1
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Harris CT, Cohen S. Reducing Immunogenicity by Design: Approaches to Minimize Immunogenicity of Monoclonal Antibodies. BioDrugs 2024; 38:205-226. [PMID: 38261155 PMCID: PMC10912315 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-023-00641-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have transformed therapeutic strategies for various diseases. Their high specificity to target antigens makes them ideal therapeutic agents for certain diseases. However, a challenge to their application in clinical practice is their potential risk to induce unwanted immune response, termed immunogenicity. This challenge drives the continued efforts to deimmunize these protein therapeutics while maintaining their pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Because mAbs hold a central position in therapeutic strategies against an array of diseases, the importance of conducting comprehensive immunogenicity risk assessment during the drug development process cannot be overstated. Such assessment necessitates the employment of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo strategies to evaluate the immunogenicity risk of mAbs. Understanding the intricacies of the mechanisms that drive mAb immunogenicity is crucial to improving their therapeutic efficacy and safety and developing the most effective strategies to determine and mitigate their immunogenic risk. This review highlights recent advances in immunogenicity prediction strategies, with a focus on protein engineering strategies used throughout development to reduce immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal T Harris
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080-4990, USA
| | - Sivan Cohen
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080-4990, USA.
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2
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Majumdar S, Desai R, Hans A, Dandekar P, Jain R. From Efficiency to Yield: Exploring Recent Advances in CHO Cell Line Development for Monoclonal Antibodies. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01060-6. [PMID: 38363529 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The increasing demand for biosimilar monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has prompted the development of stable high-producing cell lines while simultaneously decreasing the time required for screening. Existing platforms have proven inefficient, resulting in inconsistencies in yields, growth characteristics, and quality features in the final mAb products. Selecting a suitable expression host, designing an effective gene expression system, developing a streamlined cell line generation approach, optimizing culture conditions, and defining scaling-up and purification strategies are all critical steps in the production of recombinant proteins, particularly monoclonal antibodies, in mammalian cells. As a result, an active area of study is dedicated to expression and optimizing recombinant protein production. This review explores recent breakthroughs and approaches targeted at accelerating cell line development to attain efficiency and consistency in the synthesis of therapeutic proteins, specifically monoclonal antibodies. The primary goal is to bridge the gap between rising demand and consistent, high-quality mAb production, thereby benefiting the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmishta Majumdar
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Ranjeet Desai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Aakarsh Hans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India.
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India.
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3
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Xiang S, Zhang J, Yu L, Tian J, Tang W, Tang H, Xu K, Wang X, Cui Y, Ren K, Cao W, Su Y, Zhou W. Developing an ultra-intensified fed-batch cell culture process with greatly improved performance and productivity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:696-709. [PMID: 37994547 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Intensified fed-batch (IFB), a popular cell culture intensification strategy, has been widely used for productivity improvement through high density inoculation followed by fed-batch cultivation. However, such an intensification strategy may counterproductively induce rapidly progressing cell apoptosis and difficult-to-sustain productivity. To improve culture performance, we developed a novel cell culture process intermittent-perfusion fed-batch (IPFB) which incorporates one single or multiple cycles of intermittent perfusion during an IFB process for better sustained cellular and metabolic behaviors and notably improved productivity. Unlike continuous perfusion or other semi-continuous processes such as hybrid perfusion fed-batch with only early-stage perfusion, IPFB applies limited times of intermittent perfusion in the mid-to-late stage of production and still inherits bolus feedings on nonperfusion days as in a fed-batch culture. Compared to IFB, an average titer increase of ~45% was obtained in eight recombinant CHO cell lines studied. Beyond IPFB, ultra-intensified IPFB (UI-IPFB) was designed with a markedly elevated seeding density of 20-80 × 106 cell/mL, achieved through the conventional alternating tangential flow filtration (ATF) perfusion expansion followed with a cell culture concentration step using the same ATF system. With UI-IPFB, up to ~6 folds of traditional fed-batch and ~3 folds of IFB productivity were achieved. Furthermore, the application grounded in these two novel processes showed broad-based feasibility in multiple cell lines and products of interest, and was proven to be effective in cost of goods reduction and readily scalable to a larger scale in existing facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Le Yu
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Jun Tian
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenxiu Tang
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Kecui Xu
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Yanyan Cui
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Kaidi Ren
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Weijia Cao
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuning Su
- Process Development, WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, China
| | - Weichang Zhou
- Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
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4
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Bachhav B, de Rossi J, Llanos CD, Segatori L. Cell factory engineering: Challenges and opportunities for synthetic biology applications. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:2441-2459. [PMID: 36859509 PMCID: PMC10440303 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The production of high-quality recombinant proteins is critical to maintaining a continuous supply of biopharmaceuticals, such as therapeutic antibodies. Engineering mammalian cell factories presents a number of limitations typically associated with the proteotoxic stress induced upon aberrant accumulation of off-pathway protein folding intermediates, which eventually culminate in the induction of apoptosis. In this review, we will discuss advances in cell engineering and their applications at different hierarchical levels of control of the expression of recombinant proteins, from transcription and translational to posttranslational modifications and subcellular trafficking. We also highlight challenges and unique opportunities to apply modern synthetic biology tools to the design of programmable cell factories for improved biomanufacturing of therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagyashree Bachhav
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, United States
| | - Jacopo de Rossi
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology, Rice University, Houston, United States
| | - Carlos D. Llanos
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology, Rice University, Houston, United States
| | - Laura Segatori
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, United States
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology, Rice University, Houston, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, United States
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, United States
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5
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Castellano BM, Tang D, Marsters S, Lam C, Liu P, Rose CM, Sandoval W, Ashkenazi A, Snedecor B, Misaghi S. Activation of the PERK branch of the unfolded protein response during production reduces specific productivity in CHO cells via downregulation of PDGFRa and IRE1a signaling. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3354. [PMID: 37161726 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
During the course of biopharmaceutical production, heterologous protein expression in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells imposes a high proteostatic burden that requires cellular adaptation. To mitigate such burden, cells utilize the unfolded protein response (UPR), which increases endoplasmic reticulum (ER) capacity to accommodate elevated rates of protein synthesis and folding. In this study, we show that during production the UPR regulates growth factor signaling to modulate growth and protein synthesis. Specifically, the protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK) branch of the UPR is responsible for transcriptional down-regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRa) and attenuation of the IRE1-alpha (IRE1a) branch of the UPR. PERK knockout (KO) cell lines displayed reduced growth and viability due to higher rates of apoptosis despite having stabilized PDGFRa levels. Knocking out PERK in an apoptosis impaired (Bax/Bak double KO) antibody-expressing cell line prevented apoptotic cell death and revealed that apoptosis was likely triggered by increased ER stress and reactive oxygen species levels in the PERK KO hosts. Our findings suggest that attenuation of IRE1a and PDGFRa signaling by the PERK branch of the UPR reduces ER protein folding capacity and hence specific productivity of CHO cells in order to mitigate UPR and prevent apoptotic cell death. Last, Bax/Bak/PERK triple KO CHO cell lines displayed 2-3 folds higher specific productivity and titer (up to 8 g/L), suggesting that modulation of PERK signaling during production processes can greatly improve specific productivity in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Castellano
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Danming Tang
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Scot Marsters
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cynthia Lam
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter Liu
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christopher M Rose
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Avi Ashkenazi
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brad Snedecor
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shahram Misaghi
- Department of Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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6
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Zhang Q, Mi C, Wang T. Effects and mechanism of small molecule additives on recombinant protein in CHO cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2771-2781. [PMID: 36971794 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells can produce proteins with complex structures and post-translational modifications which are similar to human-derived cells, and they have been the ideal host cells for the production of recombinant therapy proteins (RTPs). Nearly 70% of approved RTPs are produced by CHO cells. In recent years, a series of measures have been developed to increase the expression of RTPs to achieve the lower production cost during the process of large-scale industrial production of recombinant protein in CHO cells. Among of them, the addition of small molecule additives in the culture medium can improve the expression and production efficiency of recombinant proteins, and has become an effective and simple method. In this paper, the characteristics of CHO cells, the effect and mechanism of small molecule additives are reviewed. KEY POINTS: • Small molecular additives on the expression of RTPs in CHO cells are reviewed • Small molecular additives improve the yield of RTPs • Small molecular additives provide methods for the optimization of serum-free medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Chunliu Mi
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Tianyun Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
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7
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Tuameh A, Harding SE, Darton NJ. Methods for addressing host cell protein impurities in biopharmaceutical product development. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2200115. [PMID: 36427352 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The high demand for monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics in recent years has resulted in significant efforts to improve their costly manufacturing process. The high cost of manufacturing mAbs derives mainly from the purification process, which contributes to 50%-80% of the total manufacturing cost. One of the main challenges facing industry at the purification stage is the clearance of host cell proteins (HCPs) that are produced and often co-purified with the desired mAb product. One of the issues HCPs can cause is the degradation of the final mAb protein product. In this review, techniques are considered that can be used at different stages (upstream and downstream) of mAb manufacture to improve HCP clearance. In addition to established techniques, many new approaches for HCP removal are discussed that have the potential to replace current methods for improving HCP reduction and thereby the quality and stability of the final mAb product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Tuameh
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Stephen E Harding
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Nicholas J Darton
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
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8
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Rahimi A, Karimipoor M, Mahdian R, Alipour A, Hosseini S, Kaghazian H, Abbasi A, Shahsavarani H, Shokrgozar MA. Targeting Caspase-3 Gene in rCHO Cell Line by CRISPR/Cas9 Editing Tool and Its Effect on Protein Production in Manipulated Cell Line. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2022; 21:e130236. [PMID: 36915405 PMCID: PMC10007989 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-130236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the widely used mammalian cell host for biopharmaceutical manufacturing. During cell cultures, CHO cells lose viability mainly from apoptosis. Inhibiting cell death is useful because prolonging cell lifespans can direct to more productive cell culture systems for biotechnology requests. Objectives This study exploited a CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate site-specific gene disruptions in the caspase-3 gene in the apoptosis pathway, which acts as an apoptotic regulator to extend cell viability in the CHO cell line. Methods The STRING database was used to identify the key pro-apoptotic genes to be modified by CRISPR/Cas9 system. The guide RNAs targeting the caspase-3 gene were designed, and vectors containing sgRNA and Cas9 were transfected into CHO cells that expressed erythropoietin as a heterologous protein. Indel formation was investigated by DNA sequencing. Caspase-3 expression was quantified by real-time PCR and western blot. The effect of editing the caspase-3 gene on the inhibition of apoptosis was also investigated by induction of apoptosis in manipulated cell lines by oleuropein. Finally, the erythropoietin production in the edited cells was compared to the control cells. Results The caspase-3 manipulation significantly prolongation of the cell viability and decreased the caspase-3 expression level of protein in manipulated CHO cells (more than 6-fold, P-value < 0.0001). Manipulated cells displayed higher threshold tolerance to apoptosis compared to the control cells when they were induced by oleuropein. They show a higher IC50 than the control ones (7271 µM/mL Vs. 5741 µM/mL). They also show a higher proliferation rate than the control cells in the presence of an apoptosis inducer (P-value < 0.0001). Furthermore, manipulated cell lines significantly produce more recombinant protein in the presence of 2,000 µM oleuropein compared to the control ones (P-value = 0.0021). Conclusions We understood that CRISPR/Cas9 could be effectively applied to suppress the expression of the caspase-3 gene and rescue CHO cells from apoptosis induced by cell stress and metabolites. The CRISPR/Cas9 system-assisted caspase-3 gene ablation can potentially increase erythropoietin yield in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirabbas Rahimi
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Innovations, Department of National Cell Bank, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Karimipoor
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mahdian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Alipour
- Department of Nano-Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadi Hosseini
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Innovations, Department of National Cell Bank, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooman Kaghazian
- Department of Research & Development, Production & Research Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolrahim Abbasi
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hosein Shahsavarani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ali Shokrgozar
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Innovations, Department of National Cell Bank, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Innovations, Department of National Cell Bank, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 13169-43551, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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de Malmanche H, Marcellin E, Reid S. Knockout of Sf-Caspase-1 generates apoptosis-resistant Sf9 cell lines: Implications for baculovirus expression. Biotechnol J 2022; 17:e2100532. [PMID: 35384325 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The Sf9 cell line, originally isolated from the insect Spodoptera frugiperda, is commonly used alongside the baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) to produce recombinant proteins and other biologics. As more BEVS-derived vaccines and therapeutics are approved by regulators and manufactured at scale, there is increasing interest in improving the Sf9 cell line to improve bioprocess robustness and increase product yields. CRISPR-Cas9 is a powerful genome-editing tool with great potential to improve cell line characteristics. Nevertheless, reports of genome-editing in Sf9 cells are scarce, and targets for engineering are elusive. To evaluate the effectiveness of CRISPR-Cas9 to improve BEVS yields, we generated Sf9 cell lines with functional knockouts in the Sf-Caspase-1 gene, which encodes an effector caspase involved in the execution of apoptosis. Deletion of Sf-Caspase-1 abolished the hallmarks of apoptotic cell death including plasma membrane blebbing and effector caspase activity. Following infection of Sf-Caspase-1 knockout Sf9 cultures with a recombinant baculovirus expressing β-galactosidase, we did not observe any differences in cell death kinetics or increases in productivity. Similar results were obtained when Sf-Caspase-1 expression was suppressed via RNA interference. We anticipate that the CRISPR-Cas9 workflow reported here will spur future efforts to rationally engineer Sf9 cells for improved baculovirus expression. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry de Malmanche
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Esteban Marcellin
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steven Reid
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
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10
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Insights into the Impact of Rosmarinic Acid on CHO Cell Culture Improvement through Transcriptomics Analysis. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10030533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of antioxidants in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures to improve monoclonal antibody production has been a topic of great interest. Nevertheless, the antioxidants do not have consistent benefits of production improvement, which might be cell line specific and/or process specific. In this work, we investigated how treatment with the antioxidant rosmarinic acid (RA) improved cell growth and titer in CHO cell cultures using transcriptomics. In particular, transcriptomics analysis indicated that RA treatment modified gene expression and strongly affected the MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, which regulate cell survival and cell death. Moreover, it was observed that these signaling pathways, which had been identified to be up-regulated on day 2 and day 6 by RA, were also up-regulated over time (from initial growth phase day 2 to slow growth or protein production phase day 6) in both conditions. In summary, this transcriptomics analysis provides insights into the role of the antioxidant RA in industrial cell culture processes. The current study also represents an example in the industry of how omics can be applied to gain an in-depth understanding of CHO cell biology and to identify critical pathways that can contribute to cell culture process improvement and cell line engineering.
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11
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MacDonald MA, Barry C, Groves T, Martínez VS, Gray PP, Baker K, Shave E, Mahler S, Munro T, Marcellin E, Nielsen LK. Modelling Apoptosis Resistance in CHO cells with CRISPR-Mediated Knock-outs of Bak1, Bax, and Bok. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1380-1391. [PMID: 35180317 PMCID: PMC9310834 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the primary platform for the production of biopharmaceuticals. To increase yields, many CHO cell lines have been genetically engineered to resist cell death. However, the kinetics that governs cell fate in bioreactors are confounded by many variables associated with batch processes. Here, we used CRISPR‐Cas9 to create combinatorial knockouts of the three known BCL‐2 family effector proteins: Bak1, Bax, and Bok. To assess the response to apoptotic stimuli, cell lines were cultured in the presence of four cytotoxic compounds with different mechanisms of action. A population‐based model was developed to describe the behavior of the resulting viable cell dynamics as a function of genotype and treatment. Our results validated the synergistic antiapoptotic nature of Bak1 and Bax, while the deletion of Bok had no significant impact. Importantly, the uniform application of apoptotic stresses permitted direct observation and quantification of a delay in the onset of cell death through Bayesian inference of meaningful model parameters. In addition to the classical death rate, a delay function was found to be essential in the accurate modeling of the cell death response. These findings represent an important bridge between cell line engineering strategies and biological modeling in a bioprocess context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A MacDonald
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Craig Barry
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Teddy Groves
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Verónica S Martínez
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Peter P Gray
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kym Baker
- Patheon by Thermo Fisher Scientific, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Evan Shave
- Patheon by Thermo Fisher Scientific, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Stephen Mahler
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Trent Munro
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Esteban Marcellin
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.,Metabolomics Australia, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lars K Nielsen
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
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12
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Marx N, Eisenhut P, Weinguny M, Klanert G, Borth N. How to train your cell - Towards controlling phenotypes by harnessing the epigenome of Chinese hamster ovary production cell lines. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 56:107924. [PMID: 35149147 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in omics technologies and the broad availability of big datasets have revolutionized our understanding of Chinese hamster ovary cells in their role as the most prevalent host for production of complex biopharmaceuticals. In consequence, our perception of this "workhorse of the biopharmaceutical industry" has successively shifted from that of a nicely working, but unknown recombinant protein producing black box to a biological system governed by multiple complex regulatory layers that might possibly be harnessed and manipulated at will. Despite the tremendous progress that has been made to characterize CHO cells on various omics levels, our understanding is still far from complete. The well-known inherent genetic plasticity of any immortalized and rapidly dividing cell line also characterizes CHO cells and can lead to problematic instability of recombinant protein production. While the high mutational frequency has been a focus of CHO cell research for decades, the impact of epigenetics and its role in differential gene expression has only recently been addressed. In this review we provide an overview about the current understanding of epigenetic regulation in CHO cells and discuss its significance for shaping the cell's phenotype. We also look into current state-of-the-art technology that can be applied to harness and manipulate the epigenetic network so as to nudge CHO cells towards a specific phenotype. Here, we revise current strategies on site-directed integration and random as well as targeted epigenome modifications. Finally, we address open questions that need to be investigated to exploit the full repertoire of fine-tuned control of multiplexed gene expression using epigenetic and systems biology tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Marx
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Eisenhut
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Weinguny
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Klanert
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Borth
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
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13
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Chakrabarti L, Chaerkady R, Wang J, Weng SHS, Wang C, Qian C, Cazares L, Hess S, Amaya P, Zhu J, Hatton D. Mitochondrial membrane potential-enriched CHO host: a novel and powerful tool for improving biomanufacturing capability. MAbs 2022; 14:2020081. [PMID: 35030984 PMCID: PMC8765075 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.2020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aim of increasing protein productivity of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, we sought to generate new CHO hosts with favorable biomanufacturing phenotypes and improved functionality. Here, we present an innovative approach of enriching the CHO host cells with a high mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Stable transfectant pools and clonal cell lines expressing difficult-to-express bispecific molecules generated from the MMP-enriched host outperformed the parental host by displaying (1) improved fed-batch productivity; (2) enhanced long-term cell viability of pools; (3) more favorable lactate metabolism; and (4) improved cell cloning efficiency during monoclonal cell line generation. Proteomic analysis together with Western blot validation were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms by which high MMP influenced production performance. The MMP-enriched host exhibited multifaceted protection against mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Our findings indicate that the MMP-enriched host achieved an overall “fitter” phenotype that contributes to the significant improvement in biomanufacturing capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Chakrabarti
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Junmin Wang
- Dynamic Omics, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Chunlei Wang
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Chen Qian
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Lisa Cazares
- Dynamic Omics, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Sonja Hess
- Dynamic Omics, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Peter Amaya
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jie Zhu
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Diane Hatton
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
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14
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MacDonald MA, Nöbel M, Martínez VS, Baker K, Shave E, Gray PP, Mahler S, Munro T, Nielsen LK, Marcellin E. Engineering death resistance in CHO cells for improved perfusion culture. MAbs 2022; 14:2083465. [PMID: 35737825 PMCID: PMC9235890 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2083465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The reliable and cost-efficient manufacturing of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is essential to fulfil their ever-growing demand. Cell death in bioreactors reduces productivity and product quality, and is largely attributed to apoptosis. In perfusion bioreactors, this leads to the necessity of a bleed stream, which negatively affects the overall process economy. To combat this limitation, death-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cell lines were developed by simultaneously knocking out the apoptosis effector proteins Bak1, Bax, and Bok with CRISPR technology. These cell lines were cultured in fed-batch and perfusion bioreactors and compared to an unmodified control cell line. In fed-batch, the death-resistant cell lines showed higher cell densities and longer culture durations, lasting nearly a month under standard culture conditions. In perfusion, the death-resistant cell lines showed slower drops in viability and displayed an arrest in cell division after which cell size increased instead. Pertinently, the death-resistant cell lines demonstrated the ability to be cultured for several weeks without bleed, and achieved similar volumetric productivities at lower cell densities than that of the control cell line. Perfusion culture reduced fragmentation of the mAb produced, and the death-resistant cell lines showed increased glycosylation in the light chain in both bioreactor modes. These data demonstrate that rationally engineered death-resistant cell lines are ideal for mAb production in perfusion culture, negating the need to bleed the bioreactor whilst maintaining product quantity and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A MacDonald
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.,Thermo Fisher Scientific, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthias Nöbel
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.,Thermo Fisher Scientific, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Verónica S Martínez
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Kym Baker
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Evan Shave
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter P Gray
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Stephen Mahler
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Trent Munro
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.,National Biologics Facility, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lars K Nielsen
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.,Queensaldn Metabolomics and Proteomics, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Esteban Marcellin
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.,Queensaldn Metabolomics and Proteomics, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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15
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Kim D, Yoon C, Lee GM. Small molecule epigenetic modulators for enhancing recombinant antibody production in CHO cell cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 119:820-831. [PMID: 34961935 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule epigenetic modulators that modify epigenetic states in cells are useful tools for regulating gene expression by inducing chromatin remodeling. To identify small molecule epigenetic modulators that enhance recombinant protein expression in CHO cells, we examined eight histone deacetylase inhibitors (iHDACs) and six DNA methyltransferase inhibitors as chemical additives in recombinant CHO (rCHO) cell cultures. Among these, a benzamide-based iHDAC, CI994, was the most effective in increasing monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. Despite suppressing cell growth, the addition of CI994 to mAb-expressing GSR cell cultures at 10 μM resulted in a 2.3-fold increase in maximum mAb concentration due to a 3.0-fold increase in specific mAb productivity (q mAb ). CI994 increased mAb mRNA levels and histone H3 acetylation in GSR cells, and ChIP-qPCR analysis revealed that CI994 significantly increased the histone H3 acetylation level at the CMV promoter driving mAb gene expression, indicating that chromatin remodeling in the promoter region results in enhanced mAb gene transcription and q mAb . Similar beneficial effects of CI994 on mAb production were observed in mAb-expressing CS13-1.00 cells. Collectively, our findings indicate that CI994 increases mAb production in rCHO cell cultures by chromatin remodeling resulting from acetylation of histones in the mAb gene promoter. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongil Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chansik Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
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16
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Tang D, Lam C, Bauer N, Auslaender S, Snedecor B, Laird MW, Misaghi S. Bax and Bak knockout apoptosis-resistant CHO cell lines significantly improve culture viability and titer in intensified fed-batch culture process. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 38:e3228. [PMID: 34951158 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the field of therapeutic protein production, process intensification strategies entailing higher starting cell seeding densities, can potentially increase culture productivity, lower cost of goods and improve facility utilization. However, increased cell densities often trigger apoptotic cell death at the end of the cell culture process and thus reduce total viable cell count. Apoptosis-resistant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines may offer the possibility to diminish this undesired outcome of the intensified production process. In this study, we have generated and tested Bax/Bak double-knock-out (DKO) apoptosis resistant hosts to produce standard and bispecific antibodies, as well as complex molecules in intensified production processes both as pools and single cell clones, and at different scales. In all cases, therapeutic proteins expressed from clones or pools generated from the Bax/Bak DKO hosts showed not only better viability but also enabled extended productivity in the later stages of the 14-day intensified production process. The product qualities of the produced molecules were comparable between Bax/Bak DKO and wild type (WT) cells. Overall, we showed that Bax/Bak DKO apoptosis-resistant host cell lines significantly improve viability and volumetric productivity of the intensified production cultures without altering product qualities. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danming Tang
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cynthia Lam
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Niels Bauer
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Simon Auslaender
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Brad Snedecor
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael W Laird
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shahram Misaghi
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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17
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Arnesen JA, Hoof JB, Kildegaard HF, Borodina I. Genome Editing of Eukarya. Metab Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527823468.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Schweickert PG, Wang N, Sandefur SL, Lloyd ME, Konieczny SF, Frye CC, Cheng Z. CRISPR/Cas12a-mediated CHO genome engineering can be effectively integrated at multiple stages of the cell line generation process for bioproduction. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2000308. [PMID: 33369118 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Most biopharmaceuticals produced today are generated using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, therefore significant attention is focused on methods to improve CHO cell productivity and product quality. The discovery of gene-editing tools, such as CRISPR/Cas9, offers new opportunities to improve CHO cell bioproduction through cell line engineering. Recently an additional CRISPR-associated protein, Cas12a (Cpf1), was shown to be effective for gene editing in eukaryotic cells, including CHO. In this study, we demonstrate the successful application of CRISPR/Cas12a for the generation of clonally derived CHO knockout (KO) cell lines with improved product quality attributes. While we found Cas12a efficiency to be highly dependent on the targeting RNA used, we were able to generate CHO KO cell lines using small screens of only 96-320 clonally derived cell lines. Additionally, we present a novel bulk culture analysis approach that can be used to quickly assess CRISPR RNA efficiency and determine ideal screen sizes for generating genetic KO cell lines. Most critically, we find that Cas12a can be directly integrated into the cell line generation process through cotransfection with no negative impact on titer or screen size. Overall, our results show CRISPR/Cas12a to be an efficient and effective CHO genome editing tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Schweickert
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Ning Wang
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Stephanie L Sandefur
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Michael E Lloyd
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Stephen F Konieczny
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Christopher C Frye
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Zhuo Cheng
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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19
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Safari F, Farajnia S, Behzad Behbahani A, Zarredar H, Barekati-Mowahed M, Dehghani H. Caspase-7 deficiency in Chinese hamster ovary cells reduces cell proliferation and viability. Biol Res 2020; 53:52. [PMID: 33187557 PMCID: PMC7666471 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-020-00319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most commonly used mammalian host cell in the commercial-scale production of biopharmaceutical proteins. Modification of genes involved in apoptosis may improve the productivity of CHO cells. Executive caspases, including caspases 3 and 7, play critical roles in apoptosis. The effects of the ablation of the caspase 7 gene on proliferation and viability of CHO cells remains unknown. In this study, we applied clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR/Cas9) to target caspase 7 gene of CHO K1 cell via all in one and homology targeted integration strategies. Consequently, the effect of caspase 7 deficiency on cell proliferation, viability, and apoptosis was studied by MTT assay and flow cytometry. RESULTS Findings of gel electrophoresis, western blotting, and sequencing confirmed the caspase 7 gene silencing in CHO cells (CHO-KO). Proliferation assay revealed that caspase 7 deficiency in CHO cells resulted in the reduction of proliferation in various CHO-KO clones. Besides, the disruption of caspase 7 had negative effects on cell viability in exposure with NaBu which confirmed by MTT assay. Results of flow cytometry using Anexin V/PI demonstrated that Nabu treatment (11 mM) declined the percentage of live CHO-K1 and CHO-KO cells to 70.3% and 5.79%. These results verified that the CHO-K1 cells were more resistant to apoptosis than CHO-KO, however most of CHO-KO cells undergone early apoptosis (91.9%) which seems to be a fascinating finding. CONCLUSION These results reveal that caspase 7 may be involved in the cell cycle progression of CHO cells. Furthermore, it seems that targeting caspase 7 is not the ideal route as it had previously been imagined within the prevention of apoptosis but the relation between caspase 7 deficiency, cell cycle arrest, and the occurrence of early apoptosis will require more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Safari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Safar Farajnia
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah Ave., Tabriz, Iran.
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Abbas Behzad Behbahani
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Habib Zarredar
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mazyar Barekati-Mowahed
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Hesam Dehghani
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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20
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Patil AA, Bhor SA, Rhee WJ. Cell death in culture: Molecular mechanisms, detections, and inhibition strategies. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Abaandou L, Sharma AK, Shiloach J. Knockout of the caspase 8-associated protein 2 gene improves recombinant protein expression in HEK293 cells through up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A gene. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:186-198. [PMID: 32910455 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell lines used in bioproduction are routinely engineered to improve their production efficiency. Numerous strategies, such as random mutagenesis, RNA interference screens, and transcriptome analyses have been employed to identify effective engineering targets. A genome-wide small interfering RNA screen previously identified the CASP8AP2 gene as a potential engineering target for improved expression of recombinant protein in the HEK293 cell line. Here, we validate the CASP8AP2 gene as an engineering target in HEK293 cells by knocking it out using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and assessing the effect of its knockout on recombinant protein expression, cell growth, cell viability, and overall gene expression. HEK293 cells lacking CASP8AP2 showed a seven-fold increase in specific expression of recombinant luciferase and a 2.5-fold increase in specific expression of recombinant SEAP, without significantly affecting cell growth and viability. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the deregulation of the cell cycle, specifically the upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) gene, contributed to the improvement in recombinant protein expression in CASP8AP2 deficient cells. The results validate the CASP8AP2 gene is a viable engineering target for improved recombinant protein expression in the HEK293 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Abaandou
- Biotechnology Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Ashish K Sharma
- Biotechnology Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Shiloach
- Biotechnology Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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22
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Orellana CA, Martínez VS, MacDonald MA, Henry MN, Gillard M, Gray PP, Nielsen LK, Mahler S, Marcellin E. 'Omics driven discoveries of gene targets for apoptosis attenuation in CHO cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:481-490. [PMID: 32865815 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are widely used in biopharmaceutical production. Improvements to cell lines and bioprocesses are constantly being explored. One of the major limitations of CHO cell culture is that the cells undergo apoptosis, leading to rapid cell death, which impedes reaching high recombinant protein titres. While several genetic engineering strategies have been successfully employed to reduce apoptosis, there is still room to further enhance CHO cell lines performance. 'Omics analysis is a powerful tool to better understand different phenotypes and for the identification of gene targets for engineering. Here, we present a comprehensive review of previous CHO 'omics studies that revealed changes in the expression of apoptosis-related genes. We highlight targets for genetic engineering that have reduced, or have the potential to reduce, apoptosis or to increase cell proliferation in CHO cells, with the final aim of increasing productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila A Orellana
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica S Martínez
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael A MacDonald
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew N Henry
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marianne Gillard
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter P Gray
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lars K Nielsen
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Metabolomics Australia, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stephen Mahler
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Esteban Marcellin
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Metabolomics Australia, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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23
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Mufarrege EF, Benizio EL, Prieto CC, Chiappini F, Rodriguez MC, Etcheverrigaray M, Kratje RB. Development of Magoh protein-overexpressing HEK cells for optimized therapeutic protein production. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:230-238. [PMID: 32249976 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the pharmaceutical industry, the need for high levels of protein expression in mammalian cells has prompted the search for new strategies, including technologies to obtain cells with improved mechanisms that enhance its transcriptional activity, folding, or protein secretion. Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells are by far the most used host cell for therapeutic protein expression. However, these cells produce specific glycans that are not present in human cells and therefore potentially immunogenic. As a result, there is an increased interest in the use of human-derived cells for therapeutic protein production. For many decades, human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells were exclusively used for research. However, two products for therapeutic indication were recently approved in the United States. It was previously shown that tethered Magoh, an Exon-junction complex core component, to specific mRNA sequences, have had significant positive effects on mRNA translational efficiency. In this study, a HEK Magoh-overexpressing cell line and clones, designated here as HEK-MAGO, were developed for the first time. These cells exhibited improved characteristics in protein expression, reaching -two- to threefold increases in rhEPO protein production in comparison with the wild-type cells. Moreover, this effect was promoter independent highlighting the versatility of this expression platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo F Mufarrege
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Edificio FBCB - Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Cell Culture Laboratory, Edificio FBCB, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Evangelina L Benizio
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Edificio FBCB, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Claudio C Prieto
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Edificio FBCB, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Fabricio Chiappini
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Edificio FBCB, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | | | - Marina Etcheverrigaray
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Edificio FBCB - Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Cell Culture Laboratory, Edificio FBCB, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ricardo B Kratje
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Edificio FBCB - Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Cell Culture Laboratory, Edificio FBCB, Ciudad Universitaria UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina
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24
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Multiplex secretome engineering enhances recombinant protein production and purity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1908. [PMID: 32313013 PMCID: PMC7170862 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15866-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Host cell proteins (HCPs) are process-related impurities generated during biotherapeutic protein production. HCPs can be problematic if they pose a significant metabolic demand, degrade product quality, or contaminate the final product. Here, we present an effort to create a "clean" Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell by disrupting multiple genes to eliminate HCPs. Using a model of CHO cell protein secretion, we predict that the elimination of unnecessary HCPs could have a non-negligible impact on protein production. We analyze the HCP content of 6-protein, 11-protein, and 14-protein knockout clones. These cell lines exhibit a substantial reduction in total HCP content (40%-70%). We also observe higher productivity and improved growth characteristics in specific clones. The reduced HCP content facilitates purification of a monoclonal antibody. Thus, substantial improvements can be made in protein titer and purity through large-scale HCP deletion, providing an avenue to increased quality and affordability of high-value biopharmaceuticals.
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25
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Henry MN, MacDonald MA, Orellana CA, Gray PP, Gillard M, Baker K, Nielsen LK, Marcellin E, Mahler S, Martínez VS. Attenuating apoptosis in Chinese hamster ovary cells for improved biopharmaceutical production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1187-1203. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N. Henry
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Michael A. MacDonald
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Camila A. Orellana
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Peter P. Gray
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Marianne Gillard
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Kym Baker
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Patheon Biologics—A Part of Thermo Fisher Scientific Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Lars K. Nielsen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Metabolomics Australia The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Esteban Marcellin
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Metabolomics Australia The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Stephen Mahler
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Verónica S. Martínez
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
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26
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Hao D, Deng F, Shi H, Wang H, Xiao F, Sun C, Xu Y, Li P. In vivo inhibitory effect of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid combined with sorafenib on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902019000318254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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27
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Chandrasekar AP, Cummins NW, Badley AD. The Role of the BCL-2 Family of Proteins in HIV-1 Pathogenesis and Persistence. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 33:e00107-19. [PMID: 31666279 PMCID: PMC6822993 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00107-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in HIV-1 therapy have transformed the once fatal infection into a manageable, chronic condition, yet the search for a widely applicable approach to cure remains elusive. The ineffectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in reducing the size of the HIV-1 latent reservoir has prompted investigation into the mechanisms of HIV-1 latency and immune escape. One of the major regulators of apoptosis, the BCL-2 protein, alongside its homologous family members, is a major target of HIV-1-induced change. Recent studies have now demonstrated the association of this protein with cells that support proviral forms in the setting of latency and have helped identify BCL-2 as a novel and promising therapeutic target for HIV-1 therapy directed at possible cure. This review aims to systematically review the interactions of HIV-1 with BCL-2 and its homologs and to examine the possibility of using BCL-2 inhibitors in the study and elimination of the latent reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan W Cummins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew D Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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28
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Schweickert PG, Cheng Z. Application of Genetic Engineering in Biotherapeutics Development. J Pharm Innov 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-019-09411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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29
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Arena TA, Chou B, Harms PD, Wong AW. An anti-apoptotic HEK293 cell line provides a robust and high titer platform for transient protein expression in bioreactors. MAbs 2019; 11:977-986. [PMID: 30907238 PMCID: PMC6601552 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1598230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
HEK293 transient expression systems are used to quickly generate proteins for research and pre-clinical studies. With the aim of engineering a high-producing host that grows and transfects robustly in bioreactors, we deleted the pro-apoptotic genes Bax and Bak in an HEK293 cell line. The HEK293 Bax Bak double knock-out (HEK293 DKO) cell line exhibited resistance to apoptosis and shear stress. HEK293 DKO cells sourced from 2 L seed train bioreactors were most productive when a pH setpoint of 7.0, a narrow pH deadband of ±0.03, and a DO setpoint of 30% were used. HEK293 DKO seed train cells cultivated for up to 60 days in a 35 L bioreactor showed similar productivities to cells cultivated in shake flasks. To optimize HEK293 DKO transfection cultures, we first evaluated different pH and agitation parameters in ambr15 microbioreactors before scaling up to 10 L wavebag bioreactors. In ambr15 microbioreactors with a pH setpoint of 7.0, a wide pH deadband of ±0.3, and an agitation of 630 rpm, HEK293 DKO transient cultures yielded antibody titers up to 650 mg/L in 7 days. The optimal ambr15 conditions prompted us to operate the 10 L wavebag transfection without direct pH control to mimic the wide pH deadband ranges. The HEK293 DKO transfection process produces high titers at all scales tested. Combined, our optimized HEK293 DKO 35 L bioreactor seed train and 10 L high titer transient processes support efficient, large-scale recombinant protein production for research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tia A Arena
- Department of Cell Culture, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bernice Chou
- Department of Cell Culture, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter D. Harms
- Department of Cell Culture, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Athena W. Wong
- Department of Cell Culture, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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30
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Grilo AL, Mantalaris A. Apoptosis: A mammalian cell bioprocessing perspective. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:459-475. [PMID: 30797096 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed and controlled cell death that accounts for the majority of cellular death in bioprocesses. Cell death affects culture longevity and product quality; it is instigated by several stresses experienced by the cells within a bioreactor. Understanding the factors that cause apoptosis as well as developing strategies that can protect cells is crucial for robust bioprocess development. This review aims to a) address apoptosis from a bioprocess perspective; b) describe the significant apoptotic mechanisms linking them to the most relevant stresses encountered in bioreactors; c) discuss the design of operating conditions in order to avoid cell death; d) focus on industrially relevant cell lines; and e) present anti-apoptosis strategies including cell engineering and model-based optimization of bioprocesses. In addition, the importance of apoptosis in quality-by-design bioprocess development from clone screening to production scale are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio L Grilo
- Biological Systems Engineering Laboratory, Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Athanasios Mantalaris
- Biological Systems Engineering Laboratory, Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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31
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Xiong K, Marquart KF, la Cour Karottki KJ, Li S, Shamie I, Lee JS, Gerling S, Yeo NC, Chavez A, Lee GM, Lewis NE, Kildegaard HF. Reduced apoptosis in Chinese hamster ovary cells via optimized CRISPR interference. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1813-1819. [PMID: 30883679 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are widely used for biopharmaceutical protein production. One challenge limiting CHO cell productivity is apoptosis stemming from cellular stress during protein production. Here we applied CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) to downregulate the endogenous expression of apoptotic genes Bak, Bax, and Casp3 in CHO cells. In addition to reduced apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane integrity was improved and the caspase activity was reduced. Moreover, we optimized the CRISPRi system to enhance the gene repression efficiency in CHO cells by testing different repressor fusion types. An improved Cas9 repressor has been identified by applying C-terminal fusion of a bipartite repressor domain, KRAB-MeCP2, to nuclease-deficient Cas9. These results collectively demonstrate that CHO cells can be rescued from cell apoptosis by targeted gene repression using the CRISPRi system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xiong
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Kim Fabiano Marquart
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | | | - Shangzhong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Isaac Shamie
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Jae Seong Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Signe Gerling
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Nan Cher Yeo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Precision Medicine Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Alejandro Chavez
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.,Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, University of California, San Diego, California
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32
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Chakrabarti L, Zhuang L, Roy G, Bowen MA, Dall’Acqua WF, Hawley‐Nelson P, Marelli M. Amber suppression coupled with inducible surface display identifies cells with high recombinant protein productivity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:793-804. [PMID: 30536645 PMCID: PMC6590230 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell line development (CLD) for biotherapeutics is a time- and resource-intensive process requiring the isolation and screening of large numbers of clones to identify high producers. Novel methods aimed at enhancing cell line screening efficiency using markers predictive of productivity early in the CLD process are needed to reliably generate high-yielding cell lines. To enable efficient and selective isolation of antibody expressing Chinese hamster ovary cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, we developed a strategy for the expression of antibodies containing a switchable membrane-associated domain to anchor an antibody to the membrane of the expressing cell. The switchable nature of the membrane domain is governed by the function of an orthogonal aminoacyl transfer RNA synthetase/tRNApyl pair, which directs a nonnatural amino acid (nnAA) to an amber codon encoded between the antibody and the membrane anchor. The process is "switchable" in response to nnAA in the medium, enabling a rapid transition between the surface display and secretion. We demonstrate that the level of cell surface display correlates with productivity and provides a method for enriching phenotypically stable high-producer cells. The strategy provides a means for selecting high-producing cells with potential applications to multiple biotherapeutic protein formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Chakrabarti
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Science, MedImmuneGaithersburgMaryland
| | - Li Zhuang
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmuneGaithersburgMaryland
| | - Gargi Roy
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmuneGaithersburgMaryland
| | - Michael A. Bowen
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmuneGaithersburgMaryland
| | | | - Pam Hawley‐Nelson
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Science, MedImmuneGaithersburgMaryland
| | - Marcello Marelli
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmuneGaithersburgMaryland
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33
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Hong JK, Lakshmanan M, Goudar C, Lee DY. Towards next generation CHO cell line development and engineering by systems approaches. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Lee JG, Sung YH, Baek IJ. Generation of genetically-engineered animals using engineered endonucleases. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:885-897. [PMID: 29777358 PMCID: PMC6153862 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The key to successful drug discovery and development is to find the most suitable animal model of human diseases for the preclinical studies. The recent emergence of engineered endonucleases is allowing for efficient and precise genome editing, which can be used to develop potentially useful animal models for human diseases. In particular, zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat systems are revolutionizing the generation of diverse genetically-engineered experimental animals including mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, pigs, and even non-human primates that are commonly used for preclinical studies of the drug discovery. Here, we describe recent advances in engineered endonucleases and their application in various laboratory animals. We also discuss the importance of genome editing in animal models for more closely mimicking human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Geol Lee
- ConveRgence mEDIcine research cenTer (CREDIT), Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Sung
- ConveRgence mEDIcine research cenTer (CREDIT), Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Convergence Medicine, ConveRgence mEDIcine research cenTer (CREDIT), Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-Jeoung Baek
- ConveRgence mEDIcine research cenTer (CREDIT), Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Convergence Medicine, ConveRgence mEDIcine research cenTer (CREDIT), Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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35
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Wang W, Zheng W, Hu F, He X, Wu D, Zhang W, Liu H, Ma X. Enhanced Biosynthesis Performance of Heterologous Proteins in CHO-K1 Cells Using CRISPR-Cas9. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:1259-1268. [PMID: 29683658 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the famous expression system for industrial production of recombinant proteins, such as therapeutic antibodies. However, there still remain bottlenecks in protein quality and weakness in expression efficiency because of the intrinsic genetic properties of the cell. Here we have enhanced biosynthesis performance of heterologous proteins in CHO-K1 cells using CRISPR-Cas9 by editing the genome precisely with two genes for improving ER microenvironment and reinforcing antiapoptotic ability. A linear donor plasmid harboring eGFP-HsQSOX1b and Survivin genes was knocked in specific locus in CHO-K1 genome by the CRISPR-Cas9 RNA guided nucleases via NHEJ with efficiencies of up to 3.85% in the CHO-K1 cell pools following FACS, and the hQSOX1 and hSurvivin genes were integrated into expected genome locus successfully. Compared with control, the antiapoptotic viability of edited CHO-K1 cells was increased by 6.40 times, and the yield has been raised by 5.55 times with GLuc as model protein. The possible molecular mechanisms and pathways of remarkable antiapoptotic ability and protein biosynthesis in modified CHO-K1 cells have been elucidated reasonably. In conclusion, the novel ideas and reliable techniques for obtaining foreign proteins more efficiently in engineered animal cells were very valuable to meet large clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Wenyun Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Fengzhi Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Xiujuan He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Dong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Wenliang Zhang
- Center of Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27310, United States
| | - Haipeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Xingyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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36
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Zhang W, Xiao D, Shan L, Zhao J, Mao Q, Xia H. Generation of apoptosis-resistant HEK293 cells with CRISPR/Cas mediated quadruple gene knockout for improved protein and virus production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:2539-2549. [PMID: 28710851 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis has important functions during pathophysiologic processes. However, from a biopharmaceutical point of view, active apoptosis of host cells is undesirable during viral packaging or protein expression, because it decreases the efficiency of viral or protein production. Here we used the CRISPR/Cas technique to knock out four pro-apoptotic genes, Caspase3, Caspase6, Caspase7 and AIF1, in HEK293 cells, and successfully produced an apoptosis-resistant cell line. Furthermore, this cell line showed higher expression levels of pro-apoptotic proteins and higher packaging efficiency for the virus carrying these proteins than control HEK293 cells. This study not only produced an apoptosis-resistant cell line that is useful in producing apoptosis-inducing proteins or viruses expressing these proteins, but also provides a methodology to build other apoptosis-resistant cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Gene Therapy, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Dan Xiao
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Linlin Shan
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Gene Therapy, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Junli Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Gene Therapy, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Qinwen Mao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Haibin Xia
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Gene Therapy, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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37
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Brown AJ, Kalsi D, Fernandez-Martell A, Cartwright J, Barber NOW, Patel YD, Turner R, Bryant CL, Johari YB, James DC. Expression Systems for Recombinant Biopharmaceutical Production by Mammalian Cells in Culture. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527699124.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Brown
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Devika Kalsi
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | | | - Joe Cartwright
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Nicholas O. W. Barber
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Yash D. Patel
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | | | - Claire L. Bryant
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Yusuf B. Johari
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - David C. James
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
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38
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Gupta SK, Shukla P. Sophisticated Cloning, Fermentation, and Purification Technologies for an Enhanced Therapeutic Protein Production: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:419. [PMID: 28725194 PMCID: PMC5495827 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein productions strategies are crucial towards the development of application based research and elucidating the novel purification strategies for industrial production. Currently, there are few innovative avenues are studies for cloning, upstream, and purification through efficient bioprocess development. Such strategies are beneficial for industries as well as proven to be vital for effectual therapeutic protein development. Though, these techniques are well documented, but, there is scope of addition to current knowledge with novel and new approaches and it will pave new avenues in production of recombinant microbial and non-microbial proteins including secondary metabolites. In this review, we have focussed on the recent development in clone selection, various modern fermentation and purification technologies and future directions in these emerging areas. Moreover, we have also highlighted notable perspectives and challenges involved in the bioengineering of such proteins, including quality by design, gene editing and pioneering ideas. The biopharmaceutical industries continue to shift towards more flexible, automated platforms and economical product development, which in turn can help in developing the cost effective processes and affordable drug development for a large community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev K Gupta
- Advanced Biotech Lab, Ipca Laboratories Ltd.,Mumbai, India.,Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand UniversityRohtak, India
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand UniversityRohtak, India
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39
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Lalonde ME, Durocher Y. Therapeutic glycoprotein production in mammalian cells. J Biotechnol 2017; 251:128-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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Abstract
Improving the time integral of viable cell concentration by overcoming cell death, namely apoptosis, is one of the widely used strategies for efficient production of therapeutic proteins. By establishing stable cell lines that overexpress anti-apoptotic genes or down-regulate pro-apoptotic genes, the final product yields can be enhanced as cells become more resistance to environmental stresses. From the selection of high-expressing clones to verification of anti-apoptotic activity, the method to construct a stable anti-apoptotic cell line is discussed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Baek
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Min Noh
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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41
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Wells E, Robinson AS. Cellular engineering for therapeutic protein production: product quality, host modification, and process improvement. Biotechnol J 2016; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan Wells
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Tulane University; New Orleans USA
| | - Anne Skaja Robinson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Tulane University; New Orleans USA
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pfizenmaier
- University of Stuttgart; Institute of Biochemical Engineering; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Ralf Takors
- University of Stuttgart; Institute of Biochemical Engineering; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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43
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Golabgir A, Gutierrez JM, Hefzi H, Li S, Palsson BO, Herwig C, Lewis NE. Quantitative feature extraction from the Chinese hamster ovary bioprocess bibliome using a novel meta-analysis workflow. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:621-633. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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44
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Abstract
Gene editing with all its own advantages in molecular biology applications has made easy manipulation of various production hosts with the discovery and implementation of modern gene editing tools such as Crispr (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats), TALENs (Transcription activator-like effector nucleases) and ZFNs (Zinc finger nucleases). With the advent of these modern tools, it is now possible to manipulate the genome of industrial production hosts such as yeast and mammalian cells which allows developing a potential and cost effective recombinant therapeutic protein. These tools also allow single editing to multiple genes for knocking-in or knocking-out of a host genome quickly in an efficient manner. A recent study on "multiplexed" gene editing revolutionized the knock-out and knock-in events of yeast and CHO, mammalian cells genome for metabolic engineering as well as high, stable, and consistent expression of a transgene encoding complex therapeutic protein such as monoclonal antibody. The gene of interest can either be integrated or deleted at single or multiple loci depending on the strategy and production requirement. This review will give a gist of all the modern tools with a brief description and advances in genetic manipulation using three major tools being implemented for the modification of such hosts with the emphasis on the use of Crispr-Cas9 for the "multiplexing gene-editing approach" for genetic manipulation of yeast and CHO mammalian hosts that ultimately leads to a fast track product development with consistent, improved product yield, quality, and thus affordability for a population at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev K Gupta
- a Department of Microbiology, Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory , Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak , Haryana , India.,b Advanced Biotech Lab (Centre for Research & Development), Ipca Laboratories Ltd , Kandivli, Mumbai , Maharashtra , India
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- a Department of Microbiology, Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory , Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak , Haryana , India
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45
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Chugunova AA, Dontsova OA, Sergiev PV. Methods of genome engineering: a new era of molecular biology. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 81:662-77. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916070038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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46
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Improving expression of recombinant human IGF-1 using IGF-1R knockout CHO cell lines. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:1094-101. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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The art of CHO cell engineering: A comprehensive retrospect and future perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1878-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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High zinc ion supplementation of more than 30 μM can increase monoclonal antibody production in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary DG44 cell culture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:2163-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Lee JS, Grav LM, Lewis NE, Faustrup Kildegaard H. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome engineering of CHO cell factories: Application and perspectives. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:979-94. [PMID: 26058577 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most widely used production host for therapeutic proteins. With the recent emergence of CHO genome sequences, CHO cell line engineering has taken on a new aspect through targeted genome editing. The bacterial clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system enables rapid, easy and efficient engineering of mammalian genomes. It has a wide range of applications from modification of individual genes to genome-wide screening or regulation of genes. Facile genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9 empowers researchers in the CHO community to elucidate the mechanistic basis behind high level production of proteins and product quality attributes of interest. In this review, we describe the basis of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing and its application for development of next generation CHO cell factories while highlighting both future perspectives and challenges. As one of the main drivers for the CHO systems biology era, genome engineering with CRISPR/Cas9 will pave the way for rational design of CHO cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Seong Lee
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Lise Marie Grav
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Helene Faustrup Kildegaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark.
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Chin CL, Chin HK, Chin CSH, Lai ET, Ng SK. Engineering selection stringency on expression vector for the production of recombinant human alpha1-antitrypsin using Chinese Hamster ovary cells. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:44. [PMID: 26033090 PMCID: PMC4450478 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Expression vector engineering technology is one of the most convenient and timely method for cell line development to meet the rising demand of novel production cell line with high productivity. Destabilization of dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) selection marker by addition of AU-rich elements and murine ornithine decarboxylase PEST region was previously shown to improve the specific productivities of recombinant human interferon gamma in CHO-DG44 cells. In this study, we evaluated novel combinations of engineered motifs for further selection marker attenuation to improve recombinant human alpha-1-antitrypsin (rhA1AT) production. Motifs tested include tandem PEST elements to promote protein degradation, internal ribosome entry site (IRES) mutations to impede translation initiation, and codon-deoptimized dhfr selection marker to reduce translation efficiency. Results After a 2-step methotrexate (MTX) amplification to 50 nM that took less than 3 months, the expression vector with IRES point mutation and dhfr-PEST gave a maximum titer of 1.05 g/l with the top producer cell pool. Further MTX amplification to 300 nM MTX gave a maximum titer of 1.15 g/l. Relative transcript copy numbers and dhfr protein expression in the cell pools were also analysed to demonstrate that the transcription of rhA1AT and dhfr genes were correlated due to the IRES linkage, and that the strategies of further attenuating dhfr protein expression with the use of a mutated IRES and tandem PEST, but not codon deoptimization, were effective in reducing dhfr protein levels in suspension serum free culture. Conclusions Novel combinations of engineered motifs for further selection marker attenuation were studied to result in the highest reported recombinant protein titer to our knowledge in shake flask batch culture of stable mammalian cell pools at 1.15 g/l, highlighting applicability of expression vector optimization in generating high producing stable cells essential for recombinant protein therapeutics production. Our results also suggest that codon usage of the selection marker should be considered for applications that may involve gene amplification and serum free suspension culture, since the overall codon usage and thus the general expression and regulation of host cell proteins may be affected in the surviving cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-015-0145-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lin Chin
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Hing Kah Chin
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Cara Sze Hui Chin
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Ethan Tingfeng Lai
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Say Kong Ng
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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