1
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Krueger SB, Zimmerman SC. Dynamic Covalent Template-Guided Screen for Nucleic Acid-Targeting Agents. J Med Chem 2022; 65:12417-12426. [PMID: 36099320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trinucleotide repeat diseases such as myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and Huntington's disease (HD) are caused by expanded DNA repeats that can be used as templates to synthesize their own inhibitors. Because it would be particularly advantageous to reversibly assemble multivalent nucleic acid-targeting agents in situ, we sought to develop a target-guided screen that uses dynamic covalent chemistry to identify multitarget inhibitors. We report the synthesis of a library of amine- or aldehyde-containing fragments. The assembly of these fragments led to a diverse set of hit combinations that was confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) in the presence of DM1 and HD repeat sequences. Of interest for both diseases, the resulting hit combinations inhibited transcription selectively and in a cooperative manner in vitro, with inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in the micromolar range. This dynamic covalent library and screening approach could be applied to identify compounds that reversibly assemble on other nucleic acid targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Krueger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Steven C Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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2
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Krueger SB, Lanzendorf AN, Jeon HH, Zimmerman SC. Selective and Reversible Ligand Assembly on the DNA and RNA Repeat Sequences in Myotonic Dystrophy. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200260. [PMID: 35790065 PMCID: PMC9733911 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Small molecule targeting of DNA and RNA sequences has come into focus as a therapeutic strategy for diseases such as myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), a trinucleotide repeat disease characterized by RNA gain-of-function. Herein, we report a novel template-selected, reversible assembly of therapeutic agents in situ via aldehyde-amine condensation. Rationally designed small molecule targeting agents functionalized with either an aldehyde or an amine were synthesized and screened against the target nucleic acid sequence. The assembly of fragments was confirmed by MALDI-MS in the presence of DM1-relevant nucleic acid sequences. The resulting hit combinations of aldehyde and amine inhibited the formation of r(CUG)exp in vitro in a cooperative manner at low micromolar levels and rescued mis-splicing defects in DM1 model cells. This reversible template-selected assembly is a promising approach to achieve cell permeable and multivalent targeting via in situ synthesis and could be applied to other nucleic acid targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Krueger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Amie N Lanzendorf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hyoeun Heather Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Steven C Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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3
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Hagler LD, Luu LM, Tonelli M, Lee J, Hayes SM, Bonson SE, Vergara JI, Butcher SE, Zimmerman SC. Expanded DNA and RNA Trinucleotide Repeats in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Select Their Own Multitarget, Sequence-Selective Inhibitors. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3463-3472. [PMID: 32856901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There are few methods available for the rapid discovery of multitarget drugs. Herein, we describe the template-assisted, target-guided discovery of small molecules that recognize d(CTG) in the expanded d(CTG·CAG) sequence and its r(CUG) transcript that cause myotonic dystrophy type 1. A positive cross-selection was performed using a small library of 30 monomeric alkyne- and azide-containing ligands capable of producing >5000 possible di- and trimeric click products. The monomers were incubated with d(CTG)16 or r(CUG)16 under physiological conditions, and both sequences showed selectivity in the proximity-accelerated azide-alkyne [3+2] cycloaddition click reaction. The limited number of click products formed in both selections and the even smaller number of common products suggests that this method is a useful tool for the discovery of single-target and multitarget lead therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D Hagler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Long M Luu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Marco Tonelli
- National Magnetics Resonance Facility at Madison, Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - JuYeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Samuel M Hayes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sarah E Bonson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - J Ignacio Vergara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Samuel E Butcher
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Steven C Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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4
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Abstract
Bioorthogonal nanocatalysts in the form of 'nanozymes', are promising tools for generating imaging and therapeutic molecules in living systems. These systems use transformations developed by synthetic chemists to effect transformations that cannot be performed by cellular machinery. This emerging platform is rapidly evolving towards the creation of smart nanodevices featuring the capabilities of their enzyme prototypes, modulating catalytic activity through structure as well as chemical and physical signals. Here we describe different strategies to fabricate these nanocatalysts and their potential in diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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5
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Prokofieva DS, Abzianidze VV, Bogachenkov AS. Synthesis and Study on the Potential Anticancer Activity of Phosphinolinium-Type Halide Salts. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s107036321712043x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Itoh
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
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7
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Bioorthogonal Chemistry—Introduction and Overview [corrected]. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:9. [PMID: 27572992 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal chemistry has emerged as a new powerful tool that facilitates the study of structure and function of biomolecules in their native environment. A wide variety of bioorthogonal reactions that can proceed selectively and efficiently under physiologically relevant conditions are now available. The common features of these chemical reactions include: fast kinetics, tolerance to aqueous environment, high selectivity and compatibility with naturally occurring functional groups. The design and development of new chemical transformations in this direction is an important step to meet the growing demands of chemical biology. This chapter aims to introduce the reader to the field by providing an overview on general principles and strategies used in bioorthogonal chemistry. Special emphasis is given to cycloaddition reactions, namely to 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions and Diels-Alder reactions, as chemical transformations that play a predominant role in modern bioconjugation chemistry. The recent advances have established these reactions as an invaluable tool in modern bioorthogonal chemistry. The key aspects of the methodology as well as future outlooks in the field are discussed.
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8
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Parvatkar P, Kato N, Uesugi M, Sato SI, Ohkanda J. Intracellular Generation of a Diterpene-Peptide Conjugate that Inhibits 14-3-3-Mediated Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15624-7. [PMID: 26632868 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic agents that disrupt intracellular protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are highly desirable for elucidating signaling networks and developing new therapeutics. However, designing cell-penetrating large molecules equipped with the many functional groups necessary for binding to large interfaces remains challenging. Here, we describe a rational strategy for the intracellular oxime ligation-mediated generation of an amphipathic bivalent inhibitor composed of a peptide and diterpene natural product, fusicoccin, which binds 14-3-3 protein with submicromolar affinity. Our results demonstrate that co-treatment of cells with small module molecules, the aldehyde-containing fusicoccin 1 and the aminooxy-containing peptide 2, generates the corresponding conjugate 3 in cells, resulting in significant cytotoxicity. In contrast, chemically synthesized 3 is not cytotoxic, likely due to its inability to penetrate cells. Compound 3, but not 1 or 2, disrupts endogenous 14-3-3/cRaf interactions, suggesting that cell death is caused by inhibition of 14-3-3 activity. These results suggest that intracellular generation of large-sized molecules may serve as a new approach for modulating PPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Parvatkar
- Institute for Chemical Research and Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kato
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University , 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Motonari Uesugi
- Institute for Chemical Research and Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Sato
- Institute for Chemical Research and Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Junko Ohkanda
- Institute for Chemical Research and Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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9
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Tra VN, Dube DH. Glycans in pathogenic bacteria--potential for targeted covalent therapeutics and imaging agents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:4659-73. [PMID: 24647371 PMCID: PMC4049282 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00660g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A substantial obstacle to the existing treatment of bacterial diseases is the lack of specific probes that can be used to diagnose and treat pathogenic bacteria in a selective manner while leaving the microbiome largely intact. To tackle this problem, there is an urgent need to develop pathogen-specific therapeutics and diagnostics. Here, we describe recent evidence that indicates distinctive glycans found exclusively on pathogenic bacteria could form the basis of targeted therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. In particular, we highlight the use of metabolic oligosaccharide engineering to covalently deliver therapeutics and imaging agents to bacterial glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van N Tra
- Bowdoin College, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Brunswick, Maine, USA.
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10
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Isaacman S, Buckley M, Wang X, Wang EY, Liebes L, Canary JW. Targeted amplification of delivery to cell surface receptors by dendrimer self-assembly. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1290-3. [PMID: 24513050 PMCID: PMC5090713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanometer-scale architectures assembled on cell surface receptors from smaller macromolecular constituents generated a large amplification of fluorescence. A targeted dendrimer was synthesized from a cystamine-core G4 PAMAM dendrimer, and contained an anti-BrE3 monoclonal antibody as the targeting group, several fluorophores and an average of 12 aldehyde moieties as complementary bio-orthogonal reactive sites for the covalent assembly. A cargo dendrimer, derived from a PAMAM G4 dendrimer, contained several fluorophores as the cargo for delivery and five hydrazine moieties as complimentary bio-orthogonal reactive sites. The system is designed to be flexible and allow for facile incorporation of a variety of targeting ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Isaacman
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Nanometics LLC, 111 Great Neck Rd, Suite 212, Great Neck, NY 11021, USA
| | - Michael Buckley
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xiaojian Wang
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Edwin Y Wang
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Leonard Liebes
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - James W Canary
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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11
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Oueis E, Santoni G, Ronco C, Syzgantseva O, Tognetti V, Joubert L, Romieu A, Weik M, Jean L, Sabot C, Nachon F, Renard PY. Reaction site-driven regioselective synthesis of AChE inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:156-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42109k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Itoh Y, Miyata N, Suzuki T. Target-guided Synthesis: Medicinal Chemistry Strategy to Allow Target Enzymes Themselves to Synthesize their Own Inhibitors. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2014. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.72.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Sharpless KB, Manetsch R. In situ click chemistry: a powerful means for lead discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 1:525-38. [PMID: 23506064 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.1.6.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Combinatorial chemistry and parallel synthesis are important and regularly applied tools for lead identification and optimisation, although they are often accompanied by challenges related to the efficiency of library synthesis and the purity of the compound library. In the last decade, novel means of lead discovery approaches have been investigated where the biological target is actively involved in the synthesis of its own inhibitory compound. These fragment-based approaches, also termed target-guided synthesis (TGS), show great promise in lead discovery applications by combining the synthesis and screening of libraries of low molecular weight compounds in a single step. Of all the TGS methods, the kinetically controlled variant is the least well known, but it has the potential to emerge as a reliable lead discovery method. The kinetically controlled TGS approach, termed in situ click chemistry, is discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Barry Sharpless
- WM Keck Professor, Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, BCC-315 La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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14
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From In Situ to In Vivo: An In Situ Click-Chemistry-Derived Carbonic Anhydrase II Imaging Agent for Positron Emission Tomography. ChemMedChem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Grimster NP, Stump B, Fotsing JR, Weide T, Talley TT, Yamauchi JG, Nemecz Á, Kim C, Ho KY, Sharpless KB, Taylor P, Fokin VV. Generation of candidate ligands for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors via in situ click chemistry with a soluble acetylcholine binding protein template. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:6732-40. [PMID: 22394239 DOI: 10.1021/ja3001858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are responsible for mediating key physiological functions, are ubiquitous in the central and peripheral nervous systems. As members of the Cys loop ligand-gated ion channel family, neuronal nAChRs are pentameric, composed of various permutations of α (α2 to α10) and β (β2 to β4) subunits forming functional heteromeric or homomeric receptors. Diversity in nAChR subunit composition complicates the development of selective ligands for specific subtypes, since the five binding sites reside at the subunit interfaces. The acetylcholine binding protein (AChBP), a soluble extracellular domain homologue secreted by mollusks, serves as a general structural surrogate for the nAChRs. In this work, homomeric AChBPs from Lymnaea and Aplysia snails were used as in situ templates for the generation of novel and potent ligands that selectively bind to these proteins. The cycloaddition reaction between building-block azides and alkynes to form stable 1,2,3-triazoles was used to generate the leads. The extent of triazole formation on the AChBP template correlated with the affinity of the triazole product for the nicotinic ligand binding site. Instead of the in situ protein-templated azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction occurring at a localized, sequestered enzyme active center as previously shown, we demonstrate that the in situ reaction can take place at the subunit interfaces of an oligomeric protein and can thus be used as a tool for identifying novel candidate nAChR ligands. The crystal structure of one of the in situ-formed triazole-AChBP complexes shows binding poses and molecular determinants of interactions predicted from structures of known agonists and antagonists. Hence, the click chemistry approach with an in situ template of a receptor provides a novel synthetic avenue for generating candidate agonists and antagonists for ligand-gated ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil P Grimster
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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16
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Dutta D, Pulsipher A, Luo W, Mak H, Yousaf MN. Engineering cell surfaces via liposome fusion. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:2423-33. [PMID: 22054009 DOI: 10.1021/bc200236m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have rewired cell surfaces with ketone and oxyamine molecules based on liposome fusion for applications in cell-surface engineering. Lipid vesicles, functionalized with ketone and oxyamine molecules, display complementary chemistry and undergo recognition, docking, and subsequent fusion upon covalent oxime bond formation. Liposome fusion was characterized by several techniques including matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), light scattering, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). When cultured with cells, ketone- and oxyamine-containing liposomes undergo spontaneous membrane fusion to present the respective molecules from cell surfaces. Ketone-functionalized cell surfaces serve as sites for chemoselective ligation with oxyamine-conjugated molecules. We tailored and fluorescently labeled cell surfaces with an oxyamine-conjugated rhodamine dye. As an application of this cell-surface engineering strategy, ketone- and oxyamine-functionalized cells were patterned on oxyamine- and ketone-presenting surfaces, respectively. Cells adhered, spread, and proliferated in the patterned regions via interfacial oxime linkage. The number of ketone molecules on the cell surface was also quantified by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjit Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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17
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Abstract
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Bioorthogonal reactions are chemical reactions that neither interact
with nor interfere with a biological system. The participating functional
groups must be inert to biological moieties, must selectively reactive
with each other under biocompatible conditions, and, for in
vivo applications, must be nontoxic to cells and organisms.
Additionally, it is helpful if one reactive group is small and therefore
minimally perturbing of a biomolecule into which it has been introduced
either chemically or biosynthetically. Examples from the past decade
suggest that a promising strategy for bioorthogonal reaction development
begins with an analysis of functional group and reactivity space outside
those defined by Nature. Issues such as stability of reactants and
products (particularly in water), kinetics, and unwanted side reactivity
with biofunctionalities must be addressed, ideally guided by detailed
mechanistic studies. Finally, the reaction must be tested in a variety
of environments, escalating from aqueous media to biomolecule solutions
to cultured cells and, for the most optimized transformations, to
live organisms. Work in our laboratory led to the development of two bioorthogonal
transformations that exploit the azide as a small, abiotic, and bioinert
reaction partner: the Staudinger ligation and strain-promoted azide–alkyne
cycloaddition. The Staudinger ligation is based on the classic Staudinger
reduction of azides with triarylphosphines first reported in 1919.
In the ligation reaction, the intermediate aza-ylide undergoes intramolecular
reaction with an ester, forming an amide bond faster than aza-ylide
hydrolysis would otherwise occur in water. The Staudinger ligation
is highly selective and reliably forms its product in environs as
demanding as live mice. However, the Staudinger ligation has some
liabilities, such as the propensity of phosphine reagents to undergo
air oxidation and the relatively slow kinetics of the reaction. The Staudinger ligation takes advantage of the electrophilicity
of the azide; however, the azide can also participate in cycloaddition
reactions. In 1961, Wittig and Krebs noted that the strained, cyclic
alkyne cyclooctyne reacts violently when combined neat with phenyl
azide, forming a triazole product by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. This
observation stood in stark contrast to the slow kinetics associated
with 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides with unstrained, linear alkynes,
the conventional Huisgen process. Notably, the reaction of azides
with terminal alkynes can be accelerated dramatically by copper catalysis
(this highly popular Cu-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition
(CuAAC) is a quintessential “click” reaction). However,
the copper catalysts are too cytotoxic for long-term exposure with
live cells or organisms. Thus, for applications of bioorthogonal chemistry
in living systems, we built upon Wittig and Krebs’ observation
with the design of cyclooctyne reagents that react rapidly and selectively
with biomolecule-associated azides. This strain-promoted azide–alkyne
cycloaddition is often referred to as “Cu-free click chemistry”.
Mechanistic and theoretical studies inspired the design of a series
of cyclooctyne compounds bearing fluorine substituents, fused rings,
and judiciously situated heteroatoms, with the goals of optimizing
azide cycloaddition kinetics, stability, solubility, and pharmacokinetic
properties. Cyclooctyne reagents have now been used for labeling azide-modified
biomolecules on cultured cells and in live Caenorhabditis
elegans, zebrafish, and mice. As this special issue testifies, the field of bioorthogonal chemistry
is firmly established as a challenging frontier of reaction methodology
and an important new instrument for biological discovery. The above
reactions, as well as several newcomers with bioorthogonal attributes,
have enabled the high-precision chemical modification of biomolecules in vitro, as well as real-time visualization of molecules
and processes in cells and live organisms. The consequence is an impressive
body of new knowledge and technology, amassed using a relatively small
bioorthogonal reaction compendium. Expansion of this toolkit, an effort
that is already well underway, is an important objective for chemists
and biologists alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M. Sletten
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and §Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley,
California 94720, United States
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and §Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley,
California 94720, United States
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18
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Vijaya Raghava Reddy L, Venkat Reddy P, Mishra NN, Shukla PK, Yadav G, Srivastava R, Shaw AK. Synthesis and biological evaluation of glycal-derived novel tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3-triazoles by ‘click’ chemistry. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1515-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Mamidyala SK, Finn MG. In situ click chemistry: probing the binding landscapes of biological molecules. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:1252-61. [PMID: 20309485 DOI: 10.1039/b901969n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Combinatorial approaches to the discovery of new functional molecules are well established among chemists and biologists, inspired in large measure by the modular composition of many systems and molecules in Nature. Many approaches rely on the synthesis and testing of individual members of a candidate combinatorial library, but attention has also been paid to techniques that allow the target to self-assemble its own binding agents. These fragment-based methods, grouped under the general heading of target-guided synthesis (TGS), show great promise in lead discovery applications. In this tutorial review, we review the use of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of organic azides and alkynes in a kinetically-controlled TGS approach, termed in situ click chemistry. The azide-alkyne reaction has several distinct advantages, most notably high chemoselectivity, very low background ligation rates, facile synthetic accessibility, and the stability and properties of the 1,2,3-triazole products. Examples of the discovery of potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterases, carbonic anhydrase, HIV-protease, and chitinase are described, as are methods for the templated assembly of agents that bind DNA and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeman K Mamidyala
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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20
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Abstract
In the last decade, various target-guided synthesis (TGS) approaches have been developed in which a target protein is actively engaged in the assembly of its own bidentate ligand from a pool of smaller reactive fragments. Although TGS is relatively less explored, it demonstrates great promise to streamline drug discovery by combining screening and synthesis into a single step. Herein, we focus on the class of kinetic TGS approaches which utilize irreversible reactions to combine two reactive fragments into the inhibitory compound. These kinetic TGS applications have been successful due to the unique combination of the slow nature of the chemical reaction combining the two fragments into a single molecule and the use of reactive fragments displaying good affinities toward one of the binding sites. So far, kinetic TGS and especially in situ click chemistry, a kinetic TGS variant using the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides and alkynes, have led to the identification of highly potent inhibitors. This tutorial review focuses on kinetic TGS approaches aside from those employing the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides and alkynes, and discusses the features and advantages of these TGS approaches in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, CHE205 A, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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Hirose T, Sunazuka T, Ōmura S. Recent development of two chitinase inhibitors, Argifin and Argadin, produced by soil microorganisms. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2010; 86:85-102. [PMID: 20154467 PMCID: PMC3417560 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.86.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature, occurs in fungi, some algae and many invertebrates, including insects. Thus, chitin synthesis and degradation could represent specific targets for fungicides and insecticides. Chitinases hydrolyze chitin into oligomers of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine at key points in the life cycles of organisms, consequently, chitinase inhibitors have become subject of increasing interest. This review covers the development of two chitinase inhibitors of natural origin, Argifin and Argadin, isolated from the cultured broth of microorganisms in our laboratory. In particular, the practical total synthesis of these natural products, the synthesis of lead compounds via computer-aided rational molecular design, and discovery methods that generate only highly-active compounds using a kinetic target(chitinase)-guided synthesis approach (termed in situ click chemistry) are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyasu Hirose
- The Kitasato Institute, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Sunazuka
- The Kitasato Institute, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: T. Sunazuka and S. Ōmura, The Kitasato Institute and Kitasato Institute for Life Science and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan (e-mail: and )
| | - Satoshi Ōmura
- The Kitasato Institute, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: T. Sunazuka and S. Ōmura, The Kitasato Institute and Kitasato Institute for Life Science and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan (e-mail: and )
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Du J, Meledeo MA, Wang Z, Khanna HS, Paruchuri VDP, Yarema KJ. Metabolic glycoengineering: sialic acid and beyond. Glycobiology 2009; 19:1382-401. [PMID: 19675091 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This report provides a perspective on metabolic glycoengineering methodology developed over the past two decades that allows natural sialic acids to be replaced with chemical variants in living cells and animals. Examples are given demonstrating how this technology provides the glycoscientist with chemical tools that are beginning to reproduce Mother Nature's control over complex biological systems - such as the human brain - through subtle modifications in sialic acid chemistry. Several metabolic substrates (e.g., ManNAc, Neu5Ac, and CMP-Neu5Ac analogs) can be used to feed flux into the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway resulting in numerous - and sometime quite unexpected - biological repercussions upon nonnatural sialoside display in cellular glycans. Once on the cell surface, ketone-, azide-, thiol-, or alkyne-modified glycans can be transformed with numerous ligands via bioorthogonal chemoselective ligation reactions, greatly increasing the versatility and potential application of this technology. Recently, sialic acid glycoengineering methodology has been extended to other pathways with analog incorporation now possible in surface-displayed GalNAc and fucose residues as well as nucleocytoplasmic O-GlcNAc-modified proteins. Finally, recent efforts to increase the "druggability" of sugar analogs used in metabolic glycoengineering, which have resulted in unanticipated "scaffold-dependent" activities, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Hirose T, Sunazuka T, Sugawara A, Endo A, Iguchi K, Yamamoto T, Ui H, Shiomi K, Watanabe T, Sharpless KB, Ōmura S. Chitinase inhibitors: extraction of the active framework from natural argifin and use of in situ click chemistry. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2009; 62:277-82. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2009.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Whiting M, Muldoon J, Lin YC, Silverman SM, Lindstrom W, Olson AJ, Kolb HC, Finn MG, Sharpless KB, Elder JH, Fokin VV. Inhibitors of HIV-1 Protease by Using In Situ Click Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200502161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Whiting M, Muldoon J, Lin YC, Silverman SM, Lindstrom W, Olson AJ, Kolb HC, Finn MG, Sharpless KB, Elder JH, Fokin VV. Inhibitors of HIV-1 Protease by Using In Situ Click Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:1435-9. [PMID: 16425339 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200502161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Whiting
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, BCC-315, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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26
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Abstract
Dissecting complex cellular processes requires the ability to track biomolecules as they function within their native habitat. Although genetically encoded tags such as GFP are widely used to monitor discrete proteins, they can cause significant perturbations to a protein's structure and have no direct extension to other classes of biomolecules such as glycans, lipids, nucleic acids and secondary metabolites. In recent years, an alternative tool for tagging biomolecules has emerged from the chemical biology community--the bioorthogonal chemical reporter. In a prototypical experiment, a unique chemical motif, often as small as a single functional group, is incorporated into the target biomolecule using the cell's own biosynthetic machinery. The chemical reporter is then covalently modified in a highly selective fashion with an exogenously delivered probe. This review highlights the development of bioorthogonal chemical reporters and reactions and their application in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Prescher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Krasiński A, Radić Z, Manetsch R, Raushel J, Taylor P, Sharpless KB, Kolb HC. In Situ Selection of Lead Compounds by Click Chemistry: Target-Guided Optimization of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:6686-92. [PMID: 15869290 DOI: 10.1021/ja043031t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The target-guided, in situ click chemistry approach to lead discovery has been successfully employed for discovering acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors by incubating a selected enzyme/tacrine azide combination with a variety of acetylene reagents that were not previously known to interact with the enzyme's peripheral binding site. The triazole products, formed by the enzyme, were identified by HPLC-mass spectrometry analysis of the crude reaction mixtures. The target-guided lead discovery search was also successful when performed with reagent mixtures containing up to 10 components. From 23 acetylene reagents, the enzyme selected two phenyltetrahydroisoquinoline (PIQ) building blocks that combined with the tacrine azide within the active center gorge to form multivalent inhibitors that simultaneously associate with the active and peripheral binding sites. These new inhibitors are up to 3 times as potent as our previous phenylphenanthridinium-derived compounds, and with dissociation constants as low as 33 femtomolar, they are the most potent noncovalent AChE inhibitors known. In addition, the new compounds lack a permanent positive charge and aniline groups and possess fewer fused aromatic rings. Remarkably, despite the high binding affinity, the enzyme displayed a surprisingly low preference for one PIQ enantiomer over the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Krasiński
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Mocharla VP, Colasson B, Lee LV, Röper S, Sharpless KB, Wong CH, Kolb HC. In situ click chemistry: enzyme-generated inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase II. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004; 44:116-20. [PMID: 15599912 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vani P Mocharla
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP-227, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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29
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Mocharla VP, Colasson B, Lee LV, Röper S, Sharpless KB, Wong CH, Kolb HC. In Situ Click Chemistry: Enzyme-Generated Inhibitors of Carbonic Anhydrase II. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200461580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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30
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Manetsch R, Krasiński A, Radić Z, Raushel J, Taylor P, Sharpless KB, Kolb HC. In Situ Click Chemistry: Enzyme Inhibitors Made to Their Own Specifications. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:12809-18. [PMID: 15469276 DOI: 10.1021/ja046382g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The in situ click chemistry approach to lead discovery employs the biological target itself for assembling inhibitors from complementary building block reagents via irreversible connection chemistry. The present publication discusses the optimization of this target-guided strategy using acetylcholinesterase (AChE) as a test system. The application of liquid chromatography with mass spectroscopic detection in the selected ion mode for product identification greatly enhanced the sensitivity and reliability of this method. It enabled the testing of multicomponent mixtures, which may dramatically increase the in situ screening throughput. In addition to the previously reported in situ product syn-TZ2PA6, we discovered three new inhibitors, syn-TZ2PA5, syn-TA2PZ6, and syn-TA2PZ5, derived from tacrine and phenylphenanthridinium azides and acetylenes, in the reactions with Electrophorus electricus and mouse AChE. All in situ-generated compounds were extremely potent AChE inhibitors, because of the presence of multiple sites of interaction, which include the newly formed triazole nexus as a significant pharmacophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Manetsch
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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31
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Abstract
Click chemistry is a modular approach that uses only the most practical and reliable chemical transformations. Its applications are increasingly found in all aspects of drug discovery, ranging from lead finding through combinatorial chemistry and target-templated in situ chemistry, to proteomics and DNA research, using bioconjugation reactions. The copper-(I)-catalyzed 1,2,3-triazole formation from azides and terminal acetylenes is a particularly powerful linking reaction, due to its high degree of dependability, complete specificity, and the bio-compatibility of the reactants. The triazole products are more than just passive linkers; they readily associate with biological targets, through hydrogen bonding and dipole interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmuth C Kolb
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP-227, La Jolla CA 92037, USA.
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32
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Datta D, Wang P, Carrico IS, Mayo SL, Tirrell DA. A designed phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase variant allows efficient in vivo incorporation of aryl ketone functionality into proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:5652-3. [PMID: 12010034 DOI: 10.1021/ja0177096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of non-natural amino acids into proteins in vivo expands the scope of protein synthesis and design. p-Acetylphenylalanine was incorporated into recombinant dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) in Escherichia coli via a computationally designed mutant form of the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase of the host. DHFR outfitted with ketone functionality can be chemoselectively ligated with hydrazide reagents under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepshikha Datta
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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33
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Hochgürtel M, Kroth H, Piecha D, Hofmann MW, Nicolau C, Krause S, Schaaf O, Sonnenmoser G, Eliseev AV. Target-induced formation of neuraminidase inhibitors from in vitro virtual combinatorial libraries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:3382-7. [PMID: 11891312 PMCID: PMC122532 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.052703799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase, a key enzyme responsible for influenza virus propagation, has been used as a template for selective synthesis of small subsets of its own inhibitors from theoretically highly diverse dynamic combinatorial libraries. We show that the library building blocks, aldehydes and amines, form significant amounts of the library components resulting from their coupling by reductive amination only in the presence of the enzyme. The target amplifies the best hits at least 120-fold. The dynamic libraries synthesized and screened in such an in vitro virtual mode form the components that possess high inhibitory activity, as confirmed by enzyme assays with independently synthesized individual compounds.
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35
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36
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Abstract
Dynamic covalent chemistry relates to chemical reactions carried out reversibly under conditions of equilibrium control. The reversible nature of the reactions introduces the prospects of "error checking" and "proof-reading" into synthetic processes where dynamic covalent chemistry operates. Since the formation of products occurs under thermodynamic control, product distributions depend only on the relative stabilities of the final products. In kinetically controlled reactions, however, it is the free energy differences between the transition states leading to the products that determines their relative proportions. Supramolecular chemistry has had a huge impact on synthesis at two levels: one is noncovalent synthesis, or strict self-assembly, and the other is supramolecular assistance to molecular synthesis, also referred to as self-assembly followed by covalent modification. Noncovalent synthesis has given us access to finite supermolecules and infinite supramolecular arrays. Supramolecular assistance to covalent synthesis has been exploited in the construction of more-complex systems, such as interlocked molecular compounds (for example, catenanes and rotaxanes) as well as container molecules (molecular capsules). The appealing prospect of also synthesizing these types of compounds with complex molecular architectures using reversible covalent bond forming chemistry has led to the development of dynamic covalent chemistry. Historically, dynamic covalent chemistry has played a central role in the development of conformational analysis by opening up the possibility to be able to equilibrate configurational isomers, sometimes with base (for example, esters) and sometimes with acid (for example, acetals). These stereochemical "balancing acts" revealed another major advantage that dynamic covalent chemistry offers the chemist, which is not so easily accessible in the kinetically controlled regime: the ability to re-adjust the product distribution of a reaction, even once the initial products have been formed, by changing the reaction's environment (for example, concentration, temperature, presence or absence of a template). This highly transparent, yet tremendously subtle, characteristic of dynamic covalent chemistry has led to key discoveries in polymer chemistry. In this review, some recent examples where dynamic covalent chemistry has been demonstrated are shown to emphasise the basic concepts of this area of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Rowan
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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37
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Abstract
Antibody 38C2 catalyzed a retro-aldol process upon dendritic modified aliphatic polyesters. This catalytic system was studied in detail and displayed rate enhancements, k(cat)/k(uncat), of greater than 10(6). These antibody-catalyzed reactions took place in a stepwise manner yielding partially modified aldol-dendrimers until a fully substituted aldehyde dendrimer was formed. The catalytic antibody 38C2 only reacted with surface-exposed aldol moieties and did not significantly interact with the core groups for dendrons 4 and 8. For a higher generation dendron 8 the rate of unmasking slightly decreased presumably due to steric crowding of the aldol functionalities. In addition, catalytic antibody 38C2 was able to selectively differentiate block-hybrid dendrons and was regiospecific in the retro-aldol reaction of dendron 21. This is an inaugural report of a catalytic antibody utilizing dendrimers as substrates and suggests that antibodies could be used as selective catalysts for the controlled release and activation of specific molecules attached to biodegradable polymeric materials. Furthermore, this is the first example of catalytic antibody 38C2 displaying regioselectivity on a multifunctional aldol substrate. Important for synthetic applications is the antibody's ability to selectively differentiate regions on dendritic substrates and produce partly aldol functionalized dendrons under conditions mild enough to avoid beta-elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Córdova
- Department of Chemistry, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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38
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Cooper WA, Bartier WA, Rideout DC, Delikatny EJ. 1H NMR visible lipids are induced by phosphonium salts and 5-fluorouracil in human breast cancer cells. Magn Reson Med 2001; 45:1001-10. [PMID: 11378877 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cationic lipophilic phosphonium salts (CLPS) selectively accumulate in the mitochondria of neoplastic cells and inhibit mitochondrial function. The effects of the CLPS p-(triphenylphosphoniummethyl) benzaldehyde chloride (drug A), and [4-(hydrazinocarboxy)-1-butyl] tris-(4-dimethylaminophenyl) phosphonium chloride (drug B), on human breast cells of differing biological properties were assessed using growth inhibition assays and 1H NMR. Drug A and, to a lesser extent, drug B demonstrated selective growth inhibition of the highly tumorigenic DU4475 breast carcinoma cell line compared to the transformed HBL-100 human breast cell line. However, in contrast to previous studies using other cell lines, no synergistic activity was found when the drugs were used in combination. 1H NMR demonstrated significant increases in mobile lipid acyl chain resonances in both cell lines treated with cytotoxic doses (IC50, 48 h) of the drugs used either alone or in combination. Two-dimensional NMR revealed accompanying decreases in phosphocholine/Lys levels in HBL-100 cells treated with A, B, or a 1:1 combination A+B at the IC50, and in DU4475 cells treated with drug A (IC50). This was accompanied by significant increases in cho/Lys ratios with IC50 A or combination A+B treatment. Similar spectra were observed in cells treated with 5-fluorouracil but not methotrexate, indicating that mobile lipid accumulation is a general but not universal response to cytotoxic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Cooper
- Department of Cancer Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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39
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Bonnet D, Thiam K, Loing E, Melnyk O, Gras-Masse H. Synthesis by chemoselective ligation and biological evaluation of novel cell-permeable PKC-zeta pseudosubstrate lipopeptides. J Med Chem 2001; 44:468-71. [PMID: 11462985 DOI: 10.1021/jm000920s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability of lipopeptides to passively cross the cell membrane opens new opportunities for the intracellular delivery of bioactive peptides. However, the production of large series of cell-permeable lipopeptides is not trivial due to their generally low solubility. We have evaluated the possibility of associating the fatty acid to the functional cargo using generally applicable ligation chemistries. To this end, we have designed an amphiphilic shuttle in which arginine residues served to solubilize the lipid part in aqueous media, during both the assembly of the lipopeptide and the cellular assays. Our model peptide, the pseudosubstrate sequence of protein kinase C-zeta (PKC-zeta), was associated to the pentapeptide Gly-Arg-Gly-Arg-Lys(Pam)-NH2 through thiazolidine, thioether, disulfide, or hydrazone linkages. The cytoplasm import of the resulting constructs was monitored through the quantification of the apoptosis specifically induced by PKC-zeta inhibition. Our observations suggested the interest of this noninvasive cellular import method to modulate the activity of an intracytoplasmic pharmacological target and showed the influence of a non-amide link created between the functional peptide and the lipidic vector: optimal results, in terms of both specific activity and low basal cytotoxicity, were obtained with the thiazolidine ligation product.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bonnet
- Institut of Biology and Pasteur Institute of Lille, University of Lille II, UMR 8525 CNRS, France
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40
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Mahal LK, Yarema KJ, Bertozzi CR. Engineering chemical reactivity on cell surfaces through oligosaccharide biosynthesis. Science 1997; 276:1125-8. [PMID: 9173543 DOI: 10.1126/science.276.5315.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell surface oligosaccharides can be engineered to display unusual functional groups for the selective chemical remodeling of cell surfaces. An unnatural derivative of N-acetyl-mannosamine, which has a ketone group, was converted to the corresponding sialic acid and incorporated into cell surface oligosaccharides metabolically, resulting in the cell surface display of ketone groups. The ketone group on the cell surface can then be covalently ligated under physiological conditions with molecules carrying a complementary reactive functional group such as the hydrazide. Cell surface reactions of this kind should prove useful in the introduction of new recognition epitopes, such as peptides, oligosaccharides, or small organic molecules, onto cell surfaces and in the subsequent modulation of cell-cell or cell-small molecule binding events. The versatility of this technology was demonstrated by an example of selective drug delivery. Cells were decorated with biotin through selective conjugation to ketone groups, and selectively killed in the presence of a ricin A chain-avidin conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Mahal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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41
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Rideout D. Self-assembling drugs: a new approach to biochemical modulation in cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Invest 1994; 12:189-202; discussion 268-9. [PMID: 8131094 DOI: 10.3109/07357909409024874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Rideout
- Department of Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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42
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Rideout D, Bustamante A, Siuzdak G. Cationic drug analysis using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: application to influx kinetics, multidrug resistance, and intracellular chemical change. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:10226-9. [PMID: 8234281 PMCID: PMC47747 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.21.10226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly sensitive and convenient analysis of intracellular cationic drugs has been achieved by applying matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALD-MS). Tetraphenylphosphonium cation was readily identified and quantified (using methyltriphenylphosphonium cation as an internal standard) at subpicomole levels in crude lysate from < 4 x 10(3) FaDu human hypopharyngeal carcinoma cells. A quantitative MALD-MS time course for tetraphenylphosphonium cation accumulation into FaDu cells was comparable to a time course using scintillation counting with tritiated tetraphenylphosphonium. MALD-MS was also capable of demonstrating the reduced accumulation of the cationic drug rhodamine-123 by DoxR MCF7, a multiply drug-resistant human breast adenocarcinoma cell line, relative to the nonresistant parent line MCF7. In addition, MALD-MS was used to follow a chemical reaction inside intact FaDu cells: the formation of a hydrazone (II-51) from benzaldehyde and an acylhydrazide, 5-[tris(4-dimethylaminophenyl)phosphonio]pentanoyl hydrazide (II-25). These results suggest that MALD-MS may provide a rapid and practical alternative to existing methods for the analysis of cationic drugs, toxins, and their metabolites in cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rideout
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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43
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Rotenberg SA, Calogeropoulou T, Jaworski JS, Weinstein IB, Rideout D. A self-assembling protein kinase C inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:2490-4. [PMID: 2006184 PMCID: PMC51258 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.6.2490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have described a dicationic anticarcinoma agent that can chemically assemble in situ from monocationic phosphonium salts. The chemical combination of these monocationic precursors in the micromolar concentration range, occurring after their uptake by cells, was probably responsible for their synergistic inhibition of cell growth and for their selective cytotoxicity to Ehrlich ascites murine carcinoma cells relative to untransformed epithelial cells. Here, we report that the dicationic product that forms in this assembly reaction is an in vitro inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC) alpha and beta 1 isoforms, exhibiting IC50 values of 20.4 microM and 35 microM, respectively. The monocationic precursors proved to be much weaker inhibitors of PKC (IC50 values greater than 200 microM). When PKC is exposed to combinations of the two precursors, the enzymatic activity decreases steadily as a function of time. Using dose-response data and HPLC kinetic studies, we show that when the two precursor compounds are added as a combination to PKC under these conditions, the rate of formation of the inhibitory product follows the observed time course of decline in PKC activity under identical conditions. We discuss the possibility that antiproliferative effects against carcinoma cells of the preformed dication and of the combined monocationic precursors involve inhibition of PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Rotenberg
- Columbia University, Institute of Cancer Research, New York, NY 10032
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