this work mainly details the potential of lipopeptides in personal care and cosmetics industry as cleansing agents, moisturizer, anti-aging/anti-wrinkling, skin whitening and preservative agents as well as the pharmaceutical industry as anitimicrobial agents, vaccines, immunotherapy, and cancer drugs. Given that this review addresses human applications, we conclude on the topic of safety of lipopeptide formulations and their sustainable production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Pilz
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Philipp Cavelius
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Farah Qoura
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Dania Awad
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Thomas Brück
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany.
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10
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Puan SL, Erriah P, Baharudin MMAA, Yahaya NM, Kamil WNIWA, Ali MSM, Ahmad SA, Oslan SN, Lim S, Sabri S. Antimicrobial peptides from Bacillus spp. and strategies to enhance their yield. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:5569-5593. [PMID: 37450018 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a growing concern that is affecting public health globally. The search for alternative antimicrobial agents has become increasingly important. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) produced by Bacillus spp. have emerged as a promising alternative to antibiotics, due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against resistant pathogens. In this review, we provide an overview of Bacillus-derived AMPs, including their classification into ribosomal (bacteriocins) and non-ribosomal peptides (lipopeptides and polyketides). Additionally, we delve into the molecular mechanisms of AMP production and describe the key biosynthetic gene clusters involved. Despite their potential, the low yield of AMPs produced under normal laboratory conditions remains a challenge to large-scale production. This review thus concludes with a comprehensive summary of recent studies aimed at enhancing the productivity of Bacillus-derived AMPs. In addition to medium optimization and genetic manipulation, various molecular strategies have been explored to increase the production of recombinant antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). These include the selection of appropriate expression systems, the engineering of expression promoters, and metabolic engineering. Bacillus-derived AMPs offer great potential as alternative antimicrobial agents, and this review provides valuable insights on the strategies to enhance their production yield, which may have significant implications for combating antibiotic resistance. KEY POINTS: • Bacillus-derived AMP is a potential alternative therapy for resistant pathogens • Bacillus produces two main classes of AMPs: ribosomal and non-ribosomal peptides • AMP yield can be enhanced using culture optimization and molecular approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheau Ling Puan
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pirasannah Erriah
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Malik Al-Adil Baharudin
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Normi Mohd Yahaya
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Nur Ismah Wan Ahmad Kamil
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shukuri Mohamad Ali
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aqlima Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nurbaya Oslan
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sooa Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hoseo University, 31499, Asan-Si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Suriana Sabri
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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11
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Qi X, Liu W, He X, Du C. A review on surfactin: molecular regulation of biosynthesis. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:313. [PMID: 37603063 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03652-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Surfactin has many biological activities, such as inhibiting plant diseases, resisting bacteria, fungi, viruses, tumors, mycoplasma, anti-adhesion, etc. It has great application potential in agricultural biological control, clinical medical treatment, environmental treatment and other fields. However, the low yield has been the bottleneck of its popularization and application. It is very important to understand the synthesis route and control strategy of surfactin to improve its yield and purity. In this paper, based on the biosynthetic pathway and regulatory factors of surfactin, its biosynthesis regulation strategy was comprehensively summarized, involving enhancement of endogenous and exogenous precursor supply, modification of the synthesis pathway of lipid chain and peptide chain, improvement of secretion and efflux, and manipulation some global regulatory factors, such as Spo0A, AbrB, ComQXP, phrCSF, etc. to directly or indirectly stimulate surfactin synthesis. And the current production and separation and purification process of surfactin are briefly described. This review also provides a scientific reference for promoting surfactin production and its applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Qi
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education and Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering and Biological Fermentation Engineering for Cold Region and Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province and School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education and Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering and Biological Fermentation Engineering for Cold Region and Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province and School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xin He
- Hebei University of Environmental Engineering, Hebei Key Laboratory of Agroecological Safety, Qinhuangdao, 066102, China
| | - Chunmei Du
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education and Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering and Biological Fermentation Engineering for Cold Region and Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province and School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
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12
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Liu S, Tang MH, Cheng JS. Fermentation optimization of surfactin production of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HM618. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:38-50. [PMID: 35201642 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This work isolated a strain named Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HM618 from the soil, which can inhibit the growths of Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, and Escherichia coli DH5α. Based on the results of response surface methodology, the surfactin levels of strain HM618 were elevated from 0.724 to 1.876 g/L and 0.995 to 1.888 g/L under the pure culture with the optimized medium (containing 62.39 g/L sucrose, 15.06 g/L yeast extracts, and 3.27 g/L aspartate) and under the coculture of strains HM618 and Bacillus subtilis 168 with the optimized medium (containing 50.52 g/L sucrose, 19.76 g/L yeast extracts, and 1.02 g/L glutamate), respectively. Additionally, influences of nonconstitutive amino acids involved in the biosynthesis of surfactin were also explored. The highest surfactin level reached 2.04 g/L after adding 3.0 g/L exogenous ornithine. However, the surfactin production of strain HM618 was significantly inhibited after adding the mixtures of nonconstitutive amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Jinnan District, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Hui Tang
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Jinnan District, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Sheng Cheng
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Jinnan District, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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13
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Jing YF, Wei HX, Liu FF, Liu YF, Zhou L, Liu JF, Yang SZ, Zhang HZ, Mu BZ. Genetic engineering of the branched-chain fatty acid biosynthesis pathway to enhance surfactin production from Bacillus subtilis. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:238-248. [PMID: 35419893 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Surfactin, which is composed of a β-hydroxy fatty acid chain and a peptide ring, has drawn considerable attention due to its potential applications in the biomedicine, bioremediation, and petroleum industries. However, the low yield of surfactin from wild strains still restricts its industrial applications. In this study, eight genes relevant to the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway were targeted to enhance surfactin production, and high surfactin-yielding strains with potential industrial applications were obtained. When ldeHA and acc were co-overexpressed, the surfactin yield of recombinant strains TDS8 and TPS8 increased to 1.55- and 1.19-fold of their parental strains, respectively, again proving that the conversion of acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) to malonyl-CoA is the rate-limiting step in fatty acid biosynthesis. Furthermore, changes in surfactin isoforms of recombinant strain TPS8 suggest that the fatty acid precursor synthesis pathway can be modified to improve the proportion of different isoforms. In addition, the deletion of lpdV, which is responsible for the conversion of α-ketoacyl-CoA precursors, resulted in a sharp decrease in surfactin production, further demonstrating the importance of branched-chain fatty acid biosynthesis in surfactin production. This work will facilitate the design and construction of more efficiently engineered strains for surfactin production and further extend industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fei Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao-Xun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang-Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Fan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Zhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Zhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo-Zhong Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, Shanghai, China
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14
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de Oliveira Schmidt VK, de Vasconscelos GMD, Vicente R, de Souza Carvalho J, Della-Flora IK, Degang L, de Oliveira D, de Andrade CJ. Cassava wastewater valorization for the production of biosurfactants: surfactin, rhamnolipids, and mannosileritritol lipids. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:65. [PMID: 36583818 PMCID: PMC9801157 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03510-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The global production of cassava was estimated at ca. 303 million tons. Due to this high production, the cassava processing industry (cassava flour and starch) generates approximately ca. 0.65 kg of solid residue and ca. 25.3 l of wastewater per kg of fresh processed cassava root. The composition of the liquid effluent varies according to its origin; for example, the effluent from cassava flour production, when compared to the wastewater from the starch processing, presents a higher organic load (ca. 12 times) and total cyanide (ca. 29 times). It is worthy to highlight the toxicity of cassava residues regarding cyanide presence, which could generate disorders with acute or chronic symptoms in humans and animals. In this sense, the development of simple and low-cost eco-friendly methods for the proper treatment or reuse of cassava wastewater is a challenging, but promising path. Cassava wastewater is rich in macro-nutrients (proteins, starch, sugars) and micro-nutrients (iron, magnesium), enabling its use as a low-cost culture medium for biotechnological processes, such as the production of biosurfactants. These compounds are amphipathic molecules synthesized by living cells and can be widely used in industries as pharmaceutical agents, for microbial-enhanced oil recovery, among others. Amongst these biosurfactants, surfactin, rhamnolipids, and mannosileritritol lipids show remarkable properties such as antimicrobial, biodegradability, demulsifying and emulsifying capacity. However, the high production cost restricts the massive biosurfactant applications. Therefore, this study aims to present the state of the art and challenges in the production of biosurfactants using cassava wastewater as an alternative culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Kristine de Oliveira Schmidt
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Technological Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | | | - Renata Vicente
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Technological Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Jackelyne de Souza Carvalho
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Technological Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Isabela Karina Della-Flora
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Technological Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Lucas Degang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Technological Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Débora de Oliveira
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Technological Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Cristiano José de Andrade
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Technological Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
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15
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Bai S, Qiao B, Hou ZJ, Gao GR, Cao CY, Cheng JS, Yuan YJ. Mutualistic microbial community of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and recombinant Yarrowia lipolytica co-produced lipopeptides and fatty acids from food waste. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136864. [PMID: 36243085 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bioconversion is an important method for transforming food waste (FW) into high value-added products, rendering it harmless, and recycling resources. An artificial microbial consortium (AMC) was constructed to produce FW-based lipopeptides in order to investigate the strategy of FW bioconversion into value-added products. Exogenous fatty acids as a precursor significantly improved the lipopeptide production of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HM618. To enhance fatty acid synthesis and efflux in AMC, the recombinant Yarrowia lipolytica YL21 (strain YL21) was constructed by screening 12 target genes related to fatty acids to replace exogenous fatty acids in order to improve lipopeptide production. The levels of fengycin, surfactin, and iturin A in the AMC of strains HM618 and YL21 reached 76.19, 192.80, and 31.32 mg L-1, increasing 7.24-, 12.13-, and 3.23-fold compared to the results from the pure culture of strain HM618 in flask with Landy medium, respectively. Furthermore, free fatty acids were almost undetectable in the co-culture of strains HM618 and YL21, although its level was around 1.25 g L-1 in the pure culture of strain YL21 with Landy medium. Interestingly, 470.24 mg L-1 of lipopeptides and 18.11 g L-1 of fatty acids were co-produced in this AMC in a bioreactor with FW medium. To our knowledge, it is the first report of FW biotransformation into co-produce of lipopeptides and fatty acids in the AMC of B. amyloliquefaciens and Y. lipolytica. These results provide new insights into the biotransformation potential of FW for value-added co-products by AMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Bai
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Bin Qiao
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Zheng-Jie Hou
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Geng-Rong Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Chun-Yang Cao
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Jing-Sheng Cheng
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
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16
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Quantitative Methods for Metabolite Analysis in Metabolic Engineering. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-022-0200-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Tolibia SEM, Pacheco AD, Balbuena SYG, Rocha J, López Y López VE. Engineering of global transcription factors in Bacillus, a genetic tool for increasing product yields: a bioprocess overview. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 39:12. [PMID: 36372802 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03460-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional factors are well studied in bacteria for their global interactions and the effects they produce at the phenotypic level. Particularly, Bacillus subtilis has been widely employed as a model Gram-positive microorganism used to characterize these network interactions. Bacillus species are currently used as efficient commercial microbial platforms to produce diverse metabolites such as extracellular enzymes, antibiotics, surfactants, industrial chemicals, heterologous proteins, among others. However, the pleiotropic effects caused by the genetic modification of specific genes that codify for global regulators (transcription factors) have not been implicated commonly from a bioprocess point of view. Recently, these strategies have attracted the attention in Bacillus species because they can have an application to increase production efficiency of certain commercial interest metabolites. In this review, we update the recent advances that involve this trend in the use of genetic engineering (mutations, deletion, or overexpression) performed to global regulators such as Spo0A, CcpA, CodY and AbrB, which can provide an advantage for the development or improvement of bioprocesses that involve Bacillus species as production platforms. Genetic networks, regulation pathways and their relationship to the development of growth stages are also discussed to correlate the interactions that occur between these regulators, which are important to consider for application in the improvement of commercial-interest metabolites. Reported yields from these products currently produced mostly under laboratory conditions and, in a lesser extent at bioreactor level, are also discussed to give valuable perspectives about their potential use and developmental level directed to process optimization at large-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirlley Elizabeth Martínez Tolibia
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, Km 1.5, C.P. 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Adrián Díaz Pacheco
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería Campus Tlaxcala del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CP 90000, Guillermo Valle, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Sulem Yali Granados Balbuena
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, Km 1.5, C.P. 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Jorge Rocha
- CONACyT - Unidad Regional Hidalgo, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Blvd. Santa Catarina, SN, C.P. 42163, San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Víctor Eric López Y López
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, Km 1.5, C.P. 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, Mexico.
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18
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Gao L, She M, Shi J, Cai D, Wang D, Xiong M, Shen G, Gao J, Zhang M, Yang Z, Chen S. Enhanced production of iturin A by strengthening fatty acid synthesis modules in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:974460. [PMID: 36159706 PMCID: PMC9500472 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.974460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Iturin A is a biosurfactant with various applications, and its low synthesis capability limits its production and application development. Fatty acids play a critical role in cellular metabolism and target product syntheses, and the relationship between fatty acid supplies and iturin A synthesis is unclear. In this study, we attempted to increase iturin A production via strengthening fatty acid synthesis pathways in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. First, acetyl-CoA carboxylase AccAD and ACP S-malonyltransferase fabD were overexpressed via promoter replacement, and iturin A yield was increased to 1.36 g/L by 2.78-fold in the resultant strain HZ-ADF1. Then, soluble acyl-ACP thioesterase derived from Escherichia coli showed the best performance for iturin A synthesis, as compared to those derived from B. amyloliquefaciens and Corynebacterium glutamicum, the introduction of which in HZ-ADF1 further led to a 57.35% increase of iturin A yield, reaching 2.14 g/L. Finally, long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase LcfA was overexpressed in HZ-ADFT to attain the final strain HZ-ADFTL2, and iturin A yield reached 2.96 g/L, increasing by 6.59-fold, and the contents of fatty acids were enhanced significantly in HZ-ADFTL2, as compared to the original strain HZ-12. Taken together, our results implied that strengthening fatty acid supplies was an efficient approach for iturin A production, and this research provided a promising strain for industrial production of iturin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Menglin She
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongbo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoming Shen
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiaming Gao
- Hubei Corporation of China National Tobacco Corporation, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology of Fujian Province University, College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, China
| | - Zhifan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Shouwen Chen, ; Zhifan Yang,
| | - Shouwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology of Fujian Province University, College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, China
- *Correspondence: Shouwen Chen, ; Zhifan Yang,
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Tank JG, Pandya RV. Anti-proliferative activity of surfactins on human cancer cells and their potential use in therapeutics. Peptides 2022; 155:170836. [PMID: 35803360 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Surfactins are cyclic lipopeptides that are isolated from various Bacillus strains. They are made up of heptapeptides and β-hydroxy fatty acids of variable chain lengths of carbon atoms. Therapeutically they are known to inhibit invasion, migration, and colony formation of human breast carcinoma cells. The role of surfactins is also known as anti-proliferative agents against human cancer cells through induction of apoptosis, arrest of the cell cycle, or suppression of survival signaling. The cytotoxic activity of surfactins is also perceived against human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells, human colon cancer cells, and hepatic carcinoma cells. Considering the wide spectrum of targets, the molecular effects of surfactins are diverse in different cancer cells and they can serve as promising chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer. Surfactins are being delivered to the targeted cancer cells through nano-carriers or nano-formulations. The present review article provides insight on different types and variations of surfactins, their molecular effect on different cancer cells, and their therapeutic use in the treatment of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigna G Tank
- UGC-CAS Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360 005, Gujarat, India.
| | - Rohan V Pandya
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Atmiya University, Rajkot 360 005, Gujarat, India
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Mitra S, Dhar R, Sen R. Designer bacterial cell factories for improved production of commercially valuable non-ribosomal peptides. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108023. [PMID: 35872292 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Non-ribosomal peptides have gained significant attention as secondary metabolites of high commercial importance. This group houses a diverse range of bioactive compounds, ranging from biosurfactants to antimicrobial and cytotoxic agents. However, low yield of synthesis by bacteria and excessive losses during purification hinders the industrial-scale production of non-ribosomal peptides, and subsequently limits their widespread applicability. While isolation of efficient producer strains and optimization of bioprocesses have been extensively used to enhance yield, further improvement can be made by optimization of the microbial strain using the tools and techniques of metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, systems biology, and adaptive laboratory evolution. These techniques, which directly target the genome of producer strains, aim to redirect carbon and nitrogen fluxes of the metabolic network towards the desired product, bypass the feedback inhibition and repression mechanisms that limit the maximum productivity of the strain, and even extend the substrate range of the cell for synthesis of the target product. The present review takes a comprehensive look into the biosynthesis of bacterial NRPs, how the same is regulated by the cell, and dives deep into the strategies that have been undertaken for enhancing the yield of NRPs, while also providing a perspective on other potential strategies that can allow for further yield improvement. Furthermore, this review provides the reader with a holistic perspective on the design of cellular factories of NRP production, starting from general techniques performed in the laboratory to the computational techniques that help a biochemical engineer model and subsequently strategize the architectural plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayak Mitra
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Riddhiman Dhar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
| | - Ramkrishna Sen
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
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Gudiña EJ, Teixeira JA. Bacillus licheniformis: The unexplored alternative for the anaerobic production of lipopeptide biosurfactants? Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108013. [PMID: 35752271 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microbial biosurfactants have attracted the attention of researchers and companies for the last decades, as they are considered promising candidates to replace chemical surfactants in numerous applications. Although in the last years, considerable advances were performed regarding strain engineering and the use of low-cost substrates in order to reduce their production costs, one of the main bottlenecks is their production at industrial scale. Conventional aerobic biosurfactant production processes result in excessive foaming, due to the use of high agitation and aeration rates necessary to increase dissolved oxygen concentration to allow microbial growth and biosurfactant production. Different approaches have been studied to overcome this problem, although with limited success. A not widely explored alternative is the development of foam-free processes through the anaerobic growth of biosurfactant-producing microorganisms. Surfactin, produced by Bacillus subtilis, is the most widely studied lipopeptide biosurfactant, and the most powerful biosurfactant known so far. Bacillus licheniformis strains produce lichenysin, a lipopeptide biosurfactant which structure is similar to surfactin. However, despite its extraordinary surface-active properties and potential applications, lichenysin has been scarcely studied. According to previous studies, B. licheniformis is better adapted to anaerobic growth than B. subtilis, and could be a good alternative for the anaerobic production of lipopeptide biosurfactants. In this review, the potential and limitations of surfactin and lichenysin production under anaerobic conditions will be analyzed, and the possibility of implementing foam-free processes for lichenysin production, in order to expand the market and applications of biosurfactants in different fields, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J Gudiña
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - José A Teixeira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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22
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Surfactin Shows Relatively Low Antimicrobial Activity against Bacillus subtilis and Other Bacterial Model Organisms in the Absence of Synergistic Metabolites. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040779. [PMID: 35456828 PMCID: PMC9030240 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactin is described as a powerful biosurfactant and is natively produced by Bacillus subtilis in notable quantities. Among other industrially relevant characteristics, antimicrobial properties have been attributed to surfactin-producing Bacillus isolates. To investigate this property, stress approaches were carried out with biotechnologically established strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida with the highest possible amounts of surfactin. Contrary to the popular opinion, the highest growth-reducing effects were detectable in B. subtilis and E. coli after surfactin treatment of 100 g/L with 35 and 33%, respectively, while P. putida showed no growth-specific response. In contrast, other antimicrobial biosurfactants, like rhamnolipids and sophorolipids, showed significantly stronger effects on bacterial growth. Since the addition of high amounts of surfactin in defined mineral salt medium reduced the cell growth of B. subtilis by about 40%, the initial stress response at the protein level was analyzed by mass spectrometry, showing induction of stress proteins under control of alternative sigma factors σB and σW as well as the activation of LiaRS two-component system. Overall, although surfactin is associated with antimicrobial properties, relatively low growth-reducing effects could be demonstrated after the surfactin addition, challenging the general claim of the antimicrobial properties of surfactin.
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Fu Y, Guo Q, Dong L, Liu X, Chen X, Wang P, Su Z, Ma P. iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis of Bacillus subtilis strain NCD-2 regulated by PhoPR two-component system: A comparative analysis with transcriptomics revealed the regulation for fengycin production by branched chain amino acids. Microbiol Res 2022; 260:127024. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Xu H, Dai C, Tang Y, Xu X, Umego EC, He R, Ma H. The selective breeding and mutagenesis mechanism of high-yielding surfactin Bacillus subtilis strains with atmospheric and room temperature plasma. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:1851-1861. [PMID: 34464473 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surfactin, a good biological surfactant, is derived from the metabolites of microorganisms. However, the ability of natural strains to produce surfactin is low, and so the presented study aimed to use a novel mutagenesis technology to increase their yields. RESULTS Atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) was used to conduct mutation breeding of Bacillus subtilis CICC 10721, and a mutant strain M45 with a higher surfactin yield of 34.2% and a stable subculture was screened out. From the fermentation kinetics study, it was found that the maximum cell dry weight, maximum growth rate and surfactin synthesis parameters of the mutant strain M45 were all greater than that of the original strain. Scanning electron microscope and laser scanning confocal microscope observations showed that the spore morphology changed after ARTP treating, and the intracellular Ca2+ concentration of the mutant increased. Genome resequencing analysis showed that 66 single nucleotide poymorphism non-synonymous mutation sites occurred in M45, and the identification results of the fermentation broth extract from M45 showed that it is composed of C12 -C16 surfactin. CONCLUSION ARTP mutagenesis was found to change the morphology of bacteria, membrane permeability and genes related to the synthesis and secretion of surfactin. The present study provides a basis for industrial production of surfactin and an understanding of the mutagenesis mechanism. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chunhua Dai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yingxiu Tang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xueting Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ekene Christopher Umego
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Ronghai He
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Haile Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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25
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Valdés-Velasco LM, Favela-Torres E, Théatre A, Arguelles-Arias A, Saucedo-Castañeda JG, Jacques P. Relationship between lipopeptide biosurfactant and primary metabolite production by Bacillus strains in solid-state and submerged fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 345:126556. [PMID: 34923080 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between lipopeptide and primary metabolite production by Bacillus spp. in solid-state fermentation (SSF) and submerged fermentation (SmF) was evaluated. Four wild-type strains and one mutant strain (unable to develop biofilm) were assessed in SSF and SmF, using a defined medium and polyurethane foam as inert support for SSF. Strain ATCC 21,332 in SSF presented the highest lipopeptide production. The wild-type strains revealed higher lipopeptide and biomass production and lower synthesis of primary metabolites in SSF than in SmF. However, the mutant strain showed a slightly higher production of primary metabolites in SSF than in SmF. Carbon balance analysis showed that the carbon flux was mainly directed to lipopeptides in SSF, whereas in SmF, it was directed to the production of primary metabolites and the carbon flux to lipopeptides is inversely related to primary metabolites in both types of cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Marcela Valdés-Velasco
- Department of Biotechnology, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco 186, Colonia Vicentina, 09340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Favela-Torres
- Department of Biotechnology, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco 186, Colonia Vicentina, 09340, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Ariane Théatre
- Microbial Processes and Interactions, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Joint Research Unit BioEcoAgro, UMRt 1158, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Avenue de la Faculté d́ Agronomie, 2B, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Anthony Arguelles-Arias
- Microbial Processes and Interactions, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Joint Research Unit BioEcoAgro, UMRt 1158, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Avenue de la Faculté d́ Agronomie, 2B, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Jesús Gerardo Saucedo-Castañeda
- Department of Biotechnology, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco 186, Colonia Vicentina, 09340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Philippe Jacques
- Microbial Processes and Interactions, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Joint Research Unit BioEcoAgro, UMRt 1158, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Avenue de la Faculté d́ Agronomie, 2B, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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26
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Guez JS, Coucheney F, Guy J, Béchet M, Fontanille P, Chihib NE, Niehren J, Coutte F, Jacques P. Bioinformatics Modelling and Metabolic Engineering of the Branched Chain Amino Acid Pathway for Specific Production of Mycosubtilin Isoforms in Bacillus subtilis. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12020107. [PMID: 35208182 PMCID: PMC8877110 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycosubtilin belongs to the family of lipopeptides. Different isoforms with various antifungal activities can be obtained according to the length and the isomery of the fatty acid. In this work, the activities of the mycosubtilin isoforms were first studied against the pathogen Aspergillus niger, revealing the high activity of the anteiso-C17 isoform. Modification of the mycosubtilin isoform patterns during cultures of the natural strain Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 was then investigated through amino acid feeding experiments. In parallel, single-gene knockouts and single-gene overexpression, leading to the overproduction of the anteiso-C15 fatty acid chains, were predicted using informatics tools which provide logical reasoning with formal models of reaction networks. In this way, it was in silico predicted that the single overexpression of the ilvA gene as well as the single knockout of the codY gene may lead to the overproduction of anteiso-C15 fatty acid chains. For the first time, it has been demonstrated that overexpression of ilvA helps to enhance the furniture of odd anteiso fatty acids leading to a favored mycosubtilin anteiso-C17 production pattern (+41%). Alternatively, a knock-out codY mutant led to a higher furniture of even iso fatty acids, leading to a favored mycosubtilin iso-C16 production pattern (+180%). These results showed that increased selective synthesis of particular isoforms of mycosubtilin through metabolic engineering is feasible, disclosing the interest of these approaches for future development of lipopeptide-producing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Sébastien Guez
- Institut Pascal, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (J.-S.G.); (P.F.)
| | - Françoise Coucheney
- Équipe Métabolites Secondaires d’Origine Microbienne, Institut Charles Viollette, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (F.C.); (J.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Joany Guy
- Équipe Métabolites Secondaires d’Origine Microbienne, Institut Charles Viollette, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (F.C.); (J.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Max Béchet
- Équipe Métabolites Secondaires d’Origine Microbienne, Institut Charles Viollette, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (F.C.); (J.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Pierre Fontanille
- Institut Pascal, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (J.-S.G.); (P.F.)
| | - Nour-Eddine Chihib
- UMR 8207–UMET–Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Centrale Lille, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Joachim Niehren
- Biocomputing Team, Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille CRIStAL, UMR CNRS 9189, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France;
- INRIA, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - François Coutte
- Équipe Métabolites Secondaires d’Origine Microbienne, Institut Charles Viollette, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (F.C.); (J.G.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)-328767497
| | - Philippe Jacques
- Équipe Métabolites Spécialisés d’Origine Microbienne, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, MiPI, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
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27
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Tan W, Yin Y, Wen J. Increasing fengycin production by strengthening the fatty acid synthesis pathway and optimizing fermentation conditions. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Surfactin Stimulated by Pectin Molecular Patterns and Root Exudates Acts as a Key Driver of the Bacillus-Plant Mutualistic Interaction. mBio 2021; 12:e0177421. [PMID: 34724831 PMCID: PMC8561381 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01774-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus velezensis is considered as a model species belonging to the so-called Bacillus subtilis complex that evolved typically to dwell in the soil rhizosphere niche and establish an intimate association with plant roots. This bacterium provides protection to its natural host against diseases and represents one of the most promising biocontrol agents. However, the molecular basis of the cross talk that this bacterium establishes with its natural host has been poorly investigated. We show here that these plant-associated bacteria have evolved a polymer-sensing system to perceive their host and that, in response, they increase the production of the surfactin-type lipopeptide. Furthermore, we demonstrate that surfactin synthesis is favored upon growth on root exudates and that this lipopeptide is a key component used by the bacterium to optimize biofilm formation, motility, and early root colonization. In this specific nutritional context, the bacterium also modulates qualitatively the pattern of surfactin homologues coproduced in planta and forms mainly variants that are the most active at triggering plant immunity. Surfactin represents a shared good as it reinforces the defensive capacity of the host. IMPORTANCE Within the plant-associated microbiome, some bacterial species are of particular interest due to the disease protective effect they provide via direct pathogen suppression and/or stimulation of host immunity. While these biocontrol mechanisms are quite well characterized, we still poorly understand the molecular basis of the cross talk these beneficial bacteria initiate with their host. Here, we show that the model species Bacillus velezensis stimulates the production of the surfactin lipopeptide upon sensing pectin as a cell surface molecular pattern and upon feeding on root exudates. Surfactin favors bacterial rhizosphere fitness on one hand and primes the plant immune system on the other hand. Our data therefore illustrate how both partners use this multifunctional compound as a unique shared good to sustain a mutualistic interaction.
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29
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Zhu Z, Zhang B, Cai Q, Cao Y, Ling J, Lee K, Chen B. A critical review on the environmental application of lipopeptide micelles. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 339:125602. [PMID: 34311406 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The importance of lipopeptide micelles in environmental applications has been highlighted. These vessels exhibit various sizes, shapes, and surface properties under different environmental conditions. An in-depth understanding of the tunable assembling behavior of biosurfactant micelles is of great importance for their applications. However, a systematic review of such behaviors with assorted micro/nano micellar structures under given environmental conditions, particularly under low temperature and high salinity, remains untapped. Such impacts on their environmental applications have yet to be summarized. This review tried to fill the knowledge gaps by providing a comprehensive summary of the recent knowledge advancement in genetically regulated lipopeptides production, micelles associated decontamination mechanisms in low temperature and high salinity environments, and up-to-date environmental applications. This work is expected to deliver valuable insights to guide lipopeptide design and discovery. The mechanisms concluded in this study could inspire the forthcoming research efforts in the advanced environmental application of lipopeptide micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Zhu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Baiyu Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Qinhong Cai
- Biotechnology Research Institute of the National Research Council of Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yiqi Cao
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Jingjing Ling
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Kenneth Lee
- Ecosystem Science, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
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30
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Hu F, Cai W, Lin J, Wang W, Li S. Genetic engineering of the precursor supply pathway for the overproduction of the nC 14-surfactin isoform with promising MEOR applications. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:96. [PMID: 33964901 PMCID: PMC8105922 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01585-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Surfactin, a representative biosurfactant of lipopeptide mainly produced by Bacillus subtilis, consists of a cyclic heptapeptide linked to a β-hydroxy fatty acid chain. The functional activity of surfactin is closely related to the length and isomerism of the fatty acid chain. Results In this study, the fatty acid precursor supply pathway in Bacillus subtilis 168 for surfactin production was strengthened through two steps. Firstly, pathways competing for the precursors were eliminated with inactivation of pps and pks. Secondly, the plant medium-chain acyl-carrier protein (ACP) thioesterase (BTE) from Umbellularia californica was overexpressed. As a result, the surfactin titer after 24 h of cultivation improved by 34%, and the production rate increased from 0.112 to 0.177 g/L/h. The isoforms identified by RP-HPLC and GC–MS showed that the proportion of nC14-surfactin increased 6.4 times compared to the control strain. A comparison of further properties revealed that the product with more nC14-surfactin had higher surface activity and better performance in oil-washing. Finally, the product with more nC14-surfactin isoform had a higher hydrocarbon-emulsification index, and it increased the water-wettability of the oil-saturated silicate surface. Conclusion The obtained results identified that enhancing the supply of fatty acid precursor is very essential for the synthesis of surfactin. At the same time, this study also proved that thioesterase BTE can promote the production of nC14-surfactin and experimentally demonstrated its higher surface activity and better performance in oil-washing. These results are of great significance for the MEOR application of surfactin. Graphic abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxiang Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Weijie Cai
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Junzhang Lin
- Oil Production Research Institute, Shengli Oil Field Ltd. Co. Sinopec, Dongying, 257000, PR China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Oil Production Research Institute, Shengli Oil Field Ltd. Co. Sinopec, Dongying, 257000, PR China
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, PR China.
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31
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Théatre A, Cano-Prieto C, Bartolini M, Laurin Y, Deleu M, Niehren J, Fida T, Gerbinet S, Alanjary M, Medema MH, Léonard A, Lins L, Arabolaza A, Gramajo H, Gross H, Jacques P. The Surfactin-Like Lipopeptides From Bacillus spp.: Natural Biodiversity and Synthetic Biology for a Broader Application Range. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:623701. [PMID: 33738277 PMCID: PMC7960918 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.623701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactin is a lipoheptapeptide produced by several Bacillus species and identified for the first time in 1969. At first, the biosynthesis of this remarkable biosurfactant was described in this review. The peptide moiety of the surfactin is synthesized using huge multienzymatic proteins called NonRibosomal Peptide Synthetases. This mechanism is responsible for the peptide biodiversity of the members of the surfactin family. In addition, on the fatty acid side, fifteen different isoforms (from C12 to C17) can be incorporated so increasing the number of the surfactin-like biomolecules. The review also highlights the last development in metabolic modeling and engineering and in synthetic biology to direct surfactin biosynthesis but also to generate novel derivatives. This large set of different biomolecules leads to a broad spectrum of physico-chemical properties and biological activities. The last parts of the review summarized the numerous studies related to the production processes optimization as well as the approaches developed to increase the surfactin productivity of Bacillus cells taking into account the different steps of its biosynthesis from gene transcription to surfactin degradation in the culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Théatre
- Microbial Processes and Interactions, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Joint Research Unit BioEcoAgro, UMRt 1158, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Avenue de la Faculté, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Carolina Cano-Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marco Bartolini
- Laboratory of Physiology and Genetics of Actinomycetes, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias, Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Yoann Laurin
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Joint Research Unit BioEcoAgro, UMRt 1158, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium.,Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire UMR 7025 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Magali Deleu
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Joint Research Unit BioEcoAgro, UMRt 1158, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Joachim Niehren
- Inria Lille, and BioComputing Team of CRISTAL Lab (CNRS UMR 9189), Lille, France
| | - Tarik Fida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Saïcha Gerbinet
- Chemical Engineering, Products, Environment, and Processes, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mohammad Alanjary
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marnix H Medema
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Angélique Léonard
- Chemical Engineering, Products, Environment, and Processes, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lins
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Joint Research Unit BioEcoAgro, UMRt 1158, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Ana Arabolaza
- Laboratory of Physiology and Genetics of Actinomycetes, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias, Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Hugo Gramajo
- Laboratory of Physiology and Genetics of Actinomycetes, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias, Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Harald Gross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philippe Jacques
- Microbial Processes and Interactions, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Joint Research Unit BioEcoAgro, UMRt 1158, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Avenue de la Faculté, Gembloux, Belgium
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Sun J, Liu Y, Lin F, Lu Z, Lu Y. CodY, ComA, DegU and Spo0A controlling lipopeptides biosynthesis in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens fmbJ. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1289-1304. [PMID: 33460520 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM In the study, we investigated the regulatory effects of these genes (codY, comA, degU and spo0A) on the biosynthesis of three lipopeptides (bacillomycin D, fengycin and surfactin) in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. METHODS AND RESULTS The codY, comA, degU and spo0A genes in B. amyloliquefaciens fmbJ were knocked out. The results showed that the productions of bacillomycin D were significantly reduced compared with that of fmbJ. Their deletion induced great changes in the levels of transcripts specifying metabolic pathways, quorum sensing system and substance transport system in fmbJ. Moreover, overexpression of these genes improved the productions of bacillomycin D. In particular, the overexpression of spo0A enhanced bacillomycin D yield up to 648·9 ± 60·9 mg l-1 from 277·3 ± 30·5 mg l-1 . In addition, the yields of surfactin in fmbJΔcodY and fmbJΔdegU were significantly improved, and the regulatory factor CodY had no significant effect on the synthesis of fengycin. CONCLUSIONS These genes positively regulated the expression of bacillomycin D and fengycin synthase genes in strain fmbJ. However, codY and degU negatively regulated surfactin biosynthesis. Moreover, it was found that CodY had a concentration dependence on bacillomycin D synthesis. Spo0A might play a direct regulatory role in the synthesis and secretion of bacillomycin D. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study indicated that genetic engineering of regulatory genes was an effective strategy to improve the yields of antimicrobial lipopeptides and provided promising strains for industrial production of lipopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - F Lin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Lu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Théatre A, Hoste ACR, Rigolet A, Benneceur I, Bechet M, Ongena M, Deleu M, Jacques P. Bacillus sp.: A Remarkable Source of Bioactive Lipopeptides. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 181:123-179. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2021_182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Bastrzyk A, Fiedot-Toboła M, Maniak H, Polowczyk I, Płaza G. Surfactin as a Green Agent Controlling the Growth of Porous Calcite Microstructures. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155526. [PMID: 32752269 PMCID: PMC7432438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents a new, simple way to obtain mesoporous calcite structures via a green method using an eco-friendly surface-active compound, surfactin, as a controlling agent. The effects of synthesis time and surfactin concentration were investigated. The obtained structures were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) coupled with gas mass spectrometry (QMS) analysis. The experimental data showed that surfactin molecules significantly changed the morphology of the calcite crystals, roughening and deforming the surface and creating a greater specific surface area, even at low biosurfactant concentrations (10 ppm). The size of the crystals was reduced, and the zeta potential value of calcium carbonate was more negative when more biosurfactant was added. The XRD data revealed that the biomolecules were incorporated into the crystals and slowed the transformation of vaterite into calcite. It has been shown that as long as vaterite is present in the medium, the calcite surface will be less deformed. The strong influence of surfactin molecules on the crystal growth of calcium carbonate was due to the interaction of surfactin molecules with free calcium ions in the solution as well as the biomolecules adsorption at the formed crystal surface. The role of micelles in crystal growth was examined, and the mechanism of mesoporous calcium carbonate formation was presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bastrzyk
- Department of Process Engineering and Technology of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (M.F.-T.); Tel.: +48-71-320-32-39 (A.B.); +48-71-734-71-54 (M.F.-T.)
| | - Marta Fiedot-Toboła
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Stabłowicka 147, 54-066 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (M.F.-T.); Tel.: +48-71-320-32-39 (A.B.); +48-71-734-71-54 (M.F.-T.)
| | - Halina Maniak
- Department of Micro, Nano and Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Izabela Polowczyk
- Department of Process Engineering and Technology of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Grażyna Płaza
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Kossutha 6, 40-844 Katowice, Poland;
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Yuan Y, Xu QM, Yu SC, Sun HZ, Cheng JS, Yuan YJ. Control of the polymyxin analog ratio by domain swapping in the nonribosomal peptide synthetase of Paenibacillus polymyxa. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 47:551-562. [PMID: 32495197 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-020-02275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Polymyxins are used as the last-line therapy against multidrug-resistant bacteria. However, their further clinical development needs to solve problems related to the presence of heterogeneous analogs, but there is still no platform or methods that can regulate the biosynthesis of polymyxin analogs. In this study, we present an approach to swap domains in the polymyxin gene cluster to regulate the production of different analogs. Following adenylation domain swapping, the proportion of polymyxin B1 increased from 41.36 to 52.90%, while that of B1-1 decreased from 18.25 to 3.09%. The ratio of polymyxin B1 and B3 following starter condensation domain swapping changed from 41.36 and 16.99 to 55.03 and 6.39%, respectively. The two domain-swapping strains produced 62.96% of polymyxin B1, 6.70% of B3 and 3.32% of B1-1. This study also revealed the presence of overflow fluxes between acetoin, 2,3-butanediol and polymyxin. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of engineering the polymyxin synthetase gene cluster in situ to regulate the relative proportions of polymyxin analogs. This research paves a way for regulating lipopeptide analogs and will facilitate the development of novel lipopeptide derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yuan
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Man Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Binshuixi Road 393, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300387, People's Republic of China.
| | - Si-Cen Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Zhong Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Sheng Cheng
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
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Hydrolysis of surfactin over activated carbon. Bioorg Chem 2019; 93:102896. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Geissler M, Kühle I, Morabbi Heravi K, Altenbuchner J, Henkel M, Hausmann R. Evaluation of surfactin synthesis in a genome reduced Bacillus subtilis strain. AMB Express 2019; 9:84. [PMID: 31190306 PMCID: PMC6562014 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain engineering is often a method of choice towards increasing the yields of the biosurfactant surfactin which is naturally synthesized by many Bacillus spp., most notably Bacillus subtilis. In the current study, a genome reduced B. subtilis 168 strain lacking 10% of the genome was established and tested for its suitability to synthesize surfactin under aerobic and anaerobic conditions at 25 °C, 30 °C, 37 °C and 40 °C. This genome reduced strain was named IIG-Bs20-5-1 and lacks, amongst others, genes synthesizing the lipopeptide plipastatin, the antibiotic bacilysin, toxins and prophages, as well as genes involved in sporulation. Amongst all temperatures tested, 37 °C was overall superior. In comparison to the reference strain JABs24, a surfactin synthesizing variant of B. subtilis 168, strain IIG-Bs20-5-1 was both aerobically and anaerobically superior with respect to specific growth rates µ and yields YX/S. However, in terms of surfactin production, strain JABs24 reached higher absolute concentrations with up to 1147.03 mg/L and 296.37 mg/L under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. Concomitant, strain JABs24 reached higher YP/S and YP/X. Here, an outstanding YP/X of 1.541 g/g was obtained under anaerobic conditions at 37 °C. The current study indicates that the employed genome reduced strain IIG-Bs20-5-1 has several advantages over the strain JABs24 such as better conversion from glucose into biomass and higher growth rates. However, regarding surfactin synthesis and yields, the strain was overall inferior at the investigated temperatures and oxygen conditions. Further studies addressing process development and strain engineering should be performed combining the current observed advantages of the genome reduced strain to increase the surfactin yields and to construct a tailor-made genome reduced strain to realize the theoretically expected advantages of such genome reduced strains.
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Wang C, Cao Y, Wang Y, Sun L, Song H. Enhancing surfactin production by using systematic CRISPRi repression to screen amino acid biosynthesis genes in Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:90. [PMID: 31122258 PMCID: PMC6533722 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Surfactin is a cyclic lipopeptide that is of great industrial use owing to its extraordinary surfactant power and antimicrobial, antiviral, and antitumor activities. Surfactin is synthesized by a condensation reaction in microbes, which uses fatty acids and four kinds of amino acids (l-glutamate, l-aspartate, l-leucine and l-valine) as precursors. Surfactin biosynthesis could be improved by increasing the supply of fatty acids; however, the effect of the regulation of amino acid metabolism on surfactin production was not yet clear. Results In this study, we aimed to improve surfactin production in B. subtilis by repressing the genes on the branch metabolic pathways of amino acid biosynthesis using CRISPRi technology. First, 20 genes were inhibited individually, resulting in 2.5- to 627-fold decreases in transcriptional level as determined by RT-qPCR. Among the 20 recombinant strains, 16 strains obtained higher surfactin titres than that produced by the parent BS168NU-Sd strain (the surfactin production of BS168NU-Sd with only dCas9 but no sgRNA expression was 0.17 g/L). In particular, the strains in which the yrpC, racE or murC genes were inhibited individually produced 0.54, 0.41, or 0.42 g/L surfactin, respectively. All three genes are related to the metabolism of l-glutamate, whose acylation is the first step in the surfactin condensation reaction. Furthermore, these three genes were repressed in combination, and the strain with co-inhibition of yrpC and racE produced 0.75 g/L surfactin, which was 4.69-fold higher than that of the parent strain. In addition, the inhibition of bkdAA and bkdAB, which are related to the metabolism of l-leucine and l-valine, not only improved surfactin production but also increased the proportion of the C14 isoform. Conclusions This study, to the best of our knowledge for the first time, systematically probed the regulatory effect of increasing the supply of amino acids on surfactin production. It provided an effective strategy and a new perspective for systematic studies on surfactin and other amino acid-derived chemicals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-019-1139-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congya Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxiu Cao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongping Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Sun
- Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hao Song
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
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Hu F, Liu Y, Li S. Rational strain improvement for surfactin production: enhancing the yield and generating novel structures. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:42. [PMID: 30819187 PMCID: PMC6394072 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Surfactin, one of the most powerful microbial surfactants, is a lipopeptide-type biosurfactant which combines interesting physicochemical properties and biological activities. However, the high cost caused by its low productivity largely limits the commercial application of surfactin. Hence, many engineered bacterium have also been used to enhance surfactin biosynthesis. This review briefly summarizes the mechanism of surfactin biosynthesis, highlighting the synthesis pathway of N-terminally attached fatty acids, and outlines the main genetic engineering strategies for improving the yield and generating novel structures of surfactin, including promoter engineering, enhancing efflux systems, modifying the transcriptional regulatory genes of surfactin synthase (srfA), genomics and transcriptomics analysis, non ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) domain and combinatorial biosynthesis. Finally, we discuss the future prospects of the research on surfactin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxiang Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuyue Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Wang M, Yu H, Shen Z. Antisense RNA-Based Strategy for Enhancing Surfactin Production in Bacillus subtilis TS1726 via Overexpression of the Unconventional Biotin Carboxylase II To Enhance ACCase Activity. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:251-256. [PMID: 30702274 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The antisense RNA (asRNA) strategy is commonly used to block protein expression and downregulate the contents of metabolites in several microorganisms. Here, we show that the asRNA strategy can also be used to block gfp expression in Bacillus subtilis TS1726, which could further be utilized in the identification of new genes and functions. Via application of this strategy, biotin carboxylase II encoded by yngH (GeneID 939474) was identified to play a more significant role in maintaining acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) activity and enhancing surfactin synthesis compared to those of other ACCase subunits. The yngH gene was then overexpressed in the engineered strain B. subtilis TS1726(yngH). The surfactin titer of TS1726(yngH) increased to 13.37 g/L in a flask culture, representing a 43% increase compared to that of parental strain TS1726. This strategy opens the door to achieving large-scale production and broad application of surfactin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyao Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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Effect of a lipopeptide biosurfactant on the precipitation of calcium carbonate. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 174:145-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wang J, Guo R, Wang W, Ma G, Li S. Insight into the surfactin production of Bacillus velezensis B006 through metabolomics analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 45:1033-1044. [PMID: 30203399 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Bacillus velezensis B006 is a biocontrol agent which functions through effective colonization and surfactin production. To reveal the surfactin-producing mechanism, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry based untargeted metabolomics was performed to compare the metabolite profiles of strain B006 grown in industrial media M3 and M4. Based on the statistical and pathway topology analyses, a total of 31 metabolites with a fold change of less than − 1.0 were screened as the significantly altered metabolites, which distributed in 15 metabolic pathways. Fourteen amino acids involving in the metabolisms of alanine/aspartate/glutamate, glycine/serine/threonine, arginine/proline, glutathione/cysteine/methionine and valine/leucine/isoleucine as well as succinic acid in TCA cycle were identified to be the hub metabolites. Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, glycerolipid metabolism, and pantothenate/CoA biosynthesis also contributed to surfactin production. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the metabolic pathways of B. velezensis on surfactin production, and will benefit the optimization of commercial fermentation for higher surfactin yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Wang
- grid.464356.6 Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road 100193 Beijing China
- Jiangsu Frey Agrochemicals Co. Ltd 222005 Lianyungang Jiangsu China
| | - Rongjun Guo
- grid.464356.6 Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road 100193 Beijing China
| | - Wenchao Wang
- Shanghai ProfLeader Biotech Co. Ltd 200231 Shanghai China
| | - Guizhen Ma
- 0000 0004 1800 0658 grid.443480.f School of Chemical Engineering Huaihai Institute of Technology 222005 Lianyungang Jiangsu China
| | - Shidong Li
- grid.464356.6 Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road 100193 Beijing China
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Heuson E, Etchegaray A, Filipe SL, Beretta D, Chevalier M, Phalip V, Coutte F. Screening of Lipopeptide-Producing Strains of Bacillus sp. Using a New Automated and Sensitive Fluorescence Detection Method. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800314. [PMID: 30430761 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Lipopeptides, such as surfactins are important biosurfactants produced by Bacillus sp. that find applications in many areas (environment, medicine, and food industries). Giving their importance, the use of simple detection methods will facilitate screening and quantification. In the present work, the authors describe a completely automated workflow for the screening of lipopeptide-producing strains, including quantification. First, isolated colonies from environmental samples are automatically picked and inoculated in 96 wells growth plate. After overnight incubation, surfactin produced in the broth is quantified, using a new sensitive fluorescent method. The method uses fluorescein (FL), which is an anionic dye at neutral to alkaline pH and forms a stable complex with the cationic surfactant cetylpiridinium chloride (CPC), quenching fluorescence. Upon addition of surfactin or other lipopeptides, fluorescein is released from the CPC-FL complex and quantified. The robustness of this method is assessed by comparing the quantification results to those conventionally measured by RP-UPLC and the results of strain screening are confirmed by MALDI-ToF analysis. The authors report for the first time the successful application of this analytical method for high-throughput screening of novel lipopeptide-producing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egon Heuson
- University Lille, INRA, ISA, University Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 7394-ICV Institut Charles Viollette, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Augusto Etchegaray
- Faculty of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Rod. D. Pedro I, km 136, Campinas, SP, 13086-900, Brazil
| | - Stephanie L Filipe
- University Lille, INRA, ISA, University Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 7394-ICV Institut Charles Viollette, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Daniel Beretta
- Faculty of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Rod. D. Pedro I, km 136, Campinas, SP, 13086-900, Brazil
| | - Mickaël Chevalier
- University Lille, INRA, ISA, University Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 7394-ICV Institut Charles Viollette, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Vincent Phalip
- University Lille, INRA, ISA, University Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 7394-ICV Institut Charles Viollette, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - François Coutte
- University Lille, INRA, ISA, University Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 7394-ICV Institut Charles Viollette, F-59000, Lille, France
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44
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Ma W, Liu Y, Wang Y, Lv X, Li J, Du G, Liu L. Combinatorial Fine-Tuning of GNA1 and GlmS Expression by 5’-Terminus Fusion Engineering Leads to Overproduction of N-Acetylglucosamine inBacillus subtilis. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800264. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University; No. 1800 Lihu Avenue 214122 Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University; No. 1800 Lihu Avenue 214122 Wuxi China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University; No. 1800 Lihu Avenue 214122 Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University; No. 1800 Lihu Avenue 214122 Wuxi China
| | - Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University; No. 1800 Lihu Avenue 214122 Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University; No. 1800 Lihu Avenue 214122 Wuxi China
| | - Xueqin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University; No. 1800 Lihu Avenue 214122 Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University; No. 1800 Lihu Avenue 214122 Wuxi China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University; No. 1800 Lihu Avenue 214122 Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University; No. 1800 Lihu Avenue 214122 Wuxi China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University; No. 1800 Lihu Avenue 214122 Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University; No. 1800 Lihu Avenue 214122 Wuxi China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University; No. 1800 Lihu Avenue 214122 Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University; No. 1800 Lihu Avenue 214122 Wuxi China
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45
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On the road towards tailor-made rhamnolipids: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8175-8185. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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