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Mothe S, Polisetty VR. Review on anaerobic digestion of rice straw for biogas production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:24455-24469. [PMID: 32335832 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08762-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
India is an agrarian country producing a large amount of rice straw as an agricultural residue. These residues are burnt openly leading to severe environmental pollution and health hazards. Among several options available, anaerobic digestion of rice straw into biomethane gas and digestate is a promising technology. The current paper reviews the characteristics, principles of rice straw and the process variables (temperature, volatile fatty acids, and pH, carbon to nitrogen ratio, metal elements and organic loading rate) that affect the performance of the rice straw digestion and process strategies which may alleviate the barriers and may improve the biomethane yield. Co-digestion of rice straw with nitrogen-rich substrates is proven to be an effective way to balance the carbon to nitrogen ratio, in turn, leads to nutrient balance and enhance the biomethane yields of anaerobic co-digestion system. Moreover, pretreatment is another effective strategy; physical, chemical and biological pretreatments are reviewed in the article which improved the performance of digester. The utilisation of rice straw along with other co-substrates and appropriate pretreatment may be a recommended sustainable solution for preventing environmental and health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagarika Mothe
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, India.
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Pore SD, Engineer A, Dagar SS, Dhakephalkar PK. Meta-omics based analyses of microbiome involved in biomethanation of rice straw in a thermophilic anaerobic bioreactor under optimized conditions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 279:25-33. [PMID: 30710817 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biomethanation of rice straw was performed at 55 °C without thermochemical pretreatment using cattle dung supplemented with Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus strains. Methane yield of 323 ml g-1 VS obtained under optimized conditions such as particle size (1 mm), carbon to nitrogen ratio (15:1), substrate to inoculum ratio (1:1), organic loading rate (7.5% w/v) and hydraulic retention time (20 days), was one of the highest ever reported from rice straw. Metagenome analysis revealed several putative novel taxa among resident microbes. The genomes of Clostridium, Hungateiclostridium, Alkaliphilus, Anaerocolumna, Olsenella, Paenibacillus, Pseudoclostridium, Tepidanaerobacter and Turicibacter were recovered as metagenome assisted genomes. Clostridium spp. and M. thermautotrophicus were the dominant hydrolytic and methanogenic microbes, respectively. Syntrophic acetate oxidation coupled to hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis was found to be the major pathway for methane production. Efficient thermophilic biomethanation of rice straw without thermochemical pretreatment using cattle dung supplemented with M. thermautotrophicus is reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham D Pore
- Bioenergy Group, MACS Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India; Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Anupama Engineer
- Bioenergy Group, MACS Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sumit Singh Dagar
- Bioenergy Group, MACS Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India; Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Prashant K Dhakephalkar
- Bioenergy Group, MACS Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India; Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India.
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3
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Variation of the microbial community in thermophilic anaerobic digestion of pig manure mixed with different ratios of rice straw. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 122:334-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Zhou S, Zhang J, Zou G, Riya S, Hosomi M. Mass and Energy Balances of Dry Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion Treating Swine Manure Mixed with Rice Straw. BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:895015. [PMID: 26609436 PMCID: PMC4644824 DOI: 10.1155/2015/895015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the feasibility of swine manure treatment by a proposed Dry Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion (DT-AD) system, we evaluated the methane yield of swine manure treated using a DT-AD method with rice straw under different C/N ratios and solid retention time (SRT) and calculated the mass and energy balances when the DT-AD system is used for swine manure treatment from a model farm with 1000 pigs and the digested residue is used for forage rice production. A traditional swine manure treatment Oxidation Ditch system was used as the study control. The results suggest that methane yield using the proposed DT-AD system increased with a higher C/N ratio and shorter SRT. Correspondently, for the DT-AD system running with SRT of 80 days, the net energy yields for all treatments were negative, due to low biogas production and high heat loss of digestion tank. However, the biogas yield increased when the SRT was shortened to 40 days, and the generated energy was greater than consumed energy when C/N ratio was 20 : 1 and 30 : 1. The results suggest that with the correct optimization of C/N ratio and SRT, the proposed DT-AD system, followed by using digestate for forage rice production, can attain energy self-sufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhou
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Jining Zhang
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Guoyan Zou
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Co-Elite Agricultural Sci-Tech (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Shohei Riya
- Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Masaaki Hosomi
- Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Cecchi F, Cavinato C. Anaerobic digestion of bio-waste: A mini-review focusing on territorial and environmental aspects. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2015; 33:429-438. [PMID: 25687916 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x14568610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Scientific and industrial experiences, together with economical and policies changes of last 30 years, bring anaerobic digestion among the most environmental friendly and economically advantageous technologies for organic waste treatment and management in Europe. In this short review, the role of anaerobic digestion of organic wastes is discussed, considering the opportunity of a territorial friendly approach, without barriers, where different organic wastes are co-treated. This objective can be achieved through two proposed strategies: one is the anaerobic digestion applied as a service for the agricultural and farming sector; the other as a service for citizen (biowaste, diapers and wastewater treatment integration). The union of these two strategies is an environmental- and territorial-friendly process that aims to produce renewable energy and fertiliser material, with a low greenhouse gas emission and nutrients recovery. The advantage of forthcoming application of anaerobic digestion of organic wastes, even for added value bioproducts production and new energy carriers, are finally discussed. Among several advantages of anaerobic digestion, the role of the environmental controller was evaluated, considering the ability of minimising the impacts exploiting the biochemical equilibrium and sensitivity as a quality assurance for digestate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Cecchi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Cristina Cavinato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca'Foscari of Venice, Italy
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Zhang T, Mao C, Zhai N, Wang X, Yang G. Influence of initial pH on thermophilic anaerobic co-digestion of swine manure and maize stalk. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 35:119-126. [PMID: 25442104 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The contradictions between the increasing energy demand and decreasing fossil fuels are making the use of renewable energy the key to the sustainable development of energy in the future. Biogas, a renewable clean energy, can be obtained by the anaerobic fermentation of manure waste and agricultural straw. This study examined the initial pH value had obvious effect on methane production and the process in the thermophilic anaerobic co-digestion. Five different initial pH levels with three different manure ratios were tested. All digesters in different initial pH showed a diverse methane production after 35 days. The VFA/alkalinity ratio of the optimum reaction condition for methanogens activity was in the range of 0.1-0.3 and the optimal condition that at the 70% dung ratio and initial pH 6.81, was expected to achieve maximum total biogas production (146.32 mL/g VS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Research Center of Recycle Agricultural Engineering and Technology of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunlan Mao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Research Center of Recycle Agricultural Engineering and Technology of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ningning Zhai
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Research Center of Recycle Agricultural Engineering and Technology of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaojiao Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Research Center of Recycle Agricultural Engineering and Technology of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gaihe Yang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Research Center of Recycle Agricultural Engineering and Technology of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Dam P, Kataeva I, Yang SJ, Zhou F, Yin Y, Chou W, Poole FL, Westpheling J, Hettich R, Giannone R, Lewis DL, Kelly R, Gilbert HJ, Henrissat B, Xu Y, Adams MWW. Insights into plant biomass conversion from the genome of the anaerobic thermophilic bacterium Caldicellulosiruptor bescii DSM 6725. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:3240-54. [PMID: 21227922 PMCID: PMC3082886 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Caldicellulosiruptor bescii DSM 6725 utilizes various polysaccharides and grows efficiently on untreated high-lignin grasses and hardwood at an optimum temperature of ∼80°C. It is a promising anaerobic bacterium for studying high-temperature biomass conversion. Its genome contains 2666 protein-coding sequences organized into 1209 operons. Expression of 2196 genes (83%) was confirmed experimentally. At least 322 genes appear to have been obtained by lateral gene transfer (LGT). Putative functions were assigned to 364 conserved/hypothetical protein (C/HP) genes. The genome contains 171 and 88 genes related to carbohydrate transport and utilization, respectively. Growth on cellulose led to the up-regulation of 32 carbohydrate-active (CAZy), 61 sugar transport, 25 transcription factor and 234 C/HP genes. Some C/HPs were overproduced on cellulose or xylan, suggesting their involvement in polysaccharide conversion. A unique feature of the genome is enrichment with genes encoding multi-modular, multi-functional CAZy proteins organized into one large cluster, the products of which are proposed to act synergistically on different components of plant cell walls and to aid the ability of C. bescii to convert plant biomass. The high duplication of CAZy domains coupled with the ability to acquire foreign genes by LGT may have allowed the bacterium to rapidly adapt to changing plant biomass-rich environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuongan Dam
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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9
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Sandbeck KA, Ward DM. Temperature adaptations in the terminal processes of anaerobic decomposition of yellowstone national park and icelandic hot spring microbial mats. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 44:844-51. [PMID: 16346109 PMCID: PMC242107 DOI: 10.1128/aem.44.4.844-851.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimum temperatures for methanogenesis in microbial mats of four neutral to alkaline, low-sulfate hot springs in Yellowstone National Park were between 50 and 60 degrees C, which was 13 to 23 degrees C lower than the upper temperature for mat development. Significant methanogenesis at 65 degrees C was only observed in one of the springs. Methane production in samples collected at a 51 or 62 degrees C site in Octopus Spring was increased by incubation at higher temperatures and was maximal at 70 degrees C. Strains of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum were isolated from 50, 55, 60, and 65 degrees C sites in Octopus Spring at the temperatures of the collection sites. The optimum temperature for growth and methanogenesis of each isolate was 65 degrees C. Similar results were found for the potential rate of sulfate reduction in an Icelandic hot spring microbial mat in which sulfate reduction dominated methane production as a terminal process in anaerobic decomposition. The potential rate of sulfate reduction along the thermal gradient of the mat was greatest at 50 degrees C, but incubation at 60 degrees C of the samples obtained at 50 degrees C increased the rate. Adaptation to different mat temperatures, common among various microorganisms and processes in the mats, did not appear to occur in the processes and microorganisms which terminate the anaerobic food chain. Other factors must explain why the maximal rates of these processes are restricted to moderate temperatures of the mat ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Sandbeck
- Department of Microbiology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717
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10
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Leschine SB, Canale-Parola E. Mesophilic cellulolytic clostridia from freshwater environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 46:728-37. [PMID: 16346388 PMCID: PMC239342 DOI: 10.1128/aem.46.3.728-737.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight strains of obligately anaerobic, mesophilic, cellulolytic bacteria were isolated from mud of freshwater environments. The isolates (C strains) were rod-shaped, gram negative, and formed terminal spherical to oval spores that swelled the sporangium. The guanine plus cytosine content of the DNA of the C strains ranged from 30.7 to 33.2 mol% (midpoint of thermal denaturation). The C strains fermented cellulose with formation primarily of acetate, ethanol, CO(2), and H(2). Reducing sugars accumulated in the supernatant fluid of cultures which initially contained >/=0.4% (wt/vol) cellulose. The C strains resembled Clostridium cellobioparum in some phenotypic characteristics and Clostridium papyrosolvens in others, but they were not identical to either of these species. The C strains differed from thermophilic cellulolytic clostridia (e.g., Clostridium thermocellum) not only in growth temperature range but also because they fermented xylan and five-carbon products of plant polysaccharide hydrolysis such as d-xylose and l-arabinose. At 40 degrees C, cellulose was degraded by cellulolytic mesophilic cells (strain C7) at a rate comparable to that at which C. thermocellum degrades cellulose at 60 degrees C. Substrate utilization and growth temperature data indicated that the C strains contribute to the anaerobic breakdown of plant polymers in the environments they inhabit.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Leschine
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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11
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Zhu B, Gikas P, Zhang R, Lord J, Jenkins B, Li X. Characteristics and biogas production potential of municipal solid wastes pretreated with a rotary drum reactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:1122-1129. [PMID: 18849162 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the characteristics and biogas production potential of organic materials separated from municipal solid wastes using a rotary drum reactor (RDR) process. Four different types of wastes were first pretreated with a commercial RDR system at different retention times (1, 2 and 3 d) and the organic fractions were tested with batch anaerobic digesters with 2.6 g VS L(-1) initial loading. The four types of waste were: municipal solid waste (MSW), a mixture of MSW and paper waste, a mixture of MSW and biosolids, and a mixture of paper and biosolids. After 20 d of thermophilic digestion (50+/-1 degrees C), it was found that the biogas yields of the above materials were in the range of 457-557 mL g VS(-1) and the biogas contained 57.3-60.6% methane. The total solid and volatile solid reductions ranged from 50.2% to 65.0% and 51.8% to 66.8%, respectively. For each material, the change of retention time in the RDR from 1 to 3d did not show significant (alpha=0.05) influence on the biogas yields of the recovered organic materials. Further studies are needed to determine the minimum retention time requirements in the RDR system to achieve effective separation of organic from inorganic materials and produce suitable feedstock for anaerobic digesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoning Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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12
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Wiegel J, Ljungdahl LG, Demain AL. The Importance of Thermophilic Bacteria in Biotechnology. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/07388558509150780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Harvesting light to produce energy and oxygen (photosynthesis) is the signature of all land plants. This ability was co-opted from a precocious and ancient form of life known as cyanobacteria. Today these bacteria, as well as microscopic algae, supply oxygen to the atmosphere and churn out fixed nitrogen in Earth's vast oceans. Microorganisms may also have played a major role in atmosphere evolution before the rise of oxygen. Under the more dim light of a young sun cooler than today's, certain groups of anaerobic bacteria may have been pumping out large amounts of methane, thereby keeping the early climate warm and inviting. The evolution of Earth's atmosphere is linked tightly to the evolution of its biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Kasting
- Department of Geosciences, 443 Deike, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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15
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Winter J, Zellner G. Thermophilic anaerobic degradation of carbohydrates - metabolic properties of microorganisms from the different phases. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Sasaki K, Tanaka T, Nishizawa Y, Hayashi M. Production of a herbicide, 5-aminolevulinic acid, by Rhodobacter sphaeroides using the effluent of swine waste from an anaerobic digestor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00164749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Senior E, Watson-Craik IA, Kasali GB. Control/promotion of the refuse methanogenic fermentation. Crit Rev Biotechnol 1990; 10:93-118. [PMID: 2117998 DOI: 10.3109/07388559009068262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although practiced for more than 7 millennia, the landfill disposal of refuse has, as yet, with few exceptions, been merely regarded as a low-cost disposal option and its exploitation potential has been largely ignored. Today, however, a number of possibilities are under consideration including the production of energy, chemical feedstock, value-added chemicals, carbon dioxide and protein; the use of refuse as an anaerobic filter for the co-disposal of industrial wastewater and sludge; and the restoration of impoverished soils by fresh or composted refuse addition. Development of these technologies, however, necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental microbiology and biochemistry of refuse catabolism. Existing fundamental knowledge underpinning these technologies will be considered in a series of review articles. In the first, control/exploitation of the solid-state refuse methanogenic fermentation is examined with specific reference to the effects of first-tier variable manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Senior
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K
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Marique P, Gilles A, Edeline F, Joassin L. Thermophilic semisolid anaerobic digestion of municipal refuses. Biotechnol Bioeng 1989; 33:536-41. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260330504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Cecchi F, Traverso P, Mata-Alvarez J, Clancy J, Zaror C. State of the art of R&D in the anaerobic digestion process of municipal solid waste in Europe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0144-4565(88)90031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Chen M. Difference in sporogenous bacterial populations in thermophilic (55 degrees C) and mesophilic (35 degrees C) anaerobic sewage digestion. Appl Environ Microbiol 1987; 53:2414-9. [PMID: 3426215 PMCID: PMC204122 DOI: 10.1128/aem.53.10.2414-2419.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spores, sporeforming vegetative cells, and asporogenous populations were enumerated in two semicontinuous anaerobic fermentors digesting municipal primary sludge at 35 and 55 degrees C for more than 87 days. In the 35 degrees C fermentor, the anaerobic total population was 312.5 X 10(6)/ml, with 25.0 X 10(6)/ml being sporogenous. The populations that digest casein, starch, pectin, and cellulose were 23.1 X 10(6), 59.2 X 10(6), 26.2 X 10(6), and 7.3 X 10(6)/ml, respectively, with 2.8 X 10(6), 6.7 X 10(6), 3.4 X 10(6), and 1.5 X 10(6)/ml being sporogenous, respectively. The sporeformers accounted for 8.0 to 20.0% of each of the respective populations. In the 55 degrees C fermentor, the anaerobic total population was 512.5 X 10(6)/ml, with 336.6 X 10(6)/ml being sporogenous. The populations that digest casein, starch, pectin, and cellulose were 97.7 X 10(6), 190.7 X 10(6), 75.8 X 10(6), and 11.2 X 10(6)/ml, respectively, with 47.8 X 10(6), 110.6 X 10(6), 43.3 X 10(6), and 5.1 X 10(6)/ml, respectively, being sporogenous. The sporeformers represented 45.5 to 65.7% of each of the respective populations. The numbers of thermophilic sporeforming vegetative cells in the 55 degrees C fermentor were 9.0 to 19.8 times higher than their counterparts in the 35 degrees C fermentor. Most sporeformers were in the vegetative state in the 35 and 55 degrees C fermentors. After 18 days of fermentation at 55 degrees C, sporeformers carried out most of the digestion; however, the digestion was shared by both sporeformers and asporogenous bacteria after 87 days of fermentation. In the 35 degrees C fermentor, asporogenous bacteria digested most of the sludge. During the 18- and 87-day experimental periods, sporeformers were never predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chen
- Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and Research, New York State Health Department, Albany 12201
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22
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Ollivier B, Smiti N, Garcia JL. Thermophilic methanogenesis from sugar beet pulp by a defined mixed bacterial culture. Biotechnol Lett 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01025568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Solubilizing Cellulosic Materials by Alkali-Cooking for Anaerobic Methane Production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-040308-0.50013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Sleat R, Mah RA, Robinson R. Isolation and Characterization of an Anaerobic, Cellulolytic Bacterium,
Clostridium cellulovorans
sp. nov. Appl Environ Microbiol 1984; 48:88-93. [PMID: 16346602 PMCID: PMC240319 DOI: 10.1128/aem.48.1.88-93.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new anaerobic, mesophilic, spore-forming cellulolytic bacterium is described. Cellulose is cleared within 24 to 48 h around colonies formed in cellulose agar roll tubes. Cells stain gram negative and are nonmotile rods which form oblong spores either centrally or subterminally in a clostridial swelling. Colonies are irregular with an opaque edge and a center devoid of both vegetative cells and spores. Cellulose, xylan, pectin, cellobiose, glucose, maltose, galactose, sucrose, lactose, and mannose serve as substrates for growth. H
2
, CO
2
, acetate, butyrate, formate, and lactate are produced during fermentation of cellulose or cellobiose. The temperature and pH for optimum growth are 37°C and 7.0, respectively. The DNA composition is 26 to 27 mol% guanine plus cytosine. This bacterium resembles “
Clostridium lochheadii
” in morphological and some biochemical characteristics but is not identical to it. The name
Clostridium cellulovorans
sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 743B (ATCC 35296).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sleat
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024, and Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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Optimization of the composition of the nutrient medium for cellulase and protein biosynthesis by thermophilic Aspergillus fumigatus NRC 272. Enzyme Microb Technol 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(84)90106-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Weber H, Kulbe KD, Chmiel H, Trösch W. Microbial acetate conversion to methane: kinetics, yields and pathways in a two-step digestion process. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00251840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Vrati S. Single cell protein production by photosynthetic bacteria grown on the clarified effluents of biogas plant. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00256454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Abstract
The present knowledge of the microbiology, physiology and regulation of anaerobic digestion in conventional or advanced processes is reviewed. In all systems the carbon flow from biopolymers to biogas is determined by syntrophic interactions of fermentative or acetogenic bacteria with methanogens at the level of interspecies hydrogen transfer. Inhibitors or heavy metal ions may interfere at different levels. The stabilization of waste at mesophilic and thermophilic temperatures is compared and the process stability as well as the inactivation of pathogens is discussed. Characteristics of conventional digestion systems and of recently developed advanced processes with solids and liquids uncoupling are compared and selection criteria with respect to the type of sludge are outlined. Areas of future research for a better understanding of the biochemistry, the physiology and the regulation of the degradation of pollutants are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Winter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Regensburg, FRG
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29
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Chen M. Adaptation of mesophilic anaerobic sewage fermentor populations to thermophilic temperatures. Appl Environ Microbiol 1983; 45:1271-6. [PMID: 6859847 PMCID: PMC242449 DOI: 10.1128/aem.45.4.1271-1276.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermophilic (50 degrees C) and obligately thermophilic (60 degrees C) anaerobic carbohydrate- and protein-digesting and methanogenic bacterial populations were enumerated in a mesophilic (35 degrees C) fermentor anaerobically digesting municipal primary sludge. Of the total bacterial population in the mesophilic fementor, 9% were thermophiles (36 x 10(6)/ml) and 1% were obligate thermophiles (4.5 x 10(6)/ml). Of these 10%, the percentages of bacteria (thermophiles and obligate thermophiles, respectively) able to use specific substrates were further enumerated as follows: bacteria able to digest albumin, casein, starch, and mono- and disaccharides, 30 and 10%; pectin degraders, 10 and 0.2%; cellulose degraders, 2 and 0.06%; methanogens that grow with H2 and CO2, methanol, and dimethylamine, 9 and 1%; methanogens that grow with formate, 8 and 5%; and methanogens that grow with acetate, 25 and less than 0.8%. Shortly after the temperature was elevated from 35 to 50 or 60 degrees C, the digestion of albumin, casein, starch, and mono- and disaccharides was detected, and methane was produced from H2 and CO2. Methane produced from acetate was not delayed at 50 degrees C, but was delayed by 29 days at 60 degrees C. Methane produced from formate was delayed by 3 days, from methanol by 7 days, and from dimethylamine by 5 days at 50 and 60 degrees C. A 10- and 20-day acclimation period was required for hydrolysis of pectin and cellulose, respectively, at 50 degrees C. Digestion of pectin required 20 days and cellulose longer than 85 days when the temperature was elevated abruptly from 35 to 60 degrees C. The acclimation period for the digestion of pectin and cellulose at 60 degrees C was shortened to 3 and 15 days, respectively, by seeding with a small amount of a culture acclimated to 50 degrees C. The data suggest that enrichment of cellulolytic, pectinolytic, and acetate-utilizing bacteria is crucial for the digestion of sewage sludge at 60 degrees C.
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30
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Abstract
The immobilization isotherms of Clostridium thermocellum cells on bituminous coal particles of approximately 0.15- to 0.18-mm diameter were experimentally measured at 60, 45, and 30 degrees C with a pH value of 7.0 and with pH values of 6.0 and 5.0 at 60 degrees C. The immobilization data were correlated into Langmuir forms and their characteristic coefficients were obtained. A method to obtain thermodynamic quantities delta G, delta H, and delta S for the immobilization is also demonstrated.
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31
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32
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Methane production from glucose and fatty acids at 55?85�C: Adaption of cultures and effects of pCO2. Biotechnol Lett 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00131154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Volfová O, Suchardová O, Krumphanzl V. Anaerobic degradation of cellulose and formation of methane. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1982; 27:354-62. [PMID: 7141336 DOI: 10.1007/bf02883139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The existing knowledge of anaerobic digestion of cellulose-containing wastes and methane formation is reviewed. Mutual relationships between the individual phases of this complex process and the mechanism of methane biosynthesis are discussed in three sections: (1) Non-methanogenic phase and digestion of cellulose; (2) methanogenic phase and methanogenesis; (3) mixed cultures and their advantages.
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34
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35
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Suchardov� O, Volfov� O, Krumphanzl V, Panos J. Physiology of growth of a mixed culture of thermophilic bacteria on cellulose under microaerophilic conditions. Biotechnol Lett 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00133431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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36
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Buivid M, Wise D, Blanchet M, Remedios E, Jenkins B, Boyd W, Pacey J. Fuel gas enhancement by controlled landfilling of municipal solid waste. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0166-3097(81)90003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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38
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Winter JU, Cooney CL. Fermentation of cellulose and fatty acids with enrichments from sewage sludge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00514080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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39
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40
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41
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42
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Scharer JM, Moo-young M. Methane generation by anaerobic digestion of cellulose-containing wastes. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-08990-x_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Wise DL, Cooney CL, Augenstein DC. Biomethanation: Anaerobic fermentation of CO2, H2 and CO to methane. Biotechnol Bioeng 1978. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260200804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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44
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Carroad PA, Wilke CR. Enzymes and microorganisms in food industry waste processing and conversion to useful products: A review of the literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3967(78)90003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Wise D, Wentworth R, Augenstein D, Cooney C. Multi-stage digestion of municipal solid waste to fuel gas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3967(78)90029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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Ng TK, Weimer TK, Zeikus JG. Cellulolytic and physiological properties of Clostridium thermocellum. Arch Microbiol 1977; 114:1-7. [PMID: 20860 DOI: 10.1007/bf00429622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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47
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Weimer PJ, Zeikus JG. Fermentation of cellulose and cellobiose by Clostridium thermocellum in the absence of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Appl Environ Microbiol 1977; 33:289-97. [PMID: 848953 PMCID: PMC170680 DOI: 10.1128/aem.33.2.289-297.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The fermentation of cellulose and cellobiose by Clostridium thermocellum monocultures and C. thermocellum/Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum cocultures was studied. All cultures were grown under anaerobic conditions in batch culture at 60 degrees C. When grown on cellulose, the coculture exhibited a shorter lag before initiation and growth and celluloysis than did the monoculture. Cellulase activity appeared earlier in the coculture than in the monoculture; however, after growth had ceased, cellulase activity was greater in the monoculture. Monocultures produced primarily ethanol, acetic acid, H2 and CO2. Cocultures produced more H2 and acetic acid and less ethanol than did the monoculture. In the coculture, conversion of H2 to methane was usually complete, and most of the methane produced was derived from CO2 reduction rather than from acetate conversion. Agents of fermentation stoppage were found to be low pH and high concentrations of ethanol in the monoculture and low pH in the coculture. Fermentation of cellobiose was more rapid than that of cellulose. In cellobiose medium, the methanogen caused only slight changes in the fermentation balance of the Clostridium, and free H2 was produced.
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48
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Abstract
Methane production from waste of cattle fed a finishing diet was investigated, using four 3-liter-working volume anaerobic digestors at 60 degrees C. At 55 degrees C a start-up culture, in which waste was the only source of bacteria, was generated within 8 days and readily adapted to 60 degrees C, where efficiency of methanogenesis was greater. Increasing the temperature from 60 to 65 degrees C tended to drastically lower efficiency. When feed concentrations of volatile solids (VS, organic matter) were increased in steps of 2% after holding for 1 months at a given concentration, the maximum concentrations for efficient fermentation were 8.2, 10.0, 11.6, and 11.6% for the retention times (RT) of 3, 6, 9, and 12 days, respectively. The VS destructions for these and lower feed concentrations were 31 to 37, 36 to 40, 47 to 49 and 51 to 53% for the 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-day RT digestors, respectively, and the corresponding methane production rates were about 0.16, 0.18, 0.20, and 0.22 liters/day per g of VS in the feed. Gas contained 52 to 57% methane. At the above RT and feed concentrations, alkalinity rose to 5,000 to 7,700 mg of CaCo3 per liter (pH to 7.5 to 7.8), NH3 plus NH4+ to 64 to 90 mM, and total volatile acids to 850 to 2,050 mg/liter as acetate. The 3-day RT digestor was quite stable up to 8.2% feed VS and at this feed concentration produced methane at the very high rate of 4.5 liters/day per liter of digestor. Increasing the percentage of feed VS beyond those values indicated above resulted in greatly decreased organic matter destruction and methane production, variable decrease in pH, and increased alkalinity, ammonia, and total volatile acid concentrations, with propionate being the first to accumulate in large amounts. In a second experiment with another lot of waste, the results were similar. These studies indicate that loading rates can be much higher than those previously thought useful for maximizing methanogenesis from cattle waste.
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49
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Augenstein D, Wise D, Wentworth R, Cooney C. Fuel gas recovery from controlled landfilling of municipal wastes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3967(76)90002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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50
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Troiano R, Wise D, Augenstein D, Kispert R, Cooney C. Fuel gas production by anaerobic digestion of kelp. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3967(76)90007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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