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Cho Y, Laird MS, Bishop T, Li R, Jazwinska DE, Ruffo E, Lohmueller J, Zervantonakis IK. CAR T cell infiltration and cytotoxic killing within the core of 3D breast cancer spheroids under the control of antigen sensing in microwell arrays. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:036105. [PMID: 39049849 PMCID: PMC11268919 DOI: 10.1063/5.0207941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in blood cancers has intensified efforts to develop CAR T therapies for solid cancers. In the solid tumor microenvironment, CAR T cell trafficking and suppression of cytotoxic killing represent limiting factors for therapeutic efficacy. Here, we present a microwell platform to study CAR T cell interactions with 3D breast tumor spheroids and determine predictors of anti-tumor CAR T cell function. To precisely control antigen sensing, we utilized a switchable adaptor CAR system that covalently attaches to co-administered antibody adaptors and mediates antigen recognition. Following the addition of an anti-HER2 adaptor antibody, primary human CAR T cells exhibited higher infiltration, clustering, and secretion of effector cytokines. By tracking CAR T cell killing in individual spheroids, we showed the suppressive effects of spheroid size and identified the initial CAR T cell to spheroid area ratio as a predictor of cytotoxicity. We demonstrate that larger spheroids exhibit higher hypoxia levels and are infiltrated by CAR T cells with a suppressed activation state, characterized by reduced expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and granzyme B. Spatiotemporal analysis revealed lower CAR T cell numbers and cytotoxicity in the spheroid core compared to the periphery. Finally, increasing CAR T cell seeding density resulted in higher CAR T cell infiltration and cancer cell elimination in the spheroid core. Our findings provide new quantitative insight into CAR T cell function within 3D cancer spheroids. Given its miniaturized nature and live imaging capabilities, our microfabricated system holds promise for screening cellular immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngbin Cho
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
| | - Matthew S. Laird
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
| | - Teddi Bishop
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
| | - Ruxuan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
| | - Dorota E. Jazwinska
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
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Bae SJ, Choi SH, Im DJ. 3D Cell Culture Method in Channel-Free Water-in-Oil Droplets. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301145. [PMID: 38239079 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
A new channel-free water-in-oil (WO) droplet 3D cell culture method is proposed to address the challenges while maintaining the advantages of the conventional 3D cell culture methods. The proposed WO method can fundamentally solve the constraint of spheroids size, a common challenge in conventional 3D culture, by using droplet size controllability. The 3D cell culture performance of the WO method is verified by comparing it with the conventional 3D cell culture methods. A systematic investigation of the culture conditions of the WO method confirms the working range of cell concentration and droplet size, as well as the scalability of spheroid size. Adjusting droplet size and cell concentration enables rapid spheroid formation with large and high cell concentration droplets or fast spheroid growth with small and low cell concentration droplets, providing control over the spheroid size and growth rate according to the purpose. Furthermore, long-term culture is demonstrated for 1 month with the proposed method, showing the largest spheroid culture and demonstrating the possibility that this method can be used not only for spheroid formation but also for organoid studies. Finally, if a WO-based automated 3D cell culture system is developed, it will be a useful tool for organoid research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Jun Bae
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Seung Hui Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Do Jin Im
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan, 48513, South Korea
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3
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Chen Z, Han S, Kim S, Lee C, Sanny A, Tan AHM, Park S. A 3D hanging spheroid-filter plate for high-throughput drug testing and CAR T cell cytotoxicity assay. Analyst 2024; 149:475-481. [PMID: 38050728 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01904g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumour spheroids are widely used in immune cell cytotoxicity assays and anticancer drug testing, providing a physiologically relevant model replicating the tumour microenvironment. However, co-culture of immune and tumour cells complicates quantification of immune cell killing efficiency. We present a novel 3D hanging spheroid-filter plate that efficiently facilitates spheroid formation and separates unbound/dead cells during cytotoxicity assays. Optical imaging directly measures the cytotoxic effects of anti-cancer drugs on tumour spheroids, eliminating the need for live/dead fluorescent staining. This approach enables cost-effective evaluation of T-cell cytotoxicity with specific chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), enhancing immune cell-based assays and drug testing in three-dimensional tumour models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhong Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Seokgyu Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Sein Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Chanyang Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Arleen Sanny
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, Centros, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Andy Hee-Meng Tan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, Centros, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sungsu Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics (IQB), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea.
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4
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Lee J, Lee H. Sacrificial-Rotating Rod-Based 3D Bioprinting Technique for the Development of an In Vitro Cardiovascular Model. J Funct Biomater 2023; 15:2. [PMID: 38276475 PMCID: PMC10817312 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Several studies have attempted to develop complex cardiovascular models, but the use of multiple cell types and poor cell alignments after fabrication have limited the practical application of these models. Among various bioprinting methods, extrusion-based bioprinting is the most widely used in the bioengineering field. This method not only has the potential to construct complex 3D biological structures but it also enables the alignment of cells in the printing direction owing to the application of shear stress to the cells during the printing process. Therefore, this study developed an in vitro cardiovascular model using an extrusion-based bioprinting method that utilizes a rotating rod as a printing platform. The rotating rod was made of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and used as a sacrificial rod. This rotating platform approach enabled the printing of longer tubular-vascular structures of multiple shapes, including disease models, and the water-soluble properties of PVA facilitated the isolation of the printed vascular models. In addition, this method enabled the printing of the endothelial cells in the bloodstream direction and smooth muscle cells in the circumferential direction to better mimic the anatomy of real blood vessels. Consequently, a cardiovascular model was successfully printed using a gelatin methacryloyl bioink with cells. In conclusion, the proposed fabrication method can facilitate the fabrication of various cardiovascular models that mimic the alignment of real blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooyoung Lee
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, Kangwon National University (KNU), Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyungseok Lee
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology, Kangwon National University (KNU), Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Kangwon National University (KNU), Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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5
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Yamamoto D, Takayama T. Design Optimization Method for Large-Size Sidewall-Driven Micromixer to Generate Powerful Swirling Flow. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2246. [PMID: 38138415 PMCID: PMC10745643 DOI: 10.3390/mi14122246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices, which miniaturize cell culture and chemical experiments from lab-scale to microchip dimensions, have gained significant attention in recent years. Extensive research has been conducted on microfluidic mixers, which facilitate the mixing and agitation of chemicals. The "Sidewall-Driven Micromixer" that we are currently developing employs a unique mechanism; it induces a swirling flow within the main chamber by vibrating the silicone wall situated between the main and driving chambers using pressure fluctuations. In an earlier study, we found that Sidewall-Driven Micromixers of a size suitable for small cells could indeed produce this swirling flow. Furthermore, we successfully established concentration gradients within each mixer. However, when attempting to upscale the mixer while maintaining conventional proportions to accommodate larger cell aggregates such as spheroids, the desired swirling flow was not achieved. To address this challenge, we made adjustments to the wall dimensions, aiming to amplify wall deformation and thereby enhance the mixer's driving force. Concurrently, we modified the mixer's shape to ensure that the increased wall deformation would not hinder the fluid flow. These alterations not only improved the mixer's performance but also provided valuable insights for positioning the mixer's neck channel, considering the extent of wall deformation.
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Trossbach M, Åkerlund E, Langer K, Seashore-Ludlow B, Joensson HN. High-throughput cell spheroid production and assembly analysis by microfluidics and deep learning. SLAS Technol 2023; 28:423-432. [PMID: 36990352 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
3D cell culture models are important tools in translational research but have been out of reach for high-throughput screening due to complexity, requirement of large cell numbers and inadequate standardization. Microfluidics and culture model miniaturization technologies could overcome these challenges. Here, we present a high-throughput workflow to produce and characterize the formation of miniaturized spheroids using deep learning. We train a convolutional neural network (CNN) for cell ensemble morphology classification for droplet microfluidic minispheroid production, benchmark it against more conventional image analysis, and characterize minispheroid assembly determining optimal surfactant concentrations and incubation times for minispheroid production for three cell lines with different spheroid formation properties. Notably, this format is compatible with large-scale spheroid production and screening. The presented workflow and CNN offer a template for large scale minispheroid production and analysis and can be extended and re-trained to characterize morphological responses in spheroids to additives, culture conditions and large drug libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Trossbach
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Sweden.
| | - Emma Åkerlund
- Karolinska Institutet, and Science for Life Laboratory, Sweden
| | - Krzysztof Langer
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Sweden; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, United States
| | | | - Haakan N Joensson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Sweden.
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7
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Ikeda-Motonakano R, Hirabayashi-Nishimuta F, Yada N, Yamasaki R, Nagai-Yoshioka Y, Usui M, Nakazawa K, Yoshiga D, Yoshioka I, Ariyoshi W. Fabrication of a Three-Dimensional Spheroid Culture System for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas Using a Microfabricated Device. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5162. [PMID: 37958336 PMCID: PMC10649954 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered to be responsible for recurrence, metastasis, and resistance to treatment in many types of cancers; therefore, new treatment strategies targeting CSCs are attracting attention. In this study, we fabricated a polyethylene glycol-tagged microwell device that enabled spheroid formation from human oral squamous carcinoma cells. HSC-3 and Ca9-22 cells cultured in the microwell device aggregated and generated a single spheroid per well within 24-48 h. The circular shape and smooth surface of spheroids were maintained for up to five days, and most cells comprising the spheroids were Calcein AM-positive viable cells. Interestingly, the mRNA expression of CSC markers (Cd44, Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2) were significantly higher in the spheroids than in the monolayer cultures. CSC marker-positive cells were observed throughout the spheroids. Moreover, resistance to cisplatin was enhanced in spheroid-cultured cells compared to that in the monolayer-cultured cells. Furthermore, some CSC marker genes were upregulated in HSC-3 and Ca9-22 cells that were outgrown from spheroids. In xenograft model, the tumor growth in the spheroid implantation group was comparable to that in the monolayer culture group. These results suggest that our spheroid culture system may be a high-throughput tool for producing uniform CSCs in large numbers from oral cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Ikeda-Motonakano
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan; (R.I.-M.); (R.Y.); (Y.N.-Y.)
- Division of Oral Medicine, Department of Science of Physical Function, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan; (F.H.-N.); (D.Y.); (I.Y.)
| | - Fumika Hirabayashi-Nishimuta
- Division of Oral Medicine, Department of Science of Physical Function, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan; (F.H.-N.); (D.Y.); (I.Y.)
| | - Naomi Yada
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan;
| | - Ryota Yamasaki
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan; (R.I.-M.); (R.Y.); (Y.N.-Y.)
| | - Yoshie Nagai-Yoshioka
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan; (R.I.-M.); (R.Y.); (Y.N.-Y.)
| | - Michihiko Usui
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Function, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan;
| | - Kohji Nakazawa
- Department of Life and Environment Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan;
| | - Daigo Yoshiga
- Division of Oral Medicine, Department of Science of Physical Function, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan; (F.H.-N.); (D.Y.); (I.Y.)
| | - Izumi Yoshioka
- Division of Oral Medicine, Department of Science of Physical Function, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan; (F.H.-N.); (D.Y.); (I.Y.)
| | - Wataru Ariyoshi
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan; (R.I.-M.); (R.Y.); (Y.N.-Y.)
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8
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Carpentier N, Van der Meeren L, Skirtach AG, Devisscher L, Van Vlierberghe H, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S. Gelatin-Based Hybrid Hydrogel Scaffolds: Toward Physicochemical Liver Mimicry. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4333-4347. [PMID: 35914189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There exists a clear need to develop novel materials that could serve liver tissue engineering purposes. Those materials need to be researched for the development of bioengineered liver tissue as an alternative to donor livers, as well as for materials that could be applied for scaffolds to develop an in vitro model for drug-induced liver injury (DILI) detection . In this paper, the hydrogels oxidized dextran-gelatin (Dexox-Gel) and norbornene-modified dextran-thiolated gelatin (DexNB-GelSH) were developed, and their feasibility toward processing via indirect 3D-printing was investigated with the aim to develop hydrogel scaffolds that physicochemically mimic native liver tissue. Furthermore, their in vitro biocompatibility was assessed using preliminary biological tests using HepG2 cells. Both materials were thoroughly physicochemically characterized and benchmarked to the methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) reference material. Due to inferior properties, Dexox-gel was not further processed into 3D-hydrogel scaffolds. This research revealed that DexNB-GelSH exhibited physicochemical properties that were in excellent agreement with the properties of natural liver tissue in contrast to GelMA. In combination with an equally good biological evaluation of DexNB-GelSH in comparison with GelMA based on an MTS proliferation assay and an albumin quantification assay, DexNB-GelSH can be considered promising in the field of liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Carpentier
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Louis Van der Meeren
- Nano-Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - André G Skirtach
- Nano-Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences; Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Vlierberghe
- Hepatology Research Unit, Dpt Internal Medicine and Pediatrics; Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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9
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Gwon K, Choi D, de Hoyos-Vega JM, Baskaran H, Gonzalez-Suarez AM, Lee S, Hong HJ, Nguyen KM, Dharmesh E, Sugahara G, Ishida Y, Saito T, Stybayeva G, Revzin A. Function of hepatocyte spheroids in bioactive microcapsules is enhanced by endogenous and exogenous hepatocyte growth factor. Bioact Mater 2023; 28:183-195. [PMID: 37266448 PMCID: PMC10230170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to maintain functional hepatocytes has important implications for bioartificial liver development, cell-based therapies, drug screening, and tissue engineering. Several approaches can be used to restore hepatocyte function in vitro, including coating a culture substrate with extracellular matrix (ECM), encapsulating cells within biomimetic gels (Collagen- or Matrigel-based), or co-cultivation with other cells. This paper describes the use of bioactive heparin-based core-shell microcapsules to form and cultivate hepatocyte spheroids. These microcapsules are comprised of an aqueous core that facilitates hepatocyte aggregation into spheroids and a heparin hydrogel shell that binds and releases growth factors. We demonstrate that bioactive microcapsules retain and release endogenous signals thus enhancing the function of encapsulated hepatocytes. We also demonstrate that hepatic function may be further enhanced by loading exogenous hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) into microcapsules and inhibiting transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 signaling. Overall, bioactive microcapsules described here represent a promising new strategy for the encapsulation and maintenance of primary hepatocytes and will be beneficial for liver tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and drug testing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihak Gwon
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daheui Choi
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - José M. de Hoyos-Vega
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Harihara Baskaran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Seonhwa Lee
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hye Jin Hong
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kianna M. Nguyen
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ether Dharmesh
- Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Go Sugahara
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Research and Development Department, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishida
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Research and Development Department, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gulnaz Stybayeva
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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10
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Chae DS, An SJ, Han S, Kim SW. Synergistic Therapeutic Potential of Dual 3D Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in an Ischemic Hind Limb Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14620. [PMID: 37834069 PMCID: PMC10572732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) culture systems have been widely used to promote the viability and metabolic activity of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The aim of this study was to explore the synergistic benefits of using dual 3D MSC culture systems to promote vascular regeneration and enhance therapeutic potential. We used various experimental assays, including dual 3D cultures of human adipose MSCs (hASCs), quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), in vitro cell migration, Matrigel tube network formation, Matrigel plug assay, therapeutic assays using an ischemic hind limb mouse model, and immunohistochemical analysis. Our qRT-PCR results revealed that fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 (GCP-2), and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) were highly upregulated in conventional 3D-cultured hASCs (ASC-3D) than in two-dimensional (2D)-cultured hASCs. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and stromal-cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) showed higher expression levels in cytokine-cocktail-based, 3D-cultured hASCs (ASC-3Dc). A conditioned medium (CM) mixture of dual 3D ASCs (D-3D; ASC-3D + ASC-3Dc) resulted in higher migration and Matrigel tube formation than the CM of single 3D ASCs (S-3D; ASC-3D). Matrigel plugs containing D-3D contained more red blood cells than those containing S-3D. D-3D transplantation into ischemic mouse hind limbs prevented limb loss and augmented blood perfusion when compared to S-3D transplantation. Transplanted D-3D also revealed a high capillary density and angiogenic cytokine levels and transdifferentiated into endothelial-like cells in the hind limb muscle. These findings highlight the benefits of using the dual 3D culture system to optimize stem-cell-based therapeutic strategies, thereby advancing the therapeutic strategy for ischemic vascular disease and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sik Chae
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon An
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongho Han
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49236, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Whan Kim
- Department Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 25601, Republic of Korea
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11
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van Rijt A, Stefanek E, Valente K. Preclinical Testing Techniques: Paving the Way for New Oncology Screening Approaches. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4466. [PMID: 37760435 PMCID: PMC10526899 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior to clinical trials, preclinical testing of oncology drug candidates is performed by evaluating drug candidates with in vitro and in vivo platforms. For in vivo testing, animal models are used to evaluate the toxicity and efficacy of drug candidates. However, animal models often display poor translational results as many drugs that pass preclinical testing fail when tested with humans, with oncology drugs exhibiting especially poor acceptance rates. The FDA Modernization Act 2.0 promotes alternative preclinical testing techniques, presenting the opportunity to use higher complexity in vitro models as an alternative to in vivo testing, including three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models. Three-dimensional tissue cultures address many of the shortcomings of 2D cultures by more closely replicating the tumour microenvironment through a combination of physiologically relevant drug diffusion, paracrine signalling, cellular phenotype, and vascularization that can better mimic native human tissue. This review will discuss the common forms of 3D cell culture, including cell spheroids, organoids, organs-on-a-chip, and 3D bioprinted tissues. Their advantages and limitations will be presented, aiming to discuss the use of these 3D models to accurately represent human tissue and as an alternative to animal testing. The use of 3D culture platforms for preclinical drug development is expected to accelerate as these platforms continue to improve in complexity, reliability, and translational predictivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia van Rijt
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada;
| | - Evan Stefanek
- VoxCell BioInnovation Inc., Victoria, BC V8T 5L2, Canada;
| | - Karolina Valente
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada;
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12
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Grenier J, David B, Journé C, Cicha I, Letourneur D, Duval H. Perfusion of MC3T3E1 Preosteoblast Spheroids within Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogel Scaffolds: An Experimental and Numerical Study at the Bioreactor Scale. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:849. [PMID: 37508876 PMCID: PMC10376891 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional 3D culture systems in vitro lack the biological and mechanical spatiotemporal stimuli characteristic to native tissue development. In our study, we combined porous polysaccharide-based hydrogel scaffolds with a bioreactor-type perfusion device that generates favorable mechanical stresses while enhancing nutrient transfers. MC3T3E1 mouse osteoblasts were seeded in the scaffolds and cultivated for 3 weeks under dynamic conditions at a perfusion rate of 10 mL min-1. The spatial distribution of the cells labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles was visualized by MRI. Confocal microscopy was used to assess cell numbers, their distribution inside the scaffolds, cell viability, and proliferation. The oxygen diffusion coefficient in the hydrogel was measured experimentally. Numerical simulations of the flow and oxygen transport within the bioreactor were performed using a lattice Boltzmann method with a two-relaxation time scheme. Last, the influence of cell density and spheroid size on cell oxygenation was investigated. The cells spontaneously organized into spheroids with a diameter of 30-100 μm. Cell viability remained unchanged under dynamic conditions but decreased under static culture. The cell proliferation (Ki67 expression) in spheroids was not observed. The flow simulation showed that the local fluid velocity reached 27 mm s-1 at the height where the cross-sectional area of the flow was the smallest. The shear stress exerted by the fluid on the scaffolds may locally rise to 100 mPa, compared with the average value of 25 mPa. The oxygen diffusion coefficient in the hydrogel was 1.6×10-9 m2 s-1. The simulation of oxygen transport and consumption confirmed that the cells in spheroids did not suffer from hypoxia when the bioreactor was perfused at 10 mL min-1, and suggested the existence of optimal spheroid size and spacing for appropriate oxygenation. Collectively, these findings enabled us to define the optimal conditions inside the bioreactor for an efficient in vitro cell organization and survival in spheroids, which are paramount to future applications with organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Grenier
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Laboratoire de Mécanique Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CentraleSupélec, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche Vasculaire Translationnelle (LVTS), INSERM U 1148, Université Paris Cité, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Hôpital Bichat, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Bertrand David
- Laboratoire de Mécanique Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CentraleSupélec, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Clément Journé
- Laboratoire de Recherche Vasculaire Translationnelle (LVTS), INSERM U 1148, Université Paris Cité, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Hôpital Bichat, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Iwona Cicha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology und Nanomedicine (SEON), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Didier Letourneur
- Laboratoire de Recherche Vasculaire Translationnelle (LVTS), INSERM U 1148, Université Paris Cité, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Hôpital Bichat, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Hervé Duval
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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13
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Rapid generation of homogenous tumor spheroid microtissues in a scaffold-free platform for high-throughput screening of a novel combination nanomedicine. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282064. [PMID: 36800370 PMCID: PMC9937506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination nanomedicine is a potent strategy for cancer treatment. Exploiting different mechanisms of action, a novel triple drug delivery system of 5-fluorouracil, curcumin, and piperine co-loaded human serum albumin nanoparticles (5FU-CUR-PIP-HSA-NPs) was developed via the self-assembly method for suppressing breast tumor. Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs were successfully encapsulated in the HSA NPs with a high drug loading efficiency (DLE) of 10%. Successful clinical translation of nanomedicines, however, is a challenging process requiring considerable preclinical in vitro and in vivo animal tests. The aim of this study was to develop a homemade preclinical 3D culture model in the standard 96-well plates in a cost and time-effective novel approach for the rapid generation of homogenous compact tumor spheroids for disease modeling, and anticancer therapeutic/nanomedicine screening. The knowledge of drug screening can be enhanced by employing such a model in a high-throughput manner. Accordingly, to validate the formulated drug delivery system and investigate the cellular uptake and cytotoxicity effect of the nanoformulation, 3D tumor spheroids were employed. The practicality of the nanomedicine system was substantiated in different tests. The in vitro uptake of the NPs into the tight 3D tumor spheroids was facilitated by the semi-spherical shape of the NPs with a proper size and surface charge. 5FU-CUR-PIP-HSA-NPs demonstrated high potency of migration inhibition as a part of successful anti-metastatic therapy as well. The remarkable differences in 2D and 3D cytotoxicities emphasize the importance of employing 3D tumor models as an intermediate step prior to in vivo animal experiments for drug/nanomedicine screening.
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14
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Weaver JR, Odanga JJ, Wolf KK, Piekos S, Biven M, Taub M, LaRocca J, Thomas C, Byer-Alcorace A, Chen J, Lee JB, LeCluyse EL. The morphology, functionality, and longevity of a novel all human hepatic cell-based tri-culture system. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 86:105504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Le Guilcher C, Merlen G, Dellaquila A, Labour MN, Aid R, Tordjmann T, Letourneur D, Simon-Yarza T. Engineered human liver based on pullulan-dextran hydrogel promotes mice survival after liver failure. Mater Today Bio 2023; 19:100554. [PMID: 36756209 PMCID: PMC9900439 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver tissue engineering approaches aim to support drug testing, assistance devices, or transplantation. However, their suitability for clinical application remains unsatisfactory. Herein, we demonstrate the beneficial and biocompatible use of porous pullulan-dextran hydrogel for the self-assembly of hepatocytes and biliary-like cells into functional 3D microtissues. Using HepaRG cells, we obtained 21 days maintenance of engineered liver polarity, functional detoxification and excretion systems, as well as glycogen storage in hydrogel. Implantation on two liver lobes in mice of hydrogels containing 3800 HepaRG 3D structures of 100 μm in diameter, indicated successful engraftment and no signs of liver toxicity after one month. Finally, after acetaminophen-induced liver failure, when mice were transplanted with engineered livers on left lobe and peritoneal cavity, the survival rate at 7 days significantly increased by 31.8% compared with mice without cell therapy. These findings support the clinical potential of pullulan-dextran hydrogel for liver failure management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Le Guilcher
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, LVTS, U1148, F-75018 Paris, France,Corresponding author.
| | - Grégory Merlen
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1193, F- 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Alessandra Dellaquila
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, LVTS, U1148, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Labour
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, LVTS, U1148, F-75018 Paris, France,ICGM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, F- 34293 Montpellier, France,École Pratique des Hautes Études, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Rachida Aid
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, LVTS, U1148, F-75018 Paris, France
| | | | - Didier Letourneur
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, LVTS, U1148, F-75018 Paris, France,Corresponding author.
| | - Teresa Simon-Yarza
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, LVTS, U1148, F-75018 Paris, France,Corresponding author.
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16
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Islam S, Parker J, Dash BC, Hsia HC. Human iPSC-Vascular smooth muscle cell spheroids demonstrate size-dependent alterations in cellular viability and secretory function. J Biomed Mater Res A 2022; 110:1813-1823. [PMID: 35815599 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) and their differentiated vascular cells have been revolutionizing the field of regenerative wound healing. These cells are shown to be rejuvenated with immense potentials in secreting paracrine factors. Recently, hiPSC-derived vascular smooth muscle cells (hiPSC-VSMC) have shown regenerative wound healing ability via their paracrine secretion. The quest to modulate the secretory function of these hiPSC-VSMC is an ongoing effort and involves the use of both biochemical and biophysical stimuli. This study explores the development and optimization of a reproducible, inexpensive protocol to form hiPSC-VSMC derived spheroids to investigate the implications of spheroid size on viability and paracrine secretion. Our data show the successful formation of different sizes of spheroids using various amount of hiPSC-VSMC. The hiPSC-VSMC spheroids formed with 10,000 cells strike an ideal balance between overall cell health and maximal paracrine secretion. The conditioned medium from these spheroids was found to be bioactive in enhancing human dermal fibroblast cell proliferation and migration. This research will inform future studies on the optimal spheroid size for regenerative wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Islam
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jackson Parker
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Biraja C Dash
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Henry C Hsia
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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17
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Bonanini F, Kurek D, Previdi S, Nicolas A, Hendriks D, de Ruiter S, Meyer M, Clapés Cabrer M, Dinkelberg R, García SB, Kramer B, Olivier T, Hu H, López-Iglesias C, Schavemaker F, Walinga E, Dutta D, Queiroz K, Domansky K, Ronden B, Joore J, Lanz HL, Peters PJ, Trietsch SJ, Clevers H, Vulto P. In vitro grafting of hepatic spheroids and organoids on a microfluidic vascular bed. Angiogenesis 2022; 25:455-470. [PMID: 35704148 PMCID: PMC9519670 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-022-09842-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With recent progress in modeling liver organogenesis and regeneration, the lack of vasculature is becoming the bottleneck in progressing our ability to model human hepatic tissues in vitro. Here, we introduce a platform for routine grafting of liver and other tissues on an in vitro grown microvascular bed. The platform consists of 64 microfluidic chips patterned underneath a 384-well microtiter plate. Each chip allows the formation of a microvascular bed between two main lateral vessels by inducing angiogenesis. Chips consist of an open-top microfluidic chamber, which enables addition of a target tissue by manual or robotic pipetting. Upon grafting a liver microtissue, the microvascular bed undergoes anastomosis, resulting in a stable, perfusable vascular network. Interactions with vasculature were found in spheroids and organoids upon 7 days of co-culture with space of Disse-like architecture in between hepatocytes and endothelium. Veno-occlusive disease was induced by azathioprine exposure, leading to impeded perfusion of the vascularized spheroid. The platform holds the potential to replace animals with an in vitro alternative for routine grafting of spheroids, organoids, or (patient-derived) explants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Delilah Hendriks
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Huili Hu
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen López-Iglesias
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Devanjali Dutta
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter J Peters
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hans Clevers
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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18
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Sasikumar S, Boden A, Chameettachal S, Cipolla L, Cromer B, Kingshott P, Pati F. Galactose Tethered Decellularized Liver Matrix: Toward a Biomimetic and Biofunctional Matrix for Liver Tissue Engineering. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:3023-3037. [PMID: 35548974 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The major challenge in liver tissue engineering is the replication of the microenvironment and microarchitecture of the liver tissue at the nanoscale. Decellularized liver matrix (DLM) provides an ideal material for scaffold preparation, as it retains the relevant structural and biochemical composition. However, the loss of bioactive factors during decellularization needs to be taken into account when using DLM and should be supplemented accordingly for an expected outcome. This study reports on the modification of DLM by the addition of galactose residues using a two-step thiol-ene-mediated photoclick chemistry for the coupling of galactose moieties to the DLM. Modification with galactose enhanced the function of hepatocytes and provides many advantages over currently used DLM and DLM-based materials. The galactose modified DLM enhanced the initial HepG2 cell adhesion to the substrate with changes in dynamics over time such as spheroid formation and further migration on the matrix. Our observation is that the galactose ligand decoration can also enhance the liver-specific metabolism of HepG2 compared to unmodified DLM. Galactosylated DLM also showed a better establishment of cellular polarity which also contributes to the function of HepG2 cells. Together our results demonstrate the advantages of adding galactose residues to currently available biomaterials, which makes this approach an attractive method for ECM-based liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyama Sasikumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, 502284 Telangana, India.,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Andrew Boden
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Shibu Chameettachal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, 502284 Telangana, India
| | - Laura Cipolla
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Brett Cromer
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Peter Kingshott
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia.,ARC Training Centre Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Falguni Pati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, 502284 Telangana, India
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19
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Jeffries RE, Gomez SM, Macdonald JM, Gamcsik MP. Direct Detection of Glutathione Biosynthesis, Conjugation, Depletion and Recovery in Intact Hepatoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094733. [PMID: 35563124 PMCID: PMC9104575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to monitor glutathione metabolism in alginate-encapsulated JM-1 hepatoma cells perfused with growth media containing [3,3′-13C2]-cystine. After 20 h of perfusion with labeled medium, the 13C NMR spectrum is dominated by the signal from the 13C-labeled glutathione. Once 13C-labeled, the high intensity of the glutathione resonance allows the acquisition of subsequent spectra in 1.2 min intervals. At this temporal resolution, the detailed kinetics of glutathione metabolism can be monitored as the thiol alkylating agent monobromobimane (mBBr) is added to the perfusate. The addition of a bolus dose of mBBr results in rapid diminution of the resonance for 13C-labeled glutathione due to a loss of this metabolite through alkylation by mBBr. As the glutathione resonance decreases, a new resonance due to the production of intracellular glutathione-bimane conjugate is detectable. After clearance of the mBBr dose from the cells, intracellular glutathione repletion is then observed by a restoration of the 13C-glutathione signal along with wash-out of the conjugate. These data demonstrate that standard NMR techniques can directly monitor intracellular processes such as glutathione depletion with a time resolution of approximately < 2 min.
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20
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21
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Gallegos-Martínez S, Lara-Mayorga IM, Samandari M, Mendoza-Buenrostro C, Flores-Garza BG, Reyes-Cortés L, Segoviano-Ramírez JC, Zhang YS, Trujillo de Santiago G, Alvarez MM. Culture of cancer spheroids and evaluation of anti-cancer drugs in 3D-printed miniaturized continuous stirred tank reactors (mCSTR). Biofabrication 2022; 14. [PMID: 35344936 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac61a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer continues to be a leading cause of mortality in modern societies; therefore, improved and more reliable in vitro cancer models are needed to expedite fundamental research and anti-cancer drug development. Here, we describe the use of a miniaturized continuous stirred tank reactor (mCSTR) to first fabricate and mature cancer spheroids (i.e, derived from MCF7 cells, DU145 cells, and a mix of MCF7 cells and fibroblasts), and then to conduct anti-cancer drug assays under continuous perfusion. This 3 mL mCSTR features an off-center agitation system that enables homogeneous chaotic laminar mixing at low speeds to support cell aggregation. We incubated cell suspensions for 3 days in ultra-low-adherence (ULA) plates to allow formation of discoid cell aggregates (~600 µm in diameter). These cell aggregates were then transferred into mCSTRs and continuously fed with culture medium. We characterized the spheroid morphology and the expression of relevant tumor biomarkers at different maturation times for up to 4 weeks. The spheroids progressively increased in size during the first 5 to 6 days of culture to reach a steady diameter between 600 and 800 µm. In proof-of-principle experiments, we demonstrated the use of this mCSTR in anti-cancer drug testing. Three drugs commonly used in breast cancer treatment (doxorubicin, docetaxel, and paclitaxel) were probed at different concentrations in MCF7 derived spheroids. In these experiments, we evaluated cell viability, glucose consumption, spheroid morphology, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and the expression of genes associated with drug resistance (ABCB1 and ABCC1) and anti-apoptosis (Bcl2). We envision the use of this agitated system as a tumor-on-a-chip platform to expedite efficacy and safety testing of novel anti-cancer drugs and possibly in personalized medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Gallegos-Martínez
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 sur, Col. Tecnológico, Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, 64849, MEXICO
| | - Itzel Montserrat Lara-Mayorga
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 sur, Col. Tecnológico, Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, 64849, MEXICO
| | - Mohamadmahdi Samandari
- University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut, 06032-1941, UNITED STATES
| | - Christian Mendoza-Buenrostro
- Centro de Innovación en Diseño y Tecnología, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 sur, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64849, MEXICO
| | - Brenda Giselle Flores-Garza
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 sur, Col. Tecnológico, Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, 64849, MEXICO
| | - Luisa Reyes-Cortés
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 sur, Col. Tecnológico, Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, 64849, MEXICO
| | - Juan Carlos Segoviano-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Dr. José Eleuterio González (Gonzalitos), Mitras Centro, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, 64460, MEXICO
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, UNITED STATES
| | - Grissel Trujillo de Santiago
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 sur, Col. Tecnológico, Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, 64849, MEXICO
| | - Mario Moisés Alvarez
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 sur, Col. Tecnológico, Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, 64849, MEXICO
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22
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Abstract
Cell manipulation in droplets has emerged as one of the great successes of microfluidic technologies, with the development of single-cell screening. However, the droplet format has also served to go beyond single-cell studies, namely by considering the interactions between different cells or between cells and their physical or chemical environment. These studies pose specific challenges linked to the need for long-term culture of adherent cells or the diverse types of measurements associated with complex biological phenomena. Here we review the emergence of droplet microfluidic methods for culturing cells and studying their interactions. We begin by characterizing the quantitative aspects that determine the ability to encapsulate cells, transport molecules, and provide sufficient nutrients within the droplets. This is followed by an evaluation of the biological constraints such as the control of the biochemical environment and promoting the anchorage of adherent cells. This first part ends with a description of measurement methods that have been developed. The second part of the manuscript focuses on applications of these technologies for cancer studies, immunology, and stem cells while paying special attention to the biological relevance of the cellular assays and providing guidelines on improving this relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Sart
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France.,Physical Microfluidics and Bioengineering, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Gustave Ronteix
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France.,Physical Microfluidics and Bioengineering, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Shreyansh Jain
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France.,Physical Microfluidics and Bioengineering, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Gabriel Amselem
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France.,Physical Microfluidics and Bioengineering, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Charles N Baroud
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France.,Physical Microfluidics and Bioengineering, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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23
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Mansouri M, Beemer S, Kothapalli CR, Rhoades T, Fodor PS, Das D, Leipzig ND. Generation of Oxygenating Fluorinated Methacrylamide Chitosan Microparticles to Increase Cell Survival and Function in Large Liver Spheroids. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:4899-4913. [PMID: 35060707 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in the development of complex culture technologies, the utility, survival, and function of large 3D cell aggregates, or spheroids, are impeded by mass transport limitations. The incorporation of engineered microparticles into these cell aggregates offers a promising approach to increase spheroid integrity through the creation of extracellular spaces to improve mass transport. In this study, we describe the formation of uniform oxygenating fluorinated methacrylamide chitosan (MACF) microparticles via a T-shaped microfluidic device, which when incorporated into spheroids increased extracellular spacing and enhanced oxygen transport via perfluorocarbon substitutions. The addition of MACF microparticles into large liver cell spheroids supported the formation of stable and large spheroids (>500 μm in diameter) made of a heterogeneous population of immortalized human hepatoma (HepG2) and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) (4 HepG2/1 HSC), especially at a 150:1 ratio of cells to microparticles. Further, as confirmed by the albumin, urea, and CYP3A4 secretion amounts into the culture media, biological functionality was maintained over 10 days due to the incorporation of MACF microparticles as compared to controls without microparticles. Importantly, we demonstrated the utility of fluorinated microparticles in reducing the number of hypoxic cells within the core regions of spheroids, while also promoting the diffusion of other small molecules in and out of these 3D in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mansouri
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, University of Akron, 200 E Buchtel Avenue, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Samantha Beemer
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, 235 Carroll Street, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Chandrasekhar R Kothapalli
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, United States
| | - Tyler Rhoades
- Department of Physics, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, Unied States
| | - Petru S Fodor
- Department of Physics, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, Unied States
| | - Dola Das
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9620 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Nic D Leipzig
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, University of Akron, 200 E Buchtel Avenue, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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24
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Establishment of large canine hepatocyte spheroids by mixing vascular endothelial cells and canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Regen Ther 2022; 19:1-8. [PMID: 35024388 PMCID: PMC8728312 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Differentiation of hepatocytes and culture methods have been investigated in dogs as a tool to establish liver transplant and drug metabolism examination systems. However, mass culture techniques for canine hepatocytes (cHep) have not been investigated, and it is necessary to construct a suitable culture system. Recently, a protocol called Bud production has attracted attention, and a mixed culture of human and mouse hepatocytes, stem cells, and artificial blood vessels significantly improved the size and formation ratio of spheroids. The purpose of this study was to investigate and improve the in vitro culture of cHep by mixing canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (cASCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Methods Spheroid formation ratio and histological examination were evaluated among four culture methods, including cHep alone, two-mix (cHep + cASCs and cHep + HUVEC), and three-mix (cHep + HUVEC + cASCs), on days 0, 4, and 7. Expression levels of liver-related genes (ALB, AFP, α1-AT, CDH1, CYP2E1, CYP3A12, and TAT) were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Protein expression of albumin, vimentin, and von Willebrand Factor (vWF) was investigated to confirm the location of the hepatocytes. Results The ratio of spheroid formation was 60.2% in the three-mix culture and was significantly improved compared with cHep alone (5.9%) and two-mix; cHep + cASCs (36.2%) and cHep + HUVEC (26.4%) (P < 0.001). Histological evaluation revealed that the three-mix spheroids formed large canine hepatocyte spheroids (LcHS), and hepatocytes were distributed in the center of the spheroids. Quantitative gene expression analysis of LcHS showed that liver-related genes expression were maintained the same levels with that of a culture of cHep alone from days 4-7. Conclusion These results revealed that the three-mix culture method using cHep, HUVECs, and cASCs was capable of promoting LcHS without impairing liver function in cHep, suggesting that LcHS could be used for the application of high-volume culture techniques in dogs.
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Key Words
- 3D, three-dimensions
- AFP, α-fetoprotein
- ALB, albumin
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CDH1, cadherin-1 (epithelital-cadherin)
- CYP, cytochrome
- Canine
- DILI, drug induced liver injury
- EGM, endothelial cell growth medium
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- HGM, hepatocyte growth medium
- HTM, hepatocyte thawing medium
- HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- Hepatocyte
- LcHS, large canine hepatocyte spheroids
- MSCGM, mesenchymal stem cell growth medium
- Mesenchymal stem cells
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- SF-HGM, hepatocyte growth medium for spheroid formation
- Spheroids
- TAT, tyrosine aminotransferase
- Three-dimensions
- cASC, canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells
- cHep, canine primary-cultured hepatocytes
- hFGF, human fibroblast growth factor
- iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cells
- rf-HGF, recombinant ferine hepatocyte growth factor
- α1-AT, α1-antitrypsin
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25
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Wang AJ, Allen A, Sofman M, Sphabmixay P, Yildiz E, Griffith LG. Engineering Modular 3D Liver Culture Microenvironments In Vitro to Parse the Interplay between Biophysical and Biochemical Microenvironment Cues on Hepatic Phenotypes. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022; 2:2100049. [PMID: 35872804 PMCID: PMC9307216 DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro models of human liver functions are used across a diverse range of applications in preclinical drug development and disease modeling, with particular increasing interest in models that capture facets of liver inflammatory status. This study investigates how the interplay between biophysical and biochemical microenvironment cues influence phenotypic responses, including inflammation signatures, of primary human hepatocytes (PHH) cultured in a commercially available perfused bioreactor. A 3D printing-based alginate microwell system was designed to form thousands of hepatic spheroids in a scalable manner as a comparator 3D culture modality to the bioreactor. Soft, synthetic extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogel scaffolds with biophysical properties mimicking features of liver were engineered to replace polystyrene scaffolds, and the biochemical microenvironment was modulated with a defined set of growth factors and signaling modulators. The supplemented media significantly increased tissue density, albumin secretion, and CYP3A4 activity but also upregulated inflammatory markers. Basal inflammatory markers were lower for cells maintained in ECM hydrogel scaffolds or spheroid formats than polystyrene scaffolds, while hydrogel scaffolds exhibited the most sensitive response to inflammation as assessed by multiplexed cytokine and RNA-seq analyses. Together, these engineered 3D liver microenvironments provide insights for probing human liver functions and inflammatory response in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Wang
- Biological Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Allysa Allen
- Biological Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Marianna Sofman
- Biological Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Pierre Sphabmixay
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Ece Yildiz
- Biological Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Route Cantonale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Linda G. Griffith
- Biological Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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26
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Pai RR, Muthusamy S, Velayudhan S, Sabareeswaran A, P.R. AK. High‐throughput Production of Liver Parenchymal Microtissues and Enrichment of Organ‐specific Functions in Gelatin Methacrylamide Microenvironment. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 119:1018-1032. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.28010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roopesh R. Pai
- Division of Tissue Culture, Department of Applied Biology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India 695 012
| | - Senthilkumar Muthusamy
- Division of Tissue Culture, Department of Applied Biology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India 695 012
| | - Shiny Velayudhan
- Division of Dental Products, Department of Biomaterial Science and Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India 695 012
| | - A. Sabareeswaran
- tmeDivision of Experimental Pathology, Deparnt of Applied Biology, Biomedical Technology Wing Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India 695 012
| | - Anil Kumar P.R.
- Division of Tissue Culture, Department of Applied Biology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India 695 012
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27
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Morita A, Yamada M, Utoh R, Momiyama K, Iwadate H, Seki M. Formation of 3D tissues of primary hepatocytes using fibrillized collagen microparticles as intercellular binders. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 133:265-272. [PMID: 34903469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Numerous attempts have been made to organize isolated primary hepatocytes into functional three-dimensional (3D) constructs, but technologies to introduce extracellular matrix (ECM) components into such assemblies have not been fully developed. Here we report a new approach to forming hepatocyte-based 3D tissues using fibrillized collagen microparticles (F-CMPs) as intercellular binders. We created thick tissues with a thickness of ∼200 μm simply by mixing F-CMPs with isolated primary rat hepatocytes and culturing them in cell culture inserts. Owing to the incorporated F-CMPs, the circular morphology of the formed tissues was stabilized, which was strong enough to be manually manipulated and retrieved from the chamber of the insert. We confirmed that the F-CMPs dramatically improved the cell viability and hepatocyte-specific functions such as albumin production and urea synthesis in the formed tissues. The presented approach provides a versatile strategy for hepatocyte-based tissue engineering, and will have a significant impact on biomedical applications and pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Morita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Masumi Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Rie Utoh
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kanta Momiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Hideki Iwadate
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Minoru Seki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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28
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de Hoyos-Vega JM, Hong HJ, Stybayeva G, Revzin A. Hepatocyte cultures: From collagen gel sandwiches to microfluidic devices with integrated biosensors. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:041504. [PMID: 34703968 PMCID: PMC8519630 DOI: 10.1063/5.0058798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes are parenchymal cells of the liver responsible for drug detoxification, urea and bile production, serum protein synthesis, and glucose homeostasis. Hepatocytes are widely used for drug toxicity studies in bioartificial liver devices and for cell-based liver therapies. Because hepatocytes are highly differentiated cells residing in a complex microenvironment in vivo, they tend to lose hepatic phenotype and function in vitro. This paper first reviews traditional culture approaches used to rescue hepatic function in vitro and then discusses the benefits of emerging microfluidic-based culture approaches. We conclude by reviewing integration of hepatocyte cultures with bioanalytical or sensing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. de Hoyos-Vega
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, USA
| | - Hye Jin Hong
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, USA
| | - Gulnaz Stybayeva
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, USA
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, USA
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29
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Park IS, Kim DK, Kim JH, Bae JS, Kim EH, Yoo SH, Chung YJ, Lyu L, Mo JH. Increased Anti-Allergic Effects of Secretome of Low-Level Light Treated Tonsil-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Allergic Rhinitis Mouse Model. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2021; 36:261-268. [PMID: 34738483 DOI: 10.1177/19458924211053762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-level light therapy (LLLT) is widely used for the photobiomodulation of cell behavior. Recent studies have shown that LLLT affects the proliferation and migration of various types of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, there is a lack of studies investigating the effect of LLT on enhancing the immunomodulatory properties of tonsil-derived MSCs (T-MSCs). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of conditioned media from T-MSCs (T-MSCs-CM) treated with LLLT in allergic inflammation. METHODS We isolated T-MSCs from human palatine tonsils and evaluated the ingredients of T-MSCs-CM. The effect of T-MSCs-CM treated with LLLT was evaluated in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis (AR). We randomly divided the mice into four groups (negative control, positive control, T-MSCs-CM alone, and T-MSCs-CM treated with LLLT). To elucidate the therapeutic effect, we assessed rhinitis symptoms, serum immunoglobulin (Ig), the number of inflammatory cells, and cytokine expression. RESULTS We identified increased expression of immunomodulatory factors, such as HGF, TGF-β, and PGE, in T-MSCs-CM treated with LLLT, compared to T-MSCs-CM without LLLT. Our animal study demonstrated reduced allergic symptoms and lower expression of total IgE and OVA-specific IgE in the LLLT-treated T-MSCs-CM group compared to the AR group and T-MSCs-CM alone. Moreover, we found that T-MSCs-CM treated with LLLT showed significantly decreased infiltration of eosinophils, neutrophils, and IL-17 cells in the nasal mucosa and reduced IL-4, IL-17, and IFN-γ expression in OVA-incubated splenocytes compared to the AR group. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that T-MSCs-CM treated with LLLT may provide an improved therapeutic effect against nasal allergic inflammation than T-MSCs-CM alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Su Park
- 34919Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 96664Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Institute of New Frontier Research, 96664Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 464237Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, 464237Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Sang Bae
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 464237Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, 464237Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 464237Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, 464237Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Hyuk Yoo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 464237Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, 464237Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jun Chung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 464237Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, 464237Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Lele Lyu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 464237Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, 464237Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Mo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 464237Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, 464237Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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30
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de Souza IR, Canavez ADPM, Schuck DC, Gagosian VSC, de Souza IR, Vicari T, da Silva Trindade E, Cestari MM, Lorencini M, Leme DM. Development of 3D cultures of zebrafish liver and embryo cell lines: a comparison of different spheroid formation methods. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:1893-1909. [PMID: 34379241 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fish cell spheroids are promising 3D culture models for vertebrate replacement in ecotoxicology. However, new alternative ecotoxicological methods must be adapted for applications in industry and for regulatory purposes; such methods must be cost-effective, simple to manipulate and provide rapid results. Therefore, we compared the effectiveness of the traditional hanging drop (HD), orbital shaking (OS), and HD combined with OS (HD+OS) methods on the formation of zebrafish cell line spheroids (ZFL and ZEM2S). Time in HD (3-5 days) and different 96-well plates [flat-bottom or ultra-low attachment of round-bottom (ULA-plates)] in OS were evaluated. Easy handling, rapid spheroid formation, uniform-sized spheroids, and circularity were assessed to identify the best spheroid protocol. Traditional HD alone did not result in ZFL spheroid formation, whereas HD (5 days)+OS did. When using the OS, spheroids only formed on the ULA-plate. Both HD+OS and OS were reproducible in size (177.50 ± 2.81 µm and 225.62 ± 19.20 µm, respectively) and circularity (0.83 ± 0.02 and 0.80 ± 0.01, respectively) of ZFL spheroids. Nevertheless, HD+OS required a considerable time to completely form spheroids (10 days) and intensive handling, whereas the OS was fast (5 days of incubation) and simple. OS also yielded reproducible ZEM2S spheroids in 1 day (226.23 ± 0.57 µm diameter and 0.80 ± 0.01 circularity). In conclusion, OS in ULA-plate is an effective and simple spheroid protocol for high-throughput ecotoxicity testing. This study contributes to identify a fast, reproducible, and simple protocol of single piscine spheroid formation in 96-well plates and supports the application of fish 3D model in industry and academia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Taynah Vicari
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcio Lorencini
- Grupo Boticário, R&D Department, São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Daniela Morais Leme
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Paraná, Brazil.
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31
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Utoh R, Enomoto S, Yamada M, Yamanaka K, Yajima Y, Furusawa K, Seki M. Polyanion-induced, microfluidic engineering of fragmented collagen microfibers for reconstituting extracellular environments of 3D hepatocyte culture. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 129:112417. [PMID: 34579926 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Artificial biological scaffolds made of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, such as type I collagen, provide ideal physicochemical cues to various cell culture platforms. However, it remains a challenge to fabricate micrometer-sized ECM materials with precisely controlled morphologies that could reconstitute the 3-dimensional (3D) microenvironments surrounding cells. In the present study, we proposed a unique process to fabricate fragmented collagen microfibers using a microfluidic laminar-flow system. The continuous flow of an acidic collagen solution was neutralized to generate solid fibers, which were subsequently fragmented by applying a gentle shear stress in a polyanion-containing phosphate buffer. The morphology of the fiber fragment was controllable in a wide range by changing the type and/or concentration of the polyanion and by tuning the applied shear stress. The biological benefits of the fragmented fibers were investigated through the formation of multicellular spheroids composed of primary rat hepatocytes and microfibers on non-cell-adhesive micro-vessels. The microfibers enhanced the survival and functions of the hepatocytes and reproduced proper cell polarity, because the fibers facilitated the formation of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions while modulating the close packing of cells. These results clearly indicated that the microengineered fragmented collagen fibers have great potential to reconstitute extracellular microenvironments for hepatocytes in 3D culture, which will be of significant benefit for cell-based drug testing and bottom-up tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Utoh
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Sakiko Enomoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Masumi Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Keigo Yamanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yuya Yajima
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuya Furusawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Environmental and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, 3-6-1 Gakuen, Fukui 910-8505, Japan
| | - Minoru Seki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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32
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Bogacheva MS, Harjumäki R, Flander E, Taalas A, Bystriakova MA, Yliperttula M, Xiang X, Leung AW, Lou YR. Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Into Definitive Endoderm Cells in Various Flexible Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Systems: Possibilities and Limitations. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:726499. [PMID: 34568336 PMCID: PMC8459831 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.726499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of human stem cell-derived spheroids and organoids represents a major step in solving numerous medical, pharmacological, and biological challenges. Due to the advantages of three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems and the diverse applications of human pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived definitive endoderm (DE), we studied the influence of spheroid size and 3D cell culture systems on spheroid morphology and the effectiveness of DE differentiation as assessed by quantitative PCR (qPCR), flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and computational modeling. Among the tested hydrogel-based 3D systems, we found that basement membrane extract (BME) hydrogel could not retain spheroid morphology due to dominant cell-matrix interactions. On the other hand, we found that nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC) hydrogel could maintain spheroid morphology but impeded growth factor diffusion, thereby negatively affecting cell differentiation. In contrast, suspension culture provided sufficient mass transfer and was demonstrated by protein expression assays, morphological analyses, and mathematical modeling to be superior to the hydrogel-based systems. In addition, we found that spheroid size was reversely correlated with the effectiveness of DE formation. However, spheroids of insufficient sizes failed to retain 3D morphology during differentiation in all the studied culture conditions. We hereby demonstrate how the properties of a chosen biomaterial influence the differentiation process and the importance of spheroid size control for successful human iPSC differentiation. Our study provides critical parametric information for the generation of human DE-derived, tissue-specific organoids in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia S Bogacheva
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riina Harjumäki
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emilia Flander
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ara Taalas
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Margarita A Bystriakova
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo Yliperttula
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xiaoqiang Xiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Drug Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alan W Leung
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yan-Ru Lou
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Drug Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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33
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Xu Q. Human Three-Dimensional Hepatic Models: Cell Type Variety and Corresponding Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:730008. [PMID: 34631680 PMCID: PMC8497968 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.730008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to retained hepatic phenotypes and functions, human three-dimensional (3D) hepatic models established with diverse hepatic cell types are thought to recoup the gaps in drug development and disease modeling limited by a conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture system and species-specific variability in drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Primary human hepatocytes, human hepatic cancer cell lines, and human stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells are three main hepatic cell types used in current models and exhibit divergent hepatic phenotypes. Primary human hepatocytes derived from healthy hepatic parenchyma resemble in vivo-like genetic and metabolic profiling. Human hepatic cancer cell lines are unlimitedly reproducible and tumorigenic. Stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells derived from patients are promising to retain the donor's genetic background. It has been suggested in some studies that unique properties of cell types endue them with benefits in different research fields of in vitro 3D modeling paradigm. For instance, the primary human hepatocyte was thought to be the gold standard for hepatotoxicity study, and stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells have taken a main role in personalized medicine and regenerative medicine. However, the comprehensive review focuses on the hepatic cell type variety, and corresponding applications in 3D models are sparse. Therefore, this review summarizes the characteristics of different cell types and discusses opportunities of different cell types in drug development, liver disease modeling, and liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, and Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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34
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Stern-Tal D, Ittah S, Sklan E. A new cell-sized support for 3D cell cultures based on recombinant spider silk fibers. J Biomater Appl 2021; 36:1748-1757. [PMID: 34472404 PMCID: PMC8984929 DOI: 10.1177/08853282211037781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
It is now generally accepted that 2D cultures cannot accurately replicate the rich
environment and complex tissue architecture that exists in vivo, and that classically
cultured cells tend to lose their original function. Growth of spheroids as opposed to 2D
cultures on plastic has now been hailed as an efficient method to produce quantities of
high-quality cells for cancer research, drug discovery, neuroscience, and regenerative
medicine. We have developed a new recombinant protein that mimics dragline spidersilk and
that self-assembles into cell-sized coils. These have high thermal and shelf-life
stability and can be readily sterilized and stored for an extended period of time. The
fibers are flexible, elastic, and biocompatible and can serve as cell-sized scaffold for
the formation of 3D cell spheroids. As a proof of concept, recombinant spidersilk was
integrated as a scaffold in spheroids of three cell types: primary rat hepatocytes, human
mesenchymal stem cells, and mouse L929 cells. The scaffolds significantly reduced spheroid
shrinkage and unlike scaffold-free spheroids, spheroids did not disintegrate over the
course of long-term culture. Cells in recombinant spidersilk spheroids showed increased
viability, and the cell lines continued to proliferate for longer than control cultures
without spidersilk. The spidersilk also supported biological functions. Recombinant
spidersilk primary hepatocyte spheroids exhibited 2.7-fold higher levels of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) continued to express and secrete albumin and exhibited significantly
higher basal and induced CYP3A activity for at least 6 weeks in culture, while control
spheroids without fibers stopped producing albumin after 27 days and CPY3A activity was
barely detectable after 44 days. These results indicate that recombinant spidersilk can
serve as a useful tool for long-term cell culture of 3D cell spheroids and specifically
that primary hepatocytes can remain active in culture for an extended period of time which
could be of great use in toxicology testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shmulik Ittah
- 26742The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ella Sklan
- Seevix Material Sciences LTD, Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
Carbohydrates are the most abundant and one of the most important biomacromolecules in Nature. Except for energy-related compounds, carbohydrates can be roughly divided into two categories: Carbohydrates as matter and carbohydrates as information. As matter, carbohydrates are abundantly present in the extracellular matrix of animals and cell walls of various plants, bacteria, fungi, etc., serving as scaffolds. Some commonly found polysaccharides are featured as biocompatible materials with controllable rigidity and functionality, forming polymeric biomaterials which are widely used in drug delivery, tissue engineering, etc. As information, carbohydrates are usually referred to the glycans from glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans, which bind to proteins or other carbohydrates, thereby meditating the cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. These glycans could be simplified as synthetic glycopolymers, glycolipids, and glycoproteins, which could be afforded through polymerization, multistep synthesis, or a semisynthetic strategy. The information role of carbohydrates can be demonstrated not only as targeting reagents but also as immune antigens and adjuvants. The latter are also included in this review as they are always in a macromolecular formulation. In this review, we intend to provide a relatively comprehensive summary of carbohydrate-based macromolecular biomaterials since 2010 while emphasizing the fundamental understanding to guide the rational design of biomaterials. Carbohydrate-based macromolecules on the basis of their resources and chemical structures will be discussed, including naturally occurring polysaccharides, naturally derived synthetic polysaccharides, glycopolymers/glycodendrimers, supramolecular glycopolymers, and synthetic glycolipids/glycoproteins. Multiscale structure-function relationships in several major application areas, including delivery systems, tissue engineering, and immunology, will be detailed. We hope this review will provide valuable information for the development of carbohydrate-based macromolecular biomaterials and build a bridge between the carbohydrates as matter and the carbohydrates as information to promote new biomaterial design in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Su
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Yingle Feng
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Kongchang Wei
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Department of Materials meet Life, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland
| | - Xuyang Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Rongying Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guosong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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36
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Ariyoshi W, Usui M, Sano K, Kawano A, Okinaga T, Nakashima K, Nakazawa K, Nishihara T. 3D spheroid culture models for chondrocytes using polyethylene glycol-coated microfabricated chip. Biomed Res 2021; 41:187-197. [PMID: 32801268 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.41.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
As chondrocytes fail to retain their chondrogenic potential in two-dimensional monolayer cultures, several three-dimensional culture systems have been employed for investigating the physiology and pathophysiology in articular cartilage tissues. In this study, we introduced a polyethylene glycol-coated microfabricated chip that enables spheroid formation from ATDC5 cell line, commonly used as a model for in vitro chondrocyte research. ATDC5 cells cultured in our devices aggregated immediately and generated a single spheroid per well within 24 h. Most cells in spheroids cultured in differentiation medium were viable and the circular shape and smooth surface of the spheroid were maintained up to 14 d in culture. We also detected potent hypoxia conditions, a key factor in chondrogenesis, in whole lesions of ATDC5 spheroids. Expression of chondrogenesis-related genes and type X collagen protein was significantly increased in ATDC5 spheroids grown in differentiation medium, compared with monolayer-cultured ATDC5 cells. We also demonstrated that the differentiation medium-induced Akt protein phosphorylation was upregulated in ATDC5 cells cultured in our spheroid device, suggesting that enhancement of chondrogenic potential in ATDC5 spheroids results from PI3/Akt signaling activation. These results indicated that our spheroid culture system could constitute a high-throughput strategy approach towards elucidating the molecular mechanisms that regulate chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ariyoshi
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University
| | - Michihiko Usui
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Function, Kyushu Dental University
| | - Kotaro Sano
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Function, Kyushu Dental University
| | - Aki Kawano
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University
| | | | - Keisuke Nakashima
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Function, Kyushu Dental University
| | - Kohji Nakazawa
- Department of Life and Environment Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu
| | - Tatsuji Nishihara
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University
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Eilenberger C, Rothbauer M, Selinger F, Gerhartl A, Jordan C, Harasek M, Schädl B, Grillari J, Weghuber J, Neuhaus W, Küpcü S, Ertl P. A Microfluidic Multisize Spheroid Array for Multiparametric Screening of Anticancer Drugs and Blood-Brain Barrier Transport Properties. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2004856. [PMID: 34105271 PMCID: PMC8188192 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Physiological-relevant in vitro tissue models with their promise of better predictability have the potential to improve drug screening outcomes in preclinical studies. Despite the advances of spheroid models in pharmaceutical screening applications, variations in spheroid size and consequential altered cell responses often lead to nonreproducible and unpredictable results. Here, a microfluidic multisize spheroid array is established and characterized using liver, lung, colon, and skin cells as well as a triple-culture model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to assess the effects of spheroid size on (a) anticancer drug toxicity and (b) compound penetration across an advanced BBB model. The reproducible on-chip generation of 360 spheroids of five dimensions on a well-plate format using an integrated microlens technology is demonstrated. While spheroid size-related IC50 values vary up to 160% using the anticancer drugs cisplatin (CIS) or doxorubicin (DOX), reduced CIS:DOX drug dose combinations eliminate all lung microtumors independent of their sizes. A further application includes optimizing cell seeding ratios and size-dependent compound uptake studies in a perfused BBB model. Generally, smaller BBB-spheroids reveal an 80% higher compound penetration than larger spheroids while verifying the BBB opening effect of mannitol and a spheroid size-related modulation on paracellular transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Eilenberger
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 9Vienna1060Austria
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 9Vienna1060Austria
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyDepartment of Orthopedics and Trauma SurgeryMedical University of ViennaWähringer Gürtel 18‐20Vienna1090Austria
| | - Florian Selinger
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 9Vienna1060Austria
| | - Anna Gerhartl
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbHCenter Health and BioresourcesCompetence Unit Molecular DiagnosticsGiefinggasse 4Vienna1210Austria
| | - Christian Jordan
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 9Vienna1060Austria
| | - Michael Harasek
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 9Vienna1060Austria
| | - Barbara Schädl
- Ludwig‐Boltzmann‐Institute for Experimental and Clinical TraumatologyDonaueschingenstraße 13Vienna1200Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Ludwig‐Boltzmann‐Institute for Experimental and Clinical TraumatologyDonaueschingenstraße 13Vienna1200Austria
- Institute for Molecular BiotechnologyDepartment of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18Vienna1190Austria
| | - Julian Weghuber
- School of EngineeringUniversity of Applied Sciences Upper AustriaStelzhamerstraße 23Wels4600Austria
- FFoQSI GmbH‐Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food QualitySafety and InnovationTechnopark 1CTulln3430Austria
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbHCenter Health and BioresourcesCompetence Unit Molecular DiagnosticsGiefinggasse 4Vienna1210Austria
| | - Seta Küpcü
- Institute of Synthetic BioarchitecturesDepartment of NanobiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Muthgasse 11Vienna1190Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyGetreidemarkt 9Vienna1060Austria
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Berg IC, Mohagheghian E, Habing K, Wang N, Underhill GH. Microtissue Geometry and Cell-Generated Forces Drive Patterning of Liver Progenitor Cell Differentiation in 3D. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100223. [PMID: 33890430 PMCID: PMC8222189 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
3D microenvironments provide a unique opportunity to investigate the impact of intrinsic mechanical signaling on progenitor cell differentiation. Using a hydrogel-based microwell platform, arrays of 3D, multicellular microtissues in constrained geometries, including toroids and cylinders are produced. These generated distinct mechanical profiles to investigate the impact of geometry and stress on early liver progenitor cell fate using a model liver development system. Image segmentation allows the tracking of individual cell fate and the characterization of distinct patterning of hepatocytic makers to the outer shell of the microtissues, and the exclusion from the inner diameter surface of the toroids. Biliary markers are distributed throughout the interior regions of micropatterned tissues and are increased in toroidal tissues when compared with those in cylindrical tissues. Finite element models of predicted stress distributions, combined with mechanical measurements, demonstrates that intercellular tension correlates with increased hepatocytic fate, while compression correlates with decreased hepatocytic and increased biliary fate. This system, which integrates microfabrication, imaging, mechanical modeling, and quantitative analysis, demonstrates how microtissue geometry can drive patterning of mechanical stresses that regulate cell differentiation trajectories. This approach may serve as a platform for further investigation of signaling mechanisms in the liver and other developmental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C. Berg
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Bioengineering, 1102 Everitt Lab, MC-278, 1406 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Erfan Mohagheghian
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Building, 1206 W. Green St. MC 244, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Krista Habing
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Bioengineering, 1102 Everitt Lab, MC-278, 1406 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ning Wang
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Building, 1206 W. Green St. MC 244, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Gregory H. Underhill
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Bioengineering, 1102 Everitt Lab, MC-278, 1406 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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39
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Chae S, Hong J, Hwangbo H, Kim G. The utility of biomedical scaffolds laden with spheroids in various tissue engineering applications. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:6818-6832. [PMID: 34093855 PMCID: PMC8171099 DOI: 10.7150/thno.58421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A spheroid is a complex, spherical cellular aggregate supporting cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in an environment that mimics the real-world situation. In terms of tissue engineering, spheroids are important building blocks that replace two-dimensional cell cultures. Spheroids replicate tissue physiological activities. The use of spheroids with/without scaffolds yields structures that engage in desired activities and replicate the complicated geometry of three-dimensional tissues. In this mini-review, we describe conventional and novel methods by which scaffold-free and scaffolded spheroids may be fabricated and discuss their applications in tissue regeneration and future perspectives.
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40
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Llewellyn SV, Niemeijer M, Nymark P, Moné MJ, van de Water B, Conway GE, Jenkins GJS, Doak SH. In Vitro Three-Dimensional Liver Models for Nanomaterial DNA Damage Assessment. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006055. [PMID: 33448117 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Whilst the liver possesses the ability to repair and restore sections of damaged tissue following acute injury, prolonged exposure to engineered nanomaterials (ENM) may induce repetitive injury leading to chronic liver disease. Screening ENM cytotoxicity using 3D liver models has recently been performed, but a significant challenge has been the application of such in vitro models for evaluating ENM associated genotoxicity; a vital component of regulatory human health risk assessment. This review considers the benefits, limitations, and adaptations of specific in vitro approaches to assess DNA damage in the liver, whilst identifying critical advancements required to support a multitude of biochemical endpoints, focusing on nano(geno)toxicology (e.g., secondary genotoxicity, DNA damage, and repair following prolonged or repeated exposures).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha V Llewellyn
- In vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Marije Niemeijer
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Penny Nymark
- Division of Toxicology, Misvik Biology, Karjakatu 35 B, Turku, FI-20520, Finland
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 13, Stockholm, 17 177, Sweden
| | - Martijn J Moné
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Gillian E Conway
- In vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gareth J S Jenkins
- In vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
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41
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Li X, Deng Q, Wang S, Li Q, Zhao W, Lin B, Luo Y, Zhang X. Hydroxyethyl Cellulose As a Rheological Additive for Tuning the Extrusion Printability and Scaffold Properties. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2021; 8:87-98. [PMID: 36655060 PMCID: PMC9828602 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2020.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bioink, a key element of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, is frequently engineered to achieve improved printing performance. Viscoelasticity related to rheological properties is correlative of the printability of bioink for extrusion bioprinting, which affects the complexity of printing 3D structures. This article shows the use of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) as a rheological additive for engineering bioink to improve the printability without reducing the biocompatibility. Different concentrations of HEC were added to four types of bioink, namely, reagent-crosslinked, temperature-dependent phase change, ultraviolet-polymerized, and composite hydrogel bioinks, to investigate the effect on the viscoelasticity properties, print fidelity, and other printed scaffold properties. The results indicate that HEC is able to increase the rheological properties by 100 times to stabilize complex structures and improve the printing fidelity to narrow the gap between the design value and theoretical value, even converting nonviscous ink into directly printable ink, as well as tune the swelling ratio for better molecular permeability. The degradation of bioink can also be tuned by the addition of HEC. Moreover, this bioink is biocompatible for cell lines and primary cells. HEC is expected to be widely used in 3D extrusion-based bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Quanfeng Deng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Weijie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Bingcheng Lin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Yong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Soochow, China
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42
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Ganguli A, Mostafa A, Saavedra C, Kim Y, Le P, Faramarzi V, Feathers RW, Berger J, Ramos-Cruz KP, Adeniba O, Diaz GJP, Drnevich J, Wright CL, Hernandez AG, Lin W, Smith AM, Kosari F, Vasmatzis G, Anastasiadis PZ, Bashir R. Three-dimensional microscale hanging drop arrays with geometric control for drug screening and live tissue imaging. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/17/eabc1323. [PMID: 33893093 PMCID: PMC8064630 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Existing three-dimensional (3D) culture techniques are limited by trade-offs between throughput, capacity for high-resolution imaging in living state, and geometric control. Here, we introduce a modular microscale hanging drop culture where simple design elements allow high replicates for drug screening, direct on-chip real-time or high-resolution confocal microscopy, and geometric control in 3D. Thousands of spheroids can be formed on our microchip in a single step and without any selective pressure from specific matrices. Microchip cultures from human LN229 glioblastoma and patient-derived mouse xenograft cells retained genomic alterations of originating tumors based on mate pair sequencing. We measured response to drugs over time with real-time microscopy on-chip. Last, by engineering droplets to form predetermined geometric shapes, we were able to manipulate the geometry of cultured cell masses. These outcomes can enable broad applications in advancing personalized medicine for cancer and drug discovery, tissue engineering, and stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ganguli
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - A Mostafa
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - C Saavedra
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Y Kim
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - P Le
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - V Faramarzi
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - R W Feathers
- Mayo-Illinois Alliance for Technology-Based Healthcare, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - J Berger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - K P Ramos-Cruz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - O Adeniba
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - G J Pagan Diaz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - J Drnevich
- High-Performance Biological Computing, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - C L Wright
- DNA Services Lab, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - A G Hernandez
- DNA Services Lab, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - W Lin
- Mayo-Illinois Alliance for Technology-Based Healthcare, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - A M Smith
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - F Kosari
- Mayo-Illinois Alliance for Technology-Based Healthcare, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - G Vasmatzis
- Mayo-Illinois Alliance for Technology-Based Healthcare, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - P Z Anastasiadis
- Mayo-Illinois Alliance for Technology-Based Healthcare, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - R Bashir
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Mayo-Illinois Alliance for Technology-Based Healthcare, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
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Park IS. Enhancement of Wound Healing by Conditioned Medium of Adipose-Derived Stromal Cell with Photobiomodulation in Skin Wound. Int J Stem Cells 2021; 14:212-220. [PMID: 33632992 PMCID: PMC8138655 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc20175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate whether conditioned medium from photobiomodulation (PBM) irradiated adipose-derived stromal cell (ASC) spheroids prior to implanting could stimulate angiogenesis and tissue regeneration to improve functional recovery of skin tissue in an animal skin wound model. Methods and Results ASC were split and seeded on chitosan-coated 24 well plate at a density of 7.5×104 cells/cm2, and allowed to adhere at 37℃. Within 3 days of culture, ASC formed spheroids by PBM irradiation. Conditioned medium (CM) fractions were collected from the PBM-ASC to yield nor adipose-derived stromal cell spheroid (spheroid) and PBM-spheroid, respectively, centrifuged at 13,000 g at 4℃ for 10 min, and stored prior to use for ELISA, protein assay, or in vivo wound-healing assays. Phosphate-buffered saline, cultured CM from ASCs, PBM irradiation prior to implanting conditioned medium from ASC, cultured CM from ASC spheroid, and PBM–spheroid-CM (PSC) were transplanted into a wound bed in athymic mice to evaluate therapeutic effects of PSC in vivo. PSC enhanced wound closure in a skin injury model compared to PBS, CM, PBM–CM, and spheroid-CM. The density of vascular formations increased as a result of angiogenic factors released by the wound bed and enhanced tissue regeneration at the lesion site. Conclusions These results indicate that implant of PSC can significantly improve functional recovery compared to PBS, CM, PBM–CM, or spheroid-CM treatment. Implant of PSC may be an effective form of paracrine mediated therapy for treating a wound bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Su Park
- Cell Therapy Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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44
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Murata Y, Jo JI, Tabata Y. Visualization of Apoptosis in Three-Dimensional Cell Aggregates Based on Molecular Beacon Imaging. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2021; 27:264-275. [PMID: 33619986 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2020.0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to visualize cell apoptosis in three-dimensional (3D) cell aggregates based on molecular beacons (MB). Two types of MB for messenger RNA were used: caspase-3 MB as a target for apoptosis and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) MB as a control of stable fluorescence in cells. To enhance the MB internalization into cells, caspase-3 and GAPDH MB were incorporated in cationized gelatin nanospheres (cGNS), respectively (cGNScasp3 MB and cGNSGAP MB). In addition, cGNS co-incorporating caspase-3 and GAPDH MB (cGNSdual MB) were prepared to perform the dual-color imaging for the same cell aggregate. The cGNSMB were incubated with mouse mesenchymal stem cells to label with MB in the two-dimensional culture. The cell apoptosis mediated by the addition of antibody for a death receptor Fas was ratiometrically detected by the cGNSdual MB to the same extent as single MB. The cell aggregates were prepared from MB-labeled cells, and the MB fluorescence was detected from almost all the cells even in the 3D aggregates to show the homogenous distribution. In addition to the Fas-mediated apoptosis, the aggregates were treated with camptothecin of a low-molecular weight apoptosis inducer. The fluorescence of caspase-3 MB was mainly distributed at the surface surrounding site of Fas-mediated apoptotic aggregates rather than the center site, while that of GAPDH MB was detected even in the interior site. On the other hand, in the camptothecin-induced apoptotic aggregates, both caspae-3 and GAPDH MB fluorescence were detected from the interior site of aggregates as well as the surrounding site. It is likely that the MB fluorescence reflected the localization of apoptotic position caused by the different molecular sizes of apoptosis inducer and the consequent penetration into the aggregates. It is concluded that the cGMSMB are a promising system to visualize cell apoptosis in 3D cell aggregates without the destruction of aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Murata
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Jo
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Serras AS, Rodrigues JS, Cipriano M, Rodrigues AV, Oliveira NG, Miranda JP. A Critical Perspective on 3D Liver Models for Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Studies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:626805. [PMID: 33732695 PMCID: PMC7957963 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.626805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor predictability of human liver toxicity is still causing high attrition rates of drug candidates in the pharmaceutical industry at the non-clinical, clinical, and post-marketing authorization stages. This is in part caused by animal models that fail to predict various human adverse drug reactions (ADRs), resulting in undetected hepatotoxicity at the non-clinical phase of drug development. In an effort to increase the prediction of human hepatotoxicity, different approaches to enhance the physiological relevance of hepatic in vitro systems are being pursued. Three-dimensional (3D) or microfluidic technologies allow to better recapitulate hepatocyte organization and cell-matrix contacts, to include additional cell types, to incorporate fluid flow and to create gradients of oxygen and nutrients, which have led to improved differentiated cell phenotype and functionality. This comprehensive review addresses the drug-induced hepatotoxicity mechanisms and the currently available 3D liver in vitro models, their characteristics, as well as their advantages and limitations for human hepatotoxicity assessment. In addition, since toxic responses are greatly dependent on the culture model, a comparative analysis of the toxicity studies performed using two-dimensional (2D) and 3D in vitro strategies with recognized hepatotoxic compounds, such as paracetamol, diclofenac, and troglitazone is performed, further highlighting the need for harmonization of the respective characterization methods. Finally, taking a step forward, we propose a roadmap for the assessment of drugs hepatotoxicity based on fully characterized fit-for-purpose in vitro models, taking advantage of the best of each model, which will ultimately contribute to more informed decision-making in the drug development and risk assessment fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. Serras
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana S. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Madalena Cipriano
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Armanda V. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno G. Oliveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana P. Miranda
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Leedale JA, Lucendo-Villarin B, Meseguer-Ripolles J, Kasarinaite A, Webb SD, Hay DC. Mathematical modelling of oxygen gradients in stem cell-derived liver tissue. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244070. [PMID: 33556073 PMCID: PMC7870006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A major bottleneck in the study of human liver physiology is the provision of stable liver tissue in sufficient quantity. As a result, current approaches to modelling human drug efficacy and toxicity rely heavily on immortalized human and animal cell lines. These models are informative but do possess significant drawbacks. To address the issues presented by those models, researchers have turned to pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). PSCs can be generated from defined genetic backgrounds, are scalable, and capable of differentiation to all the cell types found in the human body, representing an attractive source of somatic cells for in vitro and in vivo endeavours. Although unlimited numbers of somatic cell types can be generated in vitro, their maturation still remains problematic. In order to develop high fidelity PSC-derived liver tissue, it is necessary to better understand the cell microenvironment in vitro including key elements of liver physiology. In vivo a major driver of zonated liver function is the oxygen gradient that exists from periportal to pericentral regions. In this paper, we demonstrate how cell culture conditions for PSC-derived liver sphere systems can be optimised to recapitulate physiologically relevant oxygen gradients by using mathematical modelling. The mathematical model incorporates some often-understated features and mechanisms of traditional spheroid systems such as cell-specific oxygen uptake, media volume, spheroid size, and well dimensions that can lead to a spatially heterogeneous distribution of oxygen. This mathematical modelling approach allows for the calibration and identification of culture conditions required to generate physiologically realistic function within the microtissue through recapitulation of the in vivo microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Leedale
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JAL); (DCH)
| | | | - Jose Meseguer-Ripolles
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alvile Kasarinaite
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Steven D. Webb
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Hay
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JAL); (DCH)
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47
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Yeo M, Chae S, Kim G. An in vitro model using spheroids-laden nanofibrous structures for attaining high degree of myoblast alignment and differentiation. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3331-3347. [PMID: 33537090 PMCID: PMC7847672 DOI: 10.7150/thno.53928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A spheroid is an aggregation of single cells with structural and functional characteristics similar to those of 3D native tissues, and it has been utilized as one of the typical in vitro three-dimensional (3D) cell models. Scaffold-free spheroids provide outstanding reflection of tissue complexity in a 3D in vivo-like environment, but they can neither fabricate realistic macroscale 3D complex structures without avoiding necrosis nor receive direct external stimuli (i.e., stimuli from mechanical or topographical cues). Here, we propose a spheroid-laden electrospinning process to obtain in vitro model achieved using the synergistic effect of the unique bioactive components provided by the spheroids and stimulating effects provided by the aligned nanofibers. Methods: To show the functional activity of the spheroid-laden structures, we used myoblast-spheroids to obtain skeletal muscle, comprising highly aligned myotubes, utilizing an uniaxially arranged topographical cue. The spheroid-electrospinning was used to align spheroids directly by embedding them in aligned alginate nanofibers, which were controlled with various materials and processing parameters. Results: The spheroids laden in the alginate nanofibers showed high cell viability (>90%) and was compared with that of a cell-laden alginate nanofiber that was electrospun with single cells. Consequently, the spheroids laden in the aligned nanofibers showed a significantly higher degree of myotube formation and maturation. Conclusion: Results suggested that the in vitro model using electrospun spheroids could potentially be employed to understand myogenic responses for various in vitro drug tests.
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Saint-Sardos A, Sart S, Lippera K, Brient-Litzler E, Michelin S, Amselem G, Baroud CN. High-Throughput Measurements of Intra-Cellular and Secreted Cytokine from Single Spheroids Using Anchored Microfluidic Droplets. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2002303. [PMID: 33185938 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202002303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While many single-cell approaches have been developed to measure secretions from anchorage-independent cells, these protocols cannot be applied to adherent cells, especially when these cells require to be cultured in 3D formats. Here, a platform to measure secretions from individual spheroids of human mesenchymal stem cells, cultured within microfluidic droplets is introduced. The platform allows to quantify the secretions from hundreds of individual spheroids in each device, by using a secondary droplet to bring functionalized micro-beads in proximity to each spheroid. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) is measured on and a broad distribution of secretion levels within the population of spheroids is observed. The intra-cellular level of VEGF-A on each spheroid, measured through immuno-staining, correlates well with the extra-cellular measurement, indicating that the heterogeneities observed at the spheroid level result from variations at the intra-cellular level. Further, the molecular accumulation within the droplets is modeled and it is found that physical confinement is crucial for measurements of protein secretions. The model predicts that the time to achieve a measurement scales with droplet volume. These first measurements of secretions from individual spheroids provide several new biological and technological insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Saint-Sardos
- LadHyX & Department of Mechanics, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS-UMR 7646, Palaiseau, Cedex, 91128, France
- Physical Microfluidics and Bioengineering, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Sébastien Sart
- Physical Microfluidics and Bioengineering, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Kevin Lippera
- LadHyX & Department of Mechanics, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS-UMR 7646, Palaiseau, Cedex, 91128, France
| | | | - Sébastien Michelin
- LadHyX & Department of Mechanics, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS-UMR 7646, Palaiseau, Cedex, 91128, France
| | - Gabriel Amselem
- LadHyX & Department of Mechanics, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS-UMR 7646, Palaiseau, Cedex, 91128, France
| | - Charles N Baroud
- LadHyX & Department of Mechanics, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS-UMR 7646, Palaiseau, Cedex, 91128, France
- Physical Microfluidics and Bioengineering, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
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49
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Moradi E, Jalili-Firoozinezhad S, Solati-Hashjin M. Microfluidic organ-on-a-chip models of human liver tissue. Acta Biomater 2020; 116:67-83. [PMID: 32890749 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The liver is the largest internal organ of the body with complex microarchitecture and function that plays critical roles in drug metabolism. Hepatotoxicity and drug-induced liver injury (DILI) caused by various drugs is the main reason for late-stage drug failures. Moreover, liver diseases are among the leading causes of death in the world, with the number of new cases arising each year. Although animal models have been used to understand human drug metabolism and toxicity before clinical trials, tridimensional microphysiological systems, such as liver-on-a-chip (Liver Chip) platforms, could better recapitulate features of human liver physiology and pathophysiology and thus, are often more predictive of human outcome. Liver Chip devices have shown promising results in mimicking in vivo condition by recapitulating the sinusoidal structure of the liver, maintaining high cell viability and cellular phenotypes, and emulating native liver functions. Here, we first review the cellular constituents and physiology of the liver and then critically discuss the state-of-the-art chip-based liver models and their applications in drug screening, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine. We finally address the pending issues of existing platforms and touch upon future directions for developing new, advanced on-chip models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsanollah Moradi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Iran
| | - Sasan Jalili-Firoozinezhad
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Mehran Solati-Hashjin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Iran.
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50
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Ogoke O, Maloy M, Parashurama N. The science and engineering of stem cell-derived organoids-examples from hepatic, biliary, and pancreatic tissues. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:179-204. [PMID: 33002311 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The field of organoid engineering promises to revolutionize medicine with wide-ranging applications of scientific, engineering, and clinical interest, including precision and personalized medicine, gene editing, drug development, disease modelling, cellular therapy, and human development. Organoids are a three-dimensional (3D) miniature representation of a target organ, are initiated with stem/progenitor cells, and are extremely promising tools with which to model organ function. The biological basis for organoids is that they foster stem cell self-renewal, differentiation, and self-organization, recapitulating 3D tissue structure or function better than two-dimensional (2D) systems. In this review, we first discuss the importance of epithelial organs and the general properties of epithelial cells to provide a context and rationale for organoids of the liver, pancreas, and gall bladder. Next, we develop a general framework to understand self-organization, tissue hierarchy, and organoid cultivation. For each of these areas, we provide a historical context, and review a wide range of both biological and mathematical perspectives that enhance understanding of organoids. Next, we review existing techniques and progress in hepatobiliary and pancreatic organoid engineering. To do this, we review organoids from primary tissues, cell lines, and stem cells, and introduce engineering studies when applicable. We discuss non-invasive assessment of organoids, which can reveal the underlying biological mechanisms and enable improved assays for growth, metabolism, and function. Applications of organoids in cell therapy are also discussed. Taken together, we establish a broad scientific foundation for organoids and provide an in-depth review of hepatic, biliary and pancreatic organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogechi Ogoke
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, U.S.A
| | - Mitchell Maloy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, U.S.A
| | - Natesh Parashurama
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, U.S.A.,Clinical and Translation Research Center (CTRC), University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, U.S.A.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, U.S.A
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