1
|
Dickey RM, Gopal MR, Nain P, Kunjapur AM. Recent developments in enzymatic and microbial biosynthesis of flavor and fragrance molecules. J Biotechnol 2024; 389:43-60. [PMID: 38616038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Flavors and fragrances are an important class of specialty chemicals for which interest in biomanufacturing has risen during recent years. These naturally occurring compounds are often amenable to biosynthesis using purified enzyme catalysts or metabolically engineered microbial cells in fermentation processes. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the categories of molecules that have received the greatest interest, both academically and industrially, by examining scholarly publications as well as patent literature. Overall, we seek to highlight innovations in the key reaction steps and microbial hosts used in flavor and fragrance manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman M Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Madan R Gopal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Priyanka Nain
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Aditya M Kunjapur
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fujimaki S, Sakamoto S, Shimada S, Kino K, Furuya T. Engineering a coenzyme-independent dioxygenase for one-step production of vanillin from ferulic acid. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0023324. [PMID: 38727223 PMCID: PMC11218615 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00233-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Vanillin is one of the world's most important flavor and fragrance compounds used in foods and cosmetics. In plants, vanillin is reportedly biosynthesized from ferulic acid via the hydratase/lyase-type enzyme VpVAN. However, in biotechnological and biocatalytic applications, the use of VpVAN limits the production of vanillin. Although microbial enzymes are helpful as substitutes for plant enzymes, synthesizing vanillin from ferulic acid in one step using microbial enzymes remains a challenge. Here, we developed a single enzyme that catalyzes vanillin production from ferulic acid in a coenzyme-independent manner via the rational design of a microbial dioxygenase in the carotenoid cleavage oxygenase family using computational simulations. This enzyme acquired catalytic activity toward ferulic acid by introducing mutations into the active center to increase its affinity for ferulic acid. We found that the single enzyme can catalyze not only the production of vanillin from ferulic acid but also the synthesis of other aldehydes from p-coumaric acid, sinapinic acid, and coniferyl alcohol. These results indicate that the approach used in this study can greatly expand the range of substrates available for the dioxygenase family of enzymes. The engineered enzyme enables efficient production of vanillin and other value-added aldehydes from renewable lignin-derived compounds. IMPORTANCE The final step of vanillin biosynthesis in plants is reportedly catalyzed by the enzyme VpVAN. Prior to our study, VpVAN was the only reported enzyme that directly converts ferulic acid to vanillin. However, as many characteristics of VpVAN remain unknown, this enzyme is not yet suitable for biocatalytic applications. We show that an enzyme that converts ferulic acid to vanillin in one step could be constructed by modifying a microbial dioxygenase-type enzyme. The engineered enzyme is of biotechnological importance as a tool for the production of vanillin and related compounds via biocatalytic processes and metabolic engineering. The results of this study may also provide useful insights for understanding vanillin biosynthesis in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Fujimaki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satsuki Sakamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shota Shimada
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kuniki Kino
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Furuya
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhu X, Wu J, Li S, Xiang L, Jin JM, Liang C, Tang SY. Artificial Biosynthetic Pathway for Efficient Synthesis of Vanillin, a Feruloyl-CoA-Derived Natural Product from Eugenol. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6463-6470. [PMID: 38501643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Eugenol, the main component of essential oil from the Syzygium aromaticum clove tree, has great potential as an alternative bioresource feedstock for biosynthesis purposes. Although eugenol degradation to ferulic acid was investigated, an efficient method for directly converting eugenol to targeted natural products has not been established. Herein we identified the inherent inhibitions by simply combining the previously reported ferulic acid biosynthetic pathway and vanillin biosynthetic pathway. To overcome this, we developed a novel biosynthetic pathway for converting eugenol into vanillin, by introducing cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), which catalyzes conversion of coniferyl aldehyde to feruloyl-CoA. This approach bypasses the need for two catalysts, namely coniferyl aldehyde dehydrogenase and feruloyl-CoA synthetase, thereby eliminating inhibition while simplifying the pathway. To further improve efficiency, we enhanced CCR catalytic efficiency via directed evolution and leveraged an artificialvanillin biosensor for high-throughput screening. Switching the cofactor preference of CCR from NADP+ to NAD+ significantly improved pathway efficiency. This newly designed pathway provides an alternative strategy for efficiently biosynthesizing feruloyl-CoA-derived natural products using eugenol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochong Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jieyuan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shizhong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - La Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian-Ming Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chaoning Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shuang-Yan Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mo Q, Yuan J. Minimal aromatic aldehyde reduction (MARE) yeast platform for engineering vanillin production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:4. [PMID: 38184607 PMCID: PMC10771647 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vanillin represents one of the most widely used flavoring agents in the world. However, microbial synthesis of vanillin is hindered by the host native metabolism that could rapidly degrade vanillin to the byproducts. RESULTS Here, we report that the industrial workhorse Saccharomyces cerevisiae was engineered by systematic deletion of oxidoreductases to improve the vanillin accumulation. Subsequently, we harnessed the minimal aromatic aldehyde reduction (MARE) yeast platform for de novo synthesis of vanillin from glucose. We investigated multiple coenzyme-A free pathways to improve vanillin production in yeast. The vanillin productivity in yeast was enhanced by multidimensional engineering to optimize the supply of cofactors (NADPH and S-adenosylmethionine) together with metabolic reconfiguration of yeast central metabolism. The final yeast strain with overall 24 genetic modifications produced 365.55 ± 7.42 mg l-1 vanillin in shake-flasks, which represents the best reported vanillin titer from glucose in yeast. CONCLUSIONS The success of vanillin overproduction in budding yeast showcases the great potential of synthetic biology for the creation of suitable biocatalysts to meet the requirement in industry. Our work lays a foundation for the future implementation of microbial production of aromatic aldehydes in budding yeast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Jifeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu Y, Sun L, Huo YX, Guo S. Strategies for improving the production of bio-based vanillin. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:147. [PMID: 37543600 PMCID: PMC10403864 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is one of the most popular flavors with wide applications in food, fragrance, and pharmaceutical industries. However, the high cost and limited yield of plant extraction failed to meet the vast market demand of natural vanillin. Vanillin biotechnology has emerged as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to supply vanillin. In this review, we explored recent advances in vanillin biosynthesis and highlighted the potential of vanillin biotechnology. In particular, we addressed key challenges in using microorganisms and provided promising approaches for improving vanillin production with a special focus on chassis development, pathway construction and process optimization. Future directions of vanillin biosynthesis using inexpensive precursors are also thoroughly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lichao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Tangshan) Translational Research Center, Hebei, 063611, China.
| | - Yi-Xin Huo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Tangshan) Translational Research Center, Hebei, 063611, China
| | - Shuyuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang X, Cao Y, Liu Y, Lei Y, Zhai R, Chen W, Shi G, Jin JM, Liang C, Tang SY. Designing glucose utilization "highway" for recombinant biosynthesis. Metab Eng 2023; 78:235-247. [PMID: 37394056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
cAMP receptor protein (CRP) is known as a global regulatory factor mainly mediating carbon source catabolism. Herein, we successfully engineered CRP to develop microbial chassis cells with improved recombinant biosynthetic capability in minimal medium with glucose as single carbon source. The obtained best-performing cAMP-independent CRPmu9 mutant conferred both faster cell growth and a 133-fold improvement in expression level of lac promoter in presence of 2% glucose, compared with strain under regulation of CRPwild-type. Promoters free from "glucose repression" are advantageous for recombinant expression, as glucose is a frequently used inexpensive carbon source in high-cell-density fermentations. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that the CRP mutant globally rewired cell metabolism, displaying elevated tricarboxylic acid cycle activity; reduced acetate formation; increased nucleotide biosynthesis; and improved ATP synthesis, tolerance, and stress-resistance activity. Metabolites analysis confirmed the enhancement of glucose utilization with the upregulation of glycolysis and glyoxylate-tricarboxylic acid cycle. As expected, an elevated biosynthetic capability was demonstrated with vanillin, naringenin and caffeic acid biosynthesis in strains regulated by CRPmu9. This study has expanded the significance of CRP optimization into glucose utilization and recombinant biosynthesis, beyond the conventionally designated carbon source utilization other than glucose. The Escherichiacoli cell regulated by CRPmu9 can be potentially used as a beneficial chassis for recombinant biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yufeng Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Yingsheng (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanyan Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ruixue Zhai
- Yingsheng (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guizhi Shi
- Yingsheng (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jian-Ming Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Chaoning Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Shuang-Yan Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yeoh JW, Poh CL. Designing a Model-Driven Approach Towards Rational Experimental Design in Bioprocess Optimization. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2553:173-187. [PMID: 36227544 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2617-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To enable a more rational optimization approach to drive the transition from lab-scale to large industrial bioprocesses, a systematic framework coupling both experimental design and integrated modeling was established to guide the workflow executed from small flask scale to bioreactor scale. The integrated model relies on the coupling of biotic cell factory kinetics to the abiotic bioreactor hydrodynamics to offer a rational means for an in-depth understanding of two-way spatiotemporal interactions between cell behaviors and environmental variations. This model could serve as a promising tool to inform experimental work with reduced efforts via full-factorial in silico predictions. This chapter thus describes the general workflow involved in designing and applying this modeling approach to drive the experimental design towards rational bioprocess optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wui Yeoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chueh Loo Poh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhou Z, Zhang X, Wu J, Li X, Li W, Sun X, Wang J, Yan Y, Shen X, Yuan Q. Targeting cofactors regeneration in methylation and hydroxylation for high level production of Ferulic acid. Metab Eng 2022; 73:247-255. [PMID: 35987433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Ferulic acid (FA) is a natural methylated phenolic acid which represents various bioactivities. Bioproduction of FA suffers from insufficient methyl donor supplement and inefficient hydroxylation. To overcome these hurdles, we first activate the S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) cycle in E. coli by using endogenous genes to supply sufficient methyl donor. Then, a small protein Fre is introduced into the pathway to efficiently regenerate FADH2 for the hydroxylation. Remarkably, regeneration of these two cofactors dramatically promotes FA synthesis. Together with decreasing the byproducts formation and boosting precursor supply, the titer of FA reaches 5.09 g/L under fed-batch conditions, indicating a 20-fold improvement compared with the original producing E. coli strain. This work not only establishes a promising microbial platform for industrial level production of FA and its derivatives, but also highlights a convenient and effective strategy to enhance the biosynthesis of chemicals requiring methylation and FADH2-dependent hydroxylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiangyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xianglai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wenna Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xinxiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yajun Yan
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Xiaolin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Qipeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen Q, Jiang Y, Kang Z, Cheng J, Xiong X, Hu CY, Meng Y. Engineering a Feruloyl-Coenzyme A Synthase for Bioconversion of Phenylpropanoid Acids into High-Value Aromatic Aldehydes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9948-9960. [PMID: 35917470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic aldehydes find extensive applications in food, perfume, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. However, a limited natural enzyme selectivity has become the bottleneck of bioconversion of aromatic aldehydes from natural phenylpropanoid acids. Here, based on the original structure of feruloyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase (FCS) from Streptomyces sp. V-1, we engineered five substrate-binding domains to match specific phenylpropanoid acids. FcsCIAE407A/K483L, FcsMAE407R/I481R/K483R, FcsHAE407K/I481K/K483I, FcsCAE407R/I481R/K483T, and FcsFAE407R/I481K/K483R showed 9.96-, 10.58-, 4.25-, 6.49-, and 8.71-fold enhanced catalytic efficiency for degrading CoA thioesters of cinnamic acid, 4-methoxycinnamic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulation illustrated that novel substrate-binding domains formed strong interaction forces with substrates' methoxy/hydroxyl group and provided hydrophobic/alkaline catalytic surfaces. Five recombinant E. coli with FCS mutants were constructed with the maximum benzaldehyde, p-anisaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, protocatechualdehyde, and vanillin productivity of 6.2 ± 0.3, 5.1 ± 0.23, 4.1 ± 0.25, 7.1 ± 0.3, and 8.7 ± 0.2 mM/h, respectively. Hence, our study provided novel and efficient enzymes for the bioconversion of phenylpropanoid acids into aromatic aldehydes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Chen
- The Engineering Research Center for High-Valued Utilization of Fruit Resources in Western China, Ministry of Education, National Research and Development Center of Apple Processing Technology, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Changan Avenue, Changan, Xian 710119, P.R. China
| | - Yaqin Jiang
- The Engineering Research Center for High-Valued Utilization of Fruit Resources in Western China, Ministry of Education, National Research and Development Center of Apple Processing Technology, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Changan Avenue, Changan, Xian 710119, P.R. China
| | - Zhengzhong Kang
- AutoDrug Biotech Co. Ltd, No. 58 XiangKe Rd, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochao Xiong
- Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
| | - Ching Yuan Hu
- The Engineering Research Center for High-Valued Utilization of Fruit Resources in Western China, Ministry of Education, National Research and Development Center of Apple Processing Technology, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Changan Avenue, Changan, Xian 710119, P.R. China
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East-West Road, AgSci. 415J, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Yonghong Meng
- The Engineering Research Center for High-Valued Utilization of Fruit Resources in Western China, Ministry of Education, National Research and Development Center of Apple Processing Technology, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Changan Avenue, Changan, Xian 710119, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mechanistic Insight into Phenolic Compounds Toxicity and State-of-the-art Strategies for Enhancing the Tolerance of Escherichia coli to Phenolic Compounds. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-022-0019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
11
|
Arya SS, Mahto BK, Sengar MS, Rookes JE, Cahill DM, Lenka SK. Metabolic Engineering of Rice Cells with Vanillin Synthase Gene (VpVAN) to Produce Vanillin. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 64:861-872. [PMID: 35192168 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vanillin production by metabolic engineering of proprietary microbial strains has gained impetus due to increasing consumer demand for naturally derived products. Here, we demonstrate the use of rice cell cultures metabolically engineered with vanillin synthase gene (VpVAN) as a plant-based alternative to microbial vanillin production systems. VpVAN catalyzes the signature step to convert ferulic acid into vanillin in Vanilla planifolia. As ferulic acid is a phenylpropanoid pathway intermediate in plant cells, rice calli cells are ideal platform for in vivo vanillin synthesis due to the availability of its precursor. In this study, rice calli derived from embryonic rice cells were metabolically engineered with a codon-optimized VpVAN gene using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The putative transformants were selected based on their proliferation on herbicide-supplemented N6D medium. Expression of the transgenes were confirmed through a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter assay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis provided evidence of genetic transformation. The semiquantitative RT-PCR and real-time (RT)-qPCR revealed expression of VpVAN in six transgenic calli lines. High-performance liquid chromatography identified the biosynthesis of vanillin in transgenic calli lines, with the highest yielding line producing 544.72 (± 102.50) μg of vanillin-g fresh calli. This work serves as a proof-of-concept to produce vanillin using metabolically engineered rice cell cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sagar S Arya
- TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gurugram, Haryana, 122001, India.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Binod K Mahto
- TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gurugram, Haryana, 122001, India.,University Department of Botany, Ranchi University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 834008, India
| | - Meenu S Sengar
- TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gurugram, Haryana, 122001, India
| | - James E Rookes
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - David M Cahill
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Sangram K Lenka
- TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gurugram, Haryana, 122001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ma Q, Liu L, Zhao S, Huang Z, Li C, Jiang S, Li Q, Gu P. Biosynthesis of vanillin by different microorganisms: a review. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:40. [PMID: 35018518 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03228-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vanillin is a popular flavoring agent widely used around the world. Vanillin is generated by natural extraction, chemical synthesis, or tissue culture technology, but these production methods no longer meet the increasing worldwide demand for vanillin. Accordingly, a biotechnological approach may provide an effective replacement route to obtaining vanillin. Processes for environmentally friendly production of vanillin in microorganisms from different carbon sources, such as eugenol, isoeugenol, lignin, ferulic acid, sugars, and waste residues, with high productivity and yield have been developed. However, challenges remain for optimizing the vanillin biosynthesis process and further improving production titer and yield. In this review, successful and applicable strategies for increasing vanillin titer and yield in different microorganisms are summarized. Additionally, perspectives for further optimizing the production of vanillin are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Ma
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwen Liu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Zhao
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaosong Huang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Changtao Li
- RZBC GROUP CO., LTD., Rizhao, 276800, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuixing Jiang
- RZBC GROUP CO., LTD., Rizhao, 276800, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Gu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Production of phenolic flavoring compounds from sugarcane bagasse by Lactobacillus acidophilus MTCC 10307. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
14
|
Developing efficient vanillin biosynthesis system by regulating feruloyl-CoA synthetase and enoyl-CoA hydratase enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 106:247-259. [PMID: 34893929 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11709-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vanillin is one of the most commonly used natural-occurring flavors in the world. This study successfully constructed an efficient whole-cell catalytic system for vanillin biosynthesis from ferulic acid by regulating feruloyl-CoA synthetase (FCS) and enoyl-CoA hydratase (ECH). First, we constructed an efficient cell-free catalytic system with FCS-Str (fcs from Streptomyces sp. V-1) and ECH-Str (ech from Streptomyces sp. V-1) combination at 1:1. The efficient cell-free catalytic system provided necessary strategies for optimizing the whole-cell catalytic system. Then, we constructed the recombinant Escherichia coli by heterologously expressing the fcs-Str and ech-Str combination. Moreover, E. coli JM109 was a better recombinant Escherichia coli than E. coli BL21 with higher vanillin production. Finally, we first adjusted the ratio of FCS and ECH in E. coli JM109 to 1:1 using two copies of fcs-Str. For higher vanillin production, we further optimized the induction conditions of E. coli JM109 to increase the amount of FCS and ECH. The optimized E. coli JM109-FE-F constructed in this study has the highest vanillin synthesis rate of converting 20 mM ferulic acid to 15 mM vanillin in 6 h among all of the E. coli catalytic systems. Our study made a significant contribution to the construction of the vanillin biosynthesis system and provided a valuable strategy for increasing vanillin production. KEY POINTS: • The efficient cell-free vanillin biosynthesis system was constructed by FCS-Str and ECH-Str combination at 1:1. • Escherichia coli JM109 was determined as a better recombinant Escherichia coli than E. coli BL21 with higher vanillin production. • Escherichia coli JM109-FE-F with two copies of fcs-Str and one copy of ech-Str has the highest catalytic efficiency for vanillin production.
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang X, He Y, Wu Z, Liu G, Tao Y, Jin JM, Chen W, Tang SY. Whole-Cell Biosensors Aid Exploration of Vanillin Transmembrane Transport. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3114-3123. [PMID: 33666081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulatory protein (TRP)-based whole-cell biosensors are widely used nowadays. Here, they were demonstrated to have great potential application in screening cell efflux and influx pumps for small molecules. First, a vanillin whole-cell biosensor was developed by altering the specificity of a TRP, VanR, and strains with improved vanillin productions that were selected from a random genome mutagenesis library by using this biosensor as a high-throughput screening tool. A high intracellular vanillin concentration was found to accumulate due to the inactivation of the AcrA protein, indicating the involvement of this protein in vanillin efflux. Then, the application of this biosensor was extended to explore efflux and influx pumps, combined with directed genome evolution. Elevated intracellular vanillin levels resulting from efflux pump inactivation or influx pump overexpression could be rapidly detected by the whole-cell biosensor, markedly facilitating the identification of genome targets related to small-molecule transmembrane transport, which is of great importance in metabolic engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang He
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guoxia Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yong Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian-Ming Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shuang-Yan Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Martău GA, Călinoiu LF, Vodnar DC. Bio-vanillin: Towards a sustainable industrial production. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
17
|
Yeoh JW, Jayaraman SS, Tan SGD, Jayaraman P, Holowko MB, Zhang J, Kang CW, Leo HL, Poh CL. A model-driven approach towards rational microbial bioprocess optimization. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:305-318. [PMID: 32946111 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Due to sustainability concerns, bio-based production capitalizing on microbes as cell factories is in demand to synthesize valuable products. Nevertheless, the nonhomogenous variations of the extracellular environment in bioprocesses often challenge the biomass growth and the bioproduction yield. To enable a more rational bioprocess optimization, we have established a model-driven approach that systematically integrates experiments with modeling, executed from flask to bioreactor scale, and using ferulic acid to vanillin bioconversion as a case study. The impacts of mass transfer and aeration on the biomass growth and bioproduction performances were examined using minimal small-scale experiments. An integrated model coupling the cell factory kinetics with the three-dimensional computational hydrodynamics of bioreactor was developed to better capture the spatiotemporal distributions of bioproduction. Full-factorial predictions were then performed to identify the desired operating conditions. A bioconversion yield of 94% was achieved, which is one of the highest for recombinant Escherichia coli using ferulic acid as the precursor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wui Yeoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute, NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sudhaghar S/O Jayaraman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute, NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sean Guo-Dong Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Premkumar Jayaraman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute, NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maciej B Holowko
- Life Sciences Institute, NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jingyun Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute, NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chang-Wei Kang
- Department of Fluid Dynamic, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Hwa Liang Leo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chueh Loo Poh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute, NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Saito T, Aono R, Furuya T, Kino K. Efficient and long-term vanillin production from 4-vinylguaiacol using immobilized whole cells expressing Cso2 protein. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:260-264. [PMID: 32456985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vanillin is a well-known fragrant, flavoring compound. Previously, we established a method of coenzyme-independent vanillin production via an oxygenase from Caulobacter segnis ATCC 21756, called Cso2, that converts 4-vinylguaiacol to vanillin and formaldehyde using oxygen. In this study, we found that reactive oxygen species inhibited the catalytic activity of Cso2, and the addition of catalase increased vanillin production. Since Escherichia coli harbors catalases, we used E. coli cells expressing Cso2 to produce vanillin. Cell immobilization in calcium alginate enabled the long-term use of the E. coli cells for vanillin production. Thus, we demonstrate the possibility of using immobilized E. coli cells for both continuous and repeated batch vanillin production without any coenzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Saito
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Riku Aono
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiki Furuya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kuniki Kino
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Development of a CRISPR/Cas9n-based tool for metabolic engineering of Pseudomonas putida for ferulic acid-to-polyhydroxyalkanoate bioconversion. Commun Biol 2020; 3:98. [PMID: 32139868 PMCID: PMC7058019 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0824-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferulic acid is a ubiquitous phenolic compound in lignocellulose, which is recognized for its role in the microbial carbon catabolism and industrial value. However, its recalcitrance and toxicity poses a challenge for ferulic acid-to-bioproducts bioconversion. Here, we develop a genome editing strategy for Pseudomonas putida KT2440 using an integrated CRISPR/Cas9n-λ-Red system with pyrF as a selection marker, which maintains cell viability and genetic stability, increases mutation efficiency, and simplifies genetic manipulation. Via this method, four functional modules, comprised of nine genes involved in ferulic acid catabolism and polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis, were integrated into the genome, generating the KTc9n20 strain. After metabolic engineering and optimization of C/N ratio, polyhydroxyalkanoate production was increased to ~270 mg/L, coupled with ~20 mM ferulic acid consumption. This study not only establishes a simple and efficient genome editing strategy, but also offers an encouraging example of how to apply this method to improve microbial aromatic compound bioconversion. Yueyue Zhou et al. develop a genetic engineering method that increases the production of polyhydroxyalkanoate from ferulic acid, which is toxic at high concentrations. This study provides insight into the bioconversion of the aromatic compound in Pseudomonas.
Collapse
|
20
|
Braga A, Faria N. Bioprocess Optimization for the Production of Aromatic Compounds With Metabolically Engineered Hosts: Recent Developments and Future Challenges. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:96. [PMID: 32154231 PMCID: PMC7044121 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common route to produce aromatic chemicals - organic compounds containing at least one benzene ring in their structure - is chemical synthesis. These processes, usually starting from an extracted fossil oil molecule such as benzene, toluene, or xylene, are highly environmentally unfriendly due to the use of non-renewable raw materials, high energy consumption and the usual production of toxic by-products. An alternative way to produce aromatic compounds is extraction from plants. These extractions typically have a low yield and a high purification cost. This motivates the search for alternative platforms to produce aromatic compounds through low-cost and environmentally friendly processes. Microorganisms are able to synthesize aromatic amino acids through the shikimate pathway. The construction of microbial cell factories able to produce the desired molecule from renewable feedstock becomes a promising alternative. This review article focuses on the recent advances in microbial production of aromatic products, with a special emphasis on metabolic engineering strategies, as well as bioprocess optimization. The recent combination of these two techniques has resulted in the development of several alternative processes to produce phenylpropanoids, aromatic alcohols, phenolic aldehydes, and others. Chemical species that were unavailable for human consumption due to the high cost and/or high environmental impact of their production, have now become accessible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Braga
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Luziatelli F, Brunetti L, Ficca AG, Ruzzi M. Maximizing the Efficiency of Vanillin Production by Biocatalyst Enhancement and Process Optimization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:279. [PMID: 31681753 PMCID: PMC6813415 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising demand of bio-vanillin and the possibility to use microbial biotransformation to produce this compound from agroindustrial byproducts are economically attractive. However, there are still several bottlenecks, including substrate and product toxicity, formation of undesired products and genetic stability of the recombinant strains, that impede an efficient use of recombinant Escherichia coli strains to make the whole process cost effective. To overcome these problems, we developed a new E. coli strain, named FR13, carrying the Pseudomonas genes encoding feruloyl-CoA synthetase and feruloyl-CoA hydratase/aldolase integrated into the chromosome and, using resting cells, we demonstrated that the vanillin yield and selectivity were strongly affected by the physiological state of the cells, the temperature used for the growth and the recovery of the biomass and the composition and pH of the bioconversion buffer. The substrate consumption rate and the vanillin yield increased using a sodium/potassium phosphate buffer at pH 9.0 as bioconversion medium. Optimization of the bioprocess variables, using response surface methodology, together with the use of a two-phase (solid-liquid) system for the controlled release of ferulic acid allowed us to increase the vanillin yield up to 28.10 ± 0.05 mM. These findings showed that recombinant plasmid-free E. coli strains are promising candidates for the production of vanillin at industrial scale and that a reduction of the cost of the bioconversion process requires approaches that minimize the toxicity of both ferulic acid and vanillin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maurizio Ruzzi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xu Z, Wang T, Zhang S. Extracellular secretion of feruloyl esterase derived from Lactobacillus crispatus in Escherichia coli and its application for ferulic acid production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 288:121526. [PMID: 31129518 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A feruloyl esterase producing strain was isolated and identified as Lactobacillus crispatus S524. Its putative feruloyl esterase was heterogeneously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Interestingly, the feruloyl esterase (FaeLcr) could be secreted into the culture medium with a relative high purity of 201.7 mg/L. FaeLcr was purified from the cell-free culture supernatant and appeared as a single protein band with the molecular mass of 28 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The optimal temperature and pH were determined as 65 °C and 7.0, and it showed prominent thermo-stability and alkali-stability. Furthermore, the purified FarLcr could release a maximal amount of 199 µg ferulic acid from 0.2 g de-starched wheat bran. Meanwhile, when cultured this recombinant E. coli strain in medium supplemented with 2 g de-starched wheat bran, 1.86 mg ferulic acid was also detected. These results suggested that the recombinant strain has a great potential application in feruloyl esterase and ferulic acid production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenshang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Susu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Madhavan A, Arun KB, Sindhu R, Binod P, Kim SH, Pandey A. Tailoring of microbes for the production of high value plant-derived compounds: From pathway engineering to fermentative production. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:140262. [PMID: 31404685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant natural products have been an attracting platform for the isolation of various active drugs and other bioactives. However large-scale extraction of these compounds is affected by the difficulty in mass cultivation of these plants and absence of strategies for successful extraction. Even though, synthesis by chemical method is an alternative method; it is less efficient as their chemical structure is highly complex which involve enantio-selectivity. Thus an alternate bio-system for heterologous production of plant natural products using microbes has emerged. Advent of various omics, synthetic and metabolic engineering strategies revolutionised the field of heterologous plant metabolite production. In this context, various engineering methods taken to synthesise plant natural products are described with an additional focus to fermentation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Madhavan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum 695 014, India
| | | | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR- NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR- NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Sang Hyoun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Center for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226 001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Huccetogullari D, Luo ZW, Lee SY. Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for production of aromatic compounds. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:41. [PMID: 30808357 PMCID: PMC6390333 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic engineering has been enabling development of high performance microbial strains for the efficient production of natural and non-natural compounds from renewable non-food biomass. Even though microbial production of various chemicals has successfully been conducted and commercialized, there are still numerous chemicals and materials that await their efficient bio-based production. Aromatic chemicals, which are typically derived from benzene, toluene and xylene in petroleum industry, have been used in large amounts in various industries. Over the last three decades, many metabolically engineered microorganisms have been developed for the bio-based production of aromatic chemicals, many of which are derived from aromatic amino acid pathways. This review highlights the latest metabolic engineering strategies and tools applied to the biosynthesis of aromatic chemicals, many derived from shikimate and aromatic amino acids, including L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan. It is expected that more and more engineered microorganisms capable of efficiently producing aromatic chemicals will be developed toward their industrial-scale production from renewable biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damla Huccetogullari
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program) and Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Zi Wei Luo
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program) and Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program) and Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- BioProcess Engineering Research Center and Bioinformatics Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Meyer F, Netzer J, Meinert C, Voigt B, Riedel K, Steinbüchel A. A proteomic analysis of ferulic acid metabolism in Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6119-6142. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
26
|
Recent advances in microbial production of aromatic natural products and their derivatives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:47-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8599-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
27
|
Wang W, Zhang C, Sun X, Su S, Li Q, Linhardt RJ. Efficient, environmentally-friendly and specific valorization of lignin: promising role of non-radical lignolytic enzymes. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:125. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2286-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
28
|
Chakraborty D, Selvam A, Kaur B, Wong JWC, Karthikeyan OP. Application of recombinant Pediococcus acidilactici BD16 (fcs +/ech +) for bioconversion of agrowaste to vanillin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:5615-5626. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
29
|
Chen P, Yan L, Zhang S, Wu Z, Li S, Yan X, Wang N, Liang N, Li H. Optimizing bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin by Bacillus subtilis in the stirred packed reactor using Box-Behnken design and desirability function. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:143-152. [PMID: 30263521 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A stirring bioreactor packed with a carbon fiber textiles (FT) biofilm formed by Bacillus subtilis was used to produce vanillin from ferulic acid. Biofilm formation was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The interactive effects of three variables on vanillin molar yield (M) and conversion efficiency of ferulic acid (E) were evaluated by response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box-Behnken design (BBD). The optimal conversion conditions with a maximum overall desirability D of 0.983 were obtained by a desirability function. Considering the actual operation, the confirmation tests were performed using the slightly modified optimal conditions (initial ferulic acid concentration 1.55 g/L, temperature 35°C, stirring speed 220 rpm). The results showed that M and E were 57.42 and 93.53%, respectively. This was only 1.03% and 1.87%, respectively, different from the predicted values, confirming the validity of the predicted models. These revealed that the stirred packed reactor could be successfully used in vanillin bioconversion from ferulic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- 1School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 China
| | - Lei Yan
- 2College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319 China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- 2College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319 China
| | - Zhengrong Wu
- 1School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 China
| | - Suyue Li
- Gansu Institute of Business and Technology, Lanzhou, 730010 China
| | - Xiaojuan Yan
- Gansu Institute of Business and Technology, Lanzhou, 730010 China
| | - Ningbo Wang
- Gansu Institute of Business and Technology, Lanzhou, 730010 China
| | - Ning Liang
- Gansu Institute of Business and Technology, Lanzhou, 730010 China
| | - Hongyu Li
- 1School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Teixeira ARS, Willig G, Couvreur J, Flourat AL, Peru AAM, Ferchaud P, Ducatel H, Allais F. From bench scale to kilolab production of renewable ferulic acid-based bisphenols: optimisation and evaluation of different purification approaches towards technical feasibility and process environmental sustainability. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7re00017k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Scaling-up a process is not always trivial. Technical synthetic feasibility, yield and environmental impact must be assessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. R. S. Teixeira
- AgroParisTech
- Chaire Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI)
- Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et Bioeconomie (CEBB)
- Pomacle
- France
| | - G. Willig
- AgroParisTech
- Chaire Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI)
- Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et Bioeconomie (CEBB)
- Pomacle
- France
| | - J. Couvreur
- AgroParisTech
- Chaire Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI)
- Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et Bioeconomie (CEBB)
- Pomacle
- France
| | - A. L. Flourat
- AgroParisTech
- Chaire Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI)
- Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et Bioeconomie (CEBB)
- Pomacle
- France
| | - A. A. M. Peru
- AgroParisTech
- Chaire Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI)
- Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et Bioeconomie (CEBB)
- Pomacle
- France
| | | | | | - F. Allais
- AgroParisTech
- Chaire Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI)
- Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et Bioeconomie (CEBB)
- Pomacle
- France
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Biotechnological production of vanillin using immobilized enzymes. J Biotechnol 2016; 243:25-28. [PMID: 28042012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vanillin is an important and popular plant flavor, but the amount of this compound available from plant sources is very limited. Biotechnological methods have high potential for vanillin production as an alternative to extraction from plant sources. Here, we report a new approach using immobilized enzymes for the production of vanillin. The recently discovered oxygenase Cso2 has coenzyme-independent catalytic activity for the conversion of isoeugenol and 4-vinylguaiacol to vanillin. Immobilization of Cso2 on Sepabeads EC-EA anion-exchange carrier conferred enhanced operational stability enabling repetitive use. This immobilized Cso2 catalyst allowed 6.8mg yield of vanillin from isoeugenol through ten reaction cycles at a 1mL scale. The coenzyme-independent decarboxylase Fdc, which has catalytic activity for the conversion of ferulic acid to 4-vinylguaiacol, was also immobilized on Sepabeads EC-EA. We demonstrated that the immobilized Fdc and Cso2 enabled the cascade synthesis of vanillin from ferulic acid via 4-vinylguaiacol with repetitive use of the catalysts. This study is the first example of biotechnological production of vanillin using immobilized enzymes, a process that provides new possibilities for vanillin production.
Collapse
|
32
|
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Brenna
- Politecnico di Milano; Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali, Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Fabio Parmeggiani
- Politecnico di Milano; Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali, Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”; Via Mancinelli 7 20131 Milano Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Recovery and Utilization of Lignin Monomers as Part of the Biorefinery Approach. ENERGIES 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/en9100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
34
|
Biotransformation of ferulic acid to vanillin in the packed bed-stirred fermentors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34644. [PMID: 27708366 PMCID: PMC5052561 DOI: 10.1038/srep34644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed the biotransformation of ferulic acid to vanillin using Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) in the stirring packed-bed reactors filled with carbon fiber textiles (CFT). Scanning electron microscope (SEM), HPLC, qRT-PCR and ATP assay indicated that vanillin biotransformation is tightly related to cell growth, cellar activity and the extent of biofilm formation. The biotransformation was affected by hydraulic retention time (HRT), temperature, initial pH, stirring speed and ferulic acid concentration, and the maximum vanillin production was obtained at 20 h, 35 °C, 9.0, 200 rpm, 1.5 g/L, respectively. Repeated batch biotransformation performed under this optimized condition showed that the maximum productivity (0.047 g/L/h) and molar yield (60.43%) achieved in immobilized cell system were 1.84 and 3.61 folds higher than those achieved in free cell system. Therefore, the stirring reactor packed with CFT carrier biofilm formed by B. subtilis represented a valid biocatalytic system for the production of vanillin.
Collapse
|
35
|
Chakraborty D, Gupta G, Kaur B. Metabolic engineering of E. coli top 10 for production of vanillin through FA catabolic pathway and bioprocess optimization using RSM. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 128:123-33. [PMID: 27591788 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering and construction of recombinant Escherichia coli strains carrying feruloyl-CoA synthetase and enoyl-CoA hydratase genes for the bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin offers an alternative way to produce vanillin. Isolation and designing of fcs and ech genes was carried out using computer assisted protocol and the designed vanillin biosynthetic gene cassette was cloned in pCCIBAC expression vector for introduction in E. coli top 10. Recombinant strain was implemented for the statistical optimization of process parameters influencing F A to vanillin biotransformation. CCD matrix constituted of process variables like FA concentration, time, temperature and biomass with intracellular, extracellular and total vanillin productions as responses. Production was scaled up and 68 mg/L of vanillin was recovered from 10 mg/L of FA using cell extracts from 1 mg biomass within 30 min. Kinetic activity of enzymes were characterized. From LCMS-ESI analysis a metabolic pathway of FA degradation and vanillin production was predicted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaganjot Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Baljinder Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala, India.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Metabolic Engineering of the Actinomycete Amycolatopsis sp. Strain ATCC 39116 towards Enhanced Production of Natural Vanillin. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:3410-3419. [PMID: 27037121 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00802-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Gram-positive bacterium Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116 is used for the fermentative production of natural vanillin from ferulic acid on an industrial scale. The strain is known for its outstanding tolerance to this toxic product. In order to improve the productivity of the fermentation process, the strain's metabolism was engineered for higher final concentrations and molar yields. Degradation of vanillin could be decreased by more than 90% through deletion of the vdh gene, which codes for the central vanillin catabolism enzyme, vanillin dehydrogenase. This mutation resulted in improvement of the final concentration of vanillin by more than 2.2 g/liter, with a molar yield of 80.9%. Further improvement was achieved with constitutive expression of the vanillin anabolism genes ech and fcs, coding for the enzymes feruloyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase (fcs) and enoyl-CoA hydratase/aldolase (ech). The transcription of both genes was shown to be induced by ferulic acid, which explains the unwanted adaptation phase in the fermentation process before vanillin was efficiently produced by the wild-type cells. Through the constitutive and enhanced expression of the two genes, the adaptation phase was eliminated and a final vanillin concentration of 19.3 g/liter, with a molar yield of 94.9%, was obtained. Moreover, an even higher final vanillin concentration of 22.3 g/liter was achieved, at the expense of a lower molar yield, by using an improved feeding strategy. This is the highest reported vanillin concentration reached in microbial fermentation processes without extraction of the product. Furthermore, the vanillin was produced almost without by-products, with a molar yield that nearly approached the theoretical maximum. IMPORTANCE Much effort has been put into optimization of the biotechnological production of natural vanillin. The demand for this compound is growing due to increased consumer concerns regarding chemically produced food additives. Since this compound is toxic to most organisms, it has proven quite difficult to reach high concentrations and molar yields. This study shows that improvements in the final vanillin concentrations and molar yields can be made through a combination of modification of the fermentation parameters and molecular strain engineering, without the need for methods such as continuous extraction from the fermentation broth. Using this approach, we were able to reach a final vanillin concentration of 22.3 g/liter, which is the highest vanillin concentration reported to date that was generated with Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116 without additional extraction of the toxic product.
Collapse
|
37
|
Jung DH, Kim EJ, Jung E, Kazlauskas RJ, Choi KY, Kim BG. Production ofp-hydroxybenzoic acid fromp-coumaric acid byBurkholderia glumaeBGR1. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:1493-503. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Jung
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-7442 South Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-7442 South Korea
| | - Eunok Jung
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-7442 South Korea
| | - Romas J Kazlauskas
- Department of Biochemistry; Molecular Biology & Biophysics and The Biotechnology Institute; University of Minnesota; Saint Paul Minnesota 55108
| | - Kwon-Young Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering; College of Engineering; Ajou University; Suwon 443-749 Kyeonggi-do South Korea
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-7442 South Korea
- Institute of Bioengineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Perkins C, Siddiqui S, Puri M, Demain AL. Biotechnological applications of microbial bioconversions. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:1050-1065. [PMID: 26383603 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1083943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Modern research has focused on the microbial transformation of a huge variety of organic compounds to obtain compounds of therapeutic and/or industrial interest. Microbial transformation is a useful tool for producing new compounds, as a consequence of the variety of reactions for natural products. This article describes the production of many important compounds by biotransformation. Emphasis is placed on reporting the metabolites that may be of special interest to the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries, as well as the practical aspects of this work in the field of microbial transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Munish Puri
- c Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Geelong Technology Precinct, Waurn Ponds, Deakin University , Victoria , Australia , and
| | - Arnold L Demain
- d Charles A. Dana Research Institute for Scientists Emeriti (R.I.S.E.), Drew University , Madison , NJ , USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Proteomic insights into metabolic adaptation to deletion of metE in Saccharopolyspora spinosa. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8629-41. [PMID: 26266753 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6883-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Saccharopolyspora spinosa can produce spinosad as a major secondary metabolite, which is an environmentally friendly agent for insect control. Cobalamin-independent methionine synthase (MetE) is an important enzyme in methionine biosynthesis, and this enzyme is probably closely related to spinosad production. In this study, its corresponding gene metE was inactivated, which resulted in a rapid growth and glucose utilisation rate and almost loss of spinosad production. A label-free quantitative proteomics-based approach was employed to obtain insights into the mechanism by which the metabolic network adapts to the absence of MetE. A total of 1440 proteins were detected from wild-type and ΔmetE mutant strains at three time points: stationary phase of ΔmetE mutant strain (S1ΔmetE , 67 h), first stationary phase of wild-type strain (S1WT, 67 h) and second stationary phase of wild-type strain (S2WT, 100 h). Protein expression patterns were determined using an exponentially modified protein abundance index (emPAI) and analysed by comparing S1ΔmetE /S1WT and S1ΔmetE /S2WT. Results showed that differentially expressed enzymes were mainly involved in primary metabolism and genetic information processing. This study demonstrated that the role of MetE is not restricted to methionine biosynthesis but rather is involved in global metabolic regulation in S. spinosa.
Collapse
|
40
|
High-yield production of vanillin from ferulic acid by a coenzyme-independent decarboxylase/oxygenase two-stage process. N Biotechnol 2015; 32:335-9. [PMID: 25765579 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vanillin is one of the world's most important flavor and fragrance compounds in foods and cosmetics. Recently, we demonstrated that vanillin could be produced from ferulic acid via 4-vinylguaiacol in a coenzyme-independent manner using the decarboxylase Fdc and the oxygenase Cso2. In this study, we investigated a new two-pot bioprocess for vanillin production using the whole-cell catalyst of Escherichia coli expressing Fdc in the first stage and that of E. coli expressing Cso2 in the second stage. We first optimized the second-step Cso2 reaction from 4-vinylguaiacol to vanillin, a rate-determining step for the production of vanillin. Addition of FeCl2 to the cultivation medium enhanced the activity of the resulting E. coli cells expressing Cso2, an iron protein belonging to the carotenoid cleavage oxygenase family. Furthermore, a butyl acetate-water biphasic system was effective in improving the production of vanillin. Under the optimized conditions, we attempted to produce vanillin from ferulic acid by a two-pot bioprocess on a flask scale. In the first stage, E. coli cells expressing Fdc rapidly decarboxylated ferulic acid and completely converted 75 mM of this substrate to 4-vinylguaiacol within 2 h at pH 9.0. After the first-stage reaction, cells were removed from the reaction mixture by centrifugation, and the pH of the resulting supernatant was adjusted to 10.5, the optimal pH for Cso2. This solution was subjected to the second-stage reaction. In the second stage, E. coli cells expressing Cso2 efficiently oxidized 4-vinylguaiacol to vanillin. The concentration of vanillin reached 52 mM (7.8 g L(-1)) in 24 h, which is the highest level attained to date for the biotechnological production of vanillin using recombinant cells.
Collapse
|
41
|
Gallage NJ, Møller BL. Vanillin-bioconversion and bioengineering of the most popular plant flavor and its de novo biosynthesis in the vanilla orchid. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:40-57. [PMID: 25578271 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, biotechnology-derived production of flavors and fragrances has expanded rapidly. The world's most popular flavor, vanillin, is no exception. This review outlines the current state of biotechnology-based vanillin synthesis with the use of ferulic acid, eugenol, and glucose as substrates and bacteria, fungi, and yeasts as microbial production hosts. The de novo biosynthetic pathway of vanillin in the vanilla orchid and the possible applied uses of this new knowledge in the biotechnology-derived and pod-based vanillin industries are also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nethaji J Gallage
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Synthetic Biology "bioSYNergy", Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Synthetic Biology "bioSYNergy", Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Carlsberg Laboratory, 10 Gamle Carlsberg Vej, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Furuya T, Miura M, Kino K. A Coenzyme-Independent Decarboxylase/Oxygenase Cascade for the Efficient Synthesis of Vanillin. Chembiochem 2014; 15:2248-54. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
43
|
Kunjapur AM, Tarasova Y, Prather KLJ. Synthesis and accumulation of aromatic aldehydes in an engineered strain of Escherichia coli. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11644-54. [PMID: 25076127 DOI: 10.1021/ja506664a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic aldehydes are useful in numerous applications, especially as flavors, fragrances, and pharmaceutical precursors. However, microbial synthesis of aldehydes is hindered by rapid, endogenous, and redundant conversion of aldehydes to their corresponding alcohols. We report the construction of an Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 strain with reduced aromatic aldehyde reduction (RARE) that serves as a platform for aromatic aldehyde biosynthesis. Six genes with reported activity on the model substrate benzaldehyde were rationally targeted for deletion: three genes that encode aldo-keto reductases and three genes that encode alcohol dehydrogenases. Upon expression of a recombinant carboxylic acid reductase in the RARE strain and addition of benzoate during growth, benzaldehyde remained in the culture after 24 h, with less than 12% conversion of benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol. Although individual overexpression results demonstrated that all six genes could contribute to benzaldehyde reduction in vivo, additional experiments featuring subset deletion strains revealed that two of the gene deletions were dispensable under the conditions tested. The engineered strain was next investigated for the production of vanillin from vanillate and succeeded in preventing formation of the byproduct vanillyl alcohol. A pathway for the biosynthesis of vanillin directly from glucose was introduced and resulted in a 55-fold improvement in vanillin titer when using the RARE strain versus the wild-type strain. Finally, synthesis of the chiral pharmaceutical intermediate L-phenylacetylcarbinol (L-PAC) was demonstrated from benzaldehyde and glucose upon expression of a recombinant mutant pyruvate decarboxylase in the RARE strain. Beyond allowing accumulation of aromatic aldehydes as end products in E. coli, the RARE strain expands the classes of chemicals that can be produced microbially via aldehyde intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya M Kunjapur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center (SynBERC), §Microbiology Graduate Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kaur B, Chakraborty D, Kumar B. Metabolic engineering of Pediococcus acidilactici BD16 for production of vanillin through ferulic acid catabolic pathway and process optimization using response surface methodology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8539-51. [PMID: 25077778 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Occurrence of feruloyl-CoA synthetase (fcs) and enoyl-CoA hydratase (ech) genes responsible for the bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin have been reported and characterized from Amycolatopsis sp., Streptomyces sp., and Pseudomonas sp. Attempts have been made to express these genes in Escherichia coli DH5α, E. coli JM109, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. However, none of the lactic acid bacteria strain having GRAS status was previously proposed for heterologous expression of fcs and ech genes for production of vanillin through biotechnological process. Present study reports heterologous expression of vanillin synthetic gene cassette bearing fcs and ech genes in a dairy isolate Pediococcus acidilactici BD16. After metabolic engineering, statistical optimization of process parameters that influence ferulic acid to vanillin biotransformation in the recombinant strain was carried out using central composite design of response surface methodology. After scale-up of the process, 3.14 mM vanillin was recovered from 1.08 mM ferulic acid per milligram of recombinant cell biomass within 20 min of biotransformation. From LCMS-ESI spectral analysis, a metabolic pathway of phenolic biotransformations was predicted in the recombinant P. acidilactici BD16 (fcs (+)/ech (+)).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baljinder Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala, India,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yang SM, Han SH, Kim BG, Ahn JH. Production of kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside from glucose using engineered Escherichia coli. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 41:1311-8. [PMID: 24879482 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are ubiquitous phenolic compounds and at least 9,000 have been isolated from plants. Most flavonoids have been isolated and assessed in terms of their biological activities. Microorganisms such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are efficient systems for the synthesis of flavonoids. Kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside has notable biological activities such as the inhibition of the proliferation of breast cancer cells, the absorption of glucose in the intestines, and the inhibition of the self-assembly of beta amyloids. We attempted to synthesize kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside from glucose in E. coli. Five flavonoid biosynthetic genes [tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL), 4-coumaroyl CoA ligase (4CL), chalcone synthase (CHS), flavonol synthase (FLS), and flavonol 3-O-rhamnosyltransferase (UGT78D1)] from tyrosine were introduced into E. coli that was engineered to increase tyrosine production. By using this approach, the production of kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside increased to 57 mg/L.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So-Mi Yang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Staniek A, Bouwmeester H, Fraser PD, Kayser O, Martens S, Tissier A, van der Krol S, Wessjohann L, Warzecha H. Natural products - learning chemistry from plants. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:326-36. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
47
|
Electroanalysis may be used in the Vanillin Biotechnological Production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 172:1953-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0631-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
48
|
Graf N, Altenbuchner J. Genetic engineering of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 for rapid and high-yield production of vanillin from ferulic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:137-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
49
|
Samah RA, Zainol N, Yee PL, Pawing CM, Abd-Aziz S. Adsorption of Vanillin Using Macroporous Resin H103. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2013; 31:599-610. [DOI: 10.1260/0263-6174.31.7.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rozaimi Abu Samah
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Norazwina Zainol
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Phang Lai Yee
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Christine Michael Pawing
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Suraini Abd-Aziz
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yang W, Tang H, Ni J, Wu Q, Hua D, Tao F, Xu P. Characterization of two Streptomyces enzymes that convert ferulic acid to vanillin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67339. [PMID: 23840666 PMCID: PMC3696112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of flavors from natural substrates by microbial transformation has become a growing and expanding field of study over the past decades. Vanillin, a major component of vanilla flavor, is a principal flavoring compound used worldwide. Streptomyces sp. strain V-1 is known to be one of the most promising microbial producers of natural vanillin from ferulic acid. Although identification of the microbial genes involved in the biotransformation of ferulic acid to vanillin has been previously reported, purification and detailed characterization of the corresponding enzymes with important functions have rarely been studied. In this study, we isolated and identified 2 critical genes, fcs and ech, encoding feruloyl-CoA synthetase and enoyl-CoA hydratase/aldolase, respectively, which are involved in the vanillin production from ferulic acid. Both genes were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and the resting cell reactions for converting ferulic acid to vanillin were performed. The corresponding crucial enzymes, Fcs and Ech, were purified for the first time and the enzymatic activity of each purified protein was studied. Furthermore, Fcs was comprehensively characterized, at an optimal pH of 7.0 and temperature of 30°C. Kinetic constants for Fcs revealed the apparent Km, kcat, and Vmax values to be 0.35 mM, 67.7 s−1, and 78.2 U mg−1, respectively. The catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) value of Fcs was 193.4 mM−1 s−1 for ferulic acid. The characterization of Fcs and Ech may be helpful for further research in the field of enzymatic engineering and metabolic regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongzhi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HT); (PX)
| | - Jun Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiulin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongliang Hua
- Key Laboratory for Biomass Gasification Technology of Shandong Province, Energy Research Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HT); (PX)
| |
Collapse
|