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Lima PJM, da Silva RM, Neto CACG, Gomes E Silva NC, Souza JEDS, Nunes YL, Sousa Dos Santos JC. An overview on the conversion of glycerol to value-added industrial products via chemical and biochemical routes. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2022; 69:2794-2818. [PMID: 33481298 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycerol is a common by-product of industrial biodiesel syntheses. Due to its properties, availability, and versatility, residual glycerol can be used as a raw material in the production of high value-added industrial inputs and outputs. In particular, products like hydrogen, propylene glycol, acrolein, epichlorohydrin, dioxalane and dioxane, glycerol carbonate, n-butanol, citric acid, ethanol, butanol, propionic acid, (mono-, di-, and triacylglycerols), cynamoil esters, glycerol acetate, benzoic acid, and other applications. In this context, the present study presents a critical evaluation of the innovative technologies based on the use of residual glycerol in different industries, including the pharmaceutical, textile, food, cosmetic, and energy sectors. Chemical and biochemical catalysts in the transformation of residual glycerol are explored, along with the factors to be considered regarding the choice of catalyst route used in the conversion process, aiming at improving the production of these industrial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Jéssyca Morais Lima
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Rhonyele Maciel da Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Natan Câmara Gomes E Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - José Erick da Silva Souza
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável - IEDS, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção, CE, Brazil
| | - Yale Luck Nunes
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - José Cleiton Sousa Dos Santos
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável - IEDS, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção, CE, Brazil
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2
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Chang WL, Hou W, Xu M, Yang ST. High-rate continuous n-butanol production by Clostridium acetobutylicum from glucose and butyric acid in a single-pass fibrous bed bioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:3474-3486. [PMID: 36059064 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Biobutanol produced in acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation at batch mode cannot compete with chemically derived butanol because of the low reactor productivity. Continuous fermentation can dramatically enhance productivity and lower capital and operating costs but are rarely used in industrial fermentation because of increased risks in culture degeneration, cell washout, and contamination. In this study, cells of the asporogenous Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC55025 were immobilized in a single-pass fibrous-bed bioreactor (FBB) for continuous production of butanol from glucose and butyrate at various dilution rates. Butyric acid in the feed medium helped maintaining cells in the solventogenic phase for stable continuous butanol production. At the dilution rate of 1.88 h-1 , butanol was produced at 9.55 g/L with a yield of 0.24 g/g and productivity of 16.8 g/L/h, which was the highest productivity ever achieved for biobutanol fermentation and an 80-fold improvement over the conventional ABE fermentation. The extremely high productivity was attributed to the high density of viable cells (~100 g/L at >70% viability) immobilized in the fibrous matrix, which also enabled the cells to better tolerate butanol and butyric acid. The FBB was stable for continuous operation for an extended period of over one month. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Chang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Wenjie Hou
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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3
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Agnihotri S, Yin DM, Mahboubi A, Sapmaz T, Varjani S, Qiao W, Koseoglu-Imer DY, Taherzadeh MJ. A Glimpse of the World of Volatile Fatty Acids Production and Application: A review. Bioengineered 2022; 13:1249-1275. [PMID: 34738864 PMCID: PMC8805862 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1996044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustainable provision of chemicals and materials is undoubtedly a defining factor in guaranteeing economic, environmental, and social stability of future societies. Among the most sought-after chemical building blocks are volatile fatty acids (VFAs). VFAs such as acetic, propionic, and butyric acids have numerous industrial applications supporting from food and pharmaceuticals industries to wastewater treatment. The fact that VFAs can be produced synthetically from petrochemical derivatives and also through biological routes, for example, anaerobic digestion of organic mixed waste highlights their provision flexibility and sustainability. In this regard, this review presents a detailed overview of the applications associated with petrochemically and biologically generated VFAs, individually or in mixture, in industrial and laboratory scale, conventional and novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnima Agnihotri
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
| | - Dong-Min Yin
- Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Amir Mahboubi
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
| | - Tugba Sapmaz
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Wei Qiao
- Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Derya Y. Koseoglu-Imer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
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4
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Zhang Y, Li X, Wang Z, Wang Y, Ma Y, Su Z. Metabolic Flux Analysis of Simultaneous Production of Vitamin B 12 and Propionic Acid in a Coupled Fermentation Process by Propionibacterium freudenreichii. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:3045-3061. [PMID: 33990931 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03584-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic processes involved in simultaneous production of vitamin B12 and propionic acid by Propionibacterium freudenreichii are very complicated. To further investigate the regulatory mechanism of this metabolism, a simplified metabolic network was established. The effects of glucose feeding, propionic acid removal, and 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole (DMB) addition on the metabolic flux distribution were investigated. The results showed that synthesis of propionic acid can be increased by increasing the metabolic flux through the oxaloacetate and methylmalonyl-CoA branches in the early and middle stages of the coupled fermentation. After DMB addition, the synthesis of vitamin B12 was significantly enhanced via increased metabolic flux through the δ-aminolevulinate branch, which promoted the synthesis of uroporphyrinogen III, a precursor of vitamin B12. Therefore, the analysis of metabolic flux at key nodes can provide theoretical guidance for the optimization of P. freudenreichii fermentation processes. In an experimental coupled fermentation process, the concentrations of vitamin B12 and propionic acid reached 21.6 and 50.12 g/L respectively, increased by 105.71% and 73.91% compared with batch fermentation, which provides a new strategy for industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiaolian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ziqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Yunshan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Zhiguo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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5
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Fermentative production of propionic acid: prospects and limitations of microorganisms and substrates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6199-6213. [PMID: 34410439 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11499-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Propionic acid is an important organic acid with wide industrial applications, especially in the food industry. It is currently produced from petrochemicals via chemical routes. Increasing concerns about greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels and a growing consumer preference for bio-based products have led to interest in fermentative production of propionic acid, but it is not yet competitive with chemical production. To improve the economic feasibility and sustainability of bio-propionic acid, fermentation performance in terms of concentration, yield, and productivity must be improved and the cost of raw materials must be reduced. These goals require robust microbial producers and inexpensive renewable feedstocks, so the present review focuses on bacterial producers of propionic acid and promising sources of substrates as carbon sources. Emphasis is placed on assessing the capacity of propionibacteria and the various approaches pursued in an effort to improve their performance through metabolic engineering. A wide range of substrates employed in propionic acid fermentation is analyzed with particular interest in the prospects of inexpensive renewable feedstocks, such as cellulosic biomass and industrial residues, to produce cost-competitive bio-propionic acid. KEY POINTS: • Fermentative propionic acid production emerges as competitor to chemical synthesis. • Various bacteria synthesize propionic acid, but propionibacteria are the best producers. • Biomass substrates hold promise to reduce propionic acid fermentation cost.
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6
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Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Biomass Valorisation: A Strategic Drive for Sustainable Bioeconomy. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13084200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In the late twentieth century, the only cost-effective opportunity for waste removal cost at least several thousand dollars, but nowadays, a lot of improvement has occurred. The biomass and waste generation problems attracted concerned authorities to identify and provide environmentally friendly sustainable solutions that possess environmental and economic benefits. The present study emphasises the valorisation of biomass and waste produced by domestic and industrial sectors. Therefore, substantial research is ongoing to replace the traditional treatment methods that potentially acquire less detrimental effects. Synthetic biology can be a unique platform that invites all the relevant characters for designing and assembling an efficient program that could be useful to handle the increasing threat for human beings. In the future, these engineered methods will not only revolutionise our lives but practically lead us to get cheaper biofuels, producing bioenergy, pharmaceutics, and various biochemicals. The bioaugmentation approach concomitant with microbial fuel cells (MFC) is an example that is used to produce electricity from municipal waste, which is directly associated with the loading of waste. Beyond the traditional opportunities, herein, we have spotlighted the new advances in pertinent technology closely related to production and reduction approaches. Various integrated modern techniques and aspects related to the industrial sector are also discussed with suitable examples, including green energy and other industrially relevant products. However, many problems persist in present-day technology that requires essential efforts to handle thoroughly because significant valorisation of biomass and waste involves integrated methods for timely detection, classification, and separation. We reviewed and proposed the anticipated dispensation methods to overcome the growing stream of biomass and waste at a distinct and organisational scale.
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7
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Piwowarek K, Lipińska E, Hać-Szymańczuk E, Pobiega K. Propionic acid production from apple pomace in bioreactor using Propionibacterium freudenreichii: an economic analysis of the process. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:60. [PMID: 33489679 PMCID: PMC7801545 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02582-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Propionic acid and its salts are widely used as food and feed preservative. Currently, these compounds are chemically produced, which is more profitable compared to biotechnological production using bacteria of the Propionibacterium genus. Appropriate steps can enable reducing the production costs; for example, cheap industrial byproducts can be used as culture media. One such cost-effective raw material is apple pomace, a low-value byproduct from the food industry. It contains sugars such as glucose and fructose which can serve as potential carbon sources for microorganisms. This paper discusses the possibility of using apple pomace in the production of propionic acid and presents an economic analysis of the production process. The tested strain produced 8.01 g/L of propionic acid (yield 0.40 g/g) and 2.29 g/L of acetic acid (yield 0.11 g/g) from apple pomace extract. The economic analysis showed that the production of 1 kg of propionic acid (considering only waste) from 1000 kg of apple pomace would cost approximately 1.25 USD. The manufacturing cost (consumables, including feedstock, labor, and utilities) would be approximately 2.35 USD/kg, and the total cost including taxes would be approximately 3.05 USD/kg. From the economic point of view, it is necessary to improve the production of propionic acid from apple pomace, to increase the yield of fermentation and thus decrease the total production costs. This can be achieved, for example, using industrial byproducts as nitrogen and vitamin sources, instead of high-cost substrates such as yeast extract or peptone. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02582-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Piwowarek
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Lipińska
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Hać-Szymańczuk
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pobiega
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Liu T, Zhao Q, Li Y, Zhu L, Jiang L, Huang H. Transcriptomics and Proteomics Analyses of the Responses of Propionibacterium acidipropionici to Metabolic and Evolutionary Manipulation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1564. [PMID: 32903527 PMCID: PMC7438477 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We first performed a combination of metabolic engineering (deletion of ldh and poxB and overexpression of mmc) with evolutionary engineering (selection under oxygen stress, acid stress and osmotic stress) in Propionibacterium acidipropionici. The results indicated that the mutants had superior physiological activity, especially the mutant III obtained from P. acidipropionici-Δldh-ΔpoxB+mmc by evolutionary engineering, with 1.5-3.5 times higher growth rates, as well as a 37.1% increase of propionic acid (PA) titer and a 37.8% increase PA productivity compared to the wild type. Moreover, the integrative transcriptomics and proteomics analyses revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and proteins (DEPs) in the mutant III were involved in energy metabolism, including the glycolysis pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). These genes were up-regulated to supply increased amounts of energy and precursors for PA synthesis compared to the wild type. In addition, the down-regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis and fatty acid metabolism may indicate that the repressed metabolic flux was related to the production of PA. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to verify the differential expression levels of 16 selected key genes. The results offer deep insights into the mechanism of high PA production, which provides the theoretical foundation for the construction of advanced microbial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianru Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liying Zhu
- College of Chemical and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - He Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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9
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Ranaei V, Pilevar Z, Khaneghah AM, Hosseini H. Propionic Acid: Method of Production, Current State and Perspectives. Food Technol Biotechnol 2020; 58:115-127. [PMID: 32831564 PMCID: PMC7416123 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.58.02.20.6356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past years, there has been a growing interest in the bioproduction of propionic acid by Propionibacterium. One of the major limitations of the existing models lies in their low productivity yield. Hence, many strategies have been proposed in order to circumvent this obstacle. This article provides a comprehensive synthesis and review of important biotechnological aspects of propionic acid production as a common ingredient in food and biotechnology industries. We first discuss some of the most important production processes, mainly focusing on biological production. Then, we provide a summary of important propionic acid producers, including Propionibacterium freudenreichii and Propionibacterium acidipropionici, as well as a wide range of reported growth/production media. Furthermore, we describe bioprocess variables that can have impact on the production yield. Finally, we propose methods for the extraction and analysis of propionic acid and put forward strategies for overcoming the limitations of competitive microbial production from the economical point of view. Several factors influence the propionic acid concentration and productivity such as culture conditions, type and bioreactor scale; however, the pH value and temperature are the most important ones. Given that there are many reports about propionic acid production from glucose, whey permeate, glycerol, lactic acid, hemicelluloses, hydrolyzed corn meal, lactose, sugarcane molasses and enzymatically hydrolyzed whole wheat flour, only few review articles evaluate biotechnological aspects, i.e. bioprocess variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Ranaei
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Zahra Pilevar
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Sciences and Technology Department, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1981619573, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hedayat Hosseini
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology Department, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1981619573, Iran
- Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Ma C, Mu Q, Xue Y, Xue Y, Yu B, Ma Y. One major facilitator superfamily transporter is responsible for propionic acid tolerance in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 14:386-391. [PMID: 32476222 PMCID: PMC7936288 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Propionic acid (PA) has been widely used as a food preservative and chemical intermediate in the agricultural and pharmaceutical industries. Environmental and friendly biotechnological production of PA from biomass has been considered as an alternative to the traditional petrochemical route. However, because PA is a strong inhibitor of cell growth, the biotechnological host should be not only able to produce the compound but the host should be robust. In this study, we identified key PA tolerance factors in Pseudomonas putida KT2440 strain by comparative transcriptional analysis in the presence or absence of PA stress. The identified major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter gene cluster of PP_1271, PP_1272 and PP_1273 was experimentally verified to be involved in PA tolerance in P. putida strains. Overexpression of this cluster improved tolerance to PA in a PA producing strain, what is useful to further engineer this robust platform not only for PA synthesis but for the production of other weak acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological & Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qingxuan Mu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological & Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yubin Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological & Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanfen Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Bo Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological & Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yanhe Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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11
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Guan N, Liu L. Microbial response to acid stress: mechanisms and applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:51-65. [PMID: 31773206 PMCID: PMC6942593 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms encounter acid stress during multiple bioprocesses. Microbial species have therefore developed a variety of resistance mechanisms. The damage caused by acidic environments is mitigated through the maintenance of pH homeostasis, cell membrane integrity and fluidity, metabolic regulation, and macromolecule repair. The acid tolerance mechanisms can be used to protect probiotics against gastric acids during the process of food intake, and can enhance the biosynthesis of organic acids. The combination of systems and synthetic biology technologies offers new and wide prospects for the industrial applications of microbial acid tolerance mechanisms. In this review, we summarize acid stress response mechanisms of microbial cells, illustrate the application of microbial acid tolerance in industry, and prospect the introduction of systems and synthetic biology to further explore the acid tolerance mechanisms and construct a microbial cell factory for valuable chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningzi Guan
- Synthetic Biology and Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Biomedical Synthetic Biology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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12
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Piwowarek K, Lipińska E, Hać-Szymańczuk E, Kieliszek M, Ścibisz I. Propionibacterium spp.-source of propionic acid, vitamin B12, and other metabolites important for the industry. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:515-538. [PMID: 29167919 PMCID: PMC5756557 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria from the Propionibacterium genus consists of two principal groups: cutaneous and classical. Cutaneous Propionibacterium are considered primary pathogens to humans, whereas classical Propionibacterium are widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Bacteria from the Propionibacterium genus are capable of synthesizing numerous valuable compounds with a wide industrial usage. Biomass of the bacteria from the Propionibacterium genus constitutes sources of vitamins from the B group, including B12, trehalose, and numerous bacteriocins. These bacteria are also capable of synthesizing organic acids such as propionic acid and acetic acid. Because of GRAS status and their health-promoting characteristics, bacteria from the Propionibacterium genus and their metabolites (propionic acid, vitamin B12, and trehalose) are commonly used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food, and other industries. They are also used as additives in fodders for livestock. In this review, we present the major species of Propionibacterium and their properties and provide an overview of their functions and applications. This review also presents current literature concerned with the possibilities of using Propionibacterium spp. to obtain valuable metabolites. It also presents the biosynthetic pathways as well as the impact of the genetic and environmental factors on the efficiency of their production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Piwowarek
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Division of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Edyta Lipińska
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Division of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Hać-Szymańczuk
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Division of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Kieliszek
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Food Evaluation, Division of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Ścibisz
- Department of Food Technology, Division of Fruit and Vegetable Technology, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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Zou X, Wang Y, Tu G, Zan Z, Wu X. Adaptation and transcriptome analysis of Aureobasidium pullulans in corncob hydrolysate for increased inhibitor tolerance to malic acid production. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121416. [PMID: 25793624 PMCID: PMC4368199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malic acid is a dicarboxylic acid widely used in the food industry, and is also a potential C4 platform chemical. Corncob is a low-cost renewable feedstock from agricultural industry. However, side-reaction products (furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), formic acid, and acetic acid) that severely hinder fermentation are formed during corncob pretreatment. The process for producing malic acid from a hydrolysate of corncob was investigated with a polymalic acid (PMA)-producing Aureobasidium pullulans strain. Under the optimal hydrolysate sugar concentration 110 g/L, A. pullulans was further adapted in an aerobic fibrous bed bioreactor (AFBB) by gradually increasing the sugar concentration of hydrolysate. After nine batches of fermentation, the production and productivity of malic acid reached 38.6 g/L and 0.4 g/L h, respectively, which was higher than that in the first batch (27.6 g/L and 0.29 g/L h, respectively). The adapted strain could grow under the stress of 0.5 g/L furfural, 3 g/L HMF, 2g/L acetic acid, and 0.5 g/L formic acid, whereas the wild type did not. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes were related to carbohydrate transport and metabolism, lipid transport and metabolism, signal transduction mechanism, redox metabolism, and energy production and conversion under 0.5 g/L furfural and 3 g/L HMF stress conditions. In total, 42 genes in the adapted strain were upregulated by 15-fold or more, and qRT-PCR also confirmed that the expression levels of key genes (i.e. SIR, GSS, CYS, and GSR) involved in sulfur assimilation pathway were upregulated by over 10-fold in adapted strain for cellular protection against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P.R China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, P.R China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yongkang Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P.R China
| | - Guangwei Tu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P.R China
| | - Zhanquan Zan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P.R China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P.R China
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Thakker C, Martínez I, Li W, San KY, Bennett GN. Metabolic engineering of carbon and redox flow in the production of small organic acids. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 42:403-22. [PMID: 25502283 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1560-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The review describes efforts toward metabolic engineering of production of organic acids. One aspect of the strategy involves the generation of an appropriate amount and type of reduced cofactor needed for the designed pathway. The ability to capture reducing power in the proper form, NADH or NADPH for the biosynthetic reactions leading to the organic acid, requires specific attention in designing the host and also depends on the feedstock used and cell energetic requirements for efficient metabolism during production. Recent work on the formation and commercial uses of a number of small mono- and diacids is discussed with redox differences, major biosynthetic precursors and engineering strategies outlined. Specific attention is given to those acids that are used in balancing cell redox or providing reduction equivalents for the cell, such as formate, which can be used in conjunction with metabolic engineering of other products to improve yields. Since a number of widely studied acids derived from oxaloacetate as an important precursor, several of these acids are covered with the general strategies and particular components summarized, including succinate, fumarate and malate. Since malate and fumarate are less reduced than succinate, the availability of reduction equivalents and level of aerobiosis are important parameters in optimizing production of these compounds in various hosts. Several other more oxidized acids are also discussed as in some cases, they may be desired products or their formation is minimized to afford higher yields of more reduced products. The placement and connections among acids in the typical central metabolic network are presented along with the use of a number of specific non-native enzymes to enhance routes to high production, where available alternative pathways and strategies are discussed. While many organic acids are derived from a few precursors within central metabolism, each organic acid has its own special requirements for high production and best compatibility with host physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandresh Thakker
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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15
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Hajfarajollah H, Mokhtarani B, Mortaheb H, Afaghi A. Vitamin B12 biosynthesis over waste frying sunflower oil as a cost effective and renewable substrate. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2014; 52:3273-82. [PMID: 26028708 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Statistical experimental designs were used to develop a medium based on waste frying sunflower oil (WFO) and other nutrient sources for production of vitamin B12 (VB12) by Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. freudenreichii PTCC 1674. The production of acetic acid and propionic acid were also evaluated using the same microorganism. The amount of WFO in the media was initially optimized. The amount of 4 % w/v of oil found to be an appropriate amount for production of VB12. A Plackett Burman design was then employed to identify nutrients that have significant effect on the production of VB12 in the WFO media. Dimethylbenzimidazolyl (DMB), cobalt chloride, ferrous sulfate, and calcium chloride were the most important compounds. The level optimization of nutrients as the significant factors was finally performed using response surface methodology based on a central composite design. The model predicted that a medium containing 35.56 mg/L DMB, 14.69 mg/L CoCl2.6H2O, 5.82 mg/L FeSO4.7H2O, and 11.41 mg/L CaCl2.2H2O gives the maximum VB12 production of 2.60 mg/L. The optimized medium provides a final concentration of vitamin 170 % higher than that by the original medium. This study offers valuable insights on a cost-effective carbon source for industrial production of food-grade VB12.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Babak Mokhtarani
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran P.O. Box 14335-186
| | - Hamidreza Mortaheb
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran P.O. Box 14335-186
| | - Ali Afaghi
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran P.O. Box 14335-186
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16
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Development of an industrializable fermentation process for propionic acid production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 41:837-52. [PMID: 24627047 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1423-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Propionic acid (PA) is a short-chain fatty acid with wide industrial application including uses in pharmaceuticals, herbicides, cosmetics, and food preservatives. As a three-carbon building block, PA also has potential as a precursor for high-volume commodity chemicals such as propylene. Currently, most PA is manufactured through petrochemical routes, which can be tied to increasing prices and volatility due to difficulty in demand forecasting and feedstock availability. Herein described are research advancements to develop an industrially feasible, renewable route to PA. Seventeen Propionibacterium strains were screened using glucose and sucrose as the carbon source to identify the best platform strain. Propionibacterium acidipropionici ATCC 4875 was selected as the platform strain and subsequent fermentation optimization studies were performed to maximize productivity and yield. Fermentation productivity was improved three-fold to exceed 2 g/l/h by densifying the inoculum source. Byproduct levels, particularly lactic and succinic acid, were reduced by optimizing fermentor headspace pressure and shear. Following achievement of commercially viable productivities, the lab-grade medium components were replaced with industrial counterparts to further reduce fermentation costs. A pure enzymatically treated corn mash (ECM) medium improved the apparent PA yield to 0.6 g/g (PA produced/glucose consumed), but it came at the cost of reduced productivity. Supplementation of ECM with cyanocobalamin restored productivity to near lab-grade media levels. The optimized ECM recipe achieved a productivity of 0.5 g/l/h with an apparent PA yield of 0.60 g/g corresponding to a media cost <1 USD/kg of PA. These improvements significantly narrow the gap between the fermentation and incumbent petrochemical processes, which is estimated to have a manufacturing cost of 0.82 USD/kg in 2017.
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Development of a Propionibacterium-Escherichia coli shuttle vector for metabolic engineering of Propionibacterium jensenii, an efficient producer of propionic acid. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:4595-602. [PMID: 23709505 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00737-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Propionic acid (PA) is an important chemical building block and is widely applied for organic synthesis, food, feedstuff, and pharmaceuticals. To date, the strains that can efficiently produce PA have included Propionibacterium thoenii, P. freudenreichii, and P. acidipropionici. In this report, we show that P. jensenii ATCC 4868 is also able to produce PA in much higher yields than the previously reported strains. To further improve the production capacity, a P. jensenii-Escherichia coli shuttle vector was developed for the metabolic engineering of P. jensenii. Specifically, a 6.9-kb endogenous plasmid, pZGX01, was isolated from P. acidipropionici ATCC 4875 and sequenced. Since the sequencing analysis indicated that pZGX01 could encode 11 proteins, the transcriptional levels of the corresponding genes were also investigated. Then, a P. jensenii-Escherichia coli shuttle vector was constructed using the pZGX01 plasmid, the E. coli pUC18 plasmid, and a chloramphenicol resistance gene. Interestingly, not only could the developed shuttle vector be transformed into P. jensenii ATCC 4868 and 4870, but it also could be transformed into freudenreichii ATCC 6207 subspecies of P. freudenreichii. Finally, the glycerol dehydrogenase gene (gldA) from Klebsiella pneumoniae was expressed in P. jensenii ATCC 4868 with the constructed shuttle vector. In a 3-liter batch culture, the PA production by the engineered P. jensenii ATCC 4868 strain reached 28.23 ± 1.0 g/liter, which was 26.07% higher than that produced by the wild-type strain (22.06 ± 1.2 g/liter). This result indicated that the constructed vector can be used a useful tool for metabolic engineering of P. jensenii.
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Genome Sequences of Two Morphologically Distinct and Thermophilic Bacillus coagulans Strains, H-1 and XZL9. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2013; 1:1/3/e00254-13. [PMID: 23682151 PMCID: PMC3656213 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00254-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two thermophilic Bacillus coagulans strains, H-1 and XZL9, both of which were isolated from soils, have different morphological properties. Strain XZL9 but not H-1 is an efficient pentose-utilizing producer of important platform compounds, such as l-lactic acid and 2,3-butanediol. Here we announce the 2.86- and 3.43-Mb sequences of their genomes.
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Quitmann H, Fan R, Czermak P. Acidic organic compounds in beverage, food, and feed production. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 143:91-141. [PMID: 24275825 DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organic acids and their derivatives are frequently used in beverage, food, and feed production. Acidic additives may act as buffers to regulate acidity, antioxidants, preservatives, flavor enhancers, and sequestrants. Beneficial effects on animal health and growth performance have been observed when using acidic substances as feed additives. Organic acids could be classified in groups according to their chemical structure. Each group of organic acids has its own specific properties and is used for different applications. Organic acids with low molecular weight (e.g. acetic acid, lactic acid, and citric acid), which are part of the primary metabolism, are often produced by fermentation. Others are produced more economically by chemical synthesis based on petrochemical raw materials on an industrial scale (e.g. formic acid, propionic and benzoic acid). Biotechnology-based production is of interest due to legislation, consumer demand for natural ingredients, and increasing environmental awareness. In the United States, for example, biocatalytically produced esters for food applications can be labeled as "natural," whereas identical conventional acid catalyst-based molecules cannot. Natural esters command a price several times that of non-natural esters. Biotechnological routes need to be optimized regarding raw materials and yield, microorganisms, and recovery methods. New bioprocesses are being developed for organic acids, which are at this time commercially produced by chemical synthesis. Moreover, new organic acids that could be produced with biotechnological methods are under investigation for food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrich Quitmann
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Science Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390, Giessen, Germany
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Poonam, Pophaly SD, Tomar SK, De S, Singh R. Multifaceted attributes of dairy propionibacteria: a review. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 28:3081-95. [PMID: 22806746 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dairy propionibacteria are Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status microorganisms which have been traditionally used for the manufacture of Swiss type cheeses. In the last two decades various added features and functionalities have been discovered and developed from these bacteria. Propionibacteria are robust organisms with remarkable adaptability to technological and physiological stress conditions. Besides, they also display a multitude of health promoting properties like modulation of gut microbiota, improved gut physiology and immunomodulation suggesting their promising probiotic potential. Propionibacteria produce an interestingly wide range of functional biomolecules like B group vitamins, trehalose, conjugated linoleic acid, propionic acid, bacteriocins, bifidogenic factors etc. These bacteria are thus now being explored for designing novel functional foods as well as for industrial production of nutraceuticals. Growing interest in these bacteria is fueled by the first whole genome sequencing of a Propionibacterium freudenreichii strain providing a platform for better understanding of various pathways and further improvement in related process technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
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Glycerol/glucose co-fermentation: one more proficient process to produce propionic acid by Propionibacterium acidipropionici. Curr Microbiol 2010; 62:152-8. [PMID: 20544200 PMCID: PMC3005122 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-010-9683-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Cosubstrates fermentation is such an effective strategy for increasing subject metabolic products that it could be available and studied in propionic acid production, using glycerol and glucose as carbon resources. The effects of glycerol, glucose, and their mixtures on the propionic acid production by Propionibacterium acidipropionici CGMCC1.2225 (ATCC4965) were studied, with the aim of improving the efficiency of propionic acid production. The propionic acid yield from substrate was improved from 0.475 and 0.303 g g−1 with glycerol and glucose alone, respectively, to 0.572 g g−1 with co-fermentation of a glycerol/glucose mixture of 4/1 (mol/mol). The maximal propionic acid and substrate conversion rate were 21.9 g l−1 and 57.2% (w/w), respectively, both significantly higher than for a sole carbon source. Under optimized conditions of fed-batch fermentation, the maximal propionic acid yield and substrate conversion efficiency were 29.2 g l−1 and 54.4% (w/w), respectively. These results showed that glycerol/glucose co-fermentation could serve as an excellent alternative to conventional propionic acid fermentation.
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