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Sung B. In silico modeling of endocrine organ-on-a-chip systems. Math Biosci 2022; 352:108900. [PMID: 36075288 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2022.108900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The organ-on-a-chip (OoC) is an artificially reconstructed microphysiological system that is implemented using tissue mimics integrated into miniaturized perfusion devices. OoCs emulate dynamic and physiologically relevant features of the body, which are not available in standard in vitro methods. Furthermore, OoCs provide highly sophisticated multi-organ connectivity and biomechanical cues based on microfluidic platforms. Consequently, they are often considered ideal in vitro systems for mimicking self-regulating biophysical and biochemical networks in vivo where multiple tissues and organs crosstalk through the blood flow, similar to the human endocrine system. Therefore, OoCs have been extensively applied to simulate complex hormone dynamics and endocrine signaling pathways in a mechanistic and fully controlled manner. Mathematical and computational modeling approaches are critical for quantitatively analyzing an OoC and predicting its complex responses. In this review article, recently developed in silico modeling concepts of endocrine OoC systems are summarized, including the mathematical models of tissue-level transport phenomena, microscale fluid dynamics, distant hormone signaling, and heterogeneous cell-cell communication. From this background, whole chip-level analytic approaches in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics will be described with a focus on the spatial and temporal behaviors of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in endocrine biochips. Finally, quantitative design frameworks for endocrine OoCs are reviewed with respect to support parameter calibration/scaling and enable predictive in vitro-in vivo extrapolations. In particular, we highlight the analytical and numerical modeling strategies of the nonlinear phenomena in endocrine systems on-chip, which are of particular importance in drug screening and environmental health applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baeckkyoung Sung
- Biosensor Group, KIST Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Division of Energy & Environment Technology, University of Science & Technology, 34113 Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Bregenzer ME, Horst EN, Mehta P, Novak CM, Raghavan S, Snyder CS, Mehta G. Integrated cancer tissue engineering models for precision medicine. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216564. [PMID: 31075118 PMCID: PMC6510431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors are not merely cancerous cells that undergo mindless proliferation. Rather, they are highly organized and interconnected organ systems. Tumor cells reside in complex microenvironments in which they are subjected to a variety of physical and chemical stimuli that influence cell behavior and ultimately the progression and maintenance of the tumor. As cancer bioengineers, it is our responsibility to create physiologic models that enable accurate understanding of the multi-dimensional structure, organization, and complex relationships in diverse tumor microenvironments. Such models can greatly expedite clinical discovery and translation by closely replicating the physiological conditions while maintaining high tunability and control of extrinsic factors. In this review, we discuss the current models that target key aspects of the tumor microenvironment and their role in cancer progression. In order to address sources of experimental variation and model limitations, we also make recommendations for methods to improve overall physiologic reproducibility, experimental repeatability, and rigor within the field. Improvements can be made through an enhanced emphasis on mathematical modeling, standardized in vitro model characterization, transparent reporting of methodologies, and designing experiments with physiological metrics. Taken together these considerations will enhance the relevance of in vitro tumor models, biological understanding, and accelerate treatment exploration ultimately leading to improved clinical outcomes. Moreover, the development of robust, user-friendly models that integrate important stimuli will allow for the in-depth study of tumors as they undergo progression from non-transformed primary cells to metastatic disease and facilitate translation to a wide variety of biological and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Bregenzer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Eric N. Horst
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Pooja Mehta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Caymen M. Novak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shreya Raghavan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Catherine S. Snyder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Geeta Mehta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Rogel Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Li J, Wang W, Li J, Rexiati M, An H, Wang F, Wang Y. The histocompatibility research of hair follicle stem cells with bladder acellular matrix. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4979. [PMID: 27828841 PMCID: PMC5106047 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) were reported to have multidirectional differentiation ability and could be differentiated into melanocytes, keratin cells, smooth muscle cells, and neurons. However, the functionality of HFSCs in bladder tissue regeneration is unknown. METHODS This study was conducted to build HFSCs vs bladder acellular matrix (BAM) complexes (HFSCs-BAM complexes) in vitro and evaluated whether HFSCs have well biocompatibility with BAM. HFSCs were separated from SD rats. BAM scaffold was prepared from the submucosa of rabbit bladder tissue. Afterwards, HFSCs were inoculated on BAM. RESULTS HFSCs-BAM complexes grew rapidly through inverted microscope observation. Cell growth curve showed the proliferation was in stagnate phase at 7th and 8th day. Cytotoxicity assay showed the toxicity grading of BAM was 0 or 1. Scanning electron microscopy, HE staining, and masson staining showed that cells have germinated on the surface of scaffold. CONCLUSION The results provide evidence that HFSCs-BAM complexes have well biocompatibility and accumulate important experimental basis for clinical applying of tissue engineering bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Urinary Center and Pediatric Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Urinary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi City, Xinjiang, China
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Super A, Jaccard N, Cardoso Marques MP, Macown RJ, Griffin LD, Veraitch FS, Szita N. Real-time monitoring of specific oxygen uptake rates of embryonic stem cells in a microfluidic cell culture device. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:1179-89. [PMID: 27214658 PMCID: PMC5103178 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen plays a key role in stem cell biology as a signaling molecule and as an indicator of cell energy metabolism. Quantification of cellular oxygen kinetics, i.e. the determination of specific oxygen uptake rates (sOURs), is routinely used to understand metabolic shifts. However current methods to determine sOUR in adherent cell cultures rely on cell sampling, which impacts on cellular phenotype. We present real‐time monitoring of cell growth from phase contrast microscopy images, and of respiration using optical sensors for dissolved oxygen. Time‐course data for bulk and peri‐cellular oxygen concentrations obtained for Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and mouse embryonic stem cell (mESCs) cultures successfully demonstrated this non‐invasive and label‐free approach. Additionally, we confirmed non‐invasive detection of cellular responses to rapidly changing culture conditions by exposing the cells to mitochondrial inhibiting and uncoupling agents. For the CHO and mESCs, sOUR values between 8 and 60 amol cell−1 s−1, and 5 and 35 amol cell−1 s−1 were obtained, respectively. These values compare favorably with literature data. The capability to monitor oxygen tensions, cell growth, and sOUR, of adherent stem cell cultures, non‐invasively and in real time, will be of significant benefit for future studies in stem cell biology and stem cell‐based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Super
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Jaccard
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rhys Jarred Macown
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Donald Griffin
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Farlan Singh Veraitch
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Szita
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Kirk TV, Marques MPC, Radhakrishnan ANP, Szita N. Quantification of the oxygen uptake rate in a dissolved oxygen controlled oscillating jet-driven microbioreactor. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (OXFORD, OXFORDSHIRE : 1986) 2016; 91:823-831. [PMID: 27478291 PMCID: PMC4950047 DOI: 10.1002/jctb.4833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbioreactors have emerged as a new tool for early bioprocess development. The technology has advanced rapidly in the last decade and obtaining real-time quantitative data of process variables is nowadays state of the art. In addition, control over process variables has also been achieved. The aim of this study was to build a microbioreactor capable of controlling dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations and to determine oxygen uptake rate in real time. RESULTS An oscillating jet driven, membrane-aerated microbioreactor was developed without comprising any moving parts. Mixing times of ∼7 s, and kLa values of ∼170 h-1 were achieved. DO control was achieved by varying the duty cycle of a solenoid microvalve, which changed the gas mixture in the reactor incubator chamber. The microbioreactor supported Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth over 30 h and cell densities of 6.7 gdcw L-1. Oxygen uptake rates of ∼34 mmol L-1 h-1 were achieved. CONCLUSION The results highlight the potential of DO-controlled microbioreactors to obtain real-time information on oxygen uptake rate, and by extension on cellular metabolism for a variety of cell types over a broad range of processing conditions. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy V Kirk
- Department of Biochemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonBernard Katz Building, Gordon StreetLondon WC1H 0AHUK
| | - Marco PC Marques
- Department of Biochemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonBernard Katz Building, Gordon StreetLondon WC1H 0AHUK
| | | | - Nicolas Szita
- Department of Biochemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonBernard Katz Building, Gordon StreetLondon WC1H 0AHUK
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Design Criteria for Generating Physiologically Relevant In Vitro Models in Bioreactors. Processes (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/pr2030548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Model-Based Optimization of Scaffold Geometry and Operating Conditions of Radial Flow Packed-Bed Bioreactors for Therapeutic Applications. Processes (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/pr2010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Dixon AR, Rajan S, Kuo CH, Bersano T, Wold R, Futai N, Takayama S, Mehta G. Microfluidic device capable of medium recirculation for non-adherent cell culture. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:016503. [PMID: 24753733 PMCID: PMC3977789 DOI: 10.1063/1.4865855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a microfluidic device designed for maintenance and culture of non-adherent mammalian cells, which enables both recirculation and refreshing of medium, as well as easy harvesting of cells from the device. We demonstrate fabrication of a novel microfluidic device utilizing Braille perfusion for peristaltic fluid flow to enable switching between recirculation and refresh flow modes. Utilizing fluid flow simulations and the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL-60, non-adherent cells, we demonstrate the utility of this RECIR-REFRESH device. With computer simulations, we profiled fluid flow and concentration gradients of autocrine factors and found that the geometry of the cell culture well plays a key role in cell entrapping and retaining autocrine and soluble factors. We subjected HL-60 cells, in the device, to a treatment regimen of 1.25% dimethylsulfoxide, every other day, to provoke differentiation and measured subsequent expression of CD11b on day 2 and day 4 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) on day 4. Our findings display perfusion sensitive CD11b expression, but not TNF-α build-up, by day 4 of culture, with a 1:1 ratio of recirculation to refresh flow yielding the greatest increase in CD11b levels. RECIR-REFRESH facilitates programmable levels of cell differentiation in a HL-60 non-adherent cell population and can be expanded to other types of non-adherent cells such as hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Dixon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Shrinidhi Rajan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Chuan-Hsien Kuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA ; Mobility and Thermal Management Department, General Dynamics Land Systems, Sterling Heights, Michigan 48310, USA
| | - Tom Bersano
- Google, Inc., 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway Mountain View, California 94043, USA ; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Rachel Wold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Futai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-5-1 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA ; Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Geeta Mehta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA ; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Hsu MN, Tan GDS, Tania M, Birgersson E, Leo HL. Computational fluid model incorporating liver metabolic activities in perfusion bioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 111:885-95. [PMID: 24311109 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The importance of in vitro hepatotoxicity testing during early stages of drug development in the pharmaceutical industry demands effective bioreactor models with optimized conditions. While perfusion bioreactors have been proven to enhance mass transfer and liver specific functions over a long period of culture, the flow-induced shear stress has less desirable effects on the hepatocytes liver-specific functions. In this paper, a two-dimensional human liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell culture flow model, under a specified flow rate of 0.03 mL/min, was investigated. Besides computing the distribution of shear stresses acting on the surface of the cell culture, our numerical model also investigated the cell culture metabolic functions such as the oxygen consumption, glucose consumption, glutamine consumption, and ammonia production to provide a fuller analysis of the interaction among the various metabolites within the cell culture. The computed albumin production of our 2D flow model was verified by the experimental HepG2 culture results obtained over 3 days of culture. The results showed good agreement between our experimental data and numerical predictions with corresponding cumulative albumin production of 2.9 × 10(-5) and 3.0 × 10(-5) mol/m(3) , respectively. The results are of importance in making rational design choices for development of future bioreactors with more complex geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myat Noe Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 7 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
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Predictive microfluidic control of regulatory ligand trajectories in individual pluripotent cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:3264-9. [PMID: 22334649 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1111478109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Local (cell-level) signaling environments, regulated by autocrine and paracrine signaling, and modulated by cell organization, are hypothesized to be fundamental stem cell fate control mechanisms used during development. It has, however, been challenging to demonstrate the impact of cell-level organization on stem cell fate control and to relate stem cell fate outcomes to autocrine and paracrine signaling. We address this fundamental problem using a combined in silico and experimental approach in which we directly manipulate, using laminar fluid flow, the local impact of endogenously secreted gp130-activating ligands and their activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription3 (STAT3) signaling in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC). Our model analysis predicted that flow-dependent changes in autocrine and paracrine ligand binding would impact heterogeneity in cell- and colony-level STAT3 signaling activation and cause a gradient of cell fate determination along the direction of flow. Interestingly, analysis also predicted that local cell density would be inversely proportional to the degree to which endogenous secretion contributed to cell fate determination. Experimental validation using functional activation of STAT3 by secreted factors under microfluidic perfusion culture demonstrated that STAT3 activation and consequently mESC fate were manipulable by flow rate, position in the flow field, and local cell organization. As a unique demonstration of how quantitative control of autocrine and paracrine signaling can be integrated with spatial organization to elicit higher order cell fate effects, this work provides a general template to investigate organizing principles due to secreted factors.
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Sugiura S, Kanamori T. Comparison of substance supply in static and perfusion cultures based on mass transport phenomena. Biochem Eng J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dash A, Inman W, Hoffmaster K, Sevidal S, Kelly J, Obach RS, Griffith LG, Tannenbaum SR. Liver tissue engineering in the evaluation of drug safety. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2009; 5:1159-74. [PMID: 19637986 PMCID: PMC4110978 DOI: 10.1517/17425250903160664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of drug-liver interactions is an integral part of predicting the safety profile of new drugs. Existing model systems range from in vitro cell culture models to FDA-mandated animal tests. Data from these models often fail, however, to predict human liver toxicity, resulting in costly failures of clinical trials. In vitro screens based on cultured hepatocytes are now commonly used in early stages of development, but many toxic responses in vivo seem to be mediated by a complex interplay among several different cell types. We discuss some of the evolving trends in liver cell culture systems applied to drug safety assessment and describe an experimental model that captures complex liver physiology through incorporation of heterotypic cell-cell interactions, 3D architecture and perfused flow. We demonstrate how heterotypic interactions in this system can be manipulated to recreate an inflammatory environment and apply the model to test compounds that potentially exhibit idiosyncratic drug toxicity. Finally, we provide a perspective on how the range of existing and emerging in vitro liver culture approaches, from simple to complex, might serve needs across the range of stages in drug discovery and development, including applications in molecular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Dash
- Underwood-Prescott Professor of Toxicology and Chemistry, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Office 56-731A, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Walker Inman
- Underwood-Prescott Professor of Toxicology and Chemistry, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Office 56-731A, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Keith Hoffmaster
- Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, 350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MA 02139, USA
| | - Samantha Sevidal
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joan Kelly
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MA 02139, USA
| | - R Scott Obach
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MA 02139, USA
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Underwood-Prescott Professor of Toxicology and Chemistry, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Office 56-731A, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Steven R Tannenbaum
- Underwood-Prescott Professor of Toxicology and Chemistry, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Office 56-731A, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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