1
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Leong J, Tang WQ, Chng J, Ler WX, Manan NA, Sim LC, Zheng ZY, Zhang W, Walsh I, Zijlstra G, Pennings M, Ng SK. Biomass specific perfusion rate as a control lever for the continuous manufacturing of biosimilar monoclonal antibodies from CHO cell cultures. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2400092. [PMID: 38987222 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202400092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Continuous manufacturing enables high volumetric productivities of biologics such as monoclonal antibodies. However, it is challenging to maintain both high viable cell densities and productivities at the same time for long culture durations. One of the key controls in a perfusion process is the perfusion rate which determines the nutrient availability and potentially controls the cell metabolism. Cell Specific Perfusion Rate (CSPR) is a feed rate proportional to the viable cell density while Biomass Specific Perfusion Rate (BSPR) is a feed rate proportional to the biomass (cell volume multiply by cell density). In this study, perfusion cultures were run at three BSPRs in the production phase. Low BSPR favored a growth arresting state that led to gradual increase in cell volume, which in turn led to an increase in net perfusion rate proportional to the increase in cell volume. Consequently, at low BSPR, while the cell viability and cell density decreased, high specific productivity of 55 pg per cell per day was achieved. In contrast, the specific productivity was lower in bioreactors operating at a high BSPR. The ability to modulate the cell metabolism by using BSPR was confirmed when the specific productivity increased after lowering the BSPR in one of the bioreactors that was initially operating at a high BSPR. This study demonstrated that BSPR significantly influenced cell growth, metabolism, and productivity in cultures with variable cell volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Leong
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wen Qin Tang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jake Chng
- BiosanaProcess Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wei Xuan Ler
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | | | - Lyn Chiin Sim
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zi Ying Zheng
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wei Zhang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ian Walsh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Gerben Zijlstra
- Sartorius Stedim Netherlands B.V., Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Say Kong Ng
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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2
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Okamura K, Badr S, Ichida Y, Yamada A, Sugiyama H. Modeling of cell cultivation for monoclonal antibody production processes considering lactate metabolic shifts. Biotechnol Prog 2024:e3486. [PMID: 38924316 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Demand for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is rapidly increasing. To achieve higher productivity, there have been improvements to cell lines, operating modes, media, and cultivation conditions. Representative mathematical models are needed to narrow down the growing number of process alternatives. Previous studies have proposed mechanistic models to depict cell metabolic shifts (e.g., lactate production to consumption). However, the impacts of variations of some operating conditions have not yet been fully incorporated in such models. This paper offers a new mechanistic model considering variations in dissolved oxygen and glutamine depletion on cell metabolism applied to a novel Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line. Expressions for the specific rates of lactate production, glutamine consumption, and mAb production were formulated for stirred and shaken-tank reactors. A deeper understanding of lactate metabolic shifts was obtained under different combinations of experimental conditions. Lactate consumption was more pronounced in conditions with higher DO and low glutamine concentrations. The model offers mechanistic insights that are useful for designing advanced operation strategies. It can be used in design space generation and process optimization for better productivity and product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozue Okamura
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sara Badr
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ichida
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Yamada
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Sugiyama
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Bokelmann C, Ehsani A, Schaub J, Stiefel F. Deciphering Metabolic Pathways in High-Seeding-Density Fed-Batch Processes for Monoclonal Antibody Production: A Computational Modeling Perspective. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:331. [PMID: 38671753 PMCID: PMC11048072 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11040331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to their high specificity, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have garnered significant attention in recent decades, with advancements in production processes, such as high-seeding-density (HSD) strategies, contributing to improved titers. This study provides a thorough investigation of high seeding processes for mAb production in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, focused on identifying significant metabolites and their interactions. We observed high glycolytic fluxes, the depletion of asparagine, and a shift from lactate production to consumption. Using a metabolic network and flux analysis, we compared the standard fed-batch (STD FB) with HSD cultivations, exploring supplementary lactate and cysteine, and a bolus medium enriched with amino acids. We reconstructed a metabolic network and kinetic models based on the observations and explored the effects of different feeding strategies on CHO cell metabolism. Our findings revealed that the addition of a bolus medium (BM) containing asparagine improved final titers. However, increasing the asparagine concentration in the feed further prevented the lactate shift, indicating a need to find a balance between increased asparagine to counteract limitations and lower asparagine to preserve the shift in lactate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Bokelmann
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alireza Ehsani
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Launch & Innovation, 88400 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Jochen Schaub
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Development Biologicals Germany, 88400 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Fabian Stiefel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Development Sciences Germany, 88400 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
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4
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Ge C, Selvaganapathy PR, Geng F. Advancing our understanding of bioreactors for industrial-sized cell culture: health care and cellular agriculture implications. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C580-C591. [PMID: 37486066 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00408.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Bioreactors are advanced biomanufacturing tools that have been widely used to develop various applications in the fields of health care and cellular agriculture. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of bioreactors to enhance the efficiency and scalability of these technologies. In cell therapy, bioreactors have been used to expand and differentiate cells into specialized cell types that can be used for transplantation or tissue regeneration. In cultured meat production, bioreactors offer a controlled and efficient means of producing meat without the need for animal farming. Bioreactors can support the growth of muscle cells by providing the necessary conditions for cell proliferation, differentiation, and maturation, including the provision of oxygen and nutrients. This review article aims to provide an overview of the current state of bioreactor technology in both cell therapy and cultured meat production. It will examine the various bioreactor types and their applications in these fields, highlighting their advantages and limitations. In addition, it will explore the future prospects and challenges of bioreactor technology in these emerging fields. Overall, this review will provide valuable insights for researchers and practitioners interested in using bioreactor technology to develop innovative solutions in the biomanufacturing of therapeutic cells and cultured meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ge
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Fei Geng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- W Booth School of Engineering Practice and Technology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Naik HM, Kumar S, Reddy JV, Gonzalez JE, McConnell BO, Dhara VG, Wang T, Yu M, Antoniewicz MR, Betenbaugh MJ. Chemical inhibitors of hexokinase-2 enzyme reduce lactate accumulation, alter glycosylation processing, and produce altered glycoforms in CHO cell cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:2559-2577. [PMID: 37148536 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, predominant hosts for recombinant biotherapeutics production, generate lactate as a major glycolysis by-product. High lactate levels adversely impact cell growth and productivity. The goal of this study was to reduce lactate in CHO cell cultures by adding chemical inhibitors to hexokinase-2 (HK2), the enzyme catalyzing the conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate, and examine their impact on lactate accumulation, cell growth, protein titers, and N-glycosylation. Five inhibitors of HK2 enzyme at different concentrations were evaluated, of which 2-deoxy- d-glucose (2DG) and 5-thio- d-glucose (5TG) successfully reduced lactate accumulation with only limited impacts on CHO cell growth. Individual 2DG and 5TG supplementation led to a 35%-45% decrease in peak lactate, while their combined supplementation resulted in a 60% decrease in peak lactate. Inhibitor supplementation led to at least 50% decrease in moles of lactate produced per mol of glucose consumed. Recombinant EPO-Fc titers peaked earlier relative to the end of culture duration in supplemented cultures leading to at least 11% and as high as 32% increase in final EPO-Fc titers. Asparagine, pyruvate, and serine consumption rates also increased in the exponential growth phase in 2DG and 5TG treated cultures, thus, rewiring central carbon metabolism due to low glycolytic fluxes. N-glycan analysis of EPO-Fc revealed an increase in high mannose glycans from 5% in control cultures to 25% and 37% in 2DG and 5TG-supplemented cultures, respectively. Inhibitor supplementation also led to a decrease in bi-, tri-, and tetra-antennary structures and up to 50% lower EPO-Fc sialylation. Interestingly, addition of 2DG led to the incorporation of 2-deoxy-hexose (2DH) on EPO-Fc N-glycans and addition of 5TG resulted in the first-ever observed N-glycan incorporation of 5-thio-hexose (5TH). Six percent to 23% of N-glycans included 5TH moieties, most likely 5-thio-mannose and/or 5-thio-galactose and/or possibly 5-thio-N-acetylglucosamine, and 14%-33% of N-glycans included 2DH moieties, most likely 2-deoxy-mannose and/or 2-deoxy-galactose, for cultures treated with different concentrations of 5TG and 2DG, respectively. Our study is the first to evaluate the impact of these glucose analogs on CHO cell growth, protein production, cell metabolism, N-glycosylation processing, and formation of alternative glycoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harnish Mukesh Naik
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Swetha Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jayanth Venkatarama Reddy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Brian O McConnell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Metabolic Engineering and Systems Biology Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Venkata Gayatri Dhara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tiexin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marcella Yu
- Process Science Cell Culture, Boehringer Ingelheim Fremont, Inc., Fremont, California, USA
- currently at Upstream Process Development, Sutro Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Maciek R Antoniewicz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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6
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Chitwood DG, Uy L, Fu W, Klaubert SR, Harcum SW, Saski CA. Dynamics of Amino Acid Metabolism, Gene Expression, and Circulomics in a Recombinant Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Line Adapted to Moderate and High Levels of Extracellular Lactate. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1576. [PMID: 37628627 PMCID: PMC10454118 DOI: 10.3390/genes14081576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of metabolic wastes in cell cultures can diminish product quality, reduce productivity, and trigger apoptosis. The limitation or removal of unintended waste products from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures has been attempted through multiple process and genetic engineering avenues with varied levels of success. One study demonstrated a simple method to reduce lactate and ammonia production in CHO cells with adaptation to extracellular lactate; however, the mechanism behind adaptation was not certain. To address this profound gap, this study characterizes the phenotype of a recombinant CHO K-1 cell line that was gradually adapted to moderate and high levels of extracellular lactate and examines the genomic content and role of extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) and gene expression on the adaptation process. More than 500 genes were observed on eccDNAs. Notably, more than 1000 genes were observed to be differentially expressed at different levels of lactate adaptation, while only 137 genes were found to be differentially expressed between unadapted cells and cells adapted to grow in high levels of lactate; this suggests stochastic switching as a potential stress adaptation mechanism in CHO cells. Further, these data suggest alanine biosynthesis as a potential stress-mitigation mechanism for excess lactate in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G. Chitwood
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (D.G.C.); (L.U.); (S.W.H.)
| | - Lisa Uy
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (D.G.C.); (L.U.); (S.W.H.)
| | - Wanfang Fu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
| | - Stephanie R. Klaubert
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
| | - Sarah W. Harcum
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (D.G.C.); (L.U.); (S.W.H.)
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
| | - Christopher A. Saski
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
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7
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Forte T, Grinnell C, Zhang A, Polilli B, Leshinski J, Khattak S. Methods for identifying precipitates and improving stability of chemically defined highly concentrated cell culture media. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3345. [PMID: 37062873 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Currently, within the biopharmaceutical industry, media development is a key area of development as the ratios and concentrations of media components such as amino acids, metals, vitamins, sugars, salts, and buffering agents play arguably the largest role in cellular productivity and product quality. However, optimizing media for these targets often conflicts with solubility limitations and slow-rate chemical reactions that result in precipitation formation. Here we present methods such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), colorimetry, and turbidity to identify multiple likely components of a complex precipitate that was observed in preparations of a custom nutrient feed medium across all storage conditions evaluated. Using these analytical methods, as well as adjustments to the formulation pH, increasing the pyruvate concentration, and removing sodium bicarbonate, we were able to extend the media shelf life from approximately 10 days to over 28 days. Alternatively, copper, selenium, and magnesium sources were removed from the media and no precipitation was observed until 32 days after prep, pointing to key metals as the probable root cause of precipitation. By analytically quantifying the precipitate using the methods above, instead of visual inspection, which is the current industry standard for media precipitation observation, we were better able to compare conditions to one another and relate them to the onset of precipitation. Cell culture performance and product quality remained comparable to the historical process despite the media formulation changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Forte
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - An Zhang
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian Polilli
- API Proteins, Janssen R&D, Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Sarwat Khattak
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Krumm TL, Ehsani A, Schaub J, Stiefel F. An Investigation into the Metabolic Differences between Conventional and High Seeding Density Fed-Batch Cell Cultures by Applying a Segmented Modeling Approach. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11041094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The conventional fed-batch process characterized by a low titer currently challenges pharmaceutical development. Process optimization by applying a perfusion process in the pre-stage and subsequent production phase at a high seeding density (HSD) can meet this challenge. In this study, we employed a simplified approach based on measured experiments, namely segmented modeling, to systematically analyze an HSD fed-batch process compared to a standard process. A comparison indicated that the metabolic phases of HSD processes are not only shifted in time, but metabolite trends show an altered metabolism. In an extended study, we integrated the intracellular fluxes determined by a metabolic flux analysis into the segmented modeling approach. Compared to using only extracellular rates, similar phases are identified, and this highlights the reliability of phase identification modeling using extracellular rates only. Furthermore, the segmented linear regression approach is used to create a model that describes cellular behavior and that can be used to predict potential improvements in the feeding strategy and in harvest viability. Here, overfeeding was eliminated and a significantly higher titer was achieved. This work provides insights into the overall metabolic changes in the HSD process and paves the way towards the optimization of the feeding regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Laura Krumm
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Development Biologicals Germany, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, D-88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Alireza Ehsani
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Biopharmaceuticals Germany, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, D-88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Jochen Schaub
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Development Biologicals Germany, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, D-88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Fabian Stiefel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Development Biologicals Germany, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, D-88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
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9
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Rapid Identification of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Apoptosis and Its Potential Role in Process Robustness Assessment. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10030357. [PMID: 36978748 PMCID: PMC10045091 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10030357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the assessment of process robustness is often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and material-intensive using process characterization studies. Therefore, a simple and time-saving method is highly needed for the biopharmaceutical industry. Apoptosis is responsible for 80% of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell deaths and affects the robustness of the cell culture process. This study’s results showed that a more robust process can support cells to tolerate apoptosis for a longer time, suggesting that the robustness of the process could be judged by the ability of cells to resist apoptosis. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a rapid method to detect the apoptosis of CHO cells. In trying to establish a new method for detecting apoptosis in large-scale cell cultures, glucose withdrawal was studied, and the results showed that CHO cells began to apoptose after glucose was consumed. Then, the concentration of extracellular potassium increased, and a prolongation of apoptosis time was observed. Further study results showed that the process with poor robustness was associated with a higher proportion of apoptosis and extracellular potassium concentration, so potassium could be used as a biochemical index of apoptosis. The strategy we present may be used to expedite the assessment of process robustness to obtain a robust cell culture process for other biologics.
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10
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Toporova VA, Argentova VV, Aliev TK, Panina AA, Dolgikh DA, Kirpichnikov MP. Optimization of recombinant antibody production based on the vector design and the level of metabolites for generation of Ig- producing stable cell lines. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:23. [PMID: 36811683 PMCID: PMC9947203 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00474-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biopharmaceutical industry is significantly growing worldwide, and the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are used as a main expression host for the production of recombinant monoclonal antibodies. Various metabolic engineering approaches have been investigated to generate cell lines with improved metabolic characteristics for increasing longevity and mAb production. A novel cell culture method based on the 2-stage selection makes it possible to develop a stable cell line with high-quality mAb production. RESULTS We have constructed several design options of mammalian expression vectors for the high production of recombinant human IgG antibodies. Versions for bipromoter and bicistronic expression plasmids different in promoter orientation and cistron arrangements were generated. The aim of the work presented here was to assess a high-throughput mAb production system that integrates the advantages of high-efficiency cloning and stable cell clones to stage strategy selection reducing the time and effort required to express therapeutic monoclonal mAbs. Development of a stable cell line using bicistronic construct with EMCV IRES-long link gave an advantage in high mAb expression and long-term stability. Two-stage selection strategies allowed the elimination of low-producer clones by using metabolic level intensity to estimate the IgG production in the early steps of selection. The practical application of the new method allows to reduce time and costs during stable cell line development.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. A. Toporova
- grid.418853.30000 0004 0440 1573Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya ul. 16/10, GSP-7, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - V. V. Argentova
- grid.14476.300000 0001 2342 9668Department of Bioengineering, Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory 1-12, Moscow, 119234 Russia
| | - T. K. Aliev
- grid.14476.300000 0001 2342 9668Department of Chemical Enzymology, School of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory 1–3, Moscow, 119234 Russia
| | - A. A. Panina
- grid.418853.30000 0004 0440 1573Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya ul. 16/10, GSP-7, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - D. A. Dolgikh
- grid.418853.30000 0004 0440 1573Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya ul. 16/10, GSP-7, Moscow, 117997 Russia ,grid.14476.300000 0001 2342 9668Department of Bioengineering, Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory 1-12, Moscow, 119234 Russia
| | - M. P. Kirpichnikov
- grid.418853.30000 0004 0440 1573Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya ul. 16/10, GSP-7, Moscow, 117997 Russia ,grid.14476.300000 0001 2342 9668Department of Bioengineering, Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory 1-12, Moscow, 119234 Russia
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11
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Helfer A, Gros S, Kolwyck D, Karst DJ. Tuning metabolic efficiency for increased product yield in high titer fed-batch Chinese hamster ovary cell culture. Biotechnol Prog 2023:e3327. [PMID: 36700684 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
High demand in manufactured biologics drives the continued need for increased productivity. In this study elevated lactate metabolization resulted in improved metabolic efficiency and cellular productivity for a readily intensified high titer fed-batch process. Scheduled base or lactate feeds during the stationary growth phase led to increased titers (+9% and +8% respectively) without impacting the overall growth performance. The higher lactate consumption induced by either feed strategy substituted for glutamate catabolism and consequently reduced ammonia build-up. Direct correlation between increased titers and reduced ammonia levels was shown. Product quality attributes were impacted by both feeding strategies but could be matched with the control process by shortening the cell culture duration while maintaining titer constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apolline Helfer
- Process Sciences, Global Manufacturing Sciences, Biogen International GmbH, Luterbach, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Gros
- Process Sciences, Global Manufacturing Sciences, Biogen International GmbH, Luterbach, Switzerland
| | - Dave Kolwyck
- Process Sciences, Global Manufacturing Sciences, Biogen International GmbH, Luterbach, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J Karst
- Process Sciences, Global Manufacturing Sciences, Biogen International GmbH, Luterbach, Switzerland
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12
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Chitwood DG, Wang Q, Klaubert SR, Green K, Wu CH, Harcum SW, Saski CA. Microevolutionary dynamics of eccDNA in Chinese hamster ovary cells grown in fed-batch cultures under control and lactate-stressed conditions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1200. [PMID: 36681715 PMCID: PMC9862248 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines are widely used to manufacture biopharmaceuticals. However, CHO cells are not an optimal expression host due to the intrinsic plasticity of the CHO genome. Genome plasticity can lead to chromosomal rearrangements, transgene exclusion, and phenotypic drift. A poorly understood genomic element of CHO cell line instability is extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) in gene expression and regulation. EccDNA can facilitate ultra-high gene expression and are found within many eukaryotes including humans, yeast, and plants. EccDNA confers genetic heterogeneity, providing selective advantages to individual cells in response to dynamic environments. In CHO cell cultures, maintaining genetic homogeneity is critical to ensuring consistent productivity and product quality. Understanding eccDNA structure, function, and microevolutionary dynamics under various culture conditions could reveal potential engineering targets for cell line optimization. In this study, eccDNA sequences were investigated at the beginning and end of two-week fed-batch cultures in an ambr®250 bioreactor under control and lactate-stressed conditions. This work characterized structure and function of eccDNA in a CHO-K1 clone. Gene annotation identified 1551 unique eccDNA genes including cancer driver genes and genes involved in protein production. Furthermore, RNA-seq data is integrated to identify transcriptionally active eccDNA genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G Chitwood
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Stephanie R Klaubert
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Kiana Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Cathy H Wu
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Sarah W Harcum
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Christopher A Saski
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
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13
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Xu WJ, Lin Y, Mi CL, Pang JY, Wang TY. Progress in fed-batch culture for recombinant protein production in CHO cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1063-1075. [PMID: 36648523 PMCID: PMC9843118 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nearly 80% of the approved human therapeutic antibodies are produced by Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. To achieve better cell growth and high-yield recombinant protein, fed-batch culture is typically used for recombinant protein production in CHO cells. According to the demand of nutrients consumption, feed medium containing multiple components in cell culture can affect the characteristics of cell growth and improve the yield and quality of recombinant protein. Fed-batch optimization should have a connection with comprehensive factors such as culture environmental parameters, feed composition, and feeding strategy. At present, process intensification (PI) is explored to maintain production flexible and meet forthcoming demands of biotherapeutics process. Here, CHO cell culture, feed composition in fed-batch culture, fed-batch culture environmental parameters, feeding strategies, metabolic byproducts in fed-batch culture, chemostat cultivation, and the intensified fed-batch are reviewed. KEY POINTS: • Fed-batch culture in CHO cells is reviewed. • Fed-batch has become a common technology for recombinant protein production. • Fed batch culture promotes recombinant protein production in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Xu
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XInternational Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China ,grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XSchool of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China
| | - Yan Lin
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XInternational Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China ,grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XSchool of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China
| | - Chun-Liu Mi
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XInternational Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China
| | - Jing-Ying Pang
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XSchool of the First Clinical College, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000 Henan China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XInternational Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China ,grid.495434.b0000 0004 1797 4346School of medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China
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14
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Kshitiz, Afzal J, Suhail Y, Chang H, Hubbi ME, Hamidzadeh A, Goyal R, Liu Y, Sun P, Nicoli S, Dang CV, Levchenko A. Lactate-dependent chaperone-mediated autophagy induces oscillatory HIF-1α activity promoting proliferation of hypoxic cells. Cell Syst 2022; 13:1048-1064.e7. [PMID: 36462504 PMCID: PMC10012408 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Response to hypoxia is a highly regulated process, but little is known about single-cell responses to hypoxic conditions. Using fluorescent reporters of hypoxia response factor-1α (HIF-1α) activity in various cancer cell lines and patient-derived cancer cells, we show that hypoxic responses in individual cancer cells can be highly dynamic and variable. These responses fall into three classes, including oscillatory activity. We identify a molecular mechanism that can account for all three response classes, implicating reactive-oxygen-species-dependent chaperone-mediated autophagy of HIF-1α in a subset of cells. Furthermore, we show that oscillatory response is modulated by the abundance of extracellular lactate in a quorum-sensing-like mechanism. We show that oscillatory HIF-1α activity rescues hypoxia-mediated inhibition of cell division and causes broad suppression of genes downregulated in cancers and activation of genes upregulated in many cancers, suggesting a mechanism for aggressive growth in a subset of hypoxic tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Junaid Afzal
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Yasir Suhail
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Hao Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, Orange, CT 06477, USA
| | - Maimon E Hubbi
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Archer Hamidzadeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, Orange, CT 06477, USA
| | - Ruchi Goyal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, Orange, CT 06477, USA
| | - Yamin Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Stefania Nicoli
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Chi V Dang
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10016, USA; The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Andre Levchenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, Orange, CT 06477, USA.
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15
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Metabolic rewiring revealed by cell-specific rate analyses from nontargeted exometabolomics during simultaneous consumption of glucose and lactic acid in a CHO fed-batch process. J Biotechnol 2022; 359:161-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Domján J, Pantea E, Gyürkés M, Madarász L, Kozák D, Farkas A, Horváth B, Benkő Z, Nagy ZK, Marosi G, Hirsch E. Real-time amino acid and glucose monitoring system for the automatic control of nutrient feeding in CHO cell culture using raman spectroscopy. Biotechnol J 2022; 17:e2100395. [PMID: 35084785 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An innovative, Raman spectroscopy-based monitoring and control system is introduced in this paper for designing dynamic feeding strategies that allow the maintenance of key cellular nutrients at an ideal level in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture. The Partial Least Squares calibration models built for glucose, lactate and 16 (out of 20) individual amino acids had very good predictive power with low root mean square errors values and high square correlation coefficients. The developed models used for real-time measurement of nutrient and by-product concentrations allowed us to gain better insight into the metabolic behavior and nutritional consumption of cells. To establish a more beneficial nutritional environment for the cells, two types of dynamic feeding strategies were used to control the delivery of two-part multi-component feed media according to the prediction of Raman models (glucose or arginine). As a result, instead of high fluctuations, the nutrients (glucose together with amino acids) were maintained at the desired level providing a more balanced environment for the cells. Moreover, the use of amino acid-based feeding control enabled to prevent the excessive nutrient replenishment and was economically beneficial by significantly reducing the amount of supplied feed medium compared to the glucose-based dynamic fed culture. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Domján
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest, H-1111, Hungary
| | - Eszter Pantea
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest, H-1111, Hungary
| | - Martin Gyürkés
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest, H-1111, Hungary
| | - Lajos Madarász
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest, H-1111, Hungary
| | - Dóra Kozák
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest, H-1111, Hungary
| | - Attila Farkas
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest, H-1111, Hungary
| | - Balázs Horváth
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Gyömröi út 19-21, Budapest, H-1103, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Benkő
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Gyömröi út 19-21, Budapest, H-1103, Hungary
| | - Zsombor Kristóf Nagy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest, H-1111, Hungary
| | - György Marosi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest, H-1111, Hungary
| | - Edit Hirsch
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest, H-1111, Hungary
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17
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Caso S, Aeby M, Jordan M, Guillot R, Bielser J. Effects of pyruvate on primary metabolism and product quality for a high‐density perfusion process. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1053-1061. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.28033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Caso
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA Corsier‐sur‐Vevey Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Aeby
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA Corsier‐sur‐Vevey Switzerland
| | - Martin Jordan
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA Corsier‐sur‐Vevey Switzerland
| | - Raphael Guillot
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck KGaA Corsier‐sur‐Vevey Switzerland
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18
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Xiao S, Ahmed W, Mohsin A, Guo M. Continuous Feeding Reduces the Generation of Metabolic Byproducts and Increases Antibodies Expression in Chinese Hamster Ovary-K1 Cells. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090945. [PMID: 34575094 PMCID: PMC8469772 DOI: 10.3390/life11090945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most important host system used for monoclonal antibody (mAb) expression. Moreover, the fed-batch culture mode is the most widely used method to increase mAb expression in CHO cells by increasing the amount of feed. However, a high amount of culture feed results in the production of metabolic byproducts. In this work, we used a continuous feeding strategy to reduce metabolic byproducts and improve mouse–human chimeric anti-epidermal growth factor receptor vIII (EGFRvIII) antibody C12 expression in Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells. Moreover, the effects of the feeding strategy on the cell culture and monoclonal antibody production were evaluated in chemically defined suspension cultures of recombinant CHO-K1 cells. Compared with bolus feeding methods, the continuous feeding method did not have any advantages when the feeding amount was low, but with a high feeding amount, the continuous feeding method significantly reduced the concentrations of lactate and NH4+ in the later culture stage. At the end of the culture stage, compared with bolus feeding methods, the lactate and NH4+ concentrations under the continuous feeding mode were reduced by approximately 45% and 80%, respectively. In addition, the antibody C12 expression level was also increased by almost 10%. Compared to the bolus feeding method, the antibody C12 produced by the continuous feeding method had a lower content of high-mannose glycoforms. Further analysis found that the osmolality of the continuous feeding method was lower than that of the typical fed-batch bolus feeding method. Conclusively, these results indicate that the continuous feeding method is very useful for reducing metabolic byproducts and achieving higher levels of mAb production.
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19
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Tang D, Sandoval W, Liu P, Lam C, Snedecor B, Misaghi S. Preventing pyruvate kinase muscle expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells curbs lactogenic behavior by altering glycolysis, gating pyruvate generation, and increasing pyruvate flux into the TCA cycle. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3193. [PMID: 34288605 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Deletion of the pyruvate kinase muscle (PKM) gene, which is involved in conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, has been shown to curb lactogenic behavior in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. This study describes the generation of pyruvate kinase muscle isoforms 1 and 2 knockout (PKM-KO) and pyruvate kinase muscle isoform-1 knockout (PKM1-KO) CHO host cells to understand metabolic shifts that reduce lactate secretion in these cells. Glucose and amino acids uptake levels in wild-type (WT), PKM-KO, and PKM1-KO stable cell lines, expressing two different antibodies, were analyzed in 14-day fed-batch production assays using different vessels. PKM-KO and PKM1-KO cells consumed more glucose per cell, altered amino acids metabolism, had higher flux of pyruvate into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and as previously shown reduced lactate secretion levels compared with the WT cells. Additionally, both PKM-KO and PKM1-KO cells had higher specific productivity and lower cell growth rates compared with the WT cells. Our findings suggest that rewiring the flux of pyruvate to the TCA cycle by deletion of PKM or PKM1 reduced cell growth and increased specific productivity in CHO cells. Overall, PKM1-KO cells had similar product quality and comparable or better titers relative to the WT cells, hence, targeted deletion of this isoform for curbing lactogenic behavior in CHO cells is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danming Tang
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter Liu
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cynthia Lam
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brad Snedecor
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shahram Misaghi
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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20
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Vappiani J, Eyster T, Orzechowski K, Ritz D, Patel P, Sévin D, Aon J. Exometabolome profiling reveals activation of the carnitine buffering pathway in fed-batch cultures of CHO cells co-fed with glucose and lactic acid. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3198. [PMID: 34328709 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Adjustments to CHO cell physiology were recently observed during implementation of a Raman spectroscopy-based glucose and lactate control strategy. To further understand how these cells, under monoclonal antibody (mAb) production conditions, utilized the extra lactic acid fed, we performed a comprehensive semi-quantitative and time-dependent analysis of the exometabolome. This study focused on the CHO cell's metabolic shift from the fifth day of culture. We compared relative levels of extracellular metabolites in the absence or presence of a 2 g/L lactic acid setpoint while glucose was kept at 4 g/L. Our hypothesis is that extra lactic acid would supply more pyruvate, favoring oxidative phosphorylation. We subsequentially uncovered several carnitine derivatives as biomarkers of the simultaneous activation of TCA anaplerotic pathways as well as a carbon-buffering pathway. CHO cells exhibited a balance between intermediates from (i) amino acid catabolism, (ii) fatty acid β-oxidation, and (iii) pyruvate from glycolysis and lactic acid; and the secretion of their intermediate carnitine derivatives. In addition, 3-hydroxy-methyl-glutaric acid (HMG) and mevalonate syntheses were found as biomarkers of alternative acyl group removal. Together, under a limited capacity to assimilate the surplus of acyl-CoA groups as well as an ability to maintain the acyl-CoA: free CoA ratio for proper and continuous functioning of the TCA cycle, CHO cells activate the carnitine-buffering system, HMG, and mevalonate pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Eyster
- Microbial & Cell Culture Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Keegan Orzechowski
- Microbial & Cell Culture Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Diana Ritz
- Microbial & Cell Culture Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pramthesh Patel
- Microbial & Cell Culture Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel Sévin
- Cellzome GmbH, GlaxoSmithKline, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juan Aon
- Microbial & Cell Culture Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
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21
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Ahleboot Z, Khorshidtalab M, Motahari P, Mahboudi R, Arjmand R, Mokarizadeh A, Maleknia S. Designing a Strategy for pH Control to Improve CHO Cell Productivity in Bioreactor. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2021; 13:123-130. [PMID: 34484641 PMCID: PMC8377406 DOI: 10.18502/ajmb.v13i3.6365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drastic pH drop is a common consequence of scaling up a mammalian cell culture process, where it may affect the final performance of cell culture. Although CO2 sparging and base addition are used as common approaches for pH control, these strategies are not necessarily successful in large scale bioreactors due to their effect on osmolality and cell viability. Accordingly, a series of experiments were conducted using an IgG1 producing Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO-S) cell culture in 30 L bioreactor to assess the efficiency of an alternative strategy in controlling culture pH. METHODS Factors inducing partial pressure of CO2 and lactate accumulation (as the main factors altering culture pH) were assessed by Plackett-Burman design to identify the significant ones. As culture pH directly influences process productivity, protein titer was measured as the response variable. Subsequently, Central Composite Design (CCD) was employed to obtain a model for product titer prediction as a function of individual and interaction effects of significant variables. RESULTS The results indicated that the major factor affecting pH is non-efficient CO2 removal. CO2 accumulation was found to be affected by an interaction between agitation speed and overlay air flow rate. Accordingly, after increasing the agitation speed and headspace aeration, the culture pH was successfully maintained in the range of 6.95-7.1, resulting in 51% increase in final product titer. Similar results were obtained during 250 L scale bioreactor culture, indicating the scalability of the approach. CONCLUSION The obtained results showed that pH fluctuations could be effectively controlled by optimizing CO2 stripping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Ahleboot
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mahdi Khorshidtalab
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Paria Motahari
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Rasoul Mahboudi
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Razieh Arjmand
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Aram Mokarizadeh
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Shayan Maleknia
- Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Aryogen Pharmed Inc., Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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22
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Synoground BF, McGraw CE, Elliott KS, Leuze C, Roth JR, Harcum SW, Sandoval NR. Transient ammonia stress on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells yield alterations to alanine metabolism and IgG glycosylation profiles. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2100098. [PMID: 34014036 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ammonia concentrations typically increase during mammalian cell cultures, mainly due to glutamine and other amino acid consumption. An early ammonia stress indicator is a metabolic shift with respect to alanine. To determine the underlying mechanisms of this metabolic shift, a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line with two distinct ages (standard and young) was cultured in parallel fed-batch bioreactors with 0 mM or 10 mM ammonia added at 12 h. Reduced viable cell densities were observed for the stressed cells, while viability was not significantly affected. The stressed cultures had higher alanine, lactate, and glutamate accumulation. Interestingly, the ammonia concentrations were similar by Day 8.5 for all cultures. We hypothesized the ammonia was converted to alanine as a coping mechanism. Interestingly, no significant differences were observed for metabolite profiles due to cell age. Glycosylation analysis showed the ammonia stress reduced galactosylation, sialylation, and fucosylation. Transcriptome analysis of the standard-aged cultures indicated the ammonia stress had a limited impact on the transcriptome, where few of the significant changes were directly related metabolite or glycosylation reactions. These results indicate that mechanisms used to alleviate ammonia stress are most likely controlled post-transcriptionally, and this is where future research should focus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire E McGraw
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kathryn S Elliott
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Christina Leuze
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jada R Roth
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sarah W Harcum
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas R Sandoval
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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23
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Schmidt C, Wehsling M, Le Mignon M, Wille G, Rey Y, Schnellbaecher A, Zabezhinsky D, Fischer M, Zimmer A. Lactoyl leucine and isoleucine are bioavailable alternatives for canonical amino acids in cell culture media. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3395-3408. [PMID: 33738790 PMCID: PMC8453549 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Increasing demands for protein-based therapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies, fusion proteins, bispecific molecules, and antibody fragments require researchers to constantly find innovative solutions. To increase yields and decrease costs of next generation bioprocesses, highly concentrated cell culture media formulations are developed but often limited by the low solubility of amino acids such as tyrosine, cystine, leucine, and isoleucine, in particular at physiological pH. This study sought to investigate highly soluble and bioavailable derivatives of leucine and isoleucine that are applicable for fed-batch processes. N-lactoyl-leucine and N-lactoyl-isoleucine sodium salts were tested in cell culture media and proved to be beneficial to increase the overall solubility of cell culture media formulations. These modified amino acids proved to be bioavailable for various Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and were suitable for replacement of canonical amino acids in cell culture feeds. The quality of the final recombinant protein was studied in bioprocesses using the derivatives, and the mechanism of cleavage was investigated in CHO cells. Altogether, both N-lactoyl amino acids represent an advantageous alternative to canonical amino acids to develop highly concentrated cell culture media formulations to support next generation bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gregor Wille
- Merck Life Science, Process Development, Buchs, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Rey
- Merck Life Science, Process Development, Buchs, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Markus Fischer
- Merck Life Science, Process Development, Buchs, Switzerland
| | - Aline Zimmer
- Merck Life Science, Upstream R&D, Darmstadt, Germany
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24
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Möller J, Bhat K, Guhl L, Pörtner R, Jandt U, Zeng A. Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex related to lactate switch in CHO cells. Eng Life Sci 2021; 21:100-114. [PMID: 33716610 PMCID: PMC7923601 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines is typically characterized by high rates of aerobic glycolysis with increased lactate formation, known as the "Warburg" effect. Although this metabolic state can switch to lactate consumption, the involved regulations of the central metabolism have only been partially studied so far. An important reaction transferring the lactate precursor, pyruvate, into the tricarboxylic acid cycle is the decarboxylation reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex (PDC). Among other mechanisms, PDC is mainly regulated by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation at the three sites Ser232, Ser293, and Ser300. In this work, the PDC phosphorylation in antibody-producing CHO DP-12 cell culture is investigated during the lactate switch. Batch cultivations were carried out with frequent sampling (every 6 h) during the transition from lactate formation to lactate uptake, and the PDC phosphorylation levels were quantified using a novel indirect flow cytometry protocol. Contrary to the expected activation of PDC (i.e., reduced PDC phosphorylation) during lactate consumption, Ser293 and Ser300 phosphorylation levels were 33% higher compared to the phase of glucose excess. At the same time, the relative phosphorylation level of Ser232 increased steadily throughout the cultivation (66% increase overall). The intracellular pyruvate was found to accumulate only during the period of high lactate production, while acetyl-CoA showed nearly no accumulation. These results indicate a deactivation of PDC and reduced oxidative metabolism during lactate switch even though the cells undergo a metabolic transition to lactate-based cell growth and metabolism. Overall, this study provides a unique view on the regulation of PDC during the lactate switch, which contributes to an improved understanding of PDC and its interaction with the bioprocess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Möller
- Bioprocess and Biosystems EngineeringHamburg University of TechnologyHamburgGermany
| | - Krathika Bhat
- Bioprocess and Biosystems EngineeringHamburg University of TechnologyHamburgGermany
| | - Lotta Guhl
- Bioprocess and Biosystems EngineeringHamburg University of TechnologyHamburgGermany
| | - Ralf Pörtner
- Bioprocess and Biosystems EngineeringHamburg University of TechnologyHamburgGermany
| | - Uwe Jandt
- Bioprocess and Biosystems EngineeringHamburg University of TechnologyHamburgGermany
| | - An‐Ping Zeng
- Bioprocess and Biosystems EngineeringHamburg University of TechnologyHamburgGermany
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25
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O’Flaherty R, Bergin A, Flampouri E, Mota LM, Obaidi I, Quigley A, Xie Y, Butler M. Mammalian cell culture for production of recombinant proteins: A review of the critical steps in their biomanufacturing. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107552. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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26
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W Eyster T, Talwar S, Fernandez J, Foster S, Hayes J, Allen R, Reidinger S, Wan B, Ji X, Aon J, Patel P, Ritz DB. Tuning monoclonal antibody galactosylation using Raman spectroscopy-controlled lactic acid feeding. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 37:e3085. [PMID: 32975043 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A key aspect of large-scale production of biotherapeutics is a well-designed and consistently-executed upstream cell culture process. Process analytical technology tools provide enhanced monitoring and control capabilities to support consistent process execution, and also have potential to aid in maintenance of product quality at desired levels. One such tool, Raman spectroscopy, has matured as a useful technique to achieve real-time monitoring and control of key cell culture process attributes. We developed a Raman spectroscopy-based nutrient control strategy to enable dual control of lactate and glucose levels for a fed-batch CHO cell culture process for monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. To achieve this, partial least squares-based chemometric models for real-time prediction of glucose and lactate concentrations were developed and deployed in feedback control loops. In particular, feeding of lactic acid post-metabolic shift was investigated based on previous work that has shown the impact of lactate levels on ammonium as well as mAb product quality. Three feeding strategies were assessed for impact on cell metabolism, productivity, and product quality: bolus-fed glucose, glucose control at 4 g/L, or simultaneous glucose control at 4 g/L and lactate control at 2 g/L. The third feeding strategy resulted in a significant reduction in ammonium levels (68%) while increasing mAb galactosylation levels by approximately 50%. This work demonstrated that when deployed in a cell culture process, Raman spectroscopy is an effective technique for simultaneous control of multiple nutrient feeds, and that lactic acid feeding can have a positive impact on both cell metabolism and mAb product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Eyster
- Microbial & Cell Culture Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sameer Talwar
- Microbial & Cell Culture Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Janice Fernandez
- Microbial & Cell Culture Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shelby Foster
- Microbial & Cell Culture Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James Hayes
- Microbial & Cell Culture Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Randal Allen
- Microbial & Cell Culture Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scot Reidinger
- Microbial & Cell Culture Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Boyong Wan
- Microbial & Cell Culture Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaodan Ji
- Microbial & Cell Culture Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Juan Aon
- Microbial & Cell Culture Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pramthesh Patel
- Microbial & Cell Culture Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Diana B Ritz
- Microbial & Cell Culture Development, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
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27
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Ghafuri-Esfahani A, Shokri R, Sharifi A, Shafiee L, Khosravi R, Kaghazian H, Khalili M. Optimization of parameters affecting on CHO cell culture producing recombinant erythropoietin. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 50:834-841. [PMID: 32336186 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1753072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Several factors may affect erythropoietin (EPO) sugar structures including designing cell culture procedure, pH, concentration of additives, dissolved oxygen, and other physicochemical parameters. In this study, we investigated the influence of changes in effective parameters and compounds on the growth rate of Chinese hamster ovary cell (CHO) cells producing recombinant EPO. Cell culture was performed at different temperature, buffering conditions, and varied concentrations of additives such as pyruvic acid, insulin, GlutaMAX, and sodium butyrate. Results indicated that the optimal temperature and pH were 37 °C and 7.2, respectively. Also, optimal concentrations for pyruvic acid, butyrate, glutamate, and insulin were obtained to be 20 mM, 1 mM, 2 mM, and 40 μg/mL, respectively. Then, cell culture was performed in microcarrier-coated spinner flasks under the optimized condition. The results showed recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) production with adequate purity. Optimization of physicochemical conditions and culture media are important factors to improve the quantity and quality of protein products. This study showed that cell growth and recombinant EPO protein production significantly increased under the optimized conditions. The results of this research can also be used in scale-up to increase the efficiency of EPO production. Abbreviations: EPO: erythropoietin; CHO cell: Chinese hamster ovary cell; rhEPO: recombinant human EPO; DMEM: modified eagle's medium; FBS: fetal bovine serum; SDS-PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor 1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rahman Shokri
- Production and Research Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Athar Sharifi
- Production and Research Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Lida Shafiee
- Production and Research Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Roya Khosravi
- Production and Research Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hooman Kaghazian
- Production and Research Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Marouf Khalili
- Department of Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
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28
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Horvat J, Narat M, Spadiut O. The effect of amino acid supplementation in an industrial Chinese Hamster Ovary process. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e3001. [PMID: 32274904 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The main goal in biosimilar development is to increase Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) viability and productivity while maintaining product quality. Despite media and feed optimization during process development, depletion of amino acids still occurs. The aim of the work was to optimize an existing industrial fed batch process by preventing shortage of amino acids and to gather knowledge about CHO metabolism. Several process outputs were evaluated such as cell metabolism, cell viability, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) production, and product quality. First step was to develop and supplement an enriched feed containing depleted amino acids. Abundance of serine and glucose increased lactate production resulting in low viability and low productivity. In the next step, we developed an amino acid feed without serine to avoid the metabolic boost. Supplemented amino acids improved cell viability by 9%; however, mAb production did not increase significantly. In the final step, we limited glucose concentration (<5.55 mmol/L) in the cell culture to avoid the metabolic boost while supplementing an amino acid feed including serine. Data analysis showed that we were able to (a) replace depleted amino acids and avoid metabolic boost, (b) increase viability by 12%, (c) enhance mAb production by 0.5 g/L (total by approximately 10 g), and (d) extend the overall process time of an already developed bioprocess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Horvat
- Biopharmaceuticals, Lek d.d., Novartis, Mengeš, Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Narat
- Department of Animal Sciences, Biotechnical Faculty, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Bioprocess Engineering, Integrated Bioprocess Development, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
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29
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Integration of Time-Series Transcriptomic Data with Genome-Scale CHO Metabolic Models for mAb Engineering. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8030331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most commonly used cell lines in biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Genome-scale metabolic models have become a valuable tool to study cellular metabolism. Despite the presence of reference global genome-scale CHO model, context-specific metabolic models may still be required for specific cell lines (for example, CHO-K1, CHO-S, and CHO-DG44), and for specific process conditions. Many integration algorithms have been available to reconstruct specific genome-scale models. These methods are mainly based on integrating omics data (i.e., transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) into reference genome-scale models. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the impact of time points of transcriptomics integration on the genome-scale CHO model by assessing the prediction of growth rates with each reconstructed model. We also evaluated the feasibility of applying extracted models to different cell lines (generated from the same parental cell line). Our findings illustrate that gene expression at various stages of culture slightly impacts the reconstructed models. However, the prediction capability is robust enough on cell growth prediction not only across different growth phases but also in expansion to other cell lines.
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30
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Zhang X, Jiang R, Lin H, Xu S. Feeding tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates improves lactate consumption and antibody production in Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e2975. [PMID: 32012447 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Media components play an important role in modulating cell metabolism and improving product titer in mammalian cell cultures. To sustain cell productivity, highly active oxidative metabolism is desired. Here we explored the effect of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates supplementation on lactate metabolism and productivity in Chinese hamster ovary fed-batch cultures. Direct addition of 5 mM alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG), malic acid, or succinic acid in the basal medium did not have any significant impact on culture performance. On the other hand, feeding α-KG, malic acid, and succinic acid in the stationary phase, either as a single solution or as a mixture, significantly improved lactate consumption, reduced ammonium accumulation, and led to higher cell specific productivity and antibody titer (~35% increase for the best condition). Delivering those intermediates as an acidic solution for pH control eliminated CO2 sparging and accumulation. Feeding TCA cycle intermediates was also demonstrated to be superior to feeding lactic acid or pyruvic acid in titer improvement. Taken together, feeding TCA cycle intermediates was effective in improving lactate consumption and increasing product titer, which is likely due to enhanced oxidative metabolism in an extended duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhang
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Rubin Jiang
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Henry Lin
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Sen Xu
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey.,Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Pennington 08534, NJ
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31
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Martínez-Monge I, Comas P, Triquell J, Casablancas A, Lecina M, Paredes C, Cairó J. Concomitant consumption of glucose and lactate: A novel batch production process for CHO cells. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.107358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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32
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Schmitt J, Downey B, Beller J, Russell B, Quach A, Lyon D, Curran M, Mulukutla BC, Chu C. Forecasting and control of lactate bifurcation in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture processes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2223-2235. [PMID: 31062870 PMCID: PMC6852022 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biomanufacturing exhibits inherent variability that can lead to variation in performance attributes and batch failure. To help ensure process consistency and product quality the development of predictive models and integrated control strategies is a promising approach. In this study, a feedback controller was developed to limit excessive lactate production, a widespread metabolic phenomenon that is negatively associated with culture performance and product quality. The controller was developed by applying machine learning strategies to historical process development data, resulting in a forecast model that could identify whether a run would result in lactate consumption or accumulation. In addition, this exercise identified a correlation between increased amino acid consumption and low observed lactate production leading to the mechanistic hypothesis that there is a deficiency in the link between glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Using the correlative process parameters to build mechanistic insight and applying this to predictive models of lactate concentration, a dynamic model predictive controller (MPC) for lactate was designed. This MPC was implemented experimentally on a process known to exhibit high lactate accumulation and successfully drove the cell cultures towards a lactate consuming state. In addition, an increase in specific titer productivity was observed when compared with non-MPC controlled reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chia Chu
- Pfizer, Bioprocess R&DChesterfieldMissouri
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33
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Torres M, Berrios J, Rigual Y, Latorre Y, Vergara M, Dickson AJ, Altamirano C. Metabolic flux analysis during galactose and lactate co-consumption reveals enhanced energy metabolism in continuous CHO cell cultures. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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34
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Application of a genome-scale model in tandem with enzyme assays for identification of metabolic signatures of high and low CHO cell producers. Metab Eng Commun 2019; 9:e00097. [PMID: 31720213 PMCID: PMC6838488 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2019.e00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopharmaceutical industrial processes are based on high yielding stable recombinant Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells that express monoclonal antibodies. However, the process and feeding regimes need to be adapted for each new cell line, as they all have a slightly different metabolism and product performance. A main limitation for accelerating process development is that the metabolic pathways underlying this physiological variability are not yet fully understood. This study describes the evolution of intracellular fluxes during the process for 4 industrial cell lines, 2 high producers and 2 low producers (n = 3), all of them producing a different antibody. In order to understand from a metabolic point of view the phenotypic differences observed, and to find potential targets for improving specific productivity of low producers, the analysis was supported by a tailored genome-scale model and was validated with enzymatic assays performed at different days of the process. A total of 59 reactions were examined from different key pathways, namely glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA cycle, lipid metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation. The intracellular fluxes did not show a metabolic correlation between high producers, but the degree of similitude observed between cell lines could be confirmed with additional experimental observations. The whole analysis led to a better understanding of the metabolic requirements for all the cell lines, allowed to the identification of metabolic bottlenecks and suggested targets for further cell line engineering. This study is a successful application of a curated genome-scale model to multiple industrial cell lines, which makes the metabolic model suitable for process platform.
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35
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Arena TA, Chou B, Harms PD, Wong AW. An anti-apoptotic HEK293 cell line provides a robust and high titer platform for transient protein expression in bioreactors. MAbs 2019; 11:977-986. [PMID: 30907238 PMCID: PMC6601552 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1598230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
HEK293 transient expression systems are used to quickly generate proteins for research and pre-clinical studies. With the aim of engineering a high-producing host that grows and transfects robustly in bioreactors, we deleted the pro-apoptotic genes Bax and Bak in an HEK293 cell line. The HEK293 Bax Bak double knock-out (HEK293 DKO) cell line exhibited resistance to apoptosis and shear stress. HEK293 DKO cells sourced from 2 L seed train bioreactors were most productive when a pH setpoint of 7.0, a narrow pH deadband of ±0.03, and a DO setpoint of 30% were used. HEK293 DKO seed train cells cultivated for up to 60 days in a 35 L bioreactor showed similar productivities to cells cultivated in shake flasks. To optimize HEK293 DKO transfection cultures, we first evaluated different pH and agitation parameters in ambr15 microbioreactors before scaling up to 10 L wavebag bioreactors. In ambr15 microbioreactors with a pH setpoint of 7.0, a wide pH deadband of ±0.3, and an agitation of 630 rpm, HEK293 DKO transient cultures yielded antibody titers up to 650 mg/L in 7 days. The optimal ambr15 conditions prompted us to operate the 10 L wavebag transfection without direct pH control to mimic the wide pH deadband ranges. The HEK293 DKO transfection process produces high titers at all scales tested. Combined, our optimized HEK293 DKO 35 L bioreactor seed train and 10 L high titer transient processes support efficient, large-scale recombinant protein production for research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tia A Arena
- Department of Cell Culture, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bernice Chou
- Department of Cell Culture, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter D. Harms
- Department of Cell Culture, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Athena W. Wong
- Department of Cell Culture, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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36
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Möller J, Kuchemüller KB, Steinmetz T, Koopmann KS, Pörtner R. Model-assisted Design of Experiments as a concept for knowledge-based bioprocess development. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:867-882. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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37
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Markert S, Musmann C, Hülsmann P, Joeris K. Automated and enhanced clone screening using a fully automated microtiter plate‐based system for suspension cell culture. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2760. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Markert
- Pharmaceutical Biotech Production and DevelopmentRoche Diagnostics GmbH Penzberg Germany
| | - Carsten Musmann
- Pharmaceutical Biotech Production and DevelopmentRoche Diagnostics GmbH Penzberg Germany
| | - Peter Hülsmann
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early DevelopmentRoche Innovation Center Munich Germany
| | - Klaus Joeris
- Pharmaceutical Biotech Production and DevelopmentRoche Diagnostics GmbH Penzberg Germany
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38
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Torres M, Altamirano C, Dickson AJ. Process and metabolic engineering perspectives of lactate production in mammalian cell cultures. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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39
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Yee JC, Rehmann MS, Yao G, Sowa SW, Aron KL, Tian J, Borys MC, Li ZJ. Advances in process control strategies for mammalian fed-batch cultures. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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40
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Hoshan L, Jiang R, Moroney J, Bui A, Zhang X, Hang TC, Xu S. Effective bioreactor pH control using only sparging gases. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 35:e2743. [PMID: 30421525 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
pH control is critical in bioreactor operations, typically realized through a two-sided control loop, where CO2 sparging and base addition are used in bicarbonate-buffered media. Though a common approach, base addition could compromise culture performance due to the potential impact from pH excursions and osmolality increase in large-scale bioreactors. In this study, the feasibility of utilizing control of sparge gas composition as part of the pH control loop was assessed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) fed-batch cultures. Fine pH control was evaluated in multiple processes at different setpoints in small-scale ambr®250 bioreactors. Desired culture pH setpoints were successfully maintained via air sparge feedback control. As part of the pH control loop, air sparging was increased to improve CO2 removal automatically, hence increase culture pH, and vice versa. The effectiveness of this pH control strategy was seamlessly transferred from ambr®250 to 200 L scale, demonstrating scalability of the proposed methodology. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 35: e2743, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Hoshan
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Rubin Jiang
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Joseph Moroney
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Ashley Bui
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Ta-Chun Hang
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Sen Xu
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
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41
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Ritacco FV, Wu Y, Khetan A. Cell culture media for recombinant protein expression in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells: History, key components, and optimization strategies. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1407-1426. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank V. Ritacco
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
| | - Yongqi Wu
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
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42
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Biochemical and metabolic engineering approaches to enhance production of therapeutic proteins in animal cell cultures. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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43
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Buchsteiner M, Quek LE, Gray P, Nielsen LK. Improving culture performance and antibody production in CHO cell culture processes by reducing the Warburg effect. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2315-2327. [PMID: 29704441 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lactate is one of the key waste metabolites of mammalian cell culture. High lactate levels are caused by high aerobic glycolysis, also known as the Warburg effect, and are usually associated with adverse culture performance. Therefore, reducing lactate accumulation has been an ongoing challenge in the cell culture development to improve growth, productivity, and process robustness. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) plays a crucial role for the fate of pyruvate, as it converts pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). The PDC activity can be indirectly increased by inhibiting the PDC inhibitor, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, using dichloroacetate (DCA), resulting in less pyruvate being available for lactate formation. Here, Chinese hamster ovary cells were cultivated either with 5 mM DCA or without DCA in various batch and fed-batch bioreactor processes. In all cultures, DCA increased peak viable cell density (VCD), culture length and final antibody titer. The strongest effect was observed in a fed batch with media and glucose feeding in which peak VCD was increased by more than 50%, culture length was extended by more than 3 days, and the final antibody titer increased by more than twofold. In cultures with DCA, lactate production and glucose consumption during exponential growth were on average reduced by approximately 40% and 35%, respectively. Metabolic flux analysis showed reduced glycolytic fluxes, whereas fluxes in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were not affected, suggesting that cultures with DCA use glucose more efficiently. In a proteomics analysis, only few proteins were identified as being differentially expressed, indicating that DCA acts on a posttranslational level. Antibody quality in terms of aggregation, charge variant, and glycosylation pattern was unaffected. Subsequent bioreactor experiments with sodium lactate and sodium chloride feeding indicated that lower osmolality, rather than lower lactate concentration itself, improved culture performance in DCA cultures. In conclusion, the addition of DCA to the cell culture improved culture performance and increased antibody titers without any disadvantages for cell-specific productivity or antibody quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Buchsteiner
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lake-Ee Quek
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Gray
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lars K Nielsen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, The Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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44
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Intracellular response of CHO cells to oxidative stress and its influence on metabolism and antibody production. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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45
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Torres M, Zúñiga R, Gutierrez M, Vergara M, Collazo N, Reyes J, Berrios J, Aguillon JC, Molina MC, Altamirano C. Mild hypothermia upregulates myc and xbp1s expression and improves anti-TNFα production in CHO cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194510. [PMID: 29566086 PMCID: PMC5864046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most frequently used host for commercial production of therapeutic proteins. However, their low protein productivity in culture is the main hurdle to overcome. Mild hypothermia has been established as an effective strategy to enhance protein specific productivity, although the causes of such improvement still remain unclear. The self-regulation of global transcriptional regulatory factors, such as Myc and XBP1s, seems to be involved in increased the recombinant protein production at low temperature. This study evaluated the impact of low temperature in CHO cell cultures on myc and xbp1s expression and their effects on culture performance and cell metabolism. Two anti-TNFα producing CHO cell lines were selected considering two distinct phenotypes: i.e. maximum cell growth, (CN1) and maximum specific anti-TNFα production (CN2), and cultured at 37, 33 and 31°C in a batch system. Low temperature led to an increase in the cell viability, the expression of the recombinant anti-TNFα and the production of anti-TNFα both in CN1 and CN2. The higher production of anti-TNFα in CN2 was mainly associated with the large expression of anti-TNFα. Under mild hypothermia myc and xbp1s expression levels were directly correlated to the maximal viable cell density and the specific anti-TNFα productivity, respectively. Moreover, cells showed a simultaneous metabolic shift from production to consumption of lactate and from consumption to production of glutamine, which were exacerbated by reducing culture temperature and coincided with the increased anti-TNFα production. Our current results provide new insights of the regulation of myc and xbp1s in CHO cells at low temperature, and suggest that the presence and magnitude of the metabolic shift might be a relevant metabolic marker of productive cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Torres
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Roberto Zúñiga
- Centro de InmunoBiotecnología, Programa D. de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédica (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Doctorado en Química, Universidad República Oriental del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Matias Gutierrez
- Centro de InmunoBiotecnología, Programa D. de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédica (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Vergara
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Doctorado en Química, Universidad República Oriental del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Norberto Collazo
- Centro de InmunoBiotecnología, Programa D. de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédica (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Reyes
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Julio Berrios
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Aguillon
- Centro de InmunoBiotecnología, Programa D. de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédica (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Carmen Molina
- Centro de InmunoBiotecnología, Programa D. de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédica (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Altamirano
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- CREAS CONICYT Regional GORE, Valparaiso, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Pereira S, Kildegaard HF, Andersen MR. Impact of CHO Metabolism on Cell Growth and Protein Production: An Overview of Toxic and Inhibiting Metabolites and Nutrients. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700499. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pereira
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Helene Faustrup Kildegaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Mikael Rørdam Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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Freund NW, Croughan MS. A Simple Method to Reduce both Lactic Acid and Ammonium Production in Industrial Animal Cell Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020385. [PMID: 29382079 PMCID: PMC5855607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fed-batch animal cell culture is the most common method for commercial production of recombinant proteins. However, higher cell densities in these platforms are still limited due to factors such as excessive ammonium production, lactic acid production, nutrient limitation, and/or hyperosmotic stress related to nutrient feeds and base additions to control pH. To partly overcome these factors, we investigated a simple method to reduce both ammonium and lactic acid production—termed Lactate Supplementation and Adaptation (LSA) technology—through the use of CHO cells adapted to a lactate-supplemented medium. Using this simple method, we achieved a reduction of nearly 100% in lactic acid production with a simultaneous 50% reduction in ammonium production in batch shaker flasks cultures. In subsequent fed-batch bioreactor cultures, lactic acid production and base addition were both reduced eight-fold. Viable cell densities of 35 million cells per mL and integral viable cell days of 273 million cell-days per mL were achieved, both among the highest currently reported for a fed-batch animal cell culture. Investigating the benefits of LSA technology in animal cell culture is worthy of further consideration and may lead to process conditions more favorable for advanced industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew S Croughan
- Amgen Bioprocessing Center, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA 91711, USA.
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48
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Goldrick S, Lee K, Spencer C, Holmes W, Kuiper M, Turner R, Farid SS. On-Line Control of Glucose Concentration in High-Yielding Mammalian Cell Cultures Enabled Through Oxygen Transfer Rate Measurements. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700607. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Goldrick
- The Advanced Centre of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London; Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London United Kingdom
- MedImmune; Milstein Building, Granta Park Cambridge, CB21 6GH United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Lee
- MedImmune LLC; Gaithersburg Headquarters Gaithersburg MD 20878 USA
| | - Christopher Spencer
- MedImmune; Milstein Building, Granta Park Cambridge, CB21 6GH United Kingdom
| | - William Holmes
- MedImmune; Milstein Building, Granta Park Cambridge, CB21 6GH United Kingdom
| | - Marcel Kuiper
- MedImmune; Milstein Building, Granta Park Cambridge, CB21 6GH United Kingdom
| | - Richard Turner
- MedImmune; Milstein Building, Granta Park Cambridge, CB21 6GH United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne S. Farid
- The Advanced Centre of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London; Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London United Kingdom
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Ulonska S, Kroll P, Fricke J, Clemens C, Voges R, Müller MM, Herwig C. Workflow for Target-Oriented Parametrization of an Enhanced Mechanistic Cell Culture Model. Biotechnol J 2017; 13:e1700395. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Ulonska
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering; TU Wien 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Paul Kroll
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering; TU Wien 1060 Wien Austria
- CD Laboratory on Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses; TU Wien 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Jens Fricke
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering; TU Wien 1060 Wien Austria
- CD Laboratory on Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses; TU Wien 1060 Wien Austria
| | | | - Raphael Voges
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG; 88400 Biberach Germany
| | - Markus M. Müller
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG; 88400 Biberach Germany
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering; TU Wien 1060 Wien Austria
- CD Laboratory on Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses; TU Wien 1060 Wien Austria
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50
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Fernandez-Martell A, Johari YB, James DC. Metabolic phenotyping of CHO cells varying in cellular biomass accumulation and maintenance during fed-batch culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:645-660. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yusuf B. Johari
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Sheffield; Mappin St. Sheffield UK
| | - David C. James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Sheffield; Mappin St. Sheffield UK
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