1
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Romann P, Vuillemin T, Pavone S, Jordan M, Perilleux A, Souquet J, Bielser JM, Herwig C, Villiger TK. Maduramycin, a novel glycosylation modulator for mammalian fed-batch and steady-state perfusion processes. J Biotechnol 2024; 383:73-85. [PMID: 38340899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Controlling high-mannose (HM) content of therapeutic proteins during process intensification, reformulation for subcutaneous delivery, antibody-drug conjugate or biosimilar manufacturing represents an ongoing challenge. Even though a range of glycosylation levers to increase HM content exist, modulators specially increasing M5 glycans are still scarce. Several compounds of the polyether ionophore family were screened for their ability to selectively increase M5 glycans of mAb products and compared to the well-known α-mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine known to increase mainly M8-M9 glycans. Maduramycin, amongst other promising polyether ionophores, showed the desired effect on different cell lines. For fed-batch processes, a double bolus addition modulator feed strategy was developed maximizing the effect on glycosylation by minimizing impact on culture performance. Further, a continuous feeding strategy for steady-state perfusion processes was successfully developed, enabling consistent product quality at elevated HM glycan levels. With kifunensine and maduramycin showing inverse effects on the relative HM distribution, a combined usage of these modulators was further evaluated to fine-tune a desired HM glycan pattern. The discovered HM modulators expand the current HM modulating toolbox for biotherapeutics. Their application not only for fed-batch processes, but also steady-state perfusion processes, make them a universal tool with regards to fully continuous manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Romann
- Institute for Pharma Technology, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland; Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Vuillemin
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Pavone
- Institute for Pharma Technology, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Martin Jordan
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Perilleux
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Souquet
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Bielser
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas K Villiger
- Institute for Pharma Technology, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland.
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2
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Narvekar A, Pardeshi A, Jain R, Dandekar P. ADCC enhancement: A conundrum or a boon to mAb therapy? Biologicals 2022; 79:10-18. [PMID: 36085129 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of antibodies to distinctly identify the antigens is an important feature exploited by the scientific community for the treatment of various diseases. The therapeutic action of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is mediated along with the cells of the immune system, such as natural killer cells, T cells and macrophages. The two major mechanisms that govern the therapeutic efficacy of mAbs are the antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and the complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Consequently, much of the research dedicated to improving their action is focussed on enhancing either of these mechanisms. This manuscript focuses on the strategies to enhance ADCC, for providing more efficacious mAb therapeutics. These approaches essentially bring about changes in the elements of ADCC mechanism, such as the effector cell or the antibody itself and thus favour an enhanced therapeutic response. Several technologies of ADCC enhancement have been developed, based on the success of various strategies advanced by the researchers. These technologies show success with a few antibody therapeutics while they do not work with others. This review presents a detailed overview on these strategies and presents perspectives regarding the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Narvekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Apurva Pardeshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India.
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India.
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3
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Wines BD, Kurtovic L, Trist HM, Esparon S, Lopez E, Chappin K, Chan LJ, Mordant FL, Lee WS, Gherardin NA, Patel SK, Hartley GE, Pymm P, Cooney JP, Beeson JG, Godfrey DI, Burrell LM, van Zelm MC, Wheatley AK, Chung AW, Tham WH, Subbarao K, Kent SJ, Hogarth PM. Fc engineered ACE2-Fc is a potent multifunctional agent targeting SARS-CoV2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:889372. [PMID: 35967361 PMCID: PMC9369017 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.889372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Joining a function-enhanced Fc-portion of human IgG to the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2 produces an antiviral decoy with strain transcending virus neutralizing activity. SARS-CoV-2 neutralization and Fc-effector functions of ACE2-Fc decoy proteins, formatted with or without the ACE2 collectrin domain, were optimized by Fc-modification. The different Fc-modifications resulted in distinct effects on neutralization and effector functions. H429Y, a point mutation outside the binding sites for FcγRs or complement caused non-covalent oligomerization of the ACE2-Fc decoy proteins, abrogated FcγR interaction and enhanced SARS-CoV-2 neutralization. Another Fc mutation, H429F did not improve virus neutralization but resulted in increased C5b-C9 fixation and transformed ACE2-Fc to a potent mediator of complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) against SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) expressing cells. Furthermore, modification of the Fc-glycan enhanced cell activation via FcγRIIIa. These different immune profiles demonstrate the capacity of Fc-based agents to be engineered to optimize different mechanisms of protection for SARS-CoV-2 and potentially other viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D. Wines
- Immune therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Liriye Kurtovic
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Halina M. Trist
- Immune therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandra Esparon
- Immune therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ester Lopez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Klasina Chappin
- Immune therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Li-Jin Chan
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Francesca L. Mordant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas A. Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sheila K. Patel
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gemma E. Hartley
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Phillip Pymm
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James P. Cooney
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James G. Beeson
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Louise M. Burrell
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Menno C. van Zelm
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Central Clinical School, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam K. Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy W. Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wai-Hong Tham
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - P. Mark Hogarth
- Immune therapies Laboratory, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: P. Mark Hogarth,
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4
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Rameez S, Gowtham YK, Nayar G, Mostafa SS. Modulation of high mannose levels in N-linked glycosylation through cell culture process conditions to increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity for an antibody biosimilar. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3176. [PMID: 34021724 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory approval of a biosimilar product is contingent on the favorable comparability of its safety and efficacy to that of the innovator product. As such, it is important to match the critical quality attributes of the biosimilar product to that of the innovator product. The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) can influence effector function activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. In this study, we describe efforts to modulate the high-mannose (HM) levels of a biosimilar mAb produced in a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process. Because the HM level of the mAb was observed to impact ADCC activity, it was desirable to match it to the innovator mAb's levels. Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. The process conditions evaluated varied in impact on HM levels, process performance and product quality. One condition, the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to feed medium, was identified as the preferred method for increasing HM levels with minimal disruptions to process performance or other product quality attributes. Interestingly, a secondary interaction between sugar and amino sugar supplemented feeds and osmolality was observed during process scale-up. These studies demonstrate sugar and amino sugar concentrations and osmolality are critical variables to evaluate to match HM content in biosimilar and their innovator mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Rameez
- Process Development, KBI Biopharma Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Gautam Nayar
- Process Development, KBI Biopharma Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sigma S Mostafa
- Process Development, KBI Biopharma Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
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5
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Afucosylated IgG Targets FcγRIV for Enhanced Tumor Therapy in Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102372. [PMID: 34069226 PMCID: PMC8156657 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer treatments are increasingly based on therapeutic antibodies to clear tumors. While in vivo mouse models are useful to predict effectiveness of human antibodies it is not completely clear how useful these models are to test antibodies engineered with enhanced effector functions designed for humans. One of the changes considered for many new antibody-based drugs is the removal of fucose (resulting in afucosylated IgG) which enhances IgG-Fc receptor (FcγR) mediated effector functions in humans through FcγRIIIa. Here we show that afucosylated human IgG1 also have enhanced effector functions against peritoneal metastasis of melanoma cells in mice through the evolutionary related mouse FcγRIV. This shows that afucosylated human IgG is functionally recognized across species and shows that mouse tumor models can be used to assess the therapeutic potential of afucosylated IgG1. Abstract Promising strategies for maximizing IgG effector functions rely on the introduction of natural and non-immunogenic modifications. The Fc domain of IgG antibodies contains an N-linked oligosaccharide at position 297. Human IgG antibodies lacking the core fucose in this glycan have enhanced binding to human (FcγR) IIIa/b, resulting in enhanced antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity and phagocytosis through these receptors. However, it is not yet clear if glycan-enhancing modifications of human IgG translate into more effective treatment in mouse models. We generated humanized hIgG1-TA99 antibodies with and without core-fucose. C57Bl/6 mice that were injected intraperitoneally with B16F10-gp75 mouse melanoma developed significantly less metastasis outgrowth after treatment with afucosylated hIgG1-TA99 compared to mice treated with wildtype hhIgG1-TA99. Afucosylated human IgG1 showed stronger interaction with the murine FcγRIV, the mouse orthologue of human FcγRIIIa, indicating that this glycan change is functionally conserved between the species. In agreement with this, no significant differences were observed in tumor outgrowth in FcγRIV-/- mice treated with human hIgG1-TA99 with or without the core fucose. These results confirm the potential of using afucosylated therapeutic IgG to increase their efficacy. Moreover, we show that afucosylated human IgG1 antibodies act across species, supporting that mouse models can be suitable to test afucosylated antibodies.
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6
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Sjögren J, Lood R, Nägeli A. On enzymatic remodeling of IgG glycosylation; unique tools with broad applications. Glycobiology 2020; 30:254-267. [PMID: 31616919 PMCID: PMC7109354 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of IgG glycosylation has been known for many years not only by scientists in glycobiology but also by human pathogens that have evolved specific enzymes to modify these glycans with fundamental impact on IgG function. The rise of IgG as a major therapeutic scaffold for many cancer and immunological indications combined with the availability of unique enzymes acting specifically on IgG Fc-glycans have spurred a range of applications to study this important post-translational modification on IgG. This review article introduces why the IgG glycans are of distinguished interest, gives a background on the unique enzymatic tools available to study the IgG glycans and finally presents an overview of applications utilizing these enzymes for various modifications of the IgG glycans. The applications covered include site-specific glycan transglycosylation and conjugation, analytical workflows for monoclonal antibodies and serum diagnostics. Additionally, the review looks ahead and discusses the importance of O-glycosylation for IgG3, Fc-fusion proteins and other new formats of biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rolf Lood
- Genovis AB, Scheelevägen 2, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
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7
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Cambay F, Raymond C, Brochu D, Gilbert M, Tu TM, Cantin C, Lenferink A, Grail M, Henry O, De Crescenzo G, Durocher Y. Impact of IgG1 N-glycosylation on their interaction with Fc gamma receptors. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 1:23-37. [PMID: 35493857 PMCID: PMC9040152 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The effector functions of the IgGs are modulated by the N-glycosylation of their Fc region. Particularly, the absence of core fucosylation is known to increase the affinity of IgG1s for the Fcγ receptor IIIa expressed by immune cells, in turn translating in an improvement in the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. However, the impact of galactosylation and sialylation is still debated in the literature. In this study, we have investigated the influence of high and low levels of core fucosylation, terminal galactosylation and terminal α2,6-sialylation of the Fc N-glycans of trastuzumab on its affinity for the FcγRIIIa. A large panel of antibody glycoforms (i.e., highly α2,6-sialylated or galactosylated IgG1s, with high or low levels of core fucosylation) were generated and characterized, while their interactions with the FcγRs were analysed by a robust surface plasmon resonance-based assay as well as in a cell-based reporter bioassay. Overall, IgG1 glycoforms with reduced fucosylation display a stronger affinity for the FcγRIIIa. In addition, fucosylation, and the presence of terminal galactose and sialic acids are shown to increase the affinity for the FcγRIIIa as compared to the agalactosylated forms. These observations perfectly translate in the response observed in our reporter bioassay. Rapid production in CHO cells of IgGs bearing defined and relevant N-glycans IgG1 N-glycosylation influence upon FcγRs binding studied in a robust SPR assay Excellent correlation between the EC50 from a cell-based assay and the affinities
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8
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Brantley TJ, Mitchelson FG, Khattak SF. A class of low-cost alternatives to kifunensine for increasing high mannose N-linked glycosylation for monoclonal antibody production in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 37:e3076. [PMID: 32888259 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies is an important product quality attribute for drug safety and efficacy. An increase in the percent of high mannose N-linked glycosylation may be required for drug efficacy or to match the glycosylation profile of the innovator drug during the development of a biosimilar. In this study, the addition of several chemical additives to a cell culture process resulted in high mannose N-glycans on monoclonal antibodies produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells without impacting cell culture performance. The additives, which include known mannosidase inhibitors (kifunensine and deoxymannojirimycin) as well as novel inhibitors (tris, bis-tris, and 1-amino-1-methyl-1,3-propanediol), contain one similar molecular structure: 2-amino-1,3-propanediol, commonly referred to as serinol. The shared chemical structure provides insight into the binding and inhibition of mannosidase in CHO cells. One of the novel inhibitors, tris, is safer compared to kifunensine, 35x as cost-effective, and stable at room temperature. In addition, tris and bis-tris provide multiple low-cost alternatives to kifunensine for manipulating glycosylation in monoclonal antibody production in a cell culture process with minimal impact to productivity or cell health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Brantley
- Cell Culture Development, Pharmaceutical Operations and Technology, Biogen Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Fernie G Mitchelson
- Manufacturing Sciences, Pharmaceutical Operations and Technology, Biogen Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarwat F Khattak
- Cell Culture Development, Pharmaceutical Operations and Technology, Biogen Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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9
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Kramer CSM, Franke-van Dijk MEI, Priddey AJ, Pongrácz T, Gnudi E, Car H, Karahan GE, van Beelen E, Zilvold-van den Oever CCC, Rademaker HJ, de Haan N, Wuhrer M, Kosmoliaptsis V, Parren PWHI, Mulder A, Roelen DL, Claas FHJ, Heidt S. Recombinant human monoclonal HLA antibodies of different IgG subclasses recognising the same epitope: Excellent tools to study differential effects of donor-specific antibodies. HLA 2019; 94:415-424. [PMID: 31403241 PMCID: PMC6851673 DOI: 10.1111/tan.13664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the field of transplantation, the humoural immune response against mismatched HLA antigens of the donor is associated with inferior graft survival, but not in every patient. Donor‐specific HLA antibodies (DSA) of different immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses may have differential effects on the transplanted organ. Recombinant technology allows for the generation of IgG subclasses of a human monoclonal antibody (mAb), while retaining its epitope specificity. In order to enable studies on the biological function of IgG subclass HLA antibodies, we used recombinant technology to generate recombinant human HLA mAbs from established heterohybridomas. We generated all four IgG subclasses of a human HLA class I and class II mAb and showed that the different subclasses had a comparable affinity, normal human Fc glycosylation, and retained HLA epitope specificity. For both mAbs, the IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes were capable of binding complement component 3d (C3d) and efficient in complement‐dependent cell lysis against their specific targets, while the IgG2 and IgG4 subclasses were not able to induce cytotoxicity. Considering the fact that the antibody‐binding site and properties remained unaffected, these IgG subclass HLA mAbs are excellent tools to study the function of individual IgG subclass HLA class I and class II‐specific antibodies in a controlled fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia S M Kramer
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marry E I Franke-van Dijk
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tamás Pongrácz
- Center of Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Gnudi
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Helena Car
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gonca E Karahan
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Els van Beelen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Noortje de Haan
- Center of Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center of Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul W H I Parren
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Lava Therapeutics, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Arend Mulder
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dave L Roelen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frans H J Claas
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Heidt
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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10
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Brühlmann D, Vuillemin T, Satwekar A, Galano E, Palmese A, D'Angelo A, Manco Z, Souquet J, Broly H, Sauer M, Hemberger J, Jordan M. Generation of site-distinct N-glycan variants for in vitro bioactivity testing. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1017-1028. [PMID: 30659587 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation, a critical product quality attribute, may affect the efficacy and safety of therapeutic proteins in vivo. Chinese hamster ovary fed-batch cell culture batches yielded consistent glycoprofiles of a Fc-fusion antibody comprizing three different N-glycosylation sites. By adding media supplements at specific concentrations in cell culture and applying enzymatic glycoengineering, a diverse N-glycan variant population was generated, including high mannose, afucosylated, fucosylated, agalactosylated, galactosylated, asialylated, and sialylated forms. Site-specific glycosylation profiles were elucidated by glycopeptide mapping and the effect of the glycosylation variants on the FcγRIIIa receptor binding affinity and the biological activity (cell-based and surface plasmon resonance) was assessed. The two fusion body glycosylation sites were characterized by a high degree of sialic acid, more complex N-glycan structures, a higher degree of antennarity, and a site-specific behavior in the presence of a media supplement. On the other hand, the media supplements affected the Fc-site glycosylation heterogeneity similarly to the various studies described in the literature with classical monoclonal antibodies. Enzymatic glycoengineering solely managed to generate high levels of galactosylation at the fusion body sites. Variants with low core fucosylation, and to a lower extent, high mannose glycans exhibited increased FcγRIIIa receptor binding affinity. All N-glycan variants exhibited weak effects on the biological activity of the fusion body. Both media supplementation and enzymatic glycoengineering are suitable to generate sufficient diversity to assess the effect of glycostructures on the biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Brühlmann
- Merck Biopharma, Biotech Process Sciences, Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland.,Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Vuillemin
- Merck Biopharma, Biotech Process Sciences, Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
| | - Abhijeet Satwekar
- Merck Serono S.p.A, Analytical Development Biotech Products, Guidonia Montecelio, Italy
| | - Eugenio Galano
- Merck Serono S.p.A, Analytical Development Biotech Products, Guidonia Montecelio, Italy
| | - Angelo Palmese
- Merck Serono S.p.A, Analytical Development Biotech Products, Guidonia Montecelio, Italy
| | - Alessandra D'Angelo
- Merck Serono S.p.A, Analytical Development Biotech Products, Guidonia Montecelio, Italy
| | - Zeynep Manco
- Merck Biopharma, Biotech Process Sciences, Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Souquet
- Merck Biopharma, Biotech Process Sciences, Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Merck Biopharma, Biotech Process Sciences, Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hemberger
- Institute for Biochemical Engineering and Analytics, University of Applied Sciences Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Jordan
- Merck Biopharma, Biotech Process Sciences, Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
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11
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Loebrich S, Clark E, Ladd K, Takahashi S, Brousseau A, Kitchener S, Herbst R, Ryll T. Comprehensive manipulation of glycosylation profiles across development scales. MAbs 2018; 11:335-349. [PMID: 30252592 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1527665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent and pattern of glycosylation on therapeutic antibodies can influence their circulatory half-life, engagement of effector functions, and immunogenicity, with direct consequences to efficacy and patient safety. Hence, controlling glycosylation patterns is central to any drug development program, yet poses a formidable challenge to the bio-manufacturing industry. Process changes, which can affect glycosylation patterns, range from manufacturing at different scales or sites, to switching production process mode, all the way to using alternative host cell lines. In the emerging space of biosimilars development, often times all of these aspects apply. Gaining a deep understanding of the direction and extent to which glycosylation quality attributes can be modulated is key for efficient fine-tuning of glycan profiles in a stage appropriate manner, but establishment of such platform knowledge is time consuming and resource intensive. Here we report an inexpensive and highly adaptable screening system for comprehensive modulation of glycans on antibodies expressed in CHO cells. We characterize 10 media additives in univariable studies and in combination, using a design of experiments approach to map the design space for tuning glycosylation profile attributes. We introduce a robust workflow that does not require automation, yet enables rapid process optimization. We demonstrate scalability across deep wells, shake flasks, AMBR-15 cell culture system, and 2 L single-use bioreactors. Further, we show that it is broadly applicable to different molecules and host cell lineages. This universal approach permits fine-tuned modulation of glycan product quality, reduces development costs, and enables agile implementation of process changes throughout the product lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Loebrich
- a Cell Line and Upstream Process Development , Waltham , USA.,b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA
| | - Elisa Clark
- a Cell Line and Upstream Process Development , Waltham , USA.,b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA
| | - Kristina Ladd
- a Cell Line and Upstream Process Development , Waltham , USA.,b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA
| | - Stefani Takahashi
- b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA.,c Process Analytics , Waltham , USA
| | - Anna Brousseau
- b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA.,d High Throughput Sciences , Waltham , USA
| | - Seth Kitchener
- a Cell Line and Upstream Process Development , Waltham , USA.,b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA
| | | | - Thomas Ryll
- b Technical Operations , ImmunoGen, Waltham , USA
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12
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Wong KY, Baron R, Seldon TA, Jones ML, Rice AM, Munster DJ. CD83 Antibody Inhibits Human B Cell Responses to Antigen as well as Dendritic Cell-Mediated CD4 T Cell Responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:3383-3396. [PMID: 29643191 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Anti-CD83 Ab capable of Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity can deplete activated CD83+ human dendritic cells, thereby inhibiting CD4 T cell-mediated acute graft-versus-host disease. As CD83 is also expressed on the surface of activated B lymphocytes, we hypothesized that anti-CD83 would also inhibit B cell responses to stimulation. We found that anti-CD83 inhibited total IgM and IgG production in vitro by allostimulated human PBMC. Also, Ag-specific Ab responses to immunization of SCID mice xenografted with human PBMC were inhibited by anti-CD83 treatment. This inhibition occurred without depletion of all human B cells because anti-CD83 lysed activated CD83+ B cells by Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and spared resting (CD83-) B cells. In cultured human PBMC, anti-CD83 inhibited tetanus toxoid-stimulated B cell proliferation and concomitant dendritic cell-mediated CD4 T cell proliferation and expression of IFN-γ and IL-17A, with minimal losses of B cells (<20%). In contrast, the anti-CD20 mAb rituximab depleted >80% of B cells but had no effect on CD4 T cell proliferation and cytokine expression. By virtue of the ability of anti-CD83 to selectively deplete activated, but not resting, B cells and dendritic cells, with the latter reducing CD4 T cell responses, anti-CD83 may be clinically useful in autoimmunity and transplantation. Advantages might include inhibited expansion of autoantigen- or alloantigen-specific B cells and CD4 T cells, thus preventing further production of pathogenic Abs and inflammatory cytokines while preserving protective memory and regulatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Y Wong
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; and
| | - Rebecca Baron
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; and
| | - Therese A Seldon
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; and
| | - Martina L Jones
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alison M Rice
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; and
| | - David J Munster
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; and
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13
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Almagro JC, Daniels-Wells TR, Perez-Tapia SM, Penichet ML. Progress and Challenges in the Design and Clinical Development of Antibodies for Cancer Therapy. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1751. [PMID: 29379493 PMCID: PMC5770808 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable progress in engineering and clinical development of therapeutic antibodies in the last 40 years, after the seminal work by Köhler and Milstein, has led to the approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of 21 antibodies for cancer immunotherapy. We review here these approved antibodies, with emphasis on the methods used for their discovery, engineering, and optimization for therapeutic settings. These methods include antibody engineering via chimerization and humanization of non-human antibodies, as well as selection and further optimization of fully human antibodies isolated from human antibody phage-displayed libraries and immunization of transgenic mice capable of generating human antibodies. These technology platforms have progressively led to the development of therapeutic antibodies with higher human content and, thus, less immunogenicity. We also discuss the genetic engineering approaches that have allowed isotype switching and Fc modifications to modulate effector functions and bioavailability (half-life), which together with the technologies for engineering the Fv fragment, have been pivotal in generating more efficacious and better tolerated therapeutic antibodies to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracy R Daniels-Wells
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Manuel L Penichet
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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14
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Zhong AH, Gordon Jiang Z, Cummings RD, Robson SC. Various N-glycoforms differentially upregulate E-NTPDase activity of the NTPDase3/CD39L3 ecto-enzymatic domain. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:601-609. [PMID: 28956227 PMCID: PMC5714850 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9587-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The GDA1/CD39 ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphosphohydrolase (E-NTPDase) superfamily is a group of eight heavily glycosylated ecto-enzymes that hydrolyze extracellular nucleosides di- and tri-phosphates in the presence of divalent cations, to generate the monophosphate derivatives. This catalytic process differentially regulates a complex array of purinergic signaling responses. NTPDase3/CD39L3is dominantly expressed in pancreatic islet cells, where it may regulate insulin secretion, and has seven N-linked glycosylation sites with four close to five highly conserved domains called "apyrase conserved regions" (ACRs). In a manner similar to CD39, NTPDase3/CD39L3 uses ATP as its preferential substrate and also possesses significant activities toward other triphosphate and diphosphate nucleosides. To understand the mechanism of the ecto-NTPDase activity and substrate specificity, potentially impacted by N-glycans, we have generated soluble enzymatic domains of NTPDase3/CD39L3 in human embryotic kidney cells with four different glycan modifications. These include mannose5-9 glycans with kifunesine treatment, single GlcNAc-Asn by treatment with EndoH, de-glycosylated form by treatment with PNGaseF, and wild-type glycans. Our functional data indicate that the non-glycosylated NTPDase3/CD39L3 ecto-enzymatic domain retains activity, but that N-glycan attachments, such as the GlcNAc-Asn, substantially upregulate specific NTPDase activity by 2-20 fold. Both the Vmax and the Km on di- or tri-phosphate nucleosides are substantially and differentially altered by the glycan attachments. Structural modeling analysis based on putative structures derived from bacterial-originated CD39 domain proteins suggests that N-glycan modifications at Asn149 next to ACR2 and/or Asn454, N-terminal to ACR5 have critical roles in regulating the catalytic pocket of NTPDase3/CD39L3. Our data provide both new insights into the enzymatic mechanisms of NTPDase family members and further evidence that N-glycans directly modulate functional ectonucleotidase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Zhong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Harvard University, Office E/CLS 612, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Z Gordon Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Harvard University, Office E/CLS 612, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Harvard University, Office E/CLS 612, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Glycobiology, Department of Surgery at BIDMC, HMS Center for Glycobiology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Harvard University, Office E/CLS 612, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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15
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Kellner C, Otte A, Cappuzzello E, Klausz K, Peipp M. Modulating Cytotoxic Effector Functions by Fc Engineering to Improve Cancer Therapy. Transfus Med Hemother 2017; 44:327-336. [PMID: 29070978 DOI: 10.1159/000479980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized the therapy of cancer patients. Although antibody therapy has continuously been improved, still a significant number of patients do not benefit from antibody therapy. Therefore, rational optimization of the antibody molecule by Fc engineering represents a major area of translational research to further improve this potent therapeutic option. Monoclonal antibodies are able to trigger a variety of effector mechanisms. Especially Fc-mediated effector functions such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), and complement- dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) are considered important in antibody therapy of cancer. Novel mechanistic insights into the action of monoclonal antibodies allowed the development of various Fc engineering approaches to modulate antibodies' effector functions. Strategies in modifying the Fc glycosylation profile (Fc glyco-engineering) or approaches in engineering the protein backbone (Fc protein engineering) have been intensively evaluated. In the current review, Fc engineering strategies resulting in improved ADCC, ADCP and CDC activity are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kellner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Otte
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Elisa Cappuzzello
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Oncology and Immunology Section, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Katja Klausz
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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16
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Krahn N, Spearman M, Meier M, Dorion-Thibaudeau J, McDougall M, Patel TR, De Crescenzo G, Durocher Y, Stetefeld J, Butler M. Inhibition of glycosylation on a camelid antibody uniquely affects its FcγRI binding activity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 96:428-439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Batra J, Rathore AS. Glycosylation of monoclonal antibody products: Current status and future prospects. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1091-1102. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Batra
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology; Hauz Khas New Delhi India
| | - Anurag S. Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology; Hauz Khas New Delhi India
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18
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Zhang A, Tsang VL, Markely LR, Kurt L, Huang YM, Prajapati S, Kshirsagar R. Identifying the differences in mechanisms of mycophenolic acid controlling fucose content of glycoproteins expressed in different CHO cell lines. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:2367-76. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- An Zhang
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen; 5000 Davis Drive Research Triangle Park North Carolina 27709
| | - Valerie Liu Tsang
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen; 5000 Davis Drive Research Triangle Park North Carolina 27709
| | - Lam R. Markely
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen; Cambridge Massachusetts 02142
| | - Lutfiye Kurt
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen; Cambridge Massachusetts 02142
| | - Yao-Ming Huang
- Cell Culture Development; Biogen; 5000 Davis Drive Research Triangle Park North Carolina 27709
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19
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20
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Shi HH, Goudar CT. Recent advances in the understanding of biological implications and modulation methodologies of monoclonal antibody N-linked high mannose glycans. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:1907-19. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen H. Shi
- First Year Medical Student at Case Western Reserve School of Medicine; Process & Product Development; Amgen Inc.; One Amgen Center Drive Thousand Oaks California 91320
| | - Chetan T. Goudar
- First Year Medical Student at Case Western Reserve School of Medicine; Process & Product Development; Amgen Inc.; One Amgen Center Drive Thousand Oaks California 91320
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21
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Hagemann UB, Gunnarsson L, Géraudie S, Scheffler U, Griep RA, Reiersen H, Duncan AR, Kiprijanov SM. Fully human antagonistic antibodies against CCR4 potently inhibit cell signaling and chemotaxis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103776. [PMID: 25080123 PMCID: PMC4117600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) represents a potentially important target for cancer immunotherapy due to its expression on tumor infiltrating immune cells including regulatory T cells (Tregs) and on tumor cells in several cancer types and its role in metastasis. METHODOLOGY Using phage display, human antibody library, affinity maturation and a cell-based antibody selection strategy, the antibody variants against human CCR4 were generated. These antibodies effectively competed with ligand binding, were able to block ligand-induced signaling and cell migration, and demonstrated efficient killing of CCR4-positive tumor cells via ADCC and phagocytosis. In a mouse model of human T-cell lymphoma, significant survival benefit was demonstrated for animals treated with the newly selected anti-CCR4 antibodies. SIGNIFICANCE For the first time, successful generation of anti- G-protein coupled chemokine receptor (GPCR) antibodies using human non-immune library and phage display on GPCR-expressing cells was demonstrated. The generated anti-CCR4 antibodies possess a dual mode of action (inhibition of ligand-induced signaling and antibody-directed tumor cell killing). The data demonstrate that the anti-tumor activity in vivo is mediated, at least in part, through Fc-receptor dependent effector mechanisms, such as ADCC and phagocytosis. Anti-CC chemokine receptor 4 antibodies inhibiting receptor signaling have potential as immunomodulatory antibodies for cancer.
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22
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The choice of mammalian cell host and possibilities for glycosylation engineering. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 30:107-12. [PMID: 25005678 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-human mammalian cells such as CHO have been used predominantly for the production of biopharmaceuticals including monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). Although the glycosylation profile of these products is 'human-like' there is still the possibility of immunogenic epitopes such as α-Gal and Neu5Gc. Human cell lines have now been designed for high productivity of recombinant proteins and ensuring authentic glycosylation patterns. The control of glycosylation on such proteins is important for the efficacy of recombinant biopharmaceuticals as well as the immunogenic properties of viral vaccines such as influenza. We are now starting to understand some of the relationships between the structure of glycans and the function bestowed on the associated protein. This has promoted cell culture technologies for the targeted control of glycosylation to produce pre-determined glycan profiles of secreted products.
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23
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Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) formed during pregnancy against human platelet antigens (HPAs) of the fetus mediates fetal or neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT). Because antibody titer or isotype does not strictly correlate with disease severity, we investigated by mass spectrometry variations in the glycosylation at Asn297 in the IgG Fc because the composition of this glycan can be highly variable, affecting binding to phagocyte IgG-Fc receptors (FcγR). We found markedly decreased levels of core fucosylation of anti-HPA-1a-specific IgG1 from FNAIT patients (n = 48), but not in total serum IgG1. Antibodies with a low amount of fucose displayed higher binding affinity to FcγRIIIa and FcγRIIIb, but not to FcγRIIa, compared with antibodies with a high amount of Fc fucose. Consequently, these antibodies with a low amount of Fc fucose showed enhanced phagocytosis of platelets using FcγRIIIb(+) polymorphonuclear cells or FcγRIIIa(+) monocytes as effector cells, but not with FcγRIIIa(-) monocytes. In addition, the degree of anti-HPA-1a fucosylation correlated positively with the neonatal platelet counts in FNAIT, and negatively to the clinical disease severity. In contrast to the FNAIT patients, no changes in core fucosylation were observed for anti-HLA antibodies in refractory thrombocytopenia (post platelet transfusion), indicating that the level of fucosylation may be antigen dependent and/or related to the immune milieu defined by pregnancy.
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24
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Malerod H, Rogeberg M, Tanaka N, Greibrokk T, Lundanes E. Large volume injection of aqueous peptide samples on a monolithic silica based zwitterionic-hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography system for characterization of posttranslational modifications. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1317:129-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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25
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Frenzel A, Hust M, Schirrmann T. Expression of recombinant antibodies. Front Immunol 2013; 4:217. [PMID: 23908655 PMCID: PMC3725456 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies are highly specific detection probes in research, diagnostics, and have emerged over the last two decades as the fastest growing class of therapeutic proteins. Antibody generation has been dramatically accelerated by in vitro selection systems, particularly phage display. An increasing variety of recombinant production systems have been developed, ranging from Gram-negative and positive bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi, insect cell lines, mammalian cells to transgenic plants and animals. Currently, almost all therapeutic antibodies are still produced in mammalian cell lines in order to reduce the risk of immunogenicity due to altered, non-human glycosylation patterns. However, recent developments of glycosylation-engineered yeast, insect cell lines, and transgenic plants are promising to obtain antibodies with "human-like" post-translational modifications. Furthermore, smaller antibody fragments including bispecific antibodies without any glycosylation are successfully produced in bacteria and have advanced to clinical testing. The first therapeutic antibody products from a non-mammalian source can be expected in coming next years. In this review, we focus on current antibody production systems including their usability for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Frenzel
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schirrmann
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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26
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Vink T, Oudshoorn-Dickmann M, Roza M, Reitsma JJ, de Jong RN. A simple, robust and highly efficient transient expression system for producing antibodies. Methods 2013; 65:5-10. [PMID: 23872061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient expression systems in mammalian cells have become the method of choice for producing research quantities of antibodies. Both the speed and yield of the available transient systems and the natural posttranslational modifications favor these systems above expression in lower eukaryotes, prokaryotes or stable cell lines. We describe an optimized mammalian transient expression system, capable of producing up to 400mg/L of native secreted antibodies in less than a week. The system is composed of commercially available components and is based on expression in the fast growing suspension cell line, FreeStyle™ 293-F (HEK-293F). The method depends on an optimal combination of a gene transfer method, an expression vector and cotransfection with expression enhancing plasmids, encoding the large T antigen of the SV40 virus and the cell cycle inhibitors p21 and p27. Optimization of all components of the expression system, by experimental design techniques, yielded maximal expression levels (including antibody isotypes IgG1, 2, 3, 4 and Fab fragments of various species). Expression volumes were scalable from 0.1 ml up to 1.2L in a simple shaker flask system in animal component free, low protein medium, enabling consistent production of relatively high amounts of a large number of native antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Vink
- Genmab, Yalelaan 60, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Marcel Roza
- Genmab, Yalelaan 60, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rob N de Jong
- Genmab, Yalelaan 60, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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27
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Kellner C, Derer S, Valerius T, Peipp M. Boosting ADCC and CDC activity by Fc engineering and evaluation of antibody effector functions. Methods 2013; 65:105-13. [PMID: 23851282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, therapy with monoclonal antibodies has become standard of care in various clinical applications. Despite obvious clinical activity, not all patients respond and benefit from this generally well tolerated treatment option. Therefore, rational optimization of antibody therapy represents a major area of interest in translational research. Animal models and clinical data suggested important roles of Fc-mediated effector mechanisms such as antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) or complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) in antibody therapy. These novel insights into the mechanisms of action mediated by monoclonal antibodies inspired the development of different engineering approaches to enhance/optimize antibodies' effector functions. Fc-engineering approaches by altering the Fc-bound glycosylation profile or by exchanging amino acids in the protein backbone have been intensively studied. Here, advanced and emerging technologies in Fc-engineering resulting in altered ADCC and CDC activity are summarized and experimental strategies to evaluate antibodies' effector functions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kellner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefanie Derer
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Valerius
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2nd Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany.
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28
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Rose RJ, van Berkel PHC, van den Bremer ETJ, Labrijn AF, Vink T, Schuurman J, Heck AJR, Parren PWHI. Mutation of Y407 in the CH3 domain dramatically alters glycosylation and structure of human IgG. MAbs 2013; 5:219-28. [PMID: 23406897 PMCID: PMC3893232 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.23532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody engineering is increasingly being used to influence the properties of monoclonal antibodies to improve their biotherapeutic potential. One important aspect of this is the modulation of glycosylation as a strategy to improve efficacy. Here, we describe mutations of Y407 in the CH3 domain of IgG1 and IgG4 that significantly increase sialylation, galactosylation, and branching of the N-linked glycans in the CH2 domain. These mutations also promote the formation of monomeric assemblies (one heavy-light chain pair). Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry was used to probe conformational changes in IgG1-Y407E, revealing, as expected, a more exposed CH3–CH3 dimerization interface. Additionally, allosteric structural effects in the CH2 domain and in the CH2–CH3 interface were identified, providing a possible explanation for the dramatic change in glycosylation. Thus, the mutation of Y407 in the CH3 domain remarkably affects both antibody conformation and glycosylation, which not only alters our understanding of antibody structure, but also reveals possibilities for obtaining recombinant IgG with glycosylation tailored for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Rose
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Gramer MJ. Product Quality Considerations for Mammalian Cell Culture Process Development and Manufacturing. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 139:123-66. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Fc receptor-targeted therapies for the treatment of inflammation, cancer and beyond. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:311-31. [PMID: 22460124 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The direct or indirect targeting of antibody Fc receptors (FcRs) presents unique opportunities and interesting challenges for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, cancer and infection. Biological responses induced via the Fc portions of antibodies are powerful, complex and unusual, and comprise both activating and inhibitory effects. These properties can be exploited in the engineering of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies to improve their activity in vivo. FcRs have also emerged as key participants in the pathogenesis of several important autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Therapeutic approaches based on antagonizing FcR function with small molecules or biological drugs such as monoclonal antibodies and recombinant soluble FcR ectodomains have gained momentum. This Review addresses various strategies to manipulate FcR function to overcome immune complex-mediated inflammatory diseases, and considers approaches to improve antibody-based anticancer therapies.
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Fucose content of monoclonal antibodies can be controlled by culture medium osmolality for high antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Cytotechnology 2011; 64:249-65. [PMID: 21870215 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-011-9377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is dependent on the fucose content of oligosaccharides bound to monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). As MAbs with a low fucose content exhibit high ADCC activity, it is important to control the defucosylation levels (deFuc%) of MAbs and to analyze the factors that affect deFuc%. In this study, we observed that the deFuc% was inversely related to culture medium osmolality for MAbs produced in the rat hybridoma cell line YB2/0, with r (2) values as high as 0.92. Moreover, deFuc% exhibited the same correlation irrespective of the type of compound used for regulating osmolality (NaCl, KCl, fucose, fructose, creatine, or mannitol) at a culture scale ranging from 1 to 400 L. We succeeded in controlling MAb deFuc% by maintaining a constant medium osmolality in both perfusion and fed-batch cultures. In agreement with these observations, reverse transcription PCR analyses revealed decreased transcription of genes involved in glycolysis, GDP-fucose supply, and fucose transfer under hypoosmotic conditions.
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Yu C, Crispin M, Sonnen AFP, Harvey DJ, Chang VT, Evans EJ, Scanlan CN, Stuart DI, Gilbert RJC, Davis SJ. Use of the α-mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine allows the crystallization of apo CTLA-4 homodimer produced in long-term cultures of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:785-9. [PMID: 21795794 PMCID: PMC3144796 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111017672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycoproteins present problems for structural analysis since they often have to be glycosylated in order to fold correctly and because their chemical and conformational heterogeneity generally inhibits crystallization. It is shown that the α-mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine, which has previously been used for the purpose of glycoprotein crystallization in short-term (3-5 d) cultures, is apparently stable enough to be used to produce highly endoglycosidase H-sensitive glycoprotein in long-term (3-4 week) cultures of stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based analysis of the extracellular region of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4; CD152) homodimer expressed in long-term CHO cell cultures in the presence of kifunensine revealed that the inhibitor restricted CTLA-4 glycan processing to Man9GlcNAc2 and Man5GlcNAc2 structures. Complex-type glycans were undetectable, suggesting that the inhibitor was active for the entire duration of the cultures. Endoglycosidase treatment of the homodimer yielded protein that readily formed orthorhombic crystals with unit-cell parameters a=43.9, b=51.5, c=102.9 Å and space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) that diffracted to Bragg spacings of 1.8 Å. The results indicate that kifunensine will be effective in most, if not all, transient and long-term mammalian cell-based expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yu
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, England
| | - Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 1QU, England
| | - Andreas F.-P. Sonnen
- Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, England
| | - David J. Harvey
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 1QU, England
| | - Veronica T. Chang
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, England
| | - Edward J. Evans
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, England
| | - Christopher N. Scanlan
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 1QU, England
| | - David I. Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, England
| | - Robert J. C. Gilbert
- Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, England
| | - Simon J. Davis
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, England
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Peipp M, van de Winkel JG, Valerius T. Molecular engineering to improve antibodies’ anti-lymphoma activity. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2011; 24:217-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Gramer MJ, Eckblad JJ, Donahue R, Brown J, Shultz C, Vickerman K, Priem P, van den Bremer ETJ, Gerritsen J, van Berkel PHC. Modulation of antibody galactosylation through feeding of uridine, manganese chloride, and galactose. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:1591-602. [PMID: 21328321 DOI: 10.1002/bit.23075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Through process transfer and optimization for increased antibody production to 3 g/L for a GS-CHO cell line, an undesirable drop in antibody Fc galactosylation was observed. Uridine (U), manganese chloride (M), and galactose (G), constituents involved in the intracellular galactosylation process, were evaluated in 2-L bioreactors for their potential to specifically increase antibody galactosylation. These components were placed in the feed medium at proportionally increasing concentrations from 0 to 20 × UMG, where a 1× concentration of U was 1 mM, a 1× concentration of M was 0.002 mM, and a 1× concentration of G was 5 mM. Antibody galactosylation increased rapidly from 3% at 0× UMG up to 21% at 8× UMG and then more slowly to 23% at 20× UMG. The increase was primarily due to a shift from G0F to G1F, with minimal impact on other glycoforms or product quality attributes. Cell culture performance was largely not impacted by addition of up to 20× UMG except for suppression of glucose consumption and lactate production at 16 and 20× UMG and a slight drop in antibody concentration at 20× UMG. Higher accumulation of free galactose in the medium was observed at 8× UMG and above, coincident with achieving the plateau of maximal galactosylation. A concentration of 4× UMG resulted in achieving the target of 18% galactosylation at 2-L scale, a result that was reproduced in a 1,000-L run. Follow-up studies to evaluate the addition of each component individually up to 12× concentration revealed that the effect was synergistic; the combination of all three components gave a higher level of galactosylation than addition of the each effect independently. The approach was found generally useful since a second cell line responded similarly, with an increase in galactosylation from 5% to 29% from 0 to 8× UMG and no further increase or impact on culture performance up to 12× UMG. These results demonstrate a useful approach to provide exact and specific control of antibody galactosylation through manipulation of the concentrations of uridine, manganese chloride, and galactose in the cell culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gramer
- Genmab MN, Inc., 9450 Winnetka Ave N, Brooklyn Park, Minnesota 55445, USA.
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