1
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Rives D, Peak C, Blenner MA. RNASeq highlights ATF6 pathway regulators for CHO cell engineering with different impacts of ATF6β and WFS1 knockdown on fed-batch production of IgG 1. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14141. [PMID: 38898154 PMCID: PMC11187196 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64767-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Secretion levels required of industrial Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines can challenge endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, and ER stress caused by accumulation of misfolded proteins can be a bottleneck in biomanufacturing. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is initiated to restore homeostasis in response to ER stress, and optimization of the UPR can improve CHO cell production of therapeutic proteins. We compared the fed-batch growth, production characteristics, and transcriptomic response of an immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) producer to its parental, non-producing host cell line. We conducted differential gene expression analysis using high throughput RNA sequencing (RNASeq) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to study the ER stress response of each cell line during fed-batch culture. The UPR was activated in the IgG1 producer compared to the host cell line and our analysis of differential expression profiles indicated transient upregulation of ATF6α target mRNAs in the IgG1 producer, suggesting two upstream regulators of the ATF6 arm of the UPR, ATF6β and WFS1, are rational engineering targets. Although both ATF6β and WFS1 have been reported to negatively regulate ATF6α, this study shows knockdown of either target elicits different effects in an IgG1-producing CHO cell line. Stable knockdown of ATF6β decreased cell growth without decreasing titer; however, knockdown of WFS1 decreased titer without affecting growth. Relative expression measured by qPCR indicated no direct relationship between ATF6β and WFS1 expression, but upregulation of WFS1 in one pool was correlated with decreased growth and upregulation of ER chaperone mRNAs. While knockdown of WFS1 had negative impacts on UPR activation and product mRNA expression, knockdown of ATF6β improved the UPR specifically later in fed-batch leading to increased overall productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyllan Rives
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, 206 S. Palmetto Blvd., Clemson, SC, 29634-0909, USA
| | - Caroline Peak
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, 206 S. Palmetto Blvd., Clemson, SC, 29634-0909, USA
| | - Mark A Blenner
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, 206 S. Palmetto Blvd., Clemson, SC, 29634-0909, USA.
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE, 19713, USA.
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2
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Raab N, Zeh N, Kretz R, Weiß L, Stadermann A, Lindner B, Fischer S, Stoll D, Otte K. Nature as blueprint: Global phenotype engineering of CHO production cells based on a multi-omics comparison with plasma cells. Metab Eng 2024; 83:110-122. [PMID: 38561148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Especially for the production of artificial, difficult to express molecules a further development of the CHO production cell line is required to keep pace with the continuously increasing demands. However, the identification of novel targets for cell line engineering to improve CHO cells is a time and cost intensive process. Since plasma cells are evolutionary optimized for a high antibody expression in mammals, we performed a comprehensive multi-omics comparison between CHO and plasma cells to exploit optimized cellular production traits. Comparing the transcriptome, proteome, miRNome, surfaceome and secretome of both cell lines identified key differences including 392 potential overexpression targets for CHO cell engineering categorized in 15 functional classes like transcription factors, protein processing or secretory pathway. In addition, 3 protein classes including 209 potential knock-down/out targets for CHO engineering were determined likely to affect aggregation or proteolysis. For production phenotype engineering, several of these novel targets were successfully applied to transient and transposase mediated overexpression or knock-down strategies to efficiently improve productivity of CHO cells. Thus, substantial improvement of CHO productivity was achieved by taking nature as a blueprint for cell line engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Raab
- Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Germany.
| | - Nikolas Zeh
- Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Germany; Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Robin Kretz
- Hochschule Albstadt Sigmaringen, Germany; NMI, Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Linus Weiß
- Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Germany
| | - Anna Stadermann
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Benjamin Lindner
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Simon Fischer
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Dieter Stoll
- NMI, Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Otte
- Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Germany
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3
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Tang X, Quiroz J, Zhang Y, Pan J, Lai Z, Du Z, Liu R. A deep-well plate enabled automated high-throughput cell line development platform. Biotechnol Prog 2024; 40:e3442. [PMID: 38377061 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Cell line development (CLD) plays a crucial role in the manufacturing process development of therapeutic biologics. Most biologics are produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell. Because of the nature of random transgene integration in CHO genome and CHO's inherent plasticity, stable CHO transfectants usually have a vast diversity in productivity, growth, and product quality. Thus, we often must resort to screening a large number of cell pools and clones to increase the probability of identifying the ideal production cell line, which is a very laborious and resource-demanding process. Here we have developed a deep-well plate (DWP) enabled high throughput (DEHT) CLD platform using 24-well DWP (24DWP), liquid handler, and other automation components. This platform has capabilities covering the key steps of CLD including cell passaging, clone imaging and expansion, and fed-batch production. We are the first to demonstrate the suitability of 24DWP for CLD by confirming minimal well-to-well and plate-to-plate variability and the absence of well-to-well cross contamination. We also demonstrated that growth, production, and product quality of 24DWP cultures were comparable to those of conventional shake flask cultures. The DEHT platform enables scientists to screen five times more cultures than the conventional CLD platform, thus significantly decreases the resources needed to identify an ideal production cell line for biologics manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Tang
- Process Cell Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jorge Quiroz
- BARDS, Research CMC Statistics, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yixiao Zhang
- Process Cell Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jessica Pan
- Process Cell Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zhong Lai
- BARDS, Research CMC Statistics, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zhimei Du
- Process Cell Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ren Liu
- Process Cell Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
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4
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Szkodny AC, Lee KH. A systemic approach to identifying sequence frameworks that decrease mAb production in a transient Chinese hamster ovary cell expression system. Biotechnol Prog 2024:e3466. [PMID: 38607316 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are often engineered at the sequence level for improved clinical performance yet are rarely evaluated prior to candidate selection for their "developability" characteristics, namely expression, which can necessitate additional resource investments to improve the manufacturing processes for problematic mAbs. A strong relationship between primary sequence and expression has emerged, with slight differences in amino acid sequence resulting in titers differing by up to an order of magnitude. Previous work on these "difficult-to-express" (DTE) mAbs has shown that these phenotypes are driven by post-translational bottlenecks in antibody folding, assembly, and secretion processes. However, it has been difficult to translate these findings across cell lines and products. This work presents a systematic approach to study the impact of sequence variation on mAb expression at a larger scale and under more industrially relevant conditions. The analysis found 91 mutations that decreased transient expression of an IgG1κ in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and revealed that mutations at inaccessible residues, especially those leading to decreases in residue hydrophobicity, are not favorable for high expression. This workflow can be used to better understand sequence determinants of mAb expression to improve candidate selection procedures and reduce process development timelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana C Szkodny
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Kelvin H Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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5
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Yi D, Zhang C, Ning B, Fu Y, Jia Y, Wang T, Wang X. Synergistic promotion of transient transgene expression in CHO cells by PDI/XBP-1s co-transfection and mild hypothermia. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2024; 47:557-565. [PMID: 38416261 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-024-02987-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Transient gene expression system is an important tool for rapid production of recombinant proteins in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. However, their low productivity is the main hurdle to overcome. An effective approach through which to obtain high protein yield involves targeting transcriptional, post-transcriptional events (PTEs), and culture conditions. Here, we investigated the effects of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1s) co-overexpression combined with mild hypothermia on the transient yields of recombinant proteins in CHO cells. The results showed that the gene of interest (GOI) and the PDI/XBP-1s helper vector at a co-transfection ratio of 10:1 could obviously increase transient expression level of recombinant protein in CHO cells. However, PDI/XBP-1s overexpression had no significance effect on the mRNA levels of the recombinant protein, suggesting that it targeted PTEs. Moreover, the increased production was due to the enhancing of cell specific productivity, not related to cell growth, viability, and cell cycle. In addition, combined PDI/XBP-1s co-overexpression and mild hypothermia could further improve Adalimumab expression, compared to the control/37 °C and PDI/XBP-1s/37 °C, the Adalimumab volume yield of PDI/XBP-1s/33 °C increased by 203% and 142%, respectively. Mild hypothermia resulted in 3.52- and 2.33-fold increase in the relative mRNA levels of PDI and XBP-1s, respectively. In conclusion, the combination of PDI/XBP-1s overexpression and culture temperature optimization can achieve higher transient expression of recombinant protein, which provides a synergetic strategy to improve transient production of recombinant protein in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yaokun Wang
- The School of Medical Humanities, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Dandan Yi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Binhuan Ning
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yushun Fu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yanlong Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Tianyun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
| | - Xiaoyin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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6
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Sebastião MJ, Hoffman M, Escandell J, Tousi F, Zhang J, Figueroa B, DeMaria C, Gomes-Alves P. Identification of Mispairing Omic Signatures in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Cells Producing a Tri-Specific Antibody. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2890. [PMID: 38001891 PMCID: PMC10669571 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody-based therapy has shown efficacy against cancer, autoimmune, infectious, and inflammatory diseases. Multispecific antibodies (MsAbs), including trispecifics (tsAbs), offer enhanced therapeutic potential by targeting different epitopes. However, when co-expressed from three or more different polypeptide chains, MsAb production can lead to incorrect chain assembly and co-production of mispaired species with impaired biological activity. Moreover, mispairing carries significant challenges for downstream purification, decreasing yields and increasing the cost of bioprocess development. In this study, quantitative transcriptomics and proteomics analyses were employed to investigate which signaling pathways correlated with low and high mispairing clone signatures. Gene and protein expression profiles of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) clones producing an tsAb were analyzed in the exponential growth and stationary (tsAb production) phase of fed-batch culture. Functional analysis revealed activated endoplasmic reticulum stress in high mispairing clones in both culture phases, while low mispairing clones exhibited expression profiles indicative of activated protein translation, as well as higher endocytosis and target protein degradation, suggesting the clearance of unfolded proteins through ubiquitin-mediated mechanisms. In addition, through transcriptomic profiling, we identified a group of genes that have the potential to be used as a biomarker panel tool for identifying high mispairing levels in the early stages of bioprocess development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Sebastião
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.J.S.)
- ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Michael Hoffman
- Sanofi Cell Line and Cell Bank Development, Mammalian Platform, Global CMC Development, Framingham, MA 01701, USA (B.F.)
| | - José Escandell
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.J.S.)
- ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Fatemeh Tousi
- Sanofi Bioanalytics Development, Global CMC Development, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Sanofi Cell Line and Cell Bank Development, Mammalian Platform, Global CMC Development, Framingham, MA 01701, USA (B.F.)
| | - Bruno Figueroa
- Sanofi Cell Line and Cell Bank Development, Mammalian Platform, Global CMC Development, Framingham, MA 01701, USA (B.F.)
| | - Christine DeMaria
- Sanofi Cell Line and Cell Bank Development, Mammalian Platform, Global CMC Development, Framingham, MA 01701, USA (B.F.)
| | - Patrícia Gomes-Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.J.S.)
- ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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7
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Maltais JS, Lord-Dufour S, Morasse A, Stuible M, Loignon M, Durocher Y. Repressing expression of difficult-to-express recombinant proteins during the selection process increases productivity of CHO stable pools. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:2840-2852. [PMID: 37232536 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
More than half of licensed therapeutic recombinant proteins (r-proteins) are manufactured using constitutively-expressing, stably-transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) clones. While constitutive CHO expression systems have proven their efficacy for the manufacturing of monoclonal antibodies, many next-generation therapeutics such as cytokines and bispecific antibodies as well as biological targets such as ectodomains of transmembrane receptors remain intrinsically challenging to produce. Herein, we exploited a cumate-inducible CHO platform allowing reduced expression of various classes of r-proteins during selection of stable pools. Following stable pool generation, fed-batch productions showed that pools generated without cumate (OFF-pools) were significantly more productive than pools selected in the presence of cumate (ON-pools) for 8 out of the 10 r-proteins tested, including cytokines, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), the HVEM membrane receptor ectodomain, the multifunctional protein High Mobility Group protein B1 (HMGB1), as well as monoclonal and bispecific T-cell engager antibodies. We showed that OFF-pools contain a significantly larger proportion of cells producing high levels of r-proteins and that these cells tend to proliferate faster when expression is turned off, suggesting that r-protein overexpression imposes a metabolic burden on the cells. Cell viability was lower and pool recovery was delayed during selection of ON-pools (mimicking constitutive expression), suggesting that high producers were likely lost or overgrown by faster-growing, low-producing cells. We also observed a correlation between the expression levels of the GPCRs with Binding immunoglobulin Protein, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker. Taken together, these data suggest that using an inducible system to minimize r-protein expression during stable CHO pool selection reduces cellular stresses, including ER stress and metabolic burden, leading to pools with greater frequency of high-expressing cells, resulting in improved volumetric productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Sébastien Maltais
- Mammalian Cell Expression, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Simon Lord-Dufour
- Mammalian Cell Expression, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Audrey Morasse
- Mammalian Cell Expression, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Matthew Stuible
- Mammalian Cell Expression, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin Loignon
- Mammalian Cell Expression, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Mammalian Cell Expression, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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8
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Zhou J, Yan GG, Cluckey D, Meade C, Ruth M, Sorm R, Tam AS, Lim S, Petridis C, Lin L, D’Antona AM, Zhong X. Exploring Parametric and Mechanistic Differences between Expi293F TM and ExpiCHO-S TM Cells for Transient Antibody Production Optimization. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:53. [PMID: 37606437 PMCID: PMC10443273 DOI: 10.3390/antib12030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly producing drug-like antibody therapeutics for lead molecule discovery and candidate optimization is typically accomplished by large-scale transient gene expression technologies (TGE) with cultivated mammalian cells. The TGE methodologies have been extensively developed over the past three decades, yet produce significantly lower yields than the stable cell line approach, facing the technical challenge of achieving universal high expression titers for a broad range of antibodies and therapeutics modalities. In this study, we explored various parameters for antibody production in the TGE cell host Expi293FTM and ExpiCHO-STM with the transfection reagents ExpiFectamineTM and polyethylenimine. We discovered that there are significant differences between Expi293FTM and ExpiCHO-STM cells with regards to DNA complex formation time and ratio, complex formation buffers, DNA complex uptake trafficking routes, responses to dimethyl sulfoxide and cell cycle inhibitors, as well as light-chain isotype expression preferences. This investigation mechanistically dissected the TGE processes and provided a new direction for future transient antibody production optimization.
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9
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Luo Q, Zhou J, Tang W, Jiang P, Wan X, Ahmed W, Mohsin A, Zhuang Y, Guo M. Investigation and development of transient production process for porcine circovirus Type-2 (PCV2) capsid protein in HEK293F cells. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 208-209:106293. [PMID: 37137401 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type-2 capsid protein contains a major immunodominant epitope used as a subunit vaccine. Transient expression in mammalian cells is an efficient process for producing recombinant proteins. However, there is still a lack of research on the efficient production of virus capsid proteins in mammalian cells. Here we present a comprehensive study to investigate and optimize the production process of a model "difficult-to-express" virus capsid protein, PCV2 capsid protein in HEK293F transient expression system. The study evaluated the transient expression of PCV2 capsid protein in the mammalian cell line HEK293F and investigated the subcellular distribution by confocal microscopy. In addition, the RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to detect the differential expression of genes after cells transfected with pEGFP-N1-Capsid or empty vectors. The analysis revealed that the PCV2 capsid gene affected a panel of differential genes of HEK293F cells involved in protein folding, stress response, and translation process, such as SHP90β, GRP78, HSP47, and eIF4A. An integrated strategy of protein engineering combined with VPA addition was applied to promote the expression of PCV2 capsid protein in HEK293F. Moreover, this study significantly increased the production of the engineered PCV2 capsid protein in HEK293F cells, reaching a yield of 8.7 mg/L. Conclusively, this study may provide deep insight for other "difficult-to-express" virus capsid proteins in the mammalian cell system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingping Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Junqi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Weihua Tang
- Morimatsu Life Science, No. 29, Jinwen Road, Zhuqiao Airport Industrial Park, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Jiang
- Morimatsu Life Science, No. 29, Jinwen Road, Zhuqiao Airport Industrial Park, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Wan
- Morimatsu Life Science, No. 29, Jinwen Road, Zhuqiao Airport Industrial Park, Shanghai, China
| | - Waqas Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ali Mohsin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yingping Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Meijin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai, 200237, China.
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10
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Scarrott JM, Johari YB, Pohle TH, Liu P, Mayer A, James DC. Increased recombinant adeno-associated virus production by HEK293 cells using small molecule chemical additives. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2200450. [PMID: 36495042 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) has established itself as a highly efficacious gene delivery vector with a well characterised safety profile allowing broad clinical application. Recent successes in rAAV-mediated gene therapy clinical trials will continue to drive demand for improved rAAV production processes to reduce costs. Here, we demonstrate that small molecule bioactive chemical additives can significantly increase recombinant AAV vector production by human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells up to three-fold. Nocodazole (an anti-mitotic agent) and M344 (a selective histone deacetylase inhibitor) were identified as positive regulators of rAAV8 genome titre in a microplate screening assay. Addition of nocodazole to triple-transfected HEK293 suspension cells producing rAAV arrested cells in G2/M phase, increased average cell volume and reduced viable cell density relative to untreated rAAV producing cells at harvest. Final crude genome vector titre from nocodazole treated cultures was >2-fold higher compared to non-treated cultures. Further investigation showed nocodazole addition to cultures to be time critical. Genome titre improvement was found to be scalable and serotype independent across two distinct rAAV serotypes, rAAV8 and rAAV9. Furthermore, a combination of M344 and nocodazole produced a positive additive effect on rAAV8 genome titre, resulting in a three-fold increase in genome titre compared to untreated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Scarrott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Yusuf B Johari
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Thilo H Pohle
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ping Liu
- Cell Line Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ayda Mayer
- Cell Line Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - David C James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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11
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Engineering of Chinese hamster ovary cells for co-overexpressing MYC and XBP1s increased cell proliferation and recombinant EPO production. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1482. [PMID: 36707606 PMCID: PMC9883479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28622-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving the cellular capacity of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to produce large amounts of therapeutic proteins remains a major challenge for the biopharmaceutical industry. In previous studies, we observed strong correlations between the performance of CHO cells and expression of two transcription factors (TFs), MYC and XBP1s. Here, we have evaluated the effective of overexpression of these two TFs on CHO cell productivity. To address this goal, we generated an EPO-producing cell line (CHOEPO) using a targeted integration approach, and subsequently engineered it to co-overexpress MYC and XBP1s (a cell line referred to as CHOCXEPO). Cells overexpressing MYC and XBP1s increased simultaneously viable cell densities and EPO production, leading to an enhanced overall performance in cultures. These improvements resulted from the individual effect of each TF in the cell behaviour (i.e., MYC-growth and XBP1s-productivity). An evaluation of the CHOCXEPO cells under different environmental conditions (temperature and media glucose concentration) indicated that CHOCXEPO cells increased cell productivity in high glucose concentration. This study showed the potential of combining TF-based cell engineering and process optimisation for increasing CHO cell productivity.
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12
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Li ZM, Fan ZL, Wang XY, Wang TY. Factors Affecting the Expression of Recombinant Protein and Improvement Strategies in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:880155. [PMID: 35860329 PMCID: PMC9289362 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.880155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant therapeutic proteins (RTPs) are important parts of biopharmaceuticals. Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) have become the main cell hosts for the production of most RTPs approved for marketing because of their high-density suspension growth characteristics, and similar human post-translational modification patterns et al. In recent years, many studies have been performed on CHO cell expression systems, and the yields and quality of recombinant protein expression have been greatly improved. However, the expression levels of some proteins are still low or even difficult-to express in CHO cells. It is urgent further to increase the yields and to express successfully the “difficult-to express” protein in CHO cells. The process of recombinant protein expression of is a complex, involving multiple steps such as transcription, translation, folding processing and secretion. In addition, the inherent characteristics of molecular will also affect the production of protein. Here, we reviewed the factors affecting the expression of recombinant protein and improvement strategies in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Mei Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhen-Lin Fan
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
- Institutes of Health Central Plain, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiao-Yin Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Tian-Yun Wang,
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13
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Szkodny AC, Lee KH. Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2022; 13:141-165. [PMID: 35300518 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092220-125832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review describes key milestones related to the production of biopharmaceuticals-therapies manufactured using recombinant DNA technology. The market for biopharmaceuticals has grown significantly since the first biopharmaceutical approval in 1982, and the scientific maturity of the technologies used in their manufacturing processes has grown concomitantly. Early processes relied on established unit operations, with research focused on process scale-up and improved culture productivity. In the early 2000s, changes in regulatory frameworks and the introduction of Quality by Design emphasized the importance of developing manufacturing processes to deliver a desired product quality profile. As a result, companies adopted platform processes and focused on understanding the dynamic interplay between product quality and processing conditions. The consistent and reproducible manufacturing processes of today's biopharmaceutical industry have set high standards for product efficacy, quality, and safety, and as the industry continues to evolve in the coming decade, intensified processing capabilities for an expanded range of therapeutic modalities will likely become routine. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana C Szkodny
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA; ;
| | - Kelvin H Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA; ;
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14
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Marx N, Eisenhut P, Weinguny M, Klanert G, Borth N. How to train your cell - Towards controlling phenotypes by harnessing the epigenome of Chinese hamster ovary production cell lines. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 56:107924. [PMID: 35149147 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in omics technologies and the broad availability of big datasets have revolutionized our understanding of Chinese hamster ovary cells in their role as the most prevalent host for production of complex biopharmaceuticals. In consequence, our perception of this "workhorse of the biopharmaceutical industry" has successively shifted from that of a nicely working, but unknown recombinant protein producing black box to a biological system governed by multiple complex regulatory layers that might possibly be harnessed and manipulated at will. Despite the tremendous progress that has been made to characterize CHO cells on various omics levels, our understanding is still far from complete. The well-known inherent genetic plasticity of any immortalized and rapidly dividing cell line also characterizes CHO cells and can lead to problematic instability of recombinant protein production. While the high mutational frequency has been a focus of CHO cell research for decades, the impact of epigenetics and its role in differential gene expression has only recently been addressed. In this review we provide an overview about the current understanding of epigenetic regulation in CHO cells and discuss its significance for shaping the cell's phenotype. We also look into current state-of-the-art technology that can be applied to harness and manipulate the epigenetic network so as to nudge CHO cells towards a specific phenotype. Here, we revise current strategies on site-directed integration and random as well as targeted epigenome modifications. Finally, we address open questions that need to be investigated to exploit the full repertoire of fine-tuned control of multiplexed gene expression using epigenetic and systems biology tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Marx
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Eisenhut
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Weinguny
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Klanert
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Borth
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
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15
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Shin S, Kim SH, Lee JS, Lee GM. Streamlined Human Cell-Based Recombinase-Mediated Cassette Exchange Platform Enables Multigene Expression for the Production of Therapeutic Proteins. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:1715-1727. [PMID: 34133132 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A platform, based on targeted integration of transgenes using recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) coupled with CRISPR/Cas9, is increasingly being used for the development of mammalian cell lines that produce therapeutic proteins, because of reduced clonal variation and predictable transgene expression. However, low efficiency of the RMCE process has hampered its application in multicopy or multisite integration of transgenes. To improve RMCE efficiency, nuclear transport of RMCE components such as site-specific recombinase and donor plasmid was accelerated by incorporation of nuclear localization signal and DNA nuclear-targeting sequence, respectively. Consequently, the efficiency of RMCE in dual-landing pad human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cell lines harboring identical or orthogonal pairs of recombination sites at two well-known human safe harbors (AAVS1 and ROSA26 loci), increased 6.7- and 8.1-fold, respectively. This platform with enhanced RMCE efficiency enabled simultaneous integration of transgenes at the two sites using a single transfection without performing selection and enrichment processes. The use of a homotypic dual-landing pad HEK293 cell line capable of incorporating the same transgenes at two sites resulted in a 2-fold increase in the transgene expression level compared to a single-landing pad HEK293 cell line. In addition, the use of a heterotypic dual-landing pad HEK293 cell line, which can incorporate transgenes for a recombinant protein at one site and an effector transgene for cell engineering at another site, increased recombinant protein production. Overall, a streamlined RMCE platform can be a versatile tool for mammalian cell line development by facilitating multigene expression at genomic safe harbors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyeon Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seong Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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16
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Selection of CHO host and recombinant cell pools by inhibition of the proteasome results in enhanced product yields and cell specific productivity. J Biotechnol 2021; 337:35-45. [PMID: 34171439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the leading mammalian cell expression platform for biotherapeutic recombinant molecules yet some proteins remain difficult to express (DTE) in this, and other, systems. In recombinant cell lines expressing DTE proteins, cellular processes to restore proteostasis can be triggered when the folding and modification capabilities are exceeded, including the unfolded protein response and ER-associated degradation (ERAD) and proteasomal degradation. We therefore investigated whether the proteasome activity of CHO cells was linked to their ability to produce recombinant proteins. We found cell lines with diverse monoclonal antibody (mAb) productivity show different susceptibilities to inhibitors of proteasome activity. Subsequently, we applied selective pressure using proteasome inhibitors on mAb producing cells to determine the impact on cell growth and recombinant protein production, and to apply proteasome selective pressure above that of a metabolic selection marker during recombinant cell pool construction. The presence of proteasome inhibitors during cell pool construction expressing two different model molecules, including a DTE Fc-fusion protein, resulted in the generation of cell pools with enhanced productivity. The increased productivities, and ability to select for higher producing cells, has potential to improve clonal selection during upstream processes of DTE proteins.
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17
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Johari YB, Jaffé SRP, Scarrott JM, Johnson AO, Mozzanino T, Pohle TH, Maisuria S, Bhayat-Cammack A, Lambiase G, Brown AJ, Tee KL, Jackson PJ, Wong TS, Dickman MJ, Sargur RB, James DC. Production of trimeric SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by CHO cells for serological COVID-19 testing. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:1013-1021. [PMID: 33128388 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe scalable and cost-efficient production of full length, His-tagged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike glycoprotein trimer by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that can be used to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in patient sera at high specificity and sensitivity. Transient production of spike in both human embryonic kidney (HEK) and CHO cells mediated by polyethyleneimine was increased significantly (up to 10.9-fold) by a reduction in culture temperature to 32°C to permit extended duration cultures. Based on these data GS-CHO pools stably producing spike trimer under the control of a strong synthetic promoter were cultured in hypothermic conditions with combinations of bioactive small molecules to increase yield of purified spike product 4.9-fold to 53 mg/L. Purification of recombinant spike by Ni-chelate affinity chromatography initially yielded a variety of co-eluting protein impurities identified as host cell derived by mass spectrometry, which were separated from spike trimer using a modified imidazole gradient elution. Purified CHO spike trimer antigen was used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay format to detect immunoglobulin G antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in sera from patient cohorts previously tested for viral infection by polymerase chain reaction, including those who had displayed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms. The antibody assay, validated to ISO 15189 Medical Laboratories standards, exhibited a specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 92.3%. Our data show that CHO cells are a suitable host for the production of larger quantities of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 trimer which can be used as antigen for mass serological testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf B Johari
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, UK
| | - Stephen R P Jaffé
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, UK
| | - Joseph M Scarrott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, UK
| | - Abayomi O Johnson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, UK
| | - Théo Mozzanino
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, UK
| | - Thilo H Pohle
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, UK
| | - Sheetal Maisuria
- Department of Immunology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Amina Bhayat-Cammack
- Department of Immunology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Giulia Lambiase
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, UK
| | - Adam J Brown
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, UK
| | - Kang Lan Tee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, UK
| | - Philip J Jackson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, UK
| | - Tuck Seng Wong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, UK
| | - Mark J Dickman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, UK
| | - Ravishankar B Sargur
- Department of Immunology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - David C James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield, UK
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18
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Torres M, Akhtar S, McKenzie EA, Dickson AJ. Temperature Down-Shift Modifies Expression of UPR-/ERAD-Related Genes and Enhances Production of a Chimeric Fusion Protein in CHO Cells. Biotechnol J 2020; 16:e2000081. [PMID: 32271992 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Low culture temperature enhances the cell-specific productivity of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing varied recombinant (r-) proteins, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Regulation of unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway genes, such as transcriptional regulatory factors and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident proteins, appear to be involved in the improvements of r-protein production under low temperature conditions. The transcriptional regulation of UPR-specific targets is studied in response to decreased culture temperature in relation to production of a difficult-to-express protein. A clonally-derived CHO cell line expressing a chimeric fusion protein (human erythropoietin [hEPO] linked to a murine Fc region, hEPO-Fc) is evaluated in terms of growth, metabolism, r-protein production and UPR-/ER associated degradation (ERAD)-specific gene expression at standard (37 °C) and low (32 °C) temperature in batch and fed-batch systems. Low temperature decreased peak cell density, improved viability, generated cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and enhanced hEPO-Fc expression in both batch and fed-batch cultures. A low culture temperature significantly upregulated genes encoding UPR-specific transcriptional activators (xbp1s, ddit3, and atf5) and ER-resident proteins (grp78, grp94, trib3, and ero1α), that are associated with folding and processing of proteins within the ER. Further, low culture temperature decreased expression of genes involved in ERAD (edem3, sels, herpud1, and syvn1) indicating a decreased potential for protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Torres
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Samia Akhtar
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Edward A McKenzie
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.,Protein Expression Facility, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Alan J Dickson
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
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19
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Berger A, Le Fourn V, Masternak J, Regamey A, Bodenmann I, Girod P, Mermod N. Overexpression of transcription factor Foxa1 and target genes remediate therapeutic protein production bottlenecks in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1101-1116. [PMID: 31956982 PMCID: PMC7079004 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive research conducted to increase protein production from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, cellular bottlenecks often remain, hindering high yields. In this study, a transcriptomic analysis led to the identification of 32 genes that are consistently upregulated in high producer clones and thus might mediate high productivity. Candidate genes were associated with functions such as signaling, protein folding, cytoskeleton organization, and cell survival. We focused on two engineering targets, Erp27, which binds unfolded proteins and the Erp57 disulfide isomerase in the endoplasmic reticulum, and Foxa1, a pioneering transcription factor involved in organ development. Erp27 moderate overexpression increased production of an easy-to-express antibody, whereas Erp27 and Erp57 co-overexpression increased cell density, viability, and the yield of difficult-to-express proteins. Foxa1 overexpression increased cell density, cell viability, and easy- and difficult-to-express protein yields, whereas it decreased reactive oxygen species late in fed-batch cultures. Foxa1 overexpression upregulated two other candidate genes that increased the production of difficult- and/or easy-to-express proteins, namely Ca3, involved in protecting cells from oxidative stress, and Tagap, involved in signaling and cytoskeleton remodeling. Overall, several genes allowing to overcome CHO cell bottlenecks were identified, including Foxa1, which mediated multiple favorable metabolic changes that improve therapeutic protein yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Berger
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Present address: Laboratory of Microsystems LMIS4Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | | | - Jacqueline Masternak
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | | | | | | | - Nicolas Mermod
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
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20
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A platform for context-specific genetic engineering of recombinant protein production by CHO cells. J Biotechnol 2020; 312:11-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Toronjo-Urquiza L, Acosta-Martin AE, James DC, Nagy T, Falconer RJ. The use of catechins in Chinese hamster ovary cell media for the improvement of monoclonal antibody yields and a reduction of acidic species. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e2980. [PMID: 32067358 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Catechin compounds have potential benefits for recombinant monoclonal antibody (Mab) production as chemical additives in cell culture media. In this study, four catechin compounds catechin (Cat), epicatechin (EC), gallocatechin-gallate (GCG), and epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) were added to cell culture media (at 50 μM) and their effects on the recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture, specific productivity, and Mab quality were assessed. The results indicate that the improvement of specific productivity was linked to cell growth inhibition. All catechins caused cell phase growth arrest by lowering the number of cells in the G1/G0 phase and increasing the cells in the S and G2/M phases. Late addition of the catechin resulted in a significantly higher final IgG concentration. Cat and EC caused an improvement in the final antibody titer of 1.5 ± 0.1 and 1.3 ± 0.1 fold, respectively. Catechins with a galloyl group (GCG and EGCG) arrested cell growth and reduced cell specific productivity at the concentrations tested. The Cat-treated IgG was found to have reduced acidic species with a corresponding increase in the main peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Toronjo-Urquiza
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Adelina E Acosta-Martin
- biOMICS Facility, Faculty of Science Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David C James
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Tibor Nagy
- Bioprocess Strategy and Development, Fujifilm Diosynth Biotechnologies, Stockton-on-Tees, UK
| | - Robert J Falconer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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22
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Lobner E, Wachernig A, Gudipati V, Mayrhofer P, Salzer B, Lehner M, Huppa JB, Kunert R. Getting CD19 Into Shape: Expression of Natively Folded "Difficult-to- Express" CD19 for Staining and Stimulation of CAR-T Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:49. [PMID: 32117929 PMCID: PMC7020774 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane protein CD19 is exclusively expressed on normal and malignant B cells and therefore constitutes the target of approved CAR-T cell-based cancer immunotherapies. Current efforts to assess CAR-T cell functionality in a quantitative fashion both in vitro and in vivo are hampered by the limited availability of the properly folded recombinant extracellular domain of CD19 (CD19-ECD) considered as "difficult-to-express" (DTE) protein. Here, we successfully expressed a novel fusion construct consisting of the full-length extracellular domain of CD19 and domain 2 of human serum albumin (CD19-AD2), which was integrated into the Rosa26 bacterial artificial chromosome vector backbone for generation of a recombinant CHO-K1 production cell line. Product titers could be further boosted using valproic acid as a chemical chaperone. Purified monomeric CD19-AD2 proved stable as shown by non-reduced SDS-PAGE and SEC-MALS measurements. Moreover, flow cytometric analysis revealed specific binding of CD19-AD2 to CD19-CAR-T cells. Finally, we demonstrate biological activity of our CD19-AD2 fusion construct as we succeeded in stimulating CD19-CAR-T cells effectively with the use of CD19-AD2-decorated planar supported lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Lobner
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Wachernig
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Venugopal Gudipati
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Mayrhofer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Salzer
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Lehner
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes B Huppa
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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23
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Budge JD, Knight TJ, Povey J, Roobol J, Brown IR, Singh G, Dean A, Turner S, Jaques CM, Young RJ, Racher AJ, Smales CM. Engineering of Chinese hamster ovary cell lipid metabolism results in an expanded ER and enhanced recombinant biotherapeutic protein production. Metab Eng 2020; 57:203-216. [PMID: 31805379 PMCID: PMC6975165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell expression systems have been exquisitely developed for the production of recombinant biotherapeutics (e.g. standard monoclonal antibodies, mAbs) and are able to generate efficacious, multi-domain proteins with human-like post translational modifications at high concentration with appropriate product quality attributes. However, there remains a need for development of new CHO cell expression systems able to produce more challenging secretory recombinant biotherapeutics at higher yield with improved product quality attributes. Amazingly, the engineering of lipid metabolism to enhance such properties has not been investigated even though the biosynthesis of recombinant proteins is at least partially controlled by cellular processes that are highly dependent on lipid metabolism. Here we show that the global transcriptional activator of genes involved in lipid biosynthesis, sterol regulatory element binding factor 1 (SREBF1), and stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of saturated fatty acids into monounsaturated fatty acids, can be overexpressed in CHO cells to different degrees. The amount of overexpression obtained of each of these lipid metabolism modifying (LMM) genes was related to the subsequent phenotypes observed. Expression of a number of model secretory biopharmaceuticals was enhanced between 1.5-9 fold in either SREBF1 or SCD1 engineered CHO host cells as assessed under batch and fed-batch culture. The SCD1 overexpressing polyclonal pool consistently showed increased concentration of a range of products. For the SREBF1 engineered cells, the level of SREBF1 expression that gave the greatest enhancement in yield was dependent upon the model protein tested. Overexpression of both SCD1 and SREBF1 modified the lipid profile of CHO cells and the cellular structure. Mechanistically, overexpression of SCD1 and SREBF1 resulted in an expanded endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that was dependent upon the level of LMM overexpression. We conclude that manipulation of lipid metabolism in CHO cells via genetic engineering is an exciting new approach to enhance the ability of CHO cells to produce a range of different types of secretory recombinant protein products via modulation of the cellular lipid profile and expansion of the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Budge
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Tanya J Knight
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Jane Povey
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Joanne Roobol
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Ian R Brown
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Gurdeep Singh
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Andrew Dean
- Lonza Biologics, 228 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 4DX, UK
| | - Sarah Turner
- Lonza Biologics, 228 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 4DX, UK
| | | | - Robert J Young
- Cell Engineering Group, Lonza Biologics, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, UK
| | | | - C Mark Smales
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK.
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24
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Toronjo-Urquiza L, Acosta-Martin AE, James DC, Nagy T, Falconer RJ. Resveratrol addition to Chinese hamster ovary cell culture media: The effect on cell growth, monoclonal antibody synthesis, and its chemical modification. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 36:e2940. [PMID: 31742929 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the addition of resveratrol to cell culture media during the production of monoclonal antibodies was investigated. Treatments of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing immunoglobulin G (IgG) with 25 and 50 μM resveratrol showed that resveratrol was capable of slowing cell growth while almost doubling cell-specific productivity to 4.7 ± 0.6 pg IgG/cell·day, resulting in up to a 1.37-fold increase of the final IgG titer. A resveratrol concentration of 50 μM slowed the progression through the cell cycle temporarily by trapping cells in the S-phase. Cation exchange chromatography showed no significant difference in the composition of acidic or basic IgG species and size exclusion chromatography indicated no change in fragmentation or aggregation of the recombinant IgG in the treatment groups. Resveratrol could be used as a chemical additive to CHO media where it would enhance IgG productivity and provide a degree of protection against hydroxyl and superoxide free radicals, expanding the range of options for process improvement available to monoclonal antibody manufacturers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Toronjo-Urquiza
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Adelina E Acosta-Martin
- biOMICS Facility, Faculty of Science Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David C James
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Tibor Nagy
- Bioprocess Strategy and Development, Fujifilm Diosynth Biotechnologies, Billingham, UK
| | - Robert J Falconer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Mathias S, Wippermann A, Raab N, Zeh N, Handrick R, Gorr I, Schulz P, Fischer S, Gamer M, Otte K. Unraveling what makes a monoclonal antibody difficult‐to‐express: From intracellular accumulation to incomplete folding and degradation via ERAD. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:5-16. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Mathias
- Institute of Applied BiotechnologyUniversity of Applied Sciences Biberach Biberach Germany
| | - Anna Wippermann
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development BiologicalsBoehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach Germany
| | - Nadja Raab
- Institute of Applied BiotechnologyUniversity of Applied Sciences Biberach Biberach Germany
| | - Nikolas Zeh
- Institute of Applied BiotechnologyUniversity of Applied Sciences Biberach Biberach Germany
| | - René Handrick
- Institute of Applied BiotechnologyUniversity of Applied Sciences Biberach Biberach Germany
| | - Ingo Gorr
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Bioprocess Development BiologicalsBoehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach Germany
| | - Patrick Schulz
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development BiologicalsBoehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach Germany
| | - Simon Fischer
- Cell Line Development CMB, Bioprocess & Analytical DevelopmentBoehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach Germany
| | - Martin Gamer
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development BiologicalsBoehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach Germany
| | - Kerstin Otte
- Institute of Applied BiotechnologyUniversity of Applied Sciences Biberach Biberach Germany
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26
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Klanert G, Fernandez DJ, Weinguny M, Eisenhut P, Bühler E, Melcher M, Titus SA, Diendorfer AB, Gludovacz E, Jadhav V, Xiao S, Stern B, Lal M, Shiloach J, Borth N. A cross-species whole genome siRNA screen in suspension-cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells identifies novel engineering targets. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8689. [PMID: 31213643 PMCID: PMC6582146 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput siRNA screens were only recently applied to cell factories to identify novel engineering targets which are able to boost cells towards desired phenotypes. While siRNA libraries exist for model organisms such as mice, no CHO-specific library is publicly available, hindering the application of this technique to CHO cells. The optimization of these cells is of special interest, as they are the main host for the production of therapeutic proteins. Here, we performed a cross-species approach by applying a mouse whole-genome siRNA library to CHO cells, optimized the protocol for suspension cultured cells, as this is the industrial practice for CHO cells, and developed an in silico method to identify functioning siRNAs, which also revealed the limitations of using cross-species libraries. With this method, we were able to identify several genes that, upon knockdown, enhanced the total productivity in the primary screen. A second screen validated two of these genes, Rad21 and Chd4, whose knockdown was tested in additional CHO cell lines, confirming the induced high productivity phenotype, but also demonstrating the cell line/clone specificity of engineering effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Klanert
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Marcus Weinguny
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Eisenhut
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eugen Bühler
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, NCATS, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Michael Melcher
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Steven A Titus
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, NCATS, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Elisabeth Gludovacz
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vaibhav Jadhav
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
| | - Su Xiao
- Biotechnology Core Laboratory, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Beate Stern
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- UniTargetingResearch AS, Bergen, Norway
| | - Madhu Lal
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, NCATS, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Joseph Shiloach
- Biotechnology Core Laboratory, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Nicole Borth
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria.
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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27
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Toronjo Urquiza L, James DC, Nagy T, Falconer RJ. Screening Naturally Occurring Phenolic Antioxidants for Their Suitability as Additives to CHO Cell Culture Media Used to Produce Monoclonal Antibodies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8060159. [PMID: 31163664 PMCID: PMC6617030 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8060159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study identified several antioxidants that could be used in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)cell culture media and benefit monoclonal antibody production. The flavan-3-ols, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate and gallocatechin gallate all had no detrimental effect on cell viability at the concentrations tested, and they reduced the final viable cell count with a resulting rise in the cell specific productivity. The flavone, luteolin behave similarly to the flavan-3-ols. Resveratrol at 50 μM concentration resulted in the most pronounced reduction in viable cell density with minimal decrease in IgG synthesis and the largest increase in cell specific productivity. Low concentrations of α-tocopherol (35 μM) reduced viable cell density and raised cell specific productivity, but at higher concentration it had little additional effect. As high concentrations of α-tocopherol are not toxic to CHO cells, its addition as an anti-oxidant has great potential. Kaempferol up to 50 μM, curcumin up to 20 μM and piceid up to 100 μM showed little effect on growth or IgG synthesis and could be useful as antioxidants. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester was toxic to CHO cell and of no interest. Seven of the phenolic compounds tested are potential cell cycle inhibitors as well as having intrinsic antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Toronjo Urquiza
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - David C James
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Tibor Nagy
- Fujifilm Diosynth Biotechnologies, Belasis Ave, Stockton-on-Tees, Billingham TS23 1LH, UK.
| | - Robert J Falconer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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28
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Zhu J, Hatton D. New Mammalian Expression Systems. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 165:9-50. [PMID: 28585079 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There are an increasing number of recombinant antibodies and proteins in preclinical and clinical development for therapeutic applications. Mammalian expression systems are key to enabling the production of these molecules, and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell platforms continue to be central to delivery of the stable cell lines required for large-scale production. Increasing pressure on timelines and efficiency, further innovation of molecular formats and the shift to new production systems are driving developments of these CHO cell line platforms. The availability of genome and transcriptome data coupled with advancing gene editing tools are increasing the ability to design and engineer CHO cell lines to meet these challenges. This chapter aims to give an overview of the developments in CHO expression systems and some of the associated technologies over the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Diane Hatton
- MedImmune, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.
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29
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Kshirsagar R, Ryll T. Innovation in Cell Banking, Expansion, and Production Culture. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 165:51-74. [PMID: 29637222 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture-based production processes enable the development and commercial supply of recombinant protein products. Such processes consist of the following elements: thaw and initiation of culture, seed expansion, and production culture. A robust cell source storage system in the form of a cell bank is developed and cells are thawed to initiate the cell culture process. Seed culture expansion generates sufficient cell mass to initiate the production culture. The production culture provides an environment where the cells can synthesize the product and is optimized to deliver the highest possible product concentration with acceptable product quality. This chapter describes the significant innovations made in these process elements and the resulting improvements in the overall efficiency, robustness, and safety of the processes and products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Kshirsagar
- Technical Development, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Thomas Ryll
- Technical Operations, ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA.
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30
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Poulain A, Mullick A, Massie B, Durocher Y. Reducing recombinant protein expression during CHO pool selection enhances frequency of high-producing cells. J Biotechnol 2019; 296:32-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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31
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Johari YB, Brown AJ, Alves CS, Zhou Y, Wright CM, Estes SD, Kshirsagar R, James DC. CHO genome mining for synthetic promoter design. J Biotechnol 2019; 294:1-13. [PMID: 30703471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic promoters are an attractive alternative for use in mammalian hosts such as CHO cells as they can be designed de novo with user-defined functionalities. In this study, we describe and validate a method for bioprocess-directed design of synthetic promoters utilizing CHO genomic sequence information. We designed promoters with two objective features, (i) constitutive high-level recombinant gene transcription, and (ii) upregulated transcription under mild hypothermia or late-stage culture. CHO genes varying in transcriptional activity were selected based on a comparative analysis of RNA-Seq transcript levels in normal and biphasic cultures in combination with estimates of mRNA half-life from published genome scale datasets. Discrete transcription factor regulatory elements (TFREs) upstream of these genes were informatically identified and functionally screened in vitro to identify a subset of TFREs with the potential to support high activity recombinant gene transcription during biphasic cell culture processes. Two libraries of heterotypic synthetic promoters with varying TFRE combinations were then designed in silico that exhibited a maximal 2.5-fold increase in transcriptional strength over the CMV-IE promoter after transient transfection into host CHO-K1 cells. A subset of synthetic promoters was then used to create stable transfectant pools using CHO-K1 cells under glutamine synthetase selection. Whilst not achieving the maximal 2.5-fold increase in productivity over stable pools harboring the CMV promoter, all stably transfected cells utilizing synthetic promoters exhibited increased reporter production - up to 1.6-fold that of cells employing CMV, both in the presence or absence of intron A immediately downstream of the promoter. The increased productivity of stably transfected cells harboring synthetic promoters was maintained during fed-batch culture, with or without a transition to mild hypothermia at the onset of stationary phase. Our data exemplify that it is important to consider both host cell and intended bioprocess contexts as design criteria in the de novo construction of synthetic genetic parts for mammalian cell engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf B Johari
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Adam J Brown
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | | | - Yizhou Zhou
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Scott D Estes
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - David C James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
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32
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Onitsuka M, Kadoya Y, Omasa T. Secretory leakage of IgG1 aggregates from recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 127:752-757. [PMID: 30580968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of therapeutic antibodies is one of the most important issues to be resolved in manufacturing processes because of reduced efficacy and immunogenicity. Despite aggregation studies in vitro, little is known about the aggregation mechanism in cell culture processes. In this study, we investigated the process of aggregate formation of IgG1 antibodies during the culture of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to determine how aggregation occurs. A recombinant CHO cell line was cultivated in a bioreactor, and purified IgG1 from daily culture supernatants was analyzed by size exclusion chromatography. We found a linear correlation between the peak plots of IgG1 by-products, dimeric and aggregated IgG1, and integrated viable cell density, indicating that these by-products were secreted from CHO cells at a constant secretion rate. In addition, aggregate formation was not reproduced in pseudo-culture experiments, and the solution structures of intracellular and extracellular IgG1 aggregates were similar. These results support the concept of secretory leakage of IgG1 by-products. Secreted aggregates appeared to be in an alternatively folded state, which can pass through the protein quality control system in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Onitsuka
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Yukinori Kadoya
- Graduate School of Advanced Technology and Science, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Takeshi Omasa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, U1E-801, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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33
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Brown AJ, Gibson SJ, Hatton D, Arnall CL, James DC. Whole synthetic pathway engineering of recombinant protein production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 116:375-387. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Brown
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldSheffield UK
| | | | - Diane Hatton
- Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmuneCambridge UK
| | - Claire L. Arnall
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldSheffield UK
| | - David C. James
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldSheffield UK
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34
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Gomez N, Wieczorek A, Lu F, Bruno R, Diaz L, Agrawal NJ, Daris K. Culture temperature modulates half antibody and aggregate formation in a Chinese hamster ovary cell line expressing a bispecific antibody. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2930-2940. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gomez
- Pre-Pivotal Drug Substance Technology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks; California
| | | | - Fang Lu
- Pre-Pivotal Drug Substance Technology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks; California
| | - Richele Bruno
- Discovery Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks; California
| | - Luis Diaz
- Pre-Pivotal Drug Substance Technology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks; California
| | | | - Kristi Daris
- Pre-Pivotal Drug Substance Technology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks; California
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35
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Debottlenecking protein secretion and reducing protein aggregation in the cellular host. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 53:151-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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36
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Hussain H, Fisher DI, Roth RG, Mark Abbott W, Carballo-Amador MA, Warwicker J, Dickson AJ. A protein chimera strategy supports production of a model "difficult-to-express" recombinant target. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2499-2511. [PMID: 29933498 PMCID: PMC6174982 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Due in part to the needs of the biopharmaceutical industry, there has been an increased drive to generate high quality recombinant proteins in large amounts. However, achieving high yields can be a challenge as the novelty and increased complexity of new targets often makes them 'difficult-to-express'. This study aimed to define the molecular features that restrict the production of a model 'difficult-to-express' recombinant protein, Tissue Inhibitor Metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3). Building from experimental data, computational approaches were used to rationalize the redesign of this recombinant target to generate a chimera with enhanced secretion. The results highlight the importance of early identification of unfavourable sequence attributes, enabling the generation of engineered protein forms that bypass 'secretory' bottlenecks and result in efficient recombinant protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirra Hussain
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, UK
| | - David I Fisher
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert G Roth
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - W Mark Abbott
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Jim Warwicker
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Alan J Dickson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, UK
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37
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Dangi AK, Sinha R, Dwivedi S, Gupta SK, Shukla P. Cell Line Techniques and Gene Editing Tools for Antibody Production: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:630. [PMID: 29946262 PMCID: PMC6006397 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present day modern formulation practices for drugs are based on newer tools and techniques toward effective utilization. The methods of antibody formulations are to be revolutionized based on techniques of cell engineering and gene editing. In the present review, we have discussed innovations in cell engineering toward production of novel antibodies for therapeutic applications. Moreover, this review deciphers the use of RNAi, ribozyme engineering, CRISPR-Cas-based techniques for better strategies for antibody production. Overall, this review describes the multidisciplinary aspects of the production of therapeutic proteins that has gained more attention due to its increasing demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Dangi
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | | | - Shailja Dwivedi
- Advanced Biotech Lab, Ipca Laboratories Limited, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
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38
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Vito D, Smales CM. The Long Non-Coding RNA Transcriptome Landscape in CHO Cells Under Batch and Fed-Batch Conditions. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1800122. [PMID: 29781203 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of non-coding RNAs in determining growth, productivity, and recombinant product quality attributes in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells has received much attention in recent years, exemplified by studies into microRNAs in particular. However, other classes of non-coding RNAs have received less attention. One such class are the non-coding RNAs known collectively as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). The authors have undertaken the first landscape analysis of the lncRNA transcriptome in CHO using a mouse based microarray that also provided for the surveillance of the coding transcriptome. The authors report on those lncRNAs present in a model host CHO cell line under batch and fed-batch conditions on two different days and relate the expression of different lncRNAs to each other. The authors demonstrate that the mouse microarray is suitable for the detection and analysis of thousands of CHO lncRNAs and validated a number of these by qRT-PCR. The authors then further analyzed the data to identify those lncRNAs whose expression changed the most between growth and stationary phases of culture or between batch and fed-batch culture to identify potential lncRNA targets for further functional studies with regard to their role in controlling growth of CHO cells. The authors discuss the implications for the publication of this rich dataset and how this may be used by the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Vito
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, Kent, UK
| | - Christopher Mark Smales
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, Kent, UK
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39
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Lu Y, Zhou Q, Han Q, Wu P, Zhang L, Zhu L, Weaver DT, Xu C, Zhang B. Inactivation of deubiquitinase CYLD enhances therapeutic antibody production in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6081-6093. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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40
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Visualisation of intracellular production bottlenecks in suspension-adapted CHO cells producing complex biopharmaceuticals using fluorescence microscopy. J Biotechnol 2018; 271:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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41
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Fernandez-Martell A, Johari YB, James DC. Metabolic phenotyping of CHO cells varying in cellular biomass accumulation and maintenance during fed-batch culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:645-660. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yusuf B. Johari
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Sheffield; Mappin St. Sheffield UK
| | - David C. James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Sheffield; Mappin St. Sheffield UK
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42
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Brown AJ, Kalsi D, Fernandez-Martell A, Cartwright J, Barber NOW, Patel YD, Turner R, Bryant CL, Johari YB, James DC. Expression Systems for Recombinant Biopharmaceutical Production by Mammalian Cells in Culture. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527699124.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Brown
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Devika Kalsi
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | | | - Joe Cartwright
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Nicholas O. W. Barber
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Yash D. Patel
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | | | - Claire L. Bryant
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Yusuf B. Johari
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - David C. James
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
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Hussain H, Fisher DI, Abbott WM, Roth RG, Dickson AJ. Use of a protein engineering strategy to overcome limitations in the production of “Difficult to Express” recombinant proteins. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirra Hussain
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; Faculty of Science and Engineering; University of Manchester; M1 7DN Manchester United Kingdom
| | - David I. Fisher
- AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park; Milton Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - W. Mark Abbott
- AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park; Milton Cambridge United Kingdom
| | | | - Alan J. Dickson
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; Faculty of Science and Engineering; University of Manchester; M1 7DN Manchester United Kingdom
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44
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Meyer HJ, Turincio R, Ng S, Li J, Wilson B, Chan P, Zak M, Reilly D, Beresini MH, Wong AW. High throughput screening identifies novel, cell cycle-arresting small molecule enhancers of transient protein expression. Biotechnol Prog 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hermann-Josef Meyer
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech Inc; 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Rebecca Turincio
- Dept. of Biochemical & Cellular Pharmacology; Genentech Inc; 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Shirley Ng
- Dept. of Biochemical & Cellular Pharmacology; Genentech Inc; 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Juan Li
- Dept. of Biochemical & Cellular Pharmacology; Genentech Inc; 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Blair Wilson
- Dept. of Biochemical & Cellular Pharmacology; Genentech Inc; 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Pamela Chan
- Dept. of Biochemical & Cellular Pharmacology; Genentech Inc; 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Mark Zak
- Dept. of; Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc; 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Dorothea Reilly
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech Inc; 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Maureen H. Beresini
- Dept. of Biochemical & Cellular Pharmacology; Genentech Inc; 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Athena W. Wong
- Dept. of Early Stage Cell Culture; Genentech Inc; 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco CA 94080
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45
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Pieper LA, Strotbek M, Wenger T, Olayioye MA, Hausser A. ATF6β-based fine-tuning of the unfolded protein response enhances therapeutic antibody productivity of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1310-1318. [PMID: 28165157 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of protein folding and secretion are key issues in improving the productivity and robustness of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) producer cells. High recombinant protein secretion in CHO producer clones triggers the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), an intracellular response to the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We previously reported that the human microRNA (miRNA) miR-1287 enhances productivity in IgG-expressing CHO cells (CHO-IgG). Here, through next-generation sequencing (NGS), we identified the activating transcription factor 6 beta (ATF6β), a repressor of the pro-survival and UPR promoting factor ATF6α, as a direct target gene of miR-1287 in CHO-IgG cells. We show that the transient depletion of ATF6β resulted in enhanced specific productivity comparable to that of miR-1287-expressing CHO-IgG cells. Strikingly, stable ATF6β knockdown in CHO-IgG cells significantly improved antibody titer and viable cell density under fed-batch conditions. This was associated with the elevated expression of the UPR genes glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), homocysteine inducible ER protein with ubiquitin like domain 1 (Herpud1) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP). We hence demonstrate that ATF6β-based cell line engineering is a promising strategy to improve the productivity of CHO producer cells by activating an optimally balanced UPR program. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1310-1318. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Pieper
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michaela Strotbek
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Till Wenger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Monilola A Olayioye
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Angelika Hausser
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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46
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Schoellhorn M, Fischer S, Wagner A, Handrick R, Otte K. miR-143 targets MAPK7 in CHO cells and induces a hyperproductive phenotype to enhance production of difficult-to-express proteins. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:1046-1058. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Schoellhorn
- Inst. of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach; Hubertus-Liebrecht-Strasse 35 Biberach 88400 Germany
| | - Simon Fischer
- Inst. of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach; Hubertus-Liebrecht-Strasse 35 Biberach 88400 Germany
| | - Andreas Wagner
- Inst. of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach; Hubertus-Liebrecht-Strasse 35 Biberach 88400 Germany
| | - René Handrick
- Inst. of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach; Hubertus-Liebrecht-Strasse 35 Biberach 88400 Germany
| | - Kerstin Otte
- Inst. of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach; Hubertus-Liebrecht-Strasse 35 Biberach 88400 Germany
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47
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Fischer S, Marquart KF, Pieper LA, Fieder J, Gamer M, Gorr I, Schulz P, Bradl H. miRNA engineering of CHO cells facilitates production of difficult-to-express proteins and increases success in cell line development. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1495-1510. [PMID: 28262952 PMCID: PMC6084326 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, coherent with growing biologics portfolios also the number of complex and thus difficult-to-express (DTE) therapeutic proteins has increased considerably. DTE proteins challenge bioprocess development and can include various therapeutic protein formats such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), multi-specific affinity scaffolds (e.g., bispecific antibodies), cytokines, or fusion proteins. Hence, the availability of robust and versatile Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) host cell factories is fundamental for high-yielding bioprocesses. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as potent cell engineering tools to improve process performance of CHO manufacturing cell lines. However, there has not been any report demonstrating the impact of beneficial miRNAs on industrial cell line development (CLD) yet. To address this question, we established novel CHO host cells constitutively expressing a pro-productive miRNA: miR-557. Novel host cells were tested in two independent CLD campaigns using two different mAb candidates including a normal as well as a DTE antibody. Presence of miR-557 significantly enhanced each process step during CLD in a product independent manner. Stable expression of miR-557 increased the probability to identify high-producing cell clones. Furthermore, production cell lines derived from miR-557 expressing host cells exhibited significantly increased final product yields in fed-batch cultivation processes without compromising product quality. Strikingly, cells co-expressing miR-557 and a DTE antibody achieved a twofold increase in product titer compared to clones co-expressing a negative control miRNA. Thus, host cell engineering using miRNAs represents a promising tool to overcome limitations in industrial CLD especially with regard to DTE proteins. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1495-1510. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fischer
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany.,Cell Culture Development CMB, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Kim F Marquart
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Lisa A Pieper
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Juergen Fieder
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Martin Gamer
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Ingo Gorr
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Patrick Schulz
- Cell Culture Development CMB, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Harald Bradl
- Cell Culture Development CMB, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
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48
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Lam C, Santell L, Wilson B, Yim M, Louie S, Tang D, Shaw D, Chan P, Lazarus RA, Snedecor B, Misaghi S. Taming hyperactive hDNase I: Stable inducible expression of a hyperactive salt- and actin-resistant variant of human deoxyribonuclease I in CHO cells. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:523-533. [PMID: 28127892 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While the most common causes of clonal instability are DNA copy number loss and silencing, toxicity of the expressed protein(s) may also induce clonal instability. Human DNase I (hDNase I) is used therapeutically for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) and may have potential benefit for use in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). hDNase I is an endonuclease that catalyzes degradation of extracellular DNA and is inhibited by both salt and G-actin. Engineered versions of hDNase I, bearing multiple point mutations, which renders them Hyperactive, Salt- and Actin-Resistant (HSAR-hDNase I) have been developed previously. However, constitutive expression of HSAR-hDNase I enzymes has been very challenging and, despite considerable efforts and screening thousands of clones, no stable clone capable of constitutive expression had been obtained. Here, we developed a regulated expression system for stable expression of an HSAR-hDNase I in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. The HSAR-hDNase I clones were stable and, upon induction, expressed enzymatically functional protein. Our findings suggest that degradation of host's DNA mediated by HSAR-hDNase I during cell division is the likely cause of clonal instability observed in cells constitutively expressing this protein. Purified HSAR-hDNase I was both hyperactive and resistant to inhibition by salt and G-actin, resulting in an enzyme having ca. 10-fold greater specific activity and the potential to be a superior therapeutic agent to wild type (WT) hDNase I. Furthermore, the ability to regulate hDNase I expression has enabled process development improvements that achieve higher cell growth and product titers while maintaining product quality. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:523-533, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Lam
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Lydia Santell
- Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Blair Wilson
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Dept., Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Mandy Yim
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Salina Louie
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Danming Tang
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - David Shaw
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Pamela Chan
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Dept., Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Robert A Lazarus
- Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Brad Snedecor
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Shahram Misaghi
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
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49
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Alves CS, Dobrowsky TM. Strategies and Considerations for Improving Expression of "Difficult to Express" Proteins in CHO Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1603:1-23. [PMID: 28493120 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6972-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite substantial advances in the field of mammalian expression, there are still proteins that are characterized as difficult to express. Determining the expression bottleneck requires troubleshooting techniques specific for the given molecule and host. The complex array of intracellular processes involved in protein expression includes transcription, protein folding, post-translation processing, and secretion. Challenges in any of these steps could result in low protein expression, while the inherent properties of the molecule itself may limit its production via mechanisms such as cytotoxicity or inherent instability. Strategies to identify the rate-limiting step and subsequently improve expression and production are discussed here.
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50
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Hansen HG, Pristovšek N, Kildegaard HF, Lee GM. Improving the secretory capacity of Chinese hamster ovary cells by ectopic expression of effector genes: Lessons learned and future directions. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:64-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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