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Suri D, Aeshala LM, Palai T. Microbial electrosynthesis of valuable chemicals from the reduction of CO 2: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:36591-36614. [PMID: 38772994 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The present energy demand of the world is increasing but the fossil fuels are gradually depleting. As a result, the need for alternative fuels and energy sources is growing. Fuel cells could be one alternative to address the challenge. The fuel cell can convert CO2 to value-added chemicals. The potential of bio-fuel cells, specifically enzymatic fuel cells and microbial fuel cells, and the importance of immobilization technology in bio-fuel cells are highlighted. The review paper also includes a detailed explanation of the microbial electrosynthesis system to reduce CO2 and the value-added products during microbial electrosynthesis. Future research in bio-electrochemical synthesis for CO2 conversion is expected to prioritize enhancing biocatalyst efficiency, refining reactor design, exploring novel electrode materials, understanding microbial interactions, integrating renewable energy sources, and investigating electrochemical processes for carbon capture and selective CO2 reduction. The challenges and perspectives of bio-electrochemical systems in the application of CO2 conversion are also discussed. Overall, this review paper provides valuable insights into the latest developments and criteria for effective research and implementation in bio-fuel cells, immobilization technology, and microbial electro-synthesis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Suri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, 177005, India
| | - Leela Manohar Aeshala
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, 190006, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Telangana, 506004, India
| | - Tapas Palai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, 177005, India.
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2
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Tack ILMM, Nimmegeers P, Akkermans S, Logist F, Van Impe JFM. A low-complexity metabolic network model for the respiratory and fermentative metabolism of Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202565. [PMID: 30157229 PMCID: PMC6114798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, predictive microbiology has made significant advances in the mathematical description of microbial spoiler and pathogen dynamics in or on food products. Recently, the focus of predictive microbiology has shifted from a (semi-)empirical population-level approach towards mechanistic models including information about the intracellular metabolism in order to increase model accuracy and genericness. However, incorporation of this subpopulation-level information increases model complexity and, consequently, the required run time to simulate microbial cell and population dynamics. In this paper, results of metabolic flux balance analyses (FBA) with a genome-scale model are used to calibrate a low-complexity linear model describing the microbial growth and metabolite secretion rates of Escherichia coli as a function of the nutrient and oxygen uptake rate. Hence, the required information about the cellular metabolism (i.e., biomass growth and secretion of cell products) is selected and included in the linear model without incorporating the complete intracellular reaction network. However, the applied FBAs are only representative for microbial dynamics under specific extracellular conditions, viz., a neutral medium without weak acids at a temperature of 37℃. Deviations from these reference conditions lead to metabolic shifts and adjustments of the cellular nutrient uptake or maintenance requirements. This metabolic dependency on extracellular conditions has been taken into account in our low-complex metabolic model. In this way, a novel approach is developed to take the synergistic effects of temperature, pH, and undissociated acids on the cell metabolism into account. Consequently, the developed model is deployable as a tool to describe, predict and control E. coli dynamics in and on food products under various combinations of environmental conditions. To emphasize this point,three specific scenarios are elaborated: (i) aerobic respiration without production of weak acid extracellular metabolites, (ii) anaerobic fermentation with secretion of mixed acid fermentation products into the food environment, and (iii) respiro-fermentative metabolic regimes in between the behaviors at aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simen Akkermans
- BioTeC+, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Logist
- BioTeC+, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Ghent, Belgium
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Jenkins JS, Flickinger MC, Velev OD. Engineering Cellular Photocomposite Materials Using Convective Assembly. MATERIALS 2013; 6:1803-1825. [PMID: 28809244 PMCID: PMC5452526 DOI: 10.3390/ma6051803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fabricating industrial-scale photoreactive composite materials containing living cells, requires a deposition strategy that unifies colloid science and cell biology. Convective assembly can rapidly deposit suspended particles, including whole cells and waterborne latex polymer particles into thin (<10 µm thick), organized films with engineered adhesion, composition, thickness, and particle packing. These highly ordered composites can stabilize the diverse functions of photosynthetic cells for use as biophotoabsorbers, as artificial leaves for hydrogen or oxygen evolution, carbon dioxide assimilation, and add self-cleaning capabilities for releasing or digesting surface contaminants. This paper reviews the non-biological convective assembly literature, with an emphasis on how the method can be modified to deposit living cells starting from a batch process to its current state as a continuous process capable of fabricating larger multi-layer biocomposite coatings from diverse particle suspensions. Further development of this method will help solve the challenges of engineering multi-layered cellular photocomposite materials with high reactivity, stability, and robustness by clarifying how process, substrate, and particle parameters affect coating microstructure. We also describe how these methods can be used to selectively immobilize photosynthetic cells to create biomimetic leaves and compare these biocomposite coatings to other cellular encapsulation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Jenkins
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 911 Partners Way, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Michael C Flickinger
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 911 Partners Way, NC 27695, USA.
- Golden LEAF Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, 850 Oval Drive, Centennial Campus, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Orlin D Velev
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 911 Partners Way, NC 27695, USA.
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Chang YH, Grodzinsky AJ, Wang DI. Augmentation of mass transfer through electrical means for hydrogel-entrapped Escherichia coli cultivation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 48:149-57. [PMID: 18623471 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260480209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient depletion and inhibitory end-product accumulation are the major problems for hydrogel-entrapment cell cultures. An electrokinetic technique was developed to enhance intrahydrogel mass transfer to overcome these problems. Escherichia coli cells (ATCC 15224) were entrapped in 3.2-mm-thick potassium-K-carrageenan and agarose hydrogel slabs. With a electric current density of 180A/m(2) the cell densities were increased by 140%(from 3.9 to 9.6 dry cell weight [DCW] g/L) in potassium-K-carrageenan and by 80% (from 3.9 to 7.0 DCW g/L) in agarose. A mathematical model taking into account nutrient depletion, inhibitory end-product formation, and cell growth kinetics under facultatively anaerobic conditions was developed to rationalize the overall transport and biological behaviors in the hydrogel. The cell growth in hydrogel was successfully simulated. It is concluded that the augmented transports for glucose and inhibitory end-products accounted for these increases in cell growth. The increase in cell density in potassium-K-carrageenan was due to the enhanced removal of inhibitory end-products (through electroosmosis and electro-phoresis: 80%) and due to the augmented glucose transport (through electroosmosis: 20%). (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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5
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Microfluorimetric analysis of spatial and temporal patterns of immobilized cell growth. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 38:340-52. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260380404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Swope KL, Flickinger MC. The use of confocal scanning laser microscopy and other tools to characterize Escherichia coli in a high-cell-density synthetic biofilm. Biotechnol Bioeng 2000; 52:340-56. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19961020)52:2<340::aid-bit14>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lyngberg OK, Thiagarajan V, Stemke DJ, Schottel JL, Scriven LE, Flickinger MC. A patch coating method for preparing biocatalytic films of Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 1999; 62:44-55. [PMID: 10099512 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19990105)62:1<44::aid-bit6>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A method has been developed for immobilizing viable but nongrowing Escherichia coli in highly uniform patches. The patches consist of a thin layer of bacteria in acrylate vinyl acetate covered with a thin layer of the same polymer devoid of bacteria and sealed by the edges. This method permits study of immobilized cell physiology in biocatalytic films by the assay methods used for suspended cells. Large numbers of patches of immobilized E. coli can be generated on metal or polyester sheets. Those described here are 12.7 mm in diameter; in them the cell layer is 30 microm thick and contains more than 5 x 10(8) viable cells. The method allows the cell-plus-polymer layer and the polymer sealant to be varied in thickness from 5 to 60 microm and from 7 to 80 microm, respectively. No leakage of cells was detected from 87% of the patches during 15 days of rehydration. Culturability of the immobilized cells, released by shaking the cells out of the porous polymer layer, was 80% of pre coating culturability. E. coli beta-galactosidase activity and measurements of total RNA and DNA from immobilized and suspended cells indicated that cells immobilized in the thin polymer layer have higher specific beta-galactosidase activity and a slower total RNA degradation rate than suspended cells over 15 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- O K Lyngberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Amundson Hall, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Lyngberg OK, Thiagarajan V, Stemke DJ, Schottel JL, Scriven LE, Flickinger MC. A patch coating method for preparing biocatalytic films ofEscherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19990105)62:1%3c44::aid-bit6%3e3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Goodall JL, Peretti SW. Dynamic modeling of meta- and para-nitrobenzoate metabolism by a mixed co-immobilized culture of comamonas spp. JS46 and JS47. Biotechnol Bioeng 1998; 59:507-16. [PMID: 10099365 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19980820)59:4<507::aid-bit14>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A model describing the transient activity of a mixed immobilized culture of Comamonas spp. JS46 and JS47 growing on mixed substrates is presented. The transient periods considered are those following changes in the feed carbon source, which alternated between meta- and para-nitrobenzoate. The feed profile alternately starved one of the species in the mixed culture. The response of the system, as quantified by the reactor effluent substrate concentrations, is dictated by the activity of the biomass and the appropriate biochemical pathway. As detailed mechanistic pathway information is not available, respirometry has been used to characterize both facets of activity. Two parameters were introduced: Psi representing pathway activity and Gamma representing biomass activity; a detailed description of the analysis is included. The model is compared to experimental investigation of the system and describes the reactor response well. The agreement between model and experiment suggests the usefulness of oxygen kinetics as global measurements to describe complex systems when mechanistic detail is not available. Copyright 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- JL Goodall
- Department of Chemical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Box 7905, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, USA
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Roig M, Pedraz M, Sanchez J, Huska J, Tóth D. Sorption isotherms and kinetics in the primary biodegradation of anionic surfactants by immobilized bacteria:. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(98)00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Huang CT, Yu FP, McFeters GA, Stewart PS. Nonuniform spatial patterns of respiratory activity within biofilms during disinfection. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61:2252-6. [PMID: 7793945 PMCID: PMC167496 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.6.2252-2256.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent stains in conjunction with cryoembedding and image analysis were applied to demonstrate spatial gradients in respiratory activity within bacterial biofilms during disinfection with monochloramine. Biofilms of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown together on stainless steel surfaces in continuous-flow annular reactors were treated with 2 mg of monochloramine per liter (influent concentration) for 2 h. Relatively little biofilm removal occurred as evidenced by total cell direct counts. Plate counts (of both species summed) indicated an average 1.3-log decrease after exposure to 2 mg of monochloramine per liter. The fluorogenic redox indicator 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) and the DNA stain 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were used to differentiate respiring and nonrespiring cells in biofilms. Epifluorescence micrographs of frozen biofilm cross sections clearly revealed gradients of respiratory activity within biofilms in response to monochloramine treatment. These gradients in specific respiratory activity were quantified by calculating the ratio of CTC and DAPI intensities measured by image analysis. Cells near the biofilm-bulk fluid interface lost respiratory activity first. After 2 h of biocide treatment, greater respiratory activity persisted deep in the biofilm than near the biofilm-bulk fluid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Montana State University, Bozeman 59717, USA
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12
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Abstract
Within an immobilized cell matrix, mass transfer limitations on substrate delivery or product removal can often lead to a wide range of local chemical environments. As immobilized living cell populations actively grow and adapt to their surroundings, these mass transfer effects often lead to strong, time-dependent spatial variations in substrate concentration and biomass densities and growth rates. This review focuses on the methods that have been devised, both experimentally and theoretically, to study the non-uniform growth patterns that arise in the mass transfer limited environment of an immobilization matrix, with particular attention being paid to cell growth in polysaccharide gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Walsh
- School of Biological Sciences, Dublin City University, Ireland
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14
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Groboillot A, Boadi DK, Poncelet D, Neufeld RJ. Immobilization of cells for application in the food industry. Crit Rev Biotechnol 1994; 14:75-107. [PMID: 8069936 DOI: 10.3109/07388559409086963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Immobilization of cells offers advantages to the food process industries, including enhanced fermentation productivity and cell stability and reduced downstream processing costs due to facilitated cell recovery and recycle. This article summarizes the varied immobilization methodologies, including adsorption, entrapment, covalent binding, and microencapsulation. Examples of interest to the food industry are provided, together with a review of the physiological effects of immobilization. Topics in process engineering include immobilized cell bioreactor configurations and the scale-up potential of the various immobilization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Groboillot
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Tunner JR, Robertson CR, Schippa S, Matin A. Use of glucose starvation to limit growth and induce protein production inEscherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 1992; 40:271-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260400211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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de Gooijer CD, Wijffels RH, Tramper J. Growth and substrate consumption ofNitrobacter agilis cells immobilized in carrageenan: Part 1. Dynamic modeling. Biotechnol Bioeng 1991; 38:224-31. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260380303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Stewart PS, Karel SF, Robertson CR. Characterization of immobilized cell growth rates using autoradiography. Biotechnol Bioeng 1991; 37:824-33. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260370906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Many advantages have been claimed over the years for the use of immobilised cells, both as enzyme systems and as whole viable cell systems for complete fermentation reactions. However, few of the claims have been fully substantiated, and may not even be entirely justified. Most research is involved with single applications and the best that can be hoped for is some evidence that immobilised cells in each of these individual cases display some advantage over the equivalent free cell system. The purpose of this review is to assess the merits of viable cell immobilisation in the light of published literature and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Particular attention is paid to the generally unanticipated, but widely observed enhanced stability of immobilised cell fermentation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Dervakos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
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20
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Fowler JD, Robertson CR. Metabolic behavior of immobilized aggregates of Escherichia coli under conditions of varying mechanical stress. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991; 57:93-101. [PMID: 2036025 PMCID: PMC182669 DOI: 10.1128/aem.57.1.93-101.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments were conducted on immobilized aggregates of Escherichia coli cells. Mechanical stress was applied by forcing a convective stream of nutrient medium through the aggregate. It was shown to be possible to maintain uniform exponential growth with this convective supply of nutrients. Analysis of effluent from the system allowed investigation of metabolic responses unambiguously attributable to mechanical stress. A reversible increase in catabolic activity was observed after an increase in mechanical stress. Changes in the level of catabolism were accompanied by an alteration in the total acid yield on glucose and in the spectrum of organic acids produced during glucose fermentation. The behavior observed here was likely due to an osmoregulatory response induced by the mechanically stressed bacteria to counteract changes in shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Fowler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, California 94305-5025
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Briasco CA, Karel SF, Robertson CR. Diffusional limitations of immobilizedEscherichia coli in hollow-fiber reactors: Influence on31P NMR spectroscopy. Biotechnol Bioeng 1990; 36:887-901. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260360904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Briasco CA, Ross DA, Robertson CR. A hollow-fiber reactor design for NMR studies of microbial cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 1990; 36:879-86. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260360903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hooijmans CM, Briasco CA, Huang J, Geraats BG, Barbotin JN, Thomas D, Luyben KC. Measurement of oxygen concentration gradients in gel-immobilized recombinantEscherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1990; 33:611-8. [PMID: 1366941 DOI: 10.1007/bf00604924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an oxygen microsensor was used to measure oxygen concentration profiles in carrageenan gel particles containing growing, immobilized Escherichia coli B (pTG201). Profiles, which were measured at intervals during continuous culture of gel slabs and beads, became increasingly steep with time. The oxygen penetration depth in the gel decreased with time, eventually reaching a steady state value of approximately 100 microns for both gel beads and slabs. A reaction-diffusion model employing zero-order cell growth kinetics was found to provide an excellent fit to the experimental concentration data. Growth rates estimated from profiles obtained during the first few hours of culture were 0.24h-1 (gel slabs) and 0.18h-1 (beads), compared to a value of 0.30 h-1 measured in free-cell suspensions at 25 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Hooijmans
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
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Fowler JD, Robertson CR. Nutrient transport and cellular morphology in immobilized cell aggregates. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 589:333-49. [PMID: 2192660 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb24256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J D Fowler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, California 94305
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25
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Karel SF, Robertson CR. Autoradiographic determination of mass-transfer limitations in immobilized cell reactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 1989; 34:320-36. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260340307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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