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Chen X, Li X, He W, Wang M, Gao A, Tong L, Guo S, Wang H, Pan G. Rational multivalency construction enables bactericidal effect amplification and dynamic biomaterial design. Innovation (N Y) 2023; 4:100483. [PMID: 37560332 PMCID: PMC10407542 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The multivalency of bioligands in living systems brings inspiration for not only the discovery of biological mechanisms but also the design of extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking biomaterials. However, designing controllable multivalency construction strategies is still challenging. Herein, we synthesized a series of well-defined multivalent antimicrobial peptide polymers (mAMPs) by clicking ligand molecules onto polymers prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. The multiple cationic ligands in the mAMPs could enhance the local disturbance of the anionic phospholipid layer of the bacterial membrane through multivalent binding, leading to amplification of the bactericidal effect. In addition to multivalency-enhanced antibacterial activity, mAMPs also enable multivalency-assisted hydrogel fabrication with an ECM-like dynamic structure. The resultant hydrogel with self-healing and injectable properties could be successfully employed as an antibacterial biomaterial scaffold to treat infected skin wounds. The multivalency construction strategy presented in this work provides new ideas for the biomimetic design of highly active and dynamic biomaterials for tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xinrui Li
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Wenbo He
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ang Gao
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liping Tong
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shun Guo
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Huaiyu Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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2
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Machera SJ, Niedziółka-Jönsson J, Jönsson-Niedziółka M, Szot-Karpińska K. Determination of the Dissociation Constant for Polyvalent Receptors Using ELISA: A Case of M13 Phages Displaying Troponin T-Specific Peptides. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:26253-26262. [PMID: 37521637 PMCID: PMC10373194 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Phage-derived affinity peptides have become widespread thanks to their easy selection via phage display. Interactions between a target protein and its specific peptide are similar to those between antibodies and antigens. The strength of these non-covalent complexes may be described by the dissociation constant (Kd). In this paper, protein-specific peptides are exposed on the pIII protein present in the M13 bacteriophage virion with up to five copies. Therefore, one phage particle can bind from one to five ligands. Here, we discuss the dependences between phage-displayed peptides and their ligands in solution using a model system based on troponin T (TnT) binding phages. Moreover, a method of calculating Kd values from ELISA experiments was developed and is presented. The determined Kd values are in the picomolar range.
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3
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Li Z, Han Z, Stenzel MH, Chapman R. A High Throughput Approach for Designing Polymers That Mimic the TRAIL Protein. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2660-2666. [PMID: 35312327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We have leveraged a high throughput approach to design a fully synthetic polymer mimic of the chemotherapeutic protein "TRAIL". Our design enables the synthesis of libraries of star-shaped polymers presenting exactly one receptor binding peptide at the end of each arm with no purification steps. Clear structure-activity relationships in screening for receptor binding and the apoptotic activity on colon cancer lines (COLO205) led us to identify trivalent structures, ∼1.5 nm in hydrodynamic radius as the best mimics. These showed IC50 values ∼2 μM and resulted in the elevated levels of caspase-8 expected from this mechanism of cell death. Our results demonstrate the potential for HTP screening methods to be used in the design of polymers that can mimic a whole range of complex therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Li
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, Univeristy of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Zifei Han
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, Univeristy of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Martina H Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, Univeristy of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Robert Chapman
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, Univeristy of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
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4
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Hakobyan K, Xu J, Müllner M. The challenges of controlling polymer synthesis at the molecular and macromolecular level. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01581h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we outline advances and challenges in controlling the structure of polymers at various size regimes in the context of structural features such as molecular weight distribution, end groups, architecture, composition and sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hakobyan
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Markus Müllner
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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5
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Zhao J, Song W, Tang Z, Chen X. Macromolecular Effects in Medicinal Chemistry ※. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a21120602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Jiang X, Yu J, Zhou Z, Kongsted J, Song Y, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Kang D, Poongavanam V, Liu X, Zhan P. Molecular design opportunities presented by solvent‐exposed regions of target proteins. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:2194-2238. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Jiang
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University Jinan Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Yu
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University Jinan Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongxia Zhou
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University Jinan Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
| | - Yuning Song
- Department of Clinical PharmacyQilu Hospital of Shandong University Jinan China
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical ResearchLaboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy Leuven Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical ResearchLaboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy Leuven Belgium
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University Jinan Shandong People's Republic of China
| | | | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University Jinan Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University Jinan Shandong People's Republic of China
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7
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel tris-chalcones as potent carbonic anhydrase, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and α-glycosidase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2019; 85:191-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Arsiwala A, Castro A, Frey S, Stathos M, Kane RS. Designing Multivalent Ligands to Control Biological Interactions: From Vaccines and Cellular Effectors to Targeted Drug Delivery. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:244-255. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Arsiwala
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia- 30332 USA
| | - Ana Castro
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia- 30332 USA
| | - Steven Frey
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia- 30332 USA
| | - Mark Stathos
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia- 30332 USA
| | - Ravi S. Kane
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia- 30332 USA
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9
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Zhang Q, Reinhard BM. Ligand Density and Nanoparticle Clustering Cooperate in the Multivalent Amplification of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Activation. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10473-10485. [PMID: 30289688 PMCID: PMC6252274 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Multivalent presentation of ligands on nanoparticles (NPs) is considered a general strategy for enhancing receptor binding and activation through amplification of ligand-receptor interactions within the footprint of the individual NPs. The spatial clustering of ligand-functionalized NPs represents an additional, less well understood mechanism for increasing local ligand-receptor interactions, especially for receptors that form higher-order assemblies, such as the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR). To shed light on the interplay between ligand density ( i.e., multivalency) and NP clustering in signal amplification, we apply EGF-functionalized 72 ± 1 nm gold nanoparticles (NP-EGF) with known ligand loading (10-200 EGF/NP) as quantifiable and experimentally tractable units of EGFR activation and characterize the NP-mediated amplification of EGFR phosphorylation as a function of both EGF surface density and NP-EGF clustering for two cancer cell lines (HeLa and MDA-MB-468). The measurements confirm a strong multivalent amplification of EGFR phosphorylation through NP-EGF on the cellular level that results in EGF-loading-dependent maximum EGFR phosphorylation levels. A microscopic analysis of NP-EGF-induced EGFR phosphorylation reveals a heterogeneous spatial distribution of EGFR activation across the cell surface. Clustering of multivalent NP-EGF on sub-diffraction-limited length scales is found to result in a local enhancement of EGFR phosphorylation in signaling "hot spots" from where the signal can spread laterally in an EGF-independent fashion. Increasing EGF loadings of the NP enhances NP-EGF clustering and intensifies EGFR phosphorylation. These observations suggest that NP-EGF clustering and the associated local enhancement of ligand-receptor interactions are intrinsic components of the multivalent amplification of phosphorylation for the heterogeneously distributed EGFR through NP-EGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and The Photonics Center , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Björn M Reinhard
- Department of Chemistry and The Photonics Center , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
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10
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Makowska A, Sączewski F, Bednarski PJ, Sączewski J, Balewski Ł. Hybrid Molecules Composed of 2,4-Diamino-1,3,5-triazines and 2-Imino-Coumarins and Coumarins. Synthesis and Cytotoxic Properties. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071616. [PMID: 29970833 PMCID: PMC6099606 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of 2-imino-2H-chromen-3-yl-1,3,5-triazine compounds 5⁻12, which are namely hybrids of 2,4-diamino-1,3,5-triazines and 2-imino-coumarins, was synthesized by reacting 2-(4,6-diamine-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)acetonitriles 1⁻4 with 2-hydroxybenzaldehydes. After this, upon heating in aqueous DMF, 2-imino-2H-chromen-3-yl-1,3,5-triazines 10 and 12 were converted into the corresponding 2H-chromen-3-yl-1,3,5-triazines 13 and 14, which are essentially hybrids of 2,4-diamino-1,3,5-triazines and coumarins. The in vitro anticancer activity of the newly prepared compounds was evaluated against five human cancer cell lines: DAN-G, A-427, LCLC-103H, SISO and RT-4. The greatest cytotoxic activity displayed 4-[7-(diethylamino)-2-imino-2H-chromen-3-yl]-6-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine (11, IC50 in the range of 1.51⁻2.60 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Makowska
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Franciszek Sączewski
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Patrick J Bednarski
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, L.-F.-Jahn Str., D-17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Jarosław Sączewski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Balewski
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
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11
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Deci MB, Liu M, Dinh QT, Nguyen J. Precision engineering of targeted nanocarriers. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 10:e1511. [PMID: 29436157 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since their introduction in 1980, the number of advanced targeted nanocarrier systems has grown considerably. Nanocarriers capable of targeting single receptors, multiple receptors, or multiple epitopes have all been used to enhance delivery efficiency and selectivity. Despite tremendous progress, preclinical studies and clinically translatable nanotechnology remain disconnected. The disconnect in targeting efficacy may stem from poorly-understood factors such as receptor clustering, spatial control of targeting ligands, ligand mobility, and ligand architecture. Further, the relationship between receptor distribution and ligand architecture remains elusive. Traditionally, targeted nanocarriers were engineered assuming a "static" target. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that receptor expression patterns change in response to external stimuli and disease progression. Here, we discuss how cutting-edge technologies will enable a better characterization of the spatiotemporal distribution of membrane receptors and their clustering. We further describe how this will enable the design of new nanocarriers that selectively target the site of disease. Ultimately, we explore how the precision engineering of targeted nanocarriers that adapt to receptor dynamics will have the potential to drive nanotechnology to the forefront of therapy and make targeted nanomedicine a clinical reality. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid-Based Structures Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Deci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Maixian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Quoc Thai Dinh
- Department of Experimental Pneumology and Allergology, Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Juliane Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
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12
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Sandmark J, Dahl G, Öster L, Xu B, Johansson P, Akerud T, Aagaard A, Davidsson P, Bigalke JM, Winzell MS, Rainey GJ, Roth RG. Structure and biophysical characterization of the human full-length neurturin-GFRa2 complex: A role for heparan sulfate in signaling. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:5492-5508. [PMID: 29414779 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurturin (NRTN) provides trophic support to neurons and is considered a therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. It binds to its co-receptor GFRa2, and the resulting NRTN-GFRa2 complex activates the transmembrane receptors rearranged during transfection (RET) or the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). We report the crystal structure of NRTN, alone and in complex with GFRa2. This is the first crystal structure of a GFRa with all three domains and shows that domain 1 does not interact directly with NRTN, but it may support an interaction with RET and/or NCAM, via a highly conserved surface. In addition, biophysical results show that the relative concentration of GFRa2 on cell surfaces can affect the functional affinity of NRTN through avidity effects. We have identified a heparan sulfate-binding site on NRTN and a putative binding site in GFRa2, suggesting that heparan sulfate has a role in the assembly of the signaling complex. We further show that mutant NRTN with reduced affinity for heparan sulfate may provide a route forward for delivery of NRTN with increased exposure in preclinical in vivo models and ultimately to Parkinson's patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Sandmark
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Göran Dahl
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Linda Öster
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Bingze Xu
- the Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.,Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43183, Sweden
| | - Patrik Johansson
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Tomas Akerud
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Anna Aagaard
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Pia Davidsson
- Bioscience, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, and
| | - Janna M Bigalke
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | | | - G Jonah Rainey
- the Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, and
| | - Robert G Roth
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43183, Sweden,
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13
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Shukla SP, Manarang JC, Udugamasooriya DG. A unique mid-sequence linker used to multimerize the lipid-phosphatidylserine (PS) binding peptide-peptoid hybrid PPS1. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 137:1-10. [PMID: 28551176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ligand multimerizations enhance the binding affinity towards cell surface biomarkers through their avidity effects. Typical linkers connect individual monomeric ligand moieties from one end (e.g., C- or N-terminus of a peptide) and exclusively target protein receptors. The lipid phosphatidylserine (PS) is normally present on the cytoplasmic side of the eukaryotic cell membrane, but in tumors and tumor endothelial cells, this negatively charged PS flips to the outer layer. We recently reported a PS binding peptide-peptoid hybrid (PPS1) that has distinct positively charged and hydrophobic residue-containing regions. The PPS1 monomer is inactive, and upon C-terminal dimerization (PPS1D1), it triggers cytotoxicity. In the current study, a unique series of PPS1 multimeric derivatives were synthesized by switching the linker from the C-terminus to an internal position. The unimportant fourth residue (N-lys) from the C-terminus was utilized to build the linker. The synthesis strategy was developed employing variations of (I) the linker size, (II) the number of positively charged residues, and (III) the number of hydrophobic regions. Cytotoxicity of these new derivatives on HCC4017 lung cancer cells showed that a minimum of two hydrophobic regions was important to retain the activity and that the shortest linker length was optimal for activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Prakash Shukla
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, 3455 Cullen Blvd., Houston, TX 77204-5037, USA
| | - Joseph C Manarang
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, 3455 Cullen Blvd., Houston, TX 77204-5037, USA
| | - D Gomika Udugamasooriya
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, 3455 Cullen Blvd., Houston, TX 77204-5037, USA; Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA.
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14
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Vardanyan RS, Cain JP, Haghighi SM, Kumirov VK, McIntosh MI, Sandweiss AJ, Porreca F, Hruby VJ. Synthesis and Investigation of Mixed μ-Opioid and δ-Opioid Agonists as Possible Bivalent Ligands for Treatment of Pain. J Heterocycl Chem 2017; 54:1228-1235. [PMID: 28819330 PMCID: PMC5557416 DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested functional association between μ-opioid and δ-opioid receptors and showed that μ-activity could be modulated by δ-ligands. The general conclusion is that agonists for the δ-receptor can enhance the analgesic potency and efficacy of μ-agonists. Our preliminary investigations demonstrate that new bivalent ligands constructed from the μ-agonist fentanyl and the δ-agonist enkephalin-like peptides are promising entities for creation of new analgesics with reduced side effects for treatment of neuropathic pain. A new superposition of the mentioned pharmacophores led to novel μ-bivalent/δ-bivalent compounds that demonstrate both μ-opioid and δ-opioid receptor agonist activity and high efficacy in anti-inflammatory and neuropathic pain models with the potential of reduced unwanted side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben S. Vardanyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, US
| | - James P. Cain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, US
| | | | - Vlad K. Kumirov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, US
| | - Mary I. McIntosh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Alexander J. Sandweiss
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Frank Porreca
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Victor J. Hruby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, US
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15
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Guryanov I, Fiorucci S, Tennikova T. Receptor-ligand interactions: Advanced biomedical applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 68:890-903. [PMID: 27524092 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-ligand interactions (RLIs) are at the base of all biological events occurring in living cells. The understanding of interactions between complementary macromolecules in biological systems represents a high-priority research area in bionanotechnology to design the artificial systems mimicking natural processes. This review summarizes and analyzes RLIs in some cutting-edge biomedical fields, in particular, for the preparation of novel stationary phases to separate complex biological mixtures in medical diagnostics, for the design of ultrasensitive biosensors for identification of biomarkers of various diseases at early stages, as well as in the development of innovative biomaterials and approaches for regenerative medicine. All these biotechnological fields are closely related, because their success depends on a proper choice, combination and spatial disposition of the single components of ligand-receptor pairs on the surface of appropriately designed support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Guryanov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06122 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Tatiana Tennikova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia.
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16
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Bezrukov SM, Nestorovich EM. Inhibiting bacterial toxins by channel blockage. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftv113. [PMID: 26656888 PMCID: PMC4830228 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergent rational drug design techniques explore individual properties of target biomolecules, small and macromolecule drug candidates, and the physical forces governing their interactions. In this minireview, we focus on the single-molecule biophysical studies of channel-forming bacterial toxins that suggest new approaches for their inhibition. We discuss several examples of blockage of bacterial pore-forming and AB-type toxins by the tailor-made compounds. In the concluding remarks, the most effective rationally designed pore-blocking antitoxins are compared with the small-molecule inhibitors of ion-selective channels of neurophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey M Bezrukov
- Program in Physical Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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17
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Chatwichien J, Basu S, Murphy ME, Hamann MT, Winkler JD. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of β-Carboline Dimers Based on the Structure of Neokauluamine. Tetrahedron Lett 2015; 56:3515-3517. [PMID: 26257442 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.01.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis and biological evaluation (anticancer and antimalarial activity) of bis-β-carbolines, based on the structure of the naturally occurring alkaloid neokauluamine, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark T Hamann
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Jeffrey D Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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18
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A novel peptide-based recognition probe for the sensitive detection of CD44 on breast cancer stem cells. Mol Cell Probes 2015; 29:492-499. [PMID: 26038340 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis and recurrence of breast cancer remain significant clinical problems. The expression level of CD44 protein is higher in breast cancer-initiating cancer stem cells; therefore, the early detection of CD44 using a sensitive diagnostic probe is important for breast cancer diagnosis and therapeutic purposes. In this study, we fabricated a polyvalent directed peptide polymer (PDPP) that specifically recognized the CD44 biomarker, as confirmed by immunocytochemistry tests and fluorescence-activated cell sorting assessment. Our results indicate that PDPP is useful as a novel tool for the sensitive detection of breast cancer stem cells.
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19
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Liese S, Netz RR. Influence of length and flexibility of spacers on the binding affinity of divalent ligands. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:804-16. [PMID: 26124882 PMCID: PMC4464470 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a quantitative model for the binding of divalent ligand–receptor systems. We study the influence of length and flexibility of the spacers on the overall binding affinity and derive general rules for the optimal ligand design. To this end, we first compare different polymeric models and determine the probability to simultaneously bind to two neighboring receptor binding pockets. In a second step the binding affinity of divalent ligands in terms of the IC50 value is derived. We find that a divalent ligand has the potential to bind more efficiently than its monovalent counterpart only, if the monovalent dissociation constant is lower than a critical value. This critical monovalent dissociation constant depends on the ligand-spacer length and flexibility as well as on the size of the receptor. Regarding the optimal ligand-spacer length and flexibility, we find that the average spacer length should be equal or slightly smaller than the distance between the receptor binding pockets and that the end-to-end spacer length fluctuations should be in the same range as the size of a receptor binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Liese
- Fachbereich für Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland R Netz
- Fachbereich für Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Varner CT, Rosen T, Martin JT, Kane RS. Recent advances in engineering polyvalent biological interactions. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:43-55. [PMID: 25426695 PMCID: PMC4294584 DOI: 10.1021/bm5014469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyvalent interactions, where multiple ligands and receptors interact simultaneously, are ubiquitous in nature. Synthetic polyvalent molecules, therefore, have the ability to affect biological processes ranging from protein-ligand binding to cellular signaling. In this review, we discuss recent advances in polyvalent scaffold design and applications. First, we will describe recent developments in the engineering of polyvalent scaffolds based on biomolecules and novel materials. Then, we will illustrate how polyvalent molecules are finding applications as toxin and pathogen inhibitors, targeting molecules, immune response modulators, and cellular effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad T. Varner
- The Howard P. Isermann Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Tania Rosen
- The Howard P. Isermann Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Jacob T. Martin
- The Howard P. Isermann Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Ravi S. Kane
- The Howard P. Isermann Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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21
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Müller LK, Steinbach T, Wurm FR. Multifunctional poly(phosphoester)s with two orthogonal protective groups. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07167d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
2-(2-(Benzyloxy)ethoxy)-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane-2-oxide was developed for the ring-opening polymerization to multifunctional poly(phosphoester)s. An acetal-protected comonomer allows selective release of the hydroxyl groups by hydrolysis and hydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Müller
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität
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22
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Patke S, Boggara M, Maheshwari R, Srivastava SK, Arha M, Douaisi M, Martin JT, Harvey IB, Brier M, Rosen T, Mogridge J, Kane RS. Design of Monodisperse and Well-Defined Polypeptide-Based Polyvalent Inhibitors of Anthrax Toxin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201400870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Förstner P, Bayer F, Kalu N, Felsen S, Förtsch C, Aloufi A, Ng DYW, Weil T, Nestorovich EM, Barth H. Cationic PAMAM dendrimers as pore-blocking binary toxin inhibitors. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:2461-74. [PMID: 24954629 PMCID: PMC4215879 DOI: 10.1021/bm500328v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dendrimers are unique highly branched macromolecules with numerous groundbreaking biomedical applications under development. Here we identified poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers as novel blockers for the pore-forming B components of the binary anthrax toxin (PA63) and Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin (C2IIa). These pores are essential for delivery of the enzymatic A components of the internalized toxins from endosomes into the cytosol of target cells. We demonstrate that at low μM concentrations cationic PAMAM dendrimers block PA63 and C2IIa to inhibit channel-mediated transport of the A components, thereby protecting HeLa and Vero cells from intoxication. By channel reconstitution and high-resolution current recording, we show that the PAMAM dendrimers obstruct transmembrane PA63 and C2IIa pores in planar lipid bilayers at nM concentrations. These findings suggest a new potential role for the PAMAM dendrimers as effective polyvalent channel-blocking inhibitors, which can protect human target cells from intoxication with binary toxins from pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Förstner
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center , D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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24
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Patke S, Boggara M, Maheshwari R, Srivastava SK, Arha M, Douaisi M, Martin JT, Harvey IB, Brier M, Rosen T, Mogridge J, Kane RS. Design of monodisperse and well-defined polypeptide-based polyvalent inhibitors of anthrax toxin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8037-40. [PMID: 24706570 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The design of polyvalent molecules, presenting multiple copies of a specific ligand, represents a promising strategy to inhibit pathogens and toxins. The ability to control independently the valency and the spacing between ligands would be valuable for elucidating structure-activity relationships and for designing potent polyvalent molecules. To that end, we designed monodisperse polypeptide-based polyvalent inhibitors of anthrax toxin in which multiple copies of an inhibitory toxin-binding peptide were separated by flexible peptide linkers. By tuning the valency and linker length, we designed polyvalent inhibitors that were over four orders of magnitude more potent than the corresponding monovalent ligands. This strategy for the rational design of monodisperse polyvalent molecules may not only be broadly applicable for the inhibition of toxins and pathogens, but also for controlling the nanoscale organization of cellular receptors to regulate signaling and the fate of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Patke
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 (USA)
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25
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Ponader D, Maffre P, Aretz J, Pussak D, Ninnemann NM, Schmidt S, Seeberger PH, Rademacher C, Nienhaus GU, Hartmann L. Carbohydrate-Lectin Recognition of Sequence-Defined Heteromultivalent Glycooligomers. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:2008-16. [DOI: 10.1021/ja411582t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ponader
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Pauline Maffre
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jonas Aretz
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniel Pussak
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nina M. Ninnemann
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Institut für
Biochemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee
21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - G. Ulrich Nienhaus
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department
of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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26
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Present-day rational drug design approaches are based on exploiting unique features of the target biomolecules, small- or macromolecule drug candidates and physical forces that govern their interactions. The 2013 Nobel Prize in chemistry awarded 'for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems' once again demonstrated the importance of the tailored drug discovery that reduces the role of the trial-and-error approach to a minimum. The intentional dissemination of Bacillus anthracis spores in 2001 via the so-called anthrax letters has led to increased efforts, politically and scientifically, to develop medical countermeasures that will protect people from the threat of anthrax bioterrorism. AREAS COVERED This article provides an overview of the recent rational drug design approaches for discovering inhibitors of anthrax toxin. The review also directs the readers to the vast literature on the recognized advances and future possibilities in the field. EXPERT OPINION Existing options to combat anthrax toxin lethality are limited. With the only anthrax toxin inhibiting therapy (protective antigen-targeting with a monoclonal antibody, raxibacumab) approved to treat inhalational anthrax, the situation, in our view, is still insecure. Further, the FDA's animal rule for drug approval, which clears compounds without validated efficacy studies on humans, creates a high level of uncertainty, especially when a well-characterized animal model does not exist. Better identification and validation of anthrax toxin therapeutic targets at the molecular level as well as elucidation of the parameters determining the corresponding therapeutic windows are still necessary for more effective therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina M Nestorovich
- The Catholic University of America, Department of Biology , Washington, DC , USA +1 202 319 6723 ;
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27
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Conway A, Vazin T, Spelke DP, Rode NA, Healy KE, Kane RS, Schaffer DV. Multivalent ligands control stem cell behaviour in vitro and in vivo. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 8:831-838. [PMID: 24141540 PMCID: PMC3830932 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2013.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
There is broad interest in designing nanostructured materials that can interact with cells and regulate key downstream functions. In particular, materials with nanoscale features may enable control over multivalent interactions, which involve the simultaneous binding of multiple ligands on one entity to multiple receptors on another and are ubiquitous throughout biology. Cellular signal transduction of growth factor and morphogen cues (which have critical roles in regulating cell function and fate) often begins with such multivalent binding of ligands, either secreted or cell-surface-tethered to target cell receptors, leading to receptor clustering. Cellular mechanisms that orchestrate ligand-receptor oligomerization are complex, however, so the capacity to control multivalent interactions and thereby modulate key signalling events within living systems is currently very limited. Here, we demonstrate the design of potent multivalent conjugates that can organize stem cell receptors into nanoscale clusters and control stem cell behaviour in vitro and in vivo. The ectodomain of ephrin-B2, normally an integral membrane protein ligand, was conjugated to a soluble biopolymer to yield multivalent nanoscale conjugates that potently induce signalling in neural stem cells and promote their neuronal differentiation both in culture and within the brain. Super-resolution microscopy analysis yielded insights into the organization of the receptor-ligand clusters at the nanoscale. We also found that synthetic multivalent conjugates of ephrin-B1 strongly enhance human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell differentiation into functional dopaminergic neurons. Multivalent bioconjugates are therefore powerful tools and potential nanoscale therapeutics for controlling the behaviour of target stem cells in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Conway
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 201 Gilman Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1462, USA
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28
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Barbey R, Perrier S. A Facile Route to Functional Hyperbranched Polymers by Combining Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization, Thiol-Yne Chemistry, and Postpolymerization Modification Strategies. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:366-370. [PMID: 35581839 DOI: 10.1021/mz400118g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This contribution reports on the preparation of functional hyperbranched polystyrene-based materials via a combination of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, thiol-yne chemistry, and postpolymerization modification reactions. The thiol-yne approach allows the rapid preparation of hyperbranched polymers under mild reaction conditions from polymeric chains bearing a thiol group at one chain end and an alkyne moiety at the other. Postpolymerization modifications of the focal thiol and peripheral alkyne functionalities present within the hyperbranched structures were conducted using two highly efficient strategies, i.e., phosphine-catalyzed thiol-ene reaction and copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), respectively. In addition to introducing functionalities by postpolymerization modification onto the periphery of the hyperbranched polymers, the interior of the globular structure could also be functionalized by taking advantage of the isocyanate chemical handle of a poly(styrene-co-3-isopropenyl-α,α-dimethylbenzyl isocyanate) (P(S-co-TMI)) copolymer. The combination of these strategies provides an elegant tool for the elaboration of a wide variety of multifunctional hyperbranched structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Barbey
- Key Centre for Polymers
& Colloids, School of Chemistry,
Building F11, University of Sydney, NSW
2006, Australia
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Key Centre for Polymers
& Colloids, School of Chemistry,
Building F11, University of Sydney, NSW
2006, Australia
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29
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Carlucci G, Ananias HJK, Yu Z, Hoving HD, Helfrich W, Dierckx RAJO, Liu S, de Jong IJ, Elsinga PH. Preclinical evaluation of a novel ¹¹¹In-labeled bombesin homodimer for improved imaging of GRPR-positive prostate cancer. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1716-24. [PMID: 23590837 DOI: 10.1021/mp3005462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rational-designed multimerization of targeting ligands can be used to improve kinetic and thermodynamic properties. Multimeric targeting ligands may be produced by tethering multiple identical or two or more monomeric ligands of different binding specificities. Consequently, multimeric ligands may simultaneously bind to multiple receptor molecules. Previously, multimerization has been successfully applied on radiolabeled RGD peptides, which resulted in an improved tumor targeting activity in animal models. Multimerization of peptide-based ligands may improve the binding characteristics by increasing local ligand concentration and by improving dissociation kinetics. Here, we present a preclinical study on a novel radiolabeled bombesin (BN) homodimer, designated (111)In-DOTA-[(Aca-BN(7-14)]2, that was designed for enhanced targeting of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR)-positive prostate cancer cells. A BN homodimer was conjugated with DOTA-NHS and labeled with (111)In. After HPLC purification, the GRPR targeting ability of (111)In-DOTA-[Aca-BN(7-14)]2 was assessed by microSPECT imaging in SCID mice xenografted with the human prostate cancer cell line PC-3. (111)In labeling of DOTA-[(Aca-BN(7-14)]2 was achieved within 30 min at 85 °C with a labeling yield of >40%. High radiochemical purity (>95%) was achieved by HPLC purification. (111)InDOTA-[Aca-BN(7-14)]2 specifically bound to GRPR-positive PC-3 prostate cancer cells with favorable binding characteristics because uptake of 111In-DOTA-[Aca-BN(7-14)]2 in GRPR-positive PC-3 cells increased over time. A maximum peak with 30% radioactivity was observed after 2 h of incubation. The log D value was -1.8 ± 0.1. (111)In-DOTA-[Aca-BN(7-14)]2 was stable in vitro both in PBS and human serum for at least 4 days. In vivo biodistribution analysis and microSPECT/CT scans performed after 1, 4, and 24 h of injection showed favorable binding characteristics and tumor-to-normal tissue ratios. This study identifies (111)In-DOTA-[(Aca-BN(7-14)]2 as a promising radiotracer for nuclear imaging of GRPR in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Carlucci
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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30
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Qi H, Qiu X, Xie D, Ling C, Gao Q, Zhang C. Ultrasensitive Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Peptide-Based Method for the Determination of Cardiac Troponin I Incorporating Amplification of Signal Reagent-Encapsulated Liposomes. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3886-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4005259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Honglan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface
and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoying Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface
and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, P.R. China
| | - Danping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface
and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, P.R. China
| | - Chen Ling
- Xianyang Central Hospital, Xi’an 713199, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface
and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, P.R. China
| | - Chengxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface
and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, P.R. China
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31
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey M. Bezrukov
- Program in Physical Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
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32
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Wein AN, Williams BN, Liu S, Ermolinsky B, Provenzano D, Abagyan R, Orry A, Leppla SH, Peredelchuk M. Small molecule inhibitors of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen proteolytic activation and oligomerization. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7998-8006. [PMID: 22954387 DOI: 10.1021/jm300804e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protective antigen (PA), lethal factor, and edema factor, the protein toxins of Bacillus anthracis , are among its most important virulence factors and play a key role in infection. We performed a virtual ligand screen of a library of 10000 members to identify compounds predicted to bind to PA and prevent its oligomerization. Four of these compounds slowed PA association in a FRET-based oligomerization assay, and two of those protected cells from intoxication at concentrations of 1-10 μM. Exploration of the protective mechanism by Western blot showed decreased SDS-resistant PA oligomer on cells and, surprisingly, decreased amounts of activated PA. In vitro assays showed that one of the inhibitors blocked furin-mediated cleavage of PA, apparently through its binding to the PA substrate. Thus, we have identified inhibitors that can independently block both PA's cleavage by furin and its subsequent oligomerization. Lead optimization on these two backbones may yield compounds with high activity and specificity for the anthrax toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Wein
- Microbial Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 33 North Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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33
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Polyvalent nucleic acid aptamers and modulation of their activity: a focus on the thrombin binding aptamer. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 136:202-15. [PMID: 22850531 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based aptamers can be selected from combinatorial libraries of synthetic oligonucleotides to bind, with affinity and specificity similar to antibodies, a wide range of biomedically relevant targets. Compared to protein therapeutics, aptamers exhibit significant advantages in terms of size, non-immunogenicity and wide synthetic accessibility. Various chemical modifications have been introduced in the natural oligonucleotide backbone of aptamers in order to increase their half-life, as well as their pharmacological properties. Very effective alternative approaches, devised in order to improve both the aptamer activity and stability, were based on the design of polyvalent aptamers, able to establish multivalent interactions with the target: thus, multiple copies of an aptamer can be assembled on the same molecular- or nanomaterial-based scaffold. In the present review, the thrombin binding aptamers (TBAs) are analyzed as a model system to study multiple-aptamer constructs aimed at improving their anticoagulation activity in terms of binding to the target and stability to enzymatic degradation. Indeed - even if the large number of chemically modified TBAs investigated in the last 20 years has led to encouraging results - a significant progress has been obtained only recently with bivalent or engineered dendritic TBA aptamers, or assemblies of TBAs on nanoparticles and DNA nanostructures. Furthermore, the modulation of the aptamers activity by means of tailored drug-active reversal agents, especially in the field of anticoagulant aptamers, as well as the reversibility of the TBA activity through the use of antidotes, such as porphyrins, complementary oligonucleotides or of external stimuli, are discussed.
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34
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Evaluation of a technetium-99m labeled bombesin homodimer for GRPR imaging in prostate cancer. Amino Acids 2012; 44:543-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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35
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Abd-Elgaliel WR, Tung CH. A cardiac tissue-specific binding agent of troponin I. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:2629-32. [PMID: 22828728 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25178g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescently labeled, biphenylalanine-rich peptide was identified as a should be cardiac troponin I-specific binding agent with preferential staining affinity to myocardium tissues and extremely low staining to other stromal components. Fluorescence images demonstrate that this new peptide is an excellent contrast agent useful for examining troponin I structural distribution and expression density within heart tissue sections. It provides a clear contrast between myocardial cells and the surrounding collagen matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael R Abd-Elgaliel
- Department of Translational Imaging, Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA.
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36
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Autophagy inhibitor Lys05 has single-agent antitumor activity and reproduces the phenotype of a genetic autophagy deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:8253-8. [PMID: 22566612 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1118193109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent degradative process that protects cancer cells from multiple stresses. In preclinical models, autophagy inhibition with chloroquine (CQ) derivatives augments the efficacy of many anticancer therapies, but CQ has limited activity as a single agent. Clinical trials are underway combining anticancer agents with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), but concentrations of HCQ required to inhibit autophagy are not consistently achievable in the clinic. We report the synthesis and characterization of bisaminoquinoline autophagy inhibitors that potently inhibit autophagy and impair tumor growth in vivo. The structural motifs that are necessary for improved autophagy inhibition compared with CQ include the presence of two aminoquinoline rings and a triamine linker and C-7 chlorine. The lead compound, Lys01, is a 10-fold more potent autophagy inhibitor than HCQ. Compared with HCQ, Lys05, a water-soluble salt of Lys01, more potently accumulates within and deacidifies the lysosome, resulting in impaired autophagy and tumor growth. At the highest dose administered, some mice develop Paneth cell dysfunction that resembles the intestinal phenotype of mice and humans with genetic defects in the autophagy gene ATG16L1, providing in vivo evidence that Lys05 targets autophagy. Unlike HCQ, significant single-agent antitumor activity is observed without toxicity in mice treated with lower doses of Lys05, establishing the therapeutic potential of this compound in cancer.
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Handlogten MW, Kiziltepe T, Moustakas DT, Bilgiçer B. Design of a heterobivalent ligand to inhibit IgE clustering on mast cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 18:1179-88. [PMID: 21944756 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe the design, synthesis, and characterization of a heterobivalent ligand (HBL) system that competitively inhibits allergen binding to mast cell bound IgE antibody, thereby inhibiting mast cell degranulation. HBLs are composed of a hapten conjugated to a nucleotide analog allowing simultaneous targeting of the antigen-binding site as well the "unconventional nucleotide binding site" on IgE Fab domains. Simultaneous bivalent binding to both sites provides HBLs with over 100-fold enhancement both in avidity for IgE(DNP) (K(d) = 0.33 μM) and in inhibition of allergen binding to IgE(DNP) (IC(50) = 0.45 μM) than the monovalent hapten (K(d)(mono) = 41 μM; IC(50)(mono) = 55.4 μM, respectively). In cellular assays, HBL2 effectively inhibits mast cell degranulation (IC(50) = 15 μM), whereas no inhibition is detected by the monovalent hapten. In conclusion, this study establishes the use of multivalency in a novel HBL design to inhibit mast cell degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Handlogten
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Mack ET, Snyder PW, Perez-Castillejos R, Bilgiçer B, Moustakas DT, Butte MJ, Whitesides GM. Dependence of avidity on linker length for a bivalent ligand-bivalent receptor model system. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:333-45. [PMID: 22088143 PMCID: PMC3272676 DOI: 10.1021/ja2073033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a synthetic dimer of carbonic anhydrase, and a series of bivalent sulfonamide ligands with different lengths (25 to 69 Å between the ends of the fully extended ligands), as a model system to use in examining the binding of bivalent antibodies to antigens. Assays based on analytical ultracentrifugation and fluorescence binding indicate that this system forms cyclic, noncovalent complexes with a stoichiometry of one bivalent ligand to one dimer. This dimer binds the series of bivalent ligands with low picomolar avidities (K(d)(avidity) = 3-40 pM). A structurally analogous monovalent ligand binds to one active site of the dimer with K(d)(mono) = 16 nM. The bivalent association is thus significantly stronger (K(d)(mono)/K(d)(avidity) ranging from ~500 to 5000 unitless) than the monovalent association. We infer from these results, and by comparison of these results to previous studies, that bivalency in antibodies can lead to associations much tighter than monovalent associations (although the observed bivalent association is much weaker than predicted from the simplest level of theory: predicted K(d)(avidity) of ~0.002 pM and K(d)(mono)/K(d)(avidity) ~ 8 × 10(6) unitless).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T. Mack
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Phillip W. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Raquel Perez-Castillejos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Başar Bilgiçer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Demetri T. Moustakas
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Manish J. Butte
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138
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Park HY, Gedi V, Kim J, Park HC, Han SH, Yoon MY. Ultrasensitive diagnosis for an anthrax-protective antigen based on a polyvalent directed peptide polymer coupled to zinc oxide nanorods. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:5425-5429. [PMID: 21997757 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201103284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A flexible poly-D-lysine polymer conjugated with different target-binding peptides is demonstrated with an ultralow concentration detection limit compared to those of other conventional detection systems. This polyvalent directed peptide polymer (PDPP) exhibits increased binding affinity and detects anthrax protective antigen at low levels using a well-known zinc oxide nanorod detection system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Yeon Park
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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Wu AM, Liu JH, Singh T, Yang Z. Recognition roles of mammalian structural units and polyvalency in lectin--glycan interactions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 705:99-116. [PMID: 21618106 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7877-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert M Wu
- Glyco-Immunochemistry Research Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-san, Tao-yuan 333, Taiwan.
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Supramolecular nanostructures that mimic VEGF as a strategy for ischemic tissue repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:13438-43. [PMID: 21808036 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1016546108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is great demand for the development of novel therapies for ischemic cardiovascular disease, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. We report here on the development of a completely synthetic cell-free therapy based on peptide amphiphile nanostructures designed to mimic the activity of VEGF, one of the most potent angiogenic signaling proteins. Following self-assembly of peptide amphiphiles, nanoscale filaments form that display on their surfaces a VEGF-mimetic peptide at high density. The VEGF-mimetic filaments were found to induce phosphorylation of VEGF receptors and promote proangiogenic behavior in endothelial cells, indicated by an enhancement in proliferation, survival, and migration in vitro. In a chicken embryo assay, these nanostructures elicited an angiogenic response in the host vasculature. When evaluated in a mouse hind-limb ischemia model, the nanofibers increased tissue perfusion, functional recovery, limb salvage, and treadmill endurance compared to controls, which included the VEGF-mimetic peptide alone. Immunohistological evidence also demonstrated an increase in the density of microcirculation in the ischemic hind limb, suggesting the mechanism of efficacy of this promising potential therapy is linked to the enhanced microcirculatory angiogenesis that results from treatment with these polyvalent VEGF-mimetic nanofibers.
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Zhan P, Chen X, Li D, Fang Z, De Clercq E, Liu X. HIV-1 NNRTIs: structural diversity, pharmacophore similarity, and implications for drug design. Med Res Rev 2011; 33 Suppl 1:E1-72. [PMID: 21523792 DOI: 10.1002/med.20241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) nowadays represent very potent and most promising anti-AIDS agents that specifically target the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). However, the effectiveness of NNRTI drugs can be hampered by rapid emergence of drug-resistant viruses and severe side effects upon long-term use. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel, highly potent NNRTIs with broad spectrum antiviral activity and improved pharmacokinetic properties, and more efficient strategies that facilitate and shorten the drug discovery process would be extremely beneficial. Fortunately, the structural diversity of NNRTIs provided a wide space for novel lead discovery, and the pharmacophore similarity of NNRTIs gave valuable hints for lead discovery and optimization. More importantly, with the continued efforts in the development of computational tools and increased crystallographic information on RT/NNRTI complexes, structure-based approaches using a combination of traditional medicinal chemistry, structural biology, and computational chemistry are being used increasingly in the design of NNRTIs. First, this review covers two decades of research and development for various NNRTI families based on their chemical scaffolds, and then describes the structural similarity of NNRTIs. We have attempted to assemble a comprehensive overview of the general approaches in NNRTI lead discovery and optimization reported in the literature during the last decade. The successful applications of medicinal chemistry strategies, crystallography, and computational tools for designing novel NNRTIs are highlighted. Future directions for research are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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Kim J, Yoon MY. Recent advances in rapid and ultrasensitive biosensors for infectious agents: lesson from Bacillus anthracis diagnostic sensors. Analyst 2010; 135:1182-90. [PMID: 20498871 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00030b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, we review the cumulative efforts to develop rapid and ultrasensitive diagnostic systems, especially for the infectious agent, Bacillus anthracis, as a model system. This Minireview focuses on demonstrating the features of various probes for target molecule detection and recent methods of signal generation within the biosensors. Also, we discuss the possibility of using peptides as next-generation probe molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joungmok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
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Park JP, Cropek DM, Banta S. High affinity peptides for the recognition of the heart disease biomarker troponin I identified using phage display. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 105:678-86. [PMID: 19891006 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Troponin I is a specific and sensitive clinical biomarker for myocardial injury. In this study we have used polyvalent phage display to isolate unique linear peptide motifs which recognize both the human and rat homologs of troponin I. The peptide specific for human troponin I has a sequence of FYSHSFHENWPS and the peptide specific for the rat troponin I has a sequence of FHSSWPVNGSTI. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to evaluate the binding interactions, and the two phage-displayed peptides exhibited some cross-reactivity, but they were both more specific for the troponin I homolog they were selected against. The binding affinities of the phage-displayed peptides were decreased by the presence of complex tissue culture media (MEM), and the addition of 10% calf serum further interfered with the binding of the target proteins. Kinetic indirect phage ELISAs revealed that both troponin I binding peptides were found to have nanomolar affinities for the troponin proteins while attached to the phage particles. To our knowledge, this is the first example of isolation and characterization of troponin I binders using phage display technology. These new peptides may have potential utility in the development of new clinical assays for cardiac injury as well as in monitoring of cardiac cells grown in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Pil Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027, USA
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