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Tao C, Wang Q, Ji J, Zhou Z, Yue B, Zhang R, Jiang S, Yuan T. Utilization of carbon catabolite repression for efficiently biotransformation of anthraquinone O-glucuronides by Streptomyces coeruleorubidus DM. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1393073. [PMID: 38690368 PMCID: PMC11058961 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1393073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbon catabolite repression (CCR) is a highly conserved mechanism that regulates carbon source utilization in Streptomyces. CCR has a negative impact on secondary metabolite fermentation, both in industrial and research settings. In this study, CCR was observed in the daunorubicin (DNR)-producing strain Streptomyces coeruleorubidus DM, which was cultivated in high concentration of carbohydrates. Unexpectedly, DM exhibited a high ability for anthraquinone glucuronidation biotransformation under CCR conditions with a maximum bioconversion rate of 95% achieved at pH 6, 30°C for 24 h. The co-utilization of glucose and sucrose resulted in the highest biotransformation rate compared to other carbon source combinations. Three novel anthraquinone glucuronides were obtained, with purpurin-O-glucuronide showing significantly improved water solubility, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial bioactivity. Comparative transcript analysis revealed that glucose and sucrose utilization were significantly upregulated as DM cultivated under CCR condition, which strongly enhance the biosynthetic pathway of the precursors Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDPGA). Meanwhile, the carbon metabolic flux has significantly enhanced the fatty acid biosynthesis, the exhaust of acetyl coenzyme A may lead to the complete repression of the biosynthesis of DNR, Additionally, the efflux transporter genes were simultaneously downregulated, which may contribute to the anthraquinones intracellular glucuronidation. Overall, our findings demonstrate that utilizing CCR can be a valuable strategy for enhancing the biotransformation efficiency of anthraquinone O-glucuronides by DM. This approach has the potential to improve the bioavailability and therapeutic potential of these compounds, opening up new possibilities for their pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Quyi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Junyang Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyue Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingjie Yue
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medical Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianjie Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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2
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Moniruzzaman M, Khac Nguyen H, Kiyasu Y, Hirose T, Handa Y, Koide T, Ogo S, Yoon KS. H 2-driven reduction of CO 2 to formate using bacterial plasma membranes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 390:129921. [PMID: 37884095 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial membranes shield the intracellular compartment by selectively allowing unwanted substances to enter in, which in turn reduces overall catalytic efficiency. This report presents a model system using the isolated plasma membranes of Citrobacter sp. S-77 that harbor oxygen-stable [NiFe]hydrogenase and [Mo]formate dehydrogenase, which are integrated into a natural catalytic nanodevice through an electron transfer relay. This naturally occurring nanodevice exhibited selectivity and efficiency in catalyzing the H2-driven conversion of CO2 to formate with the rate of 817 mmol·L-1·gprotein-1·h-1 under mild conditions of 30 °C, pH 7.0, and 0.1 MPa. When the isolated plasma membranes of Citrobacter sp. S-77 was immobilized with multi-walled carbon nanotubes and encapsulated in hydrogel beads of gellan-gum cross-linked with calcium ions, the catalyst for formate production remained stable over 10 repeated uses. This paper reports the first case of efficient and selective formate production from H2 and CO2 using bacterial plasma membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moniruzzaman
- Mitsui Chemicals, Inc.-Carbon Neutral Research Center (MCI-CNRC), Kyushu University, Japan; International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER), Kyushu University, Japan.
| | - Hung Khac Nguyen
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER), Kyushu University, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan.
| | - Yu Kiyasu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan.
| | - Takumi Hirose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan.
| | - Yuya Handa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan.
| | - Taro Koide
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER), Kyushu University, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan.
| | - Seiji Ogo
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER), Kyushu University, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan.
| | - Ki-Seok Yoon
- Mitsui Chemicals, Inc.-Carbon Neutral Research Center (MCI-CNRC), Kyushu University, Japan; International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER), Kyushu University, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan.
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3
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Gao S, Ma D, Wang Y, Zhang A, Wang X, Chen K. Whole-cell catalyze L-dopa to dopamine via co-expression of transport protein AroP in Escherichia coli. BMC Biotechnol 2023; 23:33. [PMID: 37644483 PMCID: PMC10463401 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-023-00794-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is high-value compound of pharmaceutical interest, but its industrial scale production mostly focuses on chemical synthesis, possessing environment pollution. Bio-manufacturing has caused much attention for its environmental characteristic. Resting cells were employed to as biocatalysts with extraordinary advantages like offering stable surroundings, the inherent presence of expensive cofactors. In this study, whole-cell bioconversion was employed to convert dopa to dopamine. To increase the titer and yield of dopamine production through whole-cell catalysis, three kinds of aromatic amino acid transport protein, AroP, PheP and TyrP, were selected to be co-expressed. The effects of the concentration of L-dopa, pyridoxal-5'- phosphate (PLP), reaction temperature and pH were characterized for improvement of bioconversion. Under optimal conditions, dopamine titer reached 1.44 g/L with molar yield of 46.3%, which is 6.62 times than that of initial conditions. The catalysis productivity of recombinant E. coli co-expressed L-dopa decarboxylase(DDC) and AroP was further enhanced by repeated cell recycling, which maintained over 50% of its initial ability with eight consecutive catalyses. This study was the first to successfully bioconversion of dopamine by whole-cell catalysis. This research provided reference for whole-cell catalysis which is hindered by cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ding Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongtao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Alei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Kequan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, China
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4
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Rossino G, Robescu MS, Licastro E, Tedesco C, Martello I, Maffei L, Vincenti G, Bavaro T, Collina S. Biocatalysis: A smart and green tool for the preparation of chiral drugs. Chirality 2022; 34:1403-1418. [PMID: 35929567 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, biocatalysis has achieved growing interest thanks to its potential to enable high efficiency, high yield, and eco-friendly processes aimed at the production of pharmacologically relevant compounds. Particularly, biocatalysis proved an effective and potent tool in the preparation of chiral molecules, and the recent innovations of biotechnologies and nanotechnologies open up a new era of further developments in this field. Different strategies are now available for the synthesis of chiral drugs and their intermediates. Enzymes are green tools that offer several advantages, associated both to catalysis and environmentally friendly reactants. Specifically, the use of enzymes isolated from biological sources or of whole-cell represents a valuable approach to obtain pharmaceutical products. The sustainability, the higher efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of biocatalytic reactions result in improved performance and properties that can be translated from academia to industry. In this review, we focus on biocatalytic approaches for synthesizing chiral drugs or their intermediates. Aiming to unveil the potentialities of biocatalysis systems, we discuss different examples of innovative biocatalytic approaches and their applications in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Rossino
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, Pavia, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Marina Simona Robescu
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, Pavia, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Ester Licastro
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, Pavia, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Claudia Tedesco
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, Pavia, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Martello
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, Pavia, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Luciana Maffei
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, Pavia, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Gregory Vincenti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, Pavia, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Teodora Bavaro
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, Pavia, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, Pavia, Lombardia, Italy
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5
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Zhang Y, Duan ZW, Liu HY, Qian F, Wang P. Synergistic promotion for microbial asymmetric preparation of (R)-2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethanol by NADES and cyclodextrin. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Efficient production of cellobionic acid using whole-cell biocatalyst of genetically modified Pseudomonas taetrolens. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:1057-1064. [PMID: 35412074 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02725-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas taetrolens has previously been shown to convert cellobiose to cellobionic acid (CBA), which can potentially be used in cosmetics, food, and pharmaceutical industries. The cellobiose-oxidizing activity of the P. taetrolens strain, which expressed the homologous quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), was increased by approximately 50.8% compared to the original strain. Whole-cell biocatalyst (WCB) of the genetically modified P. taetrolens strain [pDSK-GDH] was prepared simply by fermentation and washing processes. Reaction conditions for the proper use of WCB, such as reaction temperature, cell density to be added, and cell harvest time for preparing WCB, were investigated. The highest CBA productivity (18.2 g/L/h) was achieved when WCB prepared in the late-exponential phase of cell culture was used at 35 °C with cell density of 10 at OD600nm. Under these conditions, 200 g/L of cellobiose was all converted to CBA in 11 h, and the WCB of P. taetrolens [pDSK-GDH] maintained the maximum catalytic activity during at least six cycles without a significant decline in the productivity. Our results suggest that the manufacture of WCB based on genetically engineered P. taetrolens and its optimized use could be further developed as an economically viable option for the large-scale production of CBA.
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7
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Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis of (S)-N-Boc-3-Hydroxypiperidine by Coexpressing Ketoreductase and Glucose Dehydrogenase. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12030304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(S)-N-Boc-3-hydroxypiperidine is an important intermediate of the anticancer drug ibrutinib and is mainly synthesized by the asymmetric reduction catalyzed by ketoreductase coupled with glucose dehydrogenase at present. In this study, the coexpression recombinant strains E. coli/pET28-K-rbs-G with single promoter and E. coli/pETDuet-K-G with double promoters were first constructed for the coexpression of ketoreductase and glucose dehydrogenase in the same cell. Then, the catalytic efficiency of E. coli/pET28-K-rbs-G for synthesizing (S)-N-Boc-3-hydroxypiperidine was found to be higher than that of E. coli/pETDuet-K-G due to the more balanced activity ratio and higher catalytic activity. On this basis, the catalytic conditions of E. coli/pET28-K-rbs-G were further optimized, and finally both the conversion of the reaction and the optical purity of the product were higher than 99%. In the end, the cell-free extract was proved to be a better catalyst than the whole cell with the improved catalytic efficiency of different recombinant strains. This study developed a better coexpression strategy for ketoreductase and glucose dehydrogenase by investigating the effect of activity ratios and forms of the biocatalysts on the catalytic efficiency deeply, which provided a research basis for the efficient synthesis of chiral compounds.
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8
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Microbial cell surface engineering for high-level synthesis of bio-products. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 55:107912. [PMID: 35041862 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microbial cell surface layers, which mainly include the cell membrane, cell wall, periplasmic space, outer membrane, capsules, S-layers, pili, and flagella, control material exchange between the cell and the extracellular environment, and have great impact on production titers and yields of various bio-products synthesized by microbes. Recent research work has made exciting achievements in metabolic engineering using microbial cell surface components as novel regulation targets without direct modifications of the metabolic pathways of the desired products. This review article will summarize the accomplishments obtained in this emerging field, and will describe various engineering strategies that have been adopted in bacteria and yeasts for the enhancement of mass transfer across the cell surface, improvement of protein expression and folding, modulation of cell size and shape, and re-direction of cellular resources, all of which contribute to the construction of more efficient microbial cell factories toward the synthesis of a variety of bio-products. The existing problems and possible future directions will also be discussed.
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9
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Sheng T, Guan X, Liu C, Su Y. De Novo Approach to Encapsulating Biocatalysts into Synthetic Matrixes: From Enzymes to Microbial Electrocatalysts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:52234-52249. [PMID: 34352175 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysts hold great promise in chemical and electrochemical reactions. However, biocatalysts are prone to inhospitable physiochemical conditions. Encapsulating biocatalysts into a synthetic host matrix can improve their stability and activity, and broaden their operational conditions. In this Review, we summarize the emerging de novo approaches to encapsulating biocatalysts into synthetic matrixes. Here, de novo means that embedding of biocatalysts and construction of matrixes take place simultaneously. We discuss the advantages and limitations of the de novo approach. On the basis of the nature of the biocatalysts and the synthetic frameworks, we specifically focus on two aspects: (1) encapsulation of enzymes (in vitro) in metal-organic frameworks and (2) encapsulation of microbial electrocatalysts (in vivo) on the electrode. For both cases, we discuss how the encapsulation improves biocatalysts' performance (stability, viability, activity, and etc.). We also highlight the benefit of encapsulation in facilitating the transport of charge carriers in microbial electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianran Sheng
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xun Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yude Su
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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10
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Sena RO, Carneiro C, Moura MVH, Brêda GC, Pinto MCC, Fé LXSGM, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Manoel EA, Almeida RV, Freire DMG, Cipolatti EP. Application of Rhizomucor miehei lipase-displaying Pichia pastoris whole cell for biodiesel production using agro-industrial residuals as substrate. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 189:734-743. [PMID: 34455007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed the application of a new biocatalyst for biodiesel production from residual agro-industrial fatty acids. A recombinant Pichia pastoris displaying lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (RML) on the cell surface, using the PIR-1 anchor system, were prepared using glycerol as the carbon source. The biocatalyst, named RML-PIR1 showed optimum temperature of 45 °C (74.0 U/L). The stability tests resulted in t1/2 of 3.49 and 2.15 h at 40 and 45 °C, respectively. RML-PIR1 was applied in esterification reactions using industrial co-products as substrates, palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and soybean fatty acid distillate (SFAD). The highest productivity was observed for SFAD after 48 h presenting 79.1% of conversion using only 10% of biocatalyst and free-solvent system. This is about ca. eight times higher than commercial free RML in the same conditions. The stabilizing agents study revealed that the treatment using glutaraldehyde (GA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) enabled increased stability and reuse of biocatalyst. It was observed by SEM analysis that the treatment modified the cell morphology. RML-PIR1-GA presented 87.9% of the initial activity after 6 reuses, whilst the activity of unmodified RML-PIR decreased by 40% after the first use. These results were superior to those obtained in the literature, making this new biocatalyst promising for biotechnological applications, such as the production of biofuels on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Oliveira Sena
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Candida Carneiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Victor Holanda Moura
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; SENAI Innovation Institute for Biosynthetics and Fibers, SENAI CETIQT, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Coelho Brêda
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martina C C Pinto
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Chemical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 68502, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-972, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Department of Biocatalysis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academic, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Evelin Andrade Manoel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-170 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Volcan Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Denise Maria Guimarães Freire
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Eliane Pereira Cipolatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-170 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Biochemical Process Technology, Rio de Janeiro State University, São Francisco Xavier, 524 Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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11
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Xu B, Li Z, Jiang Y, Chen M, Chen B, Xin F, Dong W, Jiang M. Recent advances in the improvement of bi-directional electron transfer between abiotic/biotic interfaces in electron-assisted biosynthesis system. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107810. [PMID: 34333092 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As an important biosynthesis technology, electron-assisted biosynthesis (EABS) system can utilize exogenous electrons to regulate the metabolic network of microorganisms, realizing the biosynthesis of high value-added chemicals and CO2 fixation. Electrons play crucial roles as the energy carriers in the EABS process. In fact, efficient interfacial electron transfer (ET) is the decisive factor to realize the rapid energy exchange, thus stimulating the biosynthesis of target metabolic products. However, due to the interfacial resistance of ET between the abiotic solid electrode and biotic microbial cells, the low efficiency of interfacial ET has become a major bottleneck, further limiting the practical application of EABS system. As the cell membrane is insulated, even the cell membrane embedded electron conduit (no matter cytochromes or channel protein for shuttle transferring) to increase the cell membrane conductivity, the ET between membrane electron conduit and electrode surface is kinetically restricted. In this review, the pathway of bi-directional interfacial ET in EABS system was summarized. Furthermore, we reviewed representative milestones and advances in both the anode outward interfacial ET (from organism to electrode) and cathode inward interfacial ET (from electrode to organism). Here, new insights from the perspectives of material science and synthetic biology were also proposed, which were expected to provide some innovative opinions and ideas for the following in-depth studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Zhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Yujia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Minjiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Boryann Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National I-Lan University, I-Lan 26047, Taiwan
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, PR China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, PR China.
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, PR China.
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12
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Yang B, Zheng P, Wu D, Chen P. Efficient Biosynthesis of Raspberry Ketone by Engineered Escherichia coli Coexpressing Zingerone Synthase and Glucose Dehydrogenase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2549-2556. [PMID: 33593064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Raspberry ketone (RK), the main aroma compound of raspberry fruit, has applications in cosmetics, food industry, and pharmaceutics. In this study, we biosynthesized RK via the catalytic reduction of 4-hydroxybenzylidenacetone using a whole-cell biocatalyst. Reductase RiRZS1 from Rubus idaeus and glucose dehydrogenase SyGDH from Thermoplasma acidophilum were expressed in Escherichia coli to regenerate NADPH for the whole-cell catalytic reaction. Following the optimization of balancing the coexpression of two enzymes in pRSFDuet-1, we obtained 9.89 g/L RK with a conversion rate of 98% and a space-time yield of 4.94 g/(L·h). The optimum conditions are 40 °C, pH 5.5, and a molar ratio of substrate to auxiliary substrate of 1:2.5. Our study findings provide a promising method of biosynthesizing RK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Pu Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Dan Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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13
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A two-enzyme cascade system for the bio-production of spermidine from putrescine. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Flow Biocatalysis: A Challenging Alternative for the Synthesis of APIs and Natural Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22030990. [PMID: 33498198 PMCID: PMC7863935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22030990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocatalysts represent an efficient, highly selective and greener alternative to metal catalysts in both industry and academia. In the last two decades, the interest in biocatalytic transformations has increased due to an urgent need for more sustainable industrial processes that comply with the principles of green chemistry. Thanks to the recent advances in biotechnologies, protein engineering and the Nobel prize awarded concept of direct enzymatic evolution, the synthetic enzymatic toolbox has expanded significantly. In particular, the implementation of biocatalysts in continuous flow systems has attracted much attention, especially from industry. The advantages of flow chemistry enable biosynthesis to overcome well-known limitations of “classic” enzymatic catalysis, such as time-consuming work-ups and enzyme inhibition, as well as difficult scale-up and process intensifications. Moreover, continuous flow biocatalysis provides access to practical, economical and more sustainable synthetic pathways, an important aspect for the future of pharmaceutical companies if they want to compete in the market while complying with European Medicines Agency (EMA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and green chemistry requirements. This review focuses on the most recent advances in the use of flow biocatalysis for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), pharmaceuticals and natural products, and the advantages and limitations are discussed.
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Ye M, Ye Y, Du Z, Chen G. Cell-surface engineering of yeasts for whole-cell biocatalysts. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 44:1003-1019. [PMID: 33389168 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-020-02484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Due to the unique advantages comparing with traditional free enzymes and chemical catalysis, whole-cell biocatalysts have been widely used to catalyze reactions effectively, simply and environment friendly. Cell-surface display technology provides a novel and effective approach for improved whole-cell biocatalysts expressing heterologous enzymes on the cell surface. They can overcome the substrate transport limitation of the intracellular expression and provide the enzymes with enhanced properties. Among all the host surface-displaying microorganisms, yeast is ideally suitable for constructing whole cell-surface-displaying biocatalyst, because of the large cell size, the generally regarded as safe (GRAS) status, and the perfect post-translational processing of secreted proteins. Yeast cell-surface display system has been a promising and powerful method for development of novel and improved engineered biocatalysts. In this review, the characterization and principles of yeast cell-surface display and the applications of yeast cell-surface display in engineered whole-cell biocatalysts as well as the improvement of the enzyme efficiency are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Ye
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Yuqi Ye
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Zongjun Du
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Guanjun Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Oh YR, Jang YA, Hong SH, Han JJ, Eom GT. Efficient production of lactobionic acid using genetically engineered Pseudomonas taetrolens as a whole-cell biocatalyst. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 141:109668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wang Z, Hong J, Ma S, Huang T, Ma Y, Liu W, Liu W, Liu Z, Song H. Heterologous expression of EUGT11 from Oryza sativa in Pichia pastoris for highly efficient one-pot production of rebaudioside D from rebaudioside A. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1669-1676. [PMID: 32976903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rebaudioside D is a promising sweetener due to its zero calorie and high sweetness. Here, a transglucosylase gene eugt11 from Oryza sativa was for the first time expressed in Pichia pastoris, and transformant XE-3 showed the highest expression levels in pH 5.5 BMMY media containing 0.75% methanol. The affinity-purified EUGT11 from XE-3 displayed the highest activity at pH 6.0-6.5 and 45 °C, compared to pH 8.5 and 35 °C for EUGT11 from Escherichia coli. One-pot synthesis with orthogonal design was employed to optimize the rebaudioside D production using XE-3, and the initial pH 7.0 of the medium appears to be a significant factor and delivers the highest conversion efficiency. A two-step temperature-control strategy was developed, and a conversion rate of 95.31% was achieved at 28/35 °C vs. 62.41% in a one-step process at 28 °C. This study provides a high-efficient whole-cell biocatalysts technology for the sweetener production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Wang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; R&D Division, Sinochem Health Company Ltd., Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jiefang Hong
- Biomass Conversion Laboratory, Tianjin R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Siyuan Ma
- Biomass Conversion Laboratory, Tianjin R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tong Huang
- Biomass Conversion Laboratory, Tianjin R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Biomass Conversion Laboratory, Tianjin R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China; Frontier Technology Institute (Wuqing), Tianjin University, Tianjin 30072, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhiming Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hao Song
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China; Frontier Technology Institute (Wuqing), Tianjin University, Tianjin 30072, China.
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Shi T, Fan X, Wu Y, Ma Q, Xu Q, Xie X, Chen N. Mutation of genes for cell membrane synthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum causes temperature-sensitive trait and promotes L-glutamate excretion. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1711186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Shi
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xiaoguang Fan
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yasong Wu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qian Ma
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qingyang Xu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xixian Xie
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Ning Chen
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, PR China
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Jo BH, Moon H, Cha HJ. Engineering the genetic components of a whole‐cell catalyst for improved enzymatic CO
2
capture and utilization. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:39-48. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byung Hoon Jo
- Division of Life Science and Research Institute of Life ScienceGyeongsang National UniversityJinju Korea
| | - Hyukjoon Moon
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and BioengineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Cha
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and BioengineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang Korea
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang Korea
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Sun WJ, Liu YJ, Liu HH, Ma JD, Ren YH, Wang FQ, Wei DZ. Enhanced conversion of sterols to steroid synthons by augmenting the peptidoglycan synthesis gene pbpB in Mycobacterium neoaurum. J Basic Microbiol 2019; 59:924-935. [PMID: 31347189 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201900159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Some species of mycobacteria have been modified to transform sterols to valuable steroid synthons. The unique cell wall of mycobacteria has been recognized as an important organelle to absorb sterols. Some cell wall inhibitors (e.g., vancomycin and glycine) have been validated to enhance sterol conversion by interfering with transpeptidation in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Therefore, two transpeptidase genes, pbpA and pbpB, were selected to rationally modify the cell wall to simulate the enhancement effect of vancomycin and glycine on sterol conversion in a 22-hydroxy-23,24-bisnorchol-4-ene-3-one (4-HBC) producing strain (WIII). Unexpectedly, the pbpA or pbpB gene augmentation was conducive to the utilization of sterols. The pbpB augmentation strain WIII-pbpB was further investigated for its better performance. Compared to WIII, the morphology of WIII-pbpB was markedly changed from oval to spindle, indicating alterations of the cell wall. Biochemical analysis indicated that the altered cell wall properties of WIII-pbpB might contribute to the positive effect on sterol utilization. The productivity of 4-HBC was enhanced by 28% in the WIII-pbpB strain compared to that of WIII. These results demonstrated that the modification of peptidoglycan synthesis can improve the conversion of sterols to steroid synthons in mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ju Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao-Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie-De Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, China
| | | | - Feng-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Zhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Functional Autodisplay of Phenolic Acid Decarboxylase using a GDSL Autotransporter on Escherichia coli for Efficient Catalysis of 4-Hydroxycinnamic Acids to Vinylphenol Derivatives. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9080634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioproduction of vinylphenol derivatives, such as 4-vinylguaiacol (4-VG) and 4-vinylphenol (4-VP), from 4-hydroxycinnamic acids, such as ferulic acid (FA) and p-coumaric acid (pCA), employing whole cells expressing phenolic acid decarboxylases (PAD) as a biocatalyst has attracted much attention in recent years. However, the accumulation of 4-VG or 4-VP in the cell may cause high cytotoxicity to Escherichia coli (E. coli) and consequently cell death during the process. In this study, we firstly report the functional display of a phenolic acid decarboxylase (BLPAD) from Bacillus licheniformis using a GDSL autotransporter from Pseudomonas putida on the cell surface of E. coli. Expression and localization of BLPAD on E. coli were verified by SDS-PAGE and protease accessibility. The PelB signal peptide is more effective in guiding the translocation of BLPAD on the cell surface than the native signal peptide of GDSL, and the cell surface displaying BLPAD activity reached 19.72 U/OD600. The cell surface displaying BLPAD showed good reusability and retained 63% of residual activity after 7 cycles of repeated use. In contrast, the residual activity of the intracellular expressing cells was approximately 11% after 3 cycles of reuse. The molar bioconversion yields of 72.6% and 80.4% were achieved at the concentration of 300 mM of FA and pCA in a biphasic toluene/Na2HPO4–citric acid buffer system, respectively. Its good reusability and efficient catalysis suggested that the cell surface displaying BLPAD can be used as a whole-cell biocatalyst for efficient production of 4-VG and 4-VP.
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Yue T, Chen R, Chen D, Liu J, Xie K, Dai J. Enzymatic Synthesis of Bioactive O-Glucuronides Using Plant Glucuronosyltransferases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6275-6284. [PMID: 31083910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Many O-glucuronides exhibiting various pharmacological activities have been found in nature and in drug metabolism. The glucuronidation of bioactive natural products or drugs to generate glucuronides with better activity and druggability is important in drug discovery and research. In this study, by using two uridine diphosphate (UDP)-dependent glucuronosyltransferases (GATs, UGT88D4 and UGT88D7) from plants, we developed two glucuronidation approaches, pure enzyme catalysis in vitro and recombinant whole-cell catalysis in vivo, to efficiently synthesize bioactive O-glucuronides by the glucuronidation of natural products. In total, 14 O-glucuronides with different structures, including flavonoids, anthraquinones, coumarins, and lignans, were obtained, 7 of which were new compounds. Furthermore, one of the biosynthesized O-glucuronides, kaempferol-7- O-β-d-glucuronide (3a), potently inhibited protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) 1B with an IC50 value of 8.02 × 10-6 M. Some of the biosynthesized O-glucuronides also exhibited significant antioxidant activities.
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23
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Shin J, Yu J, Park M, Kim C, Kim H, Park Y, Ban C, Seydametova E, Song YH, Shin CS, Chung KH, Woo JM, Chung H, Park JB, Kweon DH. Endocytosing Escherichia coli as a Whole-Cell Biocatalyst of Fatty Acids. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:1055-1066. [PMID: 31018087 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Whole cell biocatalysts can be used to convert fatty acids into various value-added products. However, fatty acid transport across cellular membranes into the cytosol of microbial cells limits substrate availability and impairs membrane integrity, which in turn decreases cell viability and bioconversion activity. Because these problems are associated with the mechanism of fatty acid transport through membranes, a whole-cell biocatalyst that can form caveolae-like structures was generated to promote substrate endocytosis. Caveolin-1 ( CAV1) expression in Escherichia coli increased both the fatty acid transport rate and intracellular fatty acid concentrations via endocytosis of the supplemented substrate. Furthermore, fatty-acid endocytosis alleviated substrate cytotoxicity in E. coli. These traits attributed to bacterial endocytosis resulted in dramatically elevated biotransformation efficiencies in fed-batch and cell-recycle reaction systems when caveolae-forming E. coli was used for the bioconversion of ricinoleic acid (12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid) to ( Z)-11-(heptanoyloxy) undec-9-enoic acid. We propose that CAV1-mediated endocytosing E. coli represents a versatile tool for the biotransformation of hydrophobic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyeok Shin
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Yu
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungseo Park
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chakhee Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hooyeon Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjeong Park
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Choongjin Ban
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Emine Seydametova
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Kyung-Hwun Chung
- Electron Microscope Facility, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Woo
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Chung
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Byung Park
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kweon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Biologics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Han L, Liang B. New approaches to NAD(P)H regeneration in the biosynthesis systems. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:141. [PMID: 30203299 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2530-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), as two kinds of well-known cofactor, are widely used in the most of enzymatic redox reactions, playing an important role in industrial catalysis. In general, supply of NAD(P)H is a major challenged factor in redox fermentation systems due to its high cost and low stability, which have stimulated the development of NADH regeneration systems in recent years. Until now, a series of NAD(P)H regeneration systems have been developed. This review focuses primarily on new approaches of NAD(P)H cofactor regeneration in the biosynthesis systems, such as single cell in vivo NADH regeneration system, double cell coupling NADH regeneration system, in vitro enzyme-coupled NADH regeneration system, microbial cell surface display NADH regeneration system. Finally, the prospect and tendency of NADH regeneration are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Han
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Bo Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthesis Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Jeon EY, Song JW, Cha HJ, Lee SM, Lee J, Park JB. Intracellular transformation rates of fatty acids are influenced by expression of the fatty acid transporter FadL in Escherichia coli cell membrane. J Biotechnol 2018; 281:161-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Pichler H, Emmerstorfer-Augustin A. Modification of membrane lipid compositions in single-celled organisms – From basics to applications. Methods 2018; 147:50-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
The continuous flow synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients, value-added chemicals, and materials has grown tremendously over the past ten years. This revolution in chemical manufacturing has resulted from innovations in both new methodology and technology. This field, however, has been predominantly focused on synthetic organic chemistry, and the use of biocatalysts in continuous flow systems is only now becoming popular. Although immobilized enzymes and whole cells in batch systems are common, their continuous flow counterparts have grown rapidly over the past two years. With continuous flow systems offering improved mixing, mass transfer, thermal control, pressurized processing, decreased variation, automation, process analytical technology, and in-line purification, the combination of biocatalysis and flow chemistry opens powerful new process windows. This Review explores continuous flow biocatalysts with emphasis on new technology, enzymes, whole cells, co-factor recycling, and immobilization methods for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, value-added chemicals, and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Britton
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
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Dong W, Zhao F, Xin F, He A, Zhang Y, Wu H, Fang Y, Zhang W, Ma J, Jiang M. Ultrasound-assisted d-tartaric acid whole-cell bioconversion by recombinant Escherichia coli. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 42:11-17. [PMID: 29429650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
d-Tartaric acid has wide range of application in the pharmaceutical industry and scarcely exists in nature. In this study, cis-epoxysuccinate hydrolase (CESH)-containing Escherichia coli was used to perform whole-cell bioconversion of cis-epoxysuccinate (CES) to D-tartaric acid and the catalytic efficiency was investigated by ultrasound treatment. The bioconversion rate of CES sodium reached 70.36% after 60 min treated after ultrasound, which is 3-fold higher than that in the control. The specific rate could be further improved by 2-fold after 5 repeated batches compared with the first one, however, the specific rate gradually decreased with the increase of repeat batches (>5 batches). The CESH from Bordetella sp. BK-52 was a typical Michaelis-Menten enzyme with Vmax and Km values of 28.17 mM/h/g WCW (wet of cell weight) and 30.18 mM, respectively. The process for the d-tartaric acid bioconversion, which consisted of 102.31 g/L CES sodium, 8.78 mg/mL whole cell and ultrasound power of 79.36 W, is further optimized using response surface methodology. The specific rate finally reached 194.79 ± 1.78 mM/h/g WCW under the optimal conditions. Furthermore, the permeability of inner and outer membrane was improved approximately 1.6 and 1.4-fold after ultrasound treatment, respectively, which may be a crucial factor for improvement of the bioconversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Fenglian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Aiyong He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass-Based Energy and Enzyme Technology, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Yan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Jiangfeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China.
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China.
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Biocatalytic membranes prepared by inkjet printing functionalized yeast cells onto microfiltration substrates. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Schüürmann J, Quehl P, Lindhorst F, Lang K, Jose J. Autodisplay of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase for redox cofactor regeneration at the cell surface. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1658-1669. [PMID: 28401536 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Inherent cofactor regeneration is a pivotal feature of whole cell biocatalysis. For specific biotechnological applications, surface display of enzymes is emerging as a tool to circumvent mass transfer limitations or enzyme stability problems. Even complex reactions can be accomplished applying displayed enzymes. Yet, industrial utilization of the technique is still impeded by lacking cofactor regeneration at the cell surface. Here, we report on the surface display of a glucose-6-phoshate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) via Autodisplay to address this limitation and regenerate NADPH directly at the cell surface. The obtained whole cell biocatalyst demonstrated similar kinetic parameters compared to the purified enzyme, more precisely KM values of 0.2 mM for NADP+ and calculated total turnover numbers of 107 . However, the KM for the substrate G6P increased by a factor of 7 to yield 1.5 mM. The whole cell biocatalyst was cheaper to produce, easy to separate from the reaction mixture and reusable in consecutive reaction cycles. Furthermore, lyophilization allowed storage at room temperature. The whole cell biocatalyst displaying G6PDH was applicable for NADPH regeneration in combination with soluble as well as surface displayed enzymes and model reactions in combination with bacterial CYP102A1 and human CYP1A2 were realized. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1658-1669. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schüürmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Paul Quehl
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Fabian Lindhorst
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kristina Lang
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Luo H, Zhu L, Chang Y, Liu X, Liu Z, Sun H, Li X, Yu H, Shen Z. Microenvironmental pH changes in immobilized cephalosporin C acylase during a proton-producing reaction and regulation by a two-stage catalytic process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 223:157-165. [PMID: 27792925 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cephalosporin C acylase (CCA), a proton-producing enzyme, was covalently bound on an epoxy-activated porous support. The microenvironmental pH change in immobilized CCA during the reaction was detected using pH-sensitive fluorescein labeling. The high catalytic velocity of the initial stage of conversion resulted in a sharp intraparticle pH gradient, which was likely the key factor relating to low operational stability. Accordingly, a novel strategy for a two-stage catalytic process was developed to reduce the reaction rate of stage I at a low temperature to preserve enzymatic activity and to shorten the duration of catalysis at a high reaction temperature in stage II. The reaction using the two-stage catalytic process (10-37°C shift at 30min) showed significantly improved stability compared with that of the single-temperature reaction at 37°C (29 batches versus five batches, respectively) and a shorter catalytic period than the reaction at 10°C (40min versus 70min, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Luo
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Linlin Zhu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanhong Chang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiuhong Liu
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zijia Liu
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hongxu Sun
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Huimin Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhongyao Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Xu P, Du PX, Zong MH, Li N, Lou WY. Combination of deep eutectic solvent and ionic liquid to improve biocatalytic reduction of 2-octanone with Acetobacter pasteurianus GIM1.158 cell. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26158. [PMID: 27185089 PMCID: PMC4868980 DOI: 10.1038/srep26158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficient anti-Prelog asymmetric reduction of 2-octanone with Acetobacter pasteurianus GIM1.158 cells was successfully performed in a biphasic system consisting of deep eutectic solvent (DES) and water-immiscible ionic liquid (IL). Various DESs exerted different effects on the synthesis of (R)-2-octanol. Choline chloride/ethylene glycol (ChCl/EG) exhibited good biocompatibility and could moderately increase the cell membrane permeability thus leading to the better results. Adding ChCl/EG increased the optimal substrate concentration from 40 mM to 60 mM and the product e.e. kept above 99.9%. To further improve the reaction efficiency, water-immiscible ILs were introduced to the reaction system and an enhanced substrate concentration (1.5 M) was observed with C4MIM·PF6. Additionally, the cells manifested good operational stability in the reaction system. Thus, the efficient biocatalytic process with ChCl/EG and C4MIM·PF6 was promising for efficient synthesis of (R)-2-octanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.,Laboratory of Applied Biocatalysis, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Peng-Xuan Du
- Laboratory of Applied Biocatalysis, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Min-Hua Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ning Li
- Laboratory of Applied Biocatalysis, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wen-Yong Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.,Laboratory of Applied Biocatalysis, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Whole-cell biocatalytic production of variously substituted β-aryl- and β-heteroaryl-β-amino acids. J Biotechnol 2016; 217:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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34
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Silica Gel for Enhanced Activity and Hypochlorite Protection of Cyanuric Acid Hydrolase in Recombinant Escherichia coli. mBio 2015; 6:e01477-15. [PMID: 26530383 PMCID: PMC4631802 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01477-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorinated isocyanuric acids are widely used water disinfectants that generate hypochlorite, but with repeated application, they build up cyanuric acid (CYA) that must be removed to maintain disinfection. 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-treated Escherichia coli cells expressing cyanuric acid hydrolase (CAH) from Moorella thermoacetica exhibited significantly high CYA degradation rates and provided protection against enzyme inactivation by hypochlorite (chlorine). APTES coating or encapsulation of cells had two benefits: (i) overcoming diffusion limitations imposed by the cell wall and (ii) protecting against hypochlorite inactivation of CAH activity. Cells encapsulated in APTES gels degraded CYA three times faster than nonfunctionalized tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) gels, and cells coated with APTES degraded CYA at a rate of 29 µmol/min per mg of CAH protein, similar to the rate with purified enzyme. UV spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy showed that the higher rates were due to APTES increasing membrane permeability and enhancing cyanuric acid diffusion into the cytoplasm to reach the CAH enzyme. Purified CAH enzyme was shown to be rapidly inactivated by hypochlorite. APTES aggregates surrounding cells protected via the amine groups reacting with hypochlorite as shown by pH changes, zeta potential measurements, and infrared spectroscopy. APTES-encapsulated E. coli cells expressing CAH degraded cyanuric acid at high rates in the presence of 1 to 10 ppm hypochlorite, showing effectiveness under swimming pool conditions. In contrast, CAH activity in TEOS gels or free cells was completely inactivated by hypochlorite. These studies show that commercially available silica materials can selectively enhance, protect, and immobilize whole-cell biocatalysts for specialized applications. Hypochlorite is used in vast quantities for water disinfection, killing bacteria on surfaces, and washing and whitening. In pools, spas, and other waters, hypochlorite is frequently delivered as chlorinated isocyanuric acids that release hypochlorite and cyanuric acid. Over time, cyanuric acid accumulates and impairs disinfection and must be removed. The microbial enzyme cyanuric acid hydrolase can potentially remove cyanuric acid to restore disinfection and protect swimmers. Whole bacterial cells expressing cyanuric acid hydrolase were encapsulated in an inert silica matrix containing an amine group. The amine group serves to permeabilize the cell membrane and accelerate cyanuric acid degradation, and it also reacts with hypochlorite to protect against inactivation of cyanuric acid hydrolase. Methods for promoting whole-cell biocatalysis are important in biotechnology, and the present work illustrates approaches to enhance rates and protect against an inhibitory substance.
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Displaying Lipase B from Candida antarctica in Pichia pastoris Using the Yeast Surface Display Approach: Prospection of a New Anchor and Characterization of the Whole Cell Biocatalyst. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141454. [PMID: 26510006 PMCID: PMC4624902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast Surface Display (YSD) is a strategy to anchor proteins on the yeast cell wall which has been employed to increase enzyme stability thus decreasing production costs. Lipase B from Candida antarctica (LipB) is one of the most studied enzymes in the context of industrial biotechnology. This study aimed to assess the biochemical features of this important biocatalyst when immobilized on the cell surface of the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris using the YSD approach. For that purpose, two anchors were tested. The first (Flo9) was identified after a prospection of the P. pastoris genome being related to the family of flocculins similar to Flo1 but significantly smaller. The second is the Protein with Internal Repeats (Pir1) from P. pastoris. An immunolocalization assay showed that both anchor proteins were able to display the reporter protein EGFP in the yeast outer cell wall. LipB was expressed in P. pastoris fused either to Flo9 (FLOLIPB) or Pir1 (PIRLIPB). Both constructions showed hydrolytic activity towards tributyrin (>100 U/mgdcw and >80 U/mgdcw, respectively), optimal hydrolytic activity around 45°C and pH 7.0, higher thermostability at 45°C and stability in organic solvents when compared to a free lipase.
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36
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Ohashi T, Hasegawa Y, Misaki R, Fujiyama K. Substrate preference of citrus naringenin rhamnosyltransferases and their application to flavonoid glycoside production in fission yeast. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:687-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6982-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Lamers RP, Nguyen UT, Nguyen Y, Buensuceso RNC, Burrows LL. Loss of membrane-bound lytic transglycosylases increases outer membrane permeability and β-lactam sensitivity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiologyopen 2015; 4:879-95. [PMID: 26374494 PMCID: PMC4694138 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of nosocomial infections. Its relatively impermeable outer membrane (OM) limits antibiotic entry, and a chromosomally encoded AmpC β‐lactamase inactivates β‐lactam antibiotics. AmpC expression is linked to peptidoglycan (PG) recycling, and soluble (sLT) or membrane‐bound (mLT) lytic transglycosylases are responsible for generating the anhydromuropeptides that induce AmpC expression. Thus, inhibition of LT activity could reduce AmpC‐mediated β‐lactam resistance in P. aeruginosa. Here, we characterized single and combination LT mutants. Strains lacking SltB1 or MltB had increased β‐lactam minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) compared to wild type, while only loss of Slt decreased MICs. An sltB1 mltB double mutant had elevated β‐lactam MICs compared to either the sltB1 or mltB single mutants (96 vs. 32 μg/mL cefotaxime), without changes to AmpC levels. Time–kill assays with β‐lactams suggested that increased MIC correlated with a slower rate of autolysis in the sltB1 mltB mutant – an antisuicide phenotype. Strains lacking multiple mLTs were more sensitive to β‐lactams and up to 16‐fold more sensitive to vancomycin, normally incapable of crossing the OM. Multi‐mLT mutants were also sensitive to bile salts and osmotic stress, and were hyperbiofilm formers, all phenotypes consistent with cell envelope compromise. Complementation with genes encoding inactive forms of the enzymes – or alternatively, overexpression of Braun's lipoprotein – reversed the mutants' cell envelope damage phenotypes, suggesting that mLTs help to stabilize the OM. We conclude that P. aeruginosa mLTs contribute physically to cell envelope stability, and that Slt is the preferred target for future development of LT inhibitors that could synergize with β‐lactams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Lamers
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Uyen T Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ylan Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan N C Buensuceso
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lori L Burrows
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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38
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Yin Y. Effects of Different Carbon Sources on Growth, Membrane Permeability, β-Sitosterol Consumption, Androstadienedione and Androstenedione Production by Mycobacterium neoaurum. Interdiscip Sci 2015; 8:102-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12539-015-0116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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39
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Enhanced conversion of L-lysine to L-pipecolic acid using a recombinant Escherichia coli containing lysine cyclodeaminase as whole-cell biocatalyst. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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40
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Smith MR, Khera E, Wen F. Engineering Novel and Improved Biocatalysts by Cell Surface Display. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015; 54:4021-4032. [PMID: 29056821 PMCID: PMC5647830 DOI: 10.1021/ie504071f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysts, especially enzymes, have the ability to catalyze reactions with high product selectivity, utilize a broad range of substrates, and maintain activity at low temperature and pressure. Therefore, they represent a renewable, environmentally friendly alternative to conventional catalysts. Most current industrial-scale chemical production processes using biocatalysts employ soluble enzymes or whole cells expressing intracellular enzymes. Cell surface display systems differ by presenting heterologous enzymes extracellularly, overcoming some of the limitations associated with enzyme purification and substrate transport. Additionally, coupled with directed evolution, cell surface display is a powerful platform for engineering enzymes with enhanced properties. In this review, we will introduce the molecular and cellular principles of cell surface display and discuss how it has been applied to engineer enzymes with improved properties as well as to develop surface-engineered microbes as whole-cell biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason R. Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Eshita Khera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Fei Wen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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41
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Nassiri-Koopaei N, Faramarzi MA. Recent developments in the fungal transformation of steroids. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2015.1022533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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42
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Yin Y. Effects of different carbon sources on growth, membrane permeability, β-sitosterol consumption, androstadienedione and androstenedione production by Mycobacterium neoaurum. Interdiscip Sci 2015. [PMID: 25682382 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-014-0256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
Effects of different carbon sources on growth, membrane permeability, β-sitosterol consumption, androstadienedione and androstenedione (AD(D)) production by Mycobacterium neoaurum were investigated. The results indicated that glucose was advantageous to the growth and resulted in the adverse effects on the phytosterols consumption and AD(D) production compared to the results of propanol and isopropanol as sole carbon source. The cell wall widths of 9.76 by propanol and 8.00 nm by isopropanol were 38.3% and 49.4% thinner than that of 15.82 nm by glucose, respectively. The partition coefficient of the cell grown in propanol and isopropanol were 18.1 and 22.2, which were 7.23 and 9.09 folds higher than that of the cell grown in glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Yin
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China,
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43
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Patel TN, Park AHA, Banta S. Genetic manipulation of outer membrane permeability: generating porous heterogeneous catalyst analogs in Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol 2014; 3:848-54. [PMID: 24932924 DOI: 10.1021/sb400202s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The limited permeability of the E. coli outer membrane can significantly hinder whole-cell biocatalyst performance. In this study, the SARS coronavirus small envelope protein (SCVE) was expressed in E. coli cells previously engineered for periplasmic expression of carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity. This maneuver increased small molecule uptake by the cells, resulting in increased apparent CA activity of the biocatalysts. The enhancements in activity were quantified using methods developed for traditional heterogeneous catalysis. The expression of the SCVE protein was found to significantly reduce the Thiele moduli (ϕ), as well as increase the effectiveness factors (η), effective diffusivities (De), and permeabilities (P) of the biocatalysts. These catalytic improvements translated into superior performance of the biocatalysts for the precipitation of calcium carbonate from solution which is an attractive strategy for long-term sequestration of captured carbon dioxide. Overall, these results demonstrate that synthetic biology approaches can be used to enhance heterogeneous catalysts incorporated into microbial whole-cell scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar N Patel
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ah-Hyung Alissa Park
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Scott Banta
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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44
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Grant C, Deszcz D, Wei YC, Martínez-Torres RJ, Morris P, Folliard T, Sreenivasan R, Ward J, Dalby P, Woodley JM, Baganz F. Identification and use of an alkane transporter plug-in for applications in biocatalysis and whole-cell biosensing of alkanes. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5844. [PMID: 25068650 PMCID: PMC5376172 DOI: 10.1038/srep05844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective application of whole-cell devices in synthetic biology and biocatalysis will always require consideration of the uptake of molecules of interest into the cell. Here we demonstrate that the AlkL protein from Pseudomonas putida GPo1 is an alkane import protein capable of industrially relevant rates of uptake of C7-C16 n-alkanes. Without alkL expression, native E.coli n-alkane uptake was the rate-limiting step in both the whole-cell bioconversion of C7-C16 n-alkanes and in the activation of a whole-cell alkane biosensor by C10 and C11 alkanes. By coexpression of alkL as a transporter plug-in, specific yields improved by up to 100-fold for bioxidation of >C12 alkanes to fatty alcohols and acids. The alkL protein was shown to be toxic to the host when overexpressed but when expressed from a vector capable of controlled induction, yields of alkane oxidation were improved a further 10-fold (8 g/L and 1.7 g/g of total oxidized products). Further testing of activity on n-octane with the controlled expression vector revealed the highest reported rates of 120 μmol/min/g and 1 g/L/h total oxidized products. This is the first time AlkL has been shown to directly facilitate enhanced uptake of C10-C16 alkanes and represents the highest reported gain in product yields resulting from its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Grant
- Dept. of Biochemical Engineering, Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Dawid Deszcz
- Dept. of Biochemical Engineering, Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Yu-Chia Wei
- Dept. of Biochemical Engineering, Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | | | - Phattaraporn Morris
- Dept. of Biochemical Engineering, Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Thomas Folliard
- Dept. of Biochemical Engineering, Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Rakesh Sreenivasan
- Dept. of Biochemical Engineering, Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - John Ward
- Dept. of Biochemical Engineering, Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
- Dept. of Structural and Molecular Biology, ISMB, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Paul Dalby
- Dept. of Biochemical Engineering, Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - John M. Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Frank Baganz
- Dept. of Biochemical Engineering, Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
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45
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Wu EL, Engström O, Jo S, Stuhlsatz D, Yeom MS, Klauda JB, Widmalm G, Im W. Molecular dynamics and NMR spectroscopy studies of E. coli lipopolysaccharide structure and dynamics. Biophys J 2014; 105:1444-55. [PMID: 24047996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of Gram-negative bacterial outer membranes, comprises three regions: lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and O-antigen polysaccharide. Using the CHARMM36 lipid and carbohydrate force fields, we have constructed a model of an Escherichia coli R1 (core) O6 (antigen) LPS molecule. Several all-atom bilayers are built and simulated with lipid A only (LIPA) and varying lengths of 0 (LPS0), 5 (LPS5), and 10 (LPS10) O6 antigen repeating units; a single unit of O6 antigen contains five sugar residues. From (1)H,(1)H-NOESY experiments, cross-relaxation rates are obtained from an O-antigen polysaccharide sample. Although some experimental deviations are due to spin-diffusion, the remaining effective proton-proton distances show generally very good agreement between NMR experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. The simulation results show that increasing the LPS molecular length has an impact on LPS structure and dynamics and also on LPS bilayer properties. Terminal residues in a LPS bilayer are more flexible and extended along the membrane normal. As the core and O-antigen are added, per-lipid area increases and lipid bilayer order decreases. In addition, results from mixed LPS0/5 and LPS0/10 bilayer simulations show that the LPS O-antigen conformations at a higher concentration of LPS5 and LPS10 are more orthogonal to the membrane and less flexible. The O-antigen concentration of mixed LPS bilayers does not have a significant effect on per-lipid area and hydrophobic thickness. Analysis of ion and water penetration shows that water molecules can penetrate inside the inner core region, and hydration is critical to maintain the integrity of the bilayer structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia L Wu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Bioinformatics, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
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Schrewe M, Julsing MK, Bühler B, Schmid A. Whole-cell biocatalysis for selective and productive C-O functional group introduction and modification. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 42:6346-77. [PMID: 23475180 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60011d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades, biocatalysis became of increasing importance for chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Regarding regio- and stereospecificity, enzymes have shown to be superior compared to traditional chemical synthesis approaches, especially in C-O functional group chemistry. Catalysts established on a process level are diverse and can be classified along a functional continuum starting with single-step biotransformations using isolated enzymes or microbial strains towards fermentative processes with recombinant microorganisms containing artificial synthetic pathways. The complex organization of respective enzymes combined with aspects such as cofactor dependency and low stability in isolated form often favors the use of whole cells over that of isolated enzymes. Based on an inventory of the large spectrum of biocatalytic C-O functional group chemistry, this review focuses on highlighting the potentials, limitations, and solutions offered by the application of self-regenerating microbial cells as biocatalysts. Different cellular functionalities are discussed in the light of their (possible) contribution to catalyst efficiency. The combined achievements in the areas of protein, genetic, metabolic, and reaction engineering enable the development of whole-cell biocatalysts as powerful tools in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schrewe
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Kwak Y, Lee SE, Shin JH. Expression of organophosphorus hydrolase in Escherichia coli for use as whole-cell biocatalyst. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Engineered Escherichia coli with periplasmic carbonic anhydrase as a biocatalyst for CO2 sequestration. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:6697-705. [PMID: 23974145 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02400-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that reversibly catalyzes the hydration of carbon dioxide (CO2). It has been suggested recently that this remarkably fast enzyme can be used for sequestration of CO2, a major greenhouse gas, making this a promising alternative for chemical CO2 mitigation. To promote the economical use of enzymes, we engineered the carbonic anhydrase from Neisseria gonorrhoeae (ngCA) in the periplasm of Escherichia coli, thereby creating a bacterial whole-cell catalyst. We then investigated the application of this system to CO2 sequestration by mineral carbonation, a process with the potential to store large quantities of CO2. ngCA was highly expressed in the periplasm of E. coli in a soluble form, and the recombinant bacterial cell displayed the distinct ability to hydrate CO2 compared with its cytoplasmic ngCA counterpart and previously reported whole-cell CA systems. The expression of ngCA in the periplasm of E. coli greatly accelerated the rate of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) formation and exerted a striking impact on the maximal amount of CaCO3 produced under conditions of relatively low pH. It was also shown that the thermal stability of the periplasmic enzyme was significantly improved. These results demonstrate that the engineered bacterial cell with periplasmic ngCA can successfully serve as an efficient biocatalyst for CO2 sequestration.
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Rios-Solis L, Bayir N, Halim M, Du C, Ward J, Baganz F, Lye G. Non-linear kinetic modelling of reversible bioconversions: Application to the transaminase catalyzed synthesis of chiral amino-alcohols. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Cornelissen S, Julsing MK, Volmer J, Riechert O, Schmid A, Bühler B. Whole-cell-based CYP153A6-catalyzed (S)-limonene hydroxylation efficiency depends on host background and profits from monoterpene uptake via AlkL. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:1282-92. [PMID: 23239244 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Living microbial cells are considered to be the catalyst of choice for selective terpene functionalization. However, such processes often suffer from side product formation and poor substrate mass transfer into cells. For the hydroxylation of (S)-limonene to (S)-perillyl alcohol by Pseudomonas putida KT2440 (pGEc47ΔB)(pCom8-PFR1500), containing the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP153A6, the side products perillyl aldehyde and perillic acid constituted up to 26% of the total amount of oxidized terpenes. In this study, it is shown that the reaction rate is substrate-limited in the two-liquid phase system used and that host intrinsic dehydrogenases and not CYP153A6 are responsible for the formation of the undesired side products. In contrast to P. putida KT2440, E. coli W3110 was found to catalyze perillyl aldehyde reduction to the alcohol and no oxidation to the acid. Furthermore, E. coli W3110 harboring CYP153A6 showed high limonene hydroxylation activities (7.1 U g CDW-1). The outer membrane protein AlkL was found to enhance hydroxylation activities of E. coli twofold in aqueous single-phase and fivefold in two-liquid phase biotransformations. In the latter system, E. coli harboring CYP153A6 and AlkL produced up to 39.2 mmol (S)-perillyl alcohol L tot-1 within 26 h, whereas no perillic acid and minor amounts of perillyl aldehyde (8% of the total products) were formed. In conclusion, undesired perillyl alcohol oxidation was reduced by choosing E. coli's enzymatic background as a reaction environment and co-expression of the alkL gene in E. coli represents a promising strategy to enhance terpene bioconversion rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjef Cornelissen
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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