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Nghia NH, Kumada Y, Kishimoto M, Horiuchi JI. Stabilization of single-chain Fv antibody production using recombinant Escherichia coli by DO-stat fed-batch culture employing yeast extract-enriched feeding medium. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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2
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Wang S, Tsao CY, Motabar D, Li J, Payne GF, Bentley WE. A Redox-Based Autoinduction Strategy to Facilitate Expression of 5xCys-Tagged Proteins for Electrobiofabrication. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:675729. [PMID: 34220759 PMCID: PMC8250426 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.675729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofabrication utilizes biological materials and biological means, or mimics thereof, for assembly. When interfaced with microelectronics, electrobiofabricated assemblies enable exquisite sensing and reporting capabilities. We recently demonstrated that thiolated polyethylene glycol (PEG-SH) could be oxidatively assembled into a thin disulfide crosslinked hydrogel at an electrode surface; with sufficient oxidation, extra sulfenic acid groups are made available for covalent, disulfide coupling to sulfhydryl groups of proteins or peptides. We intentionally introduced a polycysteine tag (5xCys-tag) consisting of five consecutive cysteine residues at the C-terminus of a Streptococcal protein G to enable its covalent coupling to an electroassembled PEG-SH film. We found, however, that its expression and purification from E. coli was difficult, owing to the extra cysteine residues. We developed a redox-based autoinduction methodology that greatly enhanced the yield, especially in the soluble fraction of E. coli extracts. The redox component involved the deletion of oxyRS, a global regulator of the oxidative stress response and the autoinduction component integrated a quorum sensing (QS) switch that keys the secreted QS autoinducer-2 to induction. Interestingly, both methods helped when independently employed and further, when used in combination (i.e., autodinduced oxyRS mutant) the results were best—we found the highest total yield and highest yield in the soluble fraction. We hypothesize that the production host was less prone to severe metabolic perturbations that might reduce yield or drive sequestration of the -tagged protein into inclusion bodies. We expect this methodology will be useful for the expression of many such Cys-tagged proteins, ultimately enabling a diverse array of functionalized devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Wang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Chen-Yu Tsao
- Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Dana Motabar
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Jinyang Li
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Gregory F Payne
- Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - William E Bentley
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
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3
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Duarte LS, Matte CR, Dall Cortivo PR, Nunes JES, Barsé LQ, Bizarro CV, Ayub MAZ. Expression of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens transglutaminase in recombinant E. coli under the control of a bicistronic plasmid system in DO-stat fed-batch bioreactor cultivations. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:1225-1233. [PMID: 34008152 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00521-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the expression of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens transglutaminase cloned in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)pLysS harboring the plasmid pBAD/3C/bTGase, a bicistronic expression system, in bioreactor cultivation. Batch and fed-batch controlled as DO-stat strategies were employed for the production of the recombinant enzyme. In 30 h-batch cultivations using Terrific broth (TB), 6 g/L of biomass and 3.12 U/mgprotein of transglutaminase activity were obtained. DO-stat fed-batch cultivations under the control of oxygen concentration (DO-stat) using TB as medium but fed with glucose allowed the increment in biomass formation (17.5 g/L) and enzyme activity (6.43 U/mgprotein). DO-stat fed-batch using mineral medium (M9) and fed with glucose under the same conditions produced even higher enzymatic activity (9.14 U/mgprotein). The pH effect was investigated, and the best enzymatic activity could be observed at pH 8. In all cultivations, the bicistronic system remained stable, with 100% of plasmid-bearing cells. These results show that E. coli bearing bicistronic plasmid constructs to express recombinant TGase could be cultivated in bioreactors under DO-stat fed-batch using mineral medium and it is a promising strategy in future optimizations to produce this important enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovaine Silva Duarte
- Biotechnology, Bioprocess, and Biocatalysis Group, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, PO Box 15090, Porto Alegre, RS, ZC 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Carla Roberta Matte
- Biotechnology, Bioprocess, and Biocatalysis Group, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, PO Box 15090, Porto Alegre, RS, ZC 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Dall Cortivo
- Biotechnology, Bioprocess, and Biocatalysis Group, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, PO Box 15090, Porto Alegre, RS, ZC 91501-970, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Sacconi Nunes
- Centro de Pesquisas Em Biologia Molecular E Funcional (CPBMF), Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), 92A TECNOPUC Building, 4592 Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, ZC 90650-001, Brazil
| | - Laisa Quadros Barsé
- Centro de Pesquisas Em Biologia Molecular E Funcional (CPBMF), Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), 92A TECNOPUC Building, 4592 Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, ZC 90650-001, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Valim Bizarro
- Centro de Pesquisas Em Biologia Molecular E Funcional (CPBMF), Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), 92A TECNOPUC Building, 4592 Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, ZC 90650-001, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Záchia Ayub
- Biotechnology, Bioprocess, and Biocatalysis Group, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, PO Box 15090, Porto Alegre, RS, ZC 91501-970, Brazil.
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4
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Carretas-Valdez MI, Cinco-Moroyoqui FJ, Ezquerra-Brauer MJ, Marquez-Rios E, Quintero-Reyes IE, Lopez-Zavala AA, Arvizu-Flores AA. Refolding and Activation from Bacterial Inclusion Bodies of Trypsin I from Sardine (Sardinops sagax caerulea). Protein Pept Lett 2018; 26:170-175. [PMID: 30338728 DOI: 10.2174/0929866525666181019161114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypsin from fish species is considered as a cold-adapted enzyme that may find potential biotechnological applications. In this work, the recombinant expression, refolding and activation of Trypsin I (TryI) from Monterey sardine (Sardinops sagax caerulea) are reported. METHODS TryI was overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21 as a fusion protein of trypsinogen with thioredoxin. Refolding of trypsinogen I was achieved by dialysis of bacterial inclusion bodies with a recovery of 16.32 mg per liter of Luria broth medium. RESULTS Before activation, the trypsinogen fusion protein did not show trypsin activity. Trypsinogen I was activated by adding 0.002 U of native TryI purified from the sardine pyloric caeca (nonrecombinant). The activated recombinant trypsin showed three times more activity than the nonrecombinant trypsin alone. CONCLUSION The described protocol allowed obtaining sufficient amounts of recombinant TryI from Monterey sardine fish for further biochemical and biophysical characterization of its coldadaptation parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel I Carretas-Valdez
- Departamento de Investigacion y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Blvd. Rosales, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
| | - Francisco J Cinco-Moroyoqui
- Departamento de Investigacion y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Blvd. Rosales, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
| | - Marina J Ezquerra-Brauer
- Departamento de Investigacion y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Blvd. Rosales, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
| | - Enrique Marquez-Rios
- Departamento de Investigacion y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Blvd. Rosales, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
| | - Idania E Quintero-Reyes
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Cajeme, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Bordo Nuevo s/n, Cd. Obregón, Sonora 85199, Mexico
| | - Alonso A Lopez-Zavala
- Departamento de Ciencias Quimico Biologicas, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Blvd. Rosales, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
| | - Aldo A Arvizu-Flores
- Departamento de Ciencias Quimico Biologicas, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Blvd. Rosales, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
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5
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de Andrade BC, Migliavacca VF, Okano FY, Grafulin VY, Lunardi J, Roth G, de Souza CFV, Santos DS, Chies JM, Renard G, Volpato G. Production of recombinant β-galactosidase in bioreactors by fed-batch culture using DO-stat and linear control. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2018.1493105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Coelho de Andrade
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Quatro G Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento Ltda, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Victória Furtado Migliavacca
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Quatro G Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento Ltda, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felipe Yuji Okano
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Quatro G Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento Ltda, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Yuki Grafulin
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Quatro G Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento Ltda, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juleane Lunardi
- Quatro G Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento Ltda, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Roth
- Quatro G Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento Ltda, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Claucia Fernanda Volken de Souza
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Alimentos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Taquari – UNIVATES, Lajeado, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gaby Renard
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Muhamadali H, Xu Y, Morra R, Trivedi DK, Rattray NJW, Dixon N, Goodacre R. Metabolomic analysis of riboswitch containing E. coli recombinant expression system. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:350-61. [PMID: 26621574 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00624d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study we have employed metabolomics approaches to understand the metabolic effects of producing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli cells. This metabolic burden analysis was performed against a number of recombinant expression systems and control strains and included: (i) standard transcriptional recombinant expression control system BL21(DE3) with the expression plasmid pET-eGFP, (ii) the recently developed dual transcriptional-translational recombinant expression control strain BL21(IL3), with pET-eGFP, (iii) BL21(DE3) with an empty expression plasmid pET, (iv) BL21(IL3) with an empty expression plasmid, and (v) BL21(DE3) without an expression plasmid; all strains were cultured under various induction conditions. The growth profiles of all strains together with the results gathered by the analysis of the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy data, identified IPTG-dependent induction as the dominant factor hampering cellular growth and metabolism, which was in general agreement with the findings of GC-MS analysis of cell extracts and media samples. In addition, the exposure of host cells to the synthetic inducer ligand, pyrimido[4,5-d] pyrimidine-2,4-diamine (PPDA), of the orthogonal riboswitch containing expression system (BL21(IL3)) did not display any detrimental effects, and its detected levels in all the samples were at similar levels, emphasising the inability of the cells to metabolise PPDA. The overall results obtained in this study suggested that although the BL21(DE3)-EGFP and BL21(IL3)-EGFP strains produced comparable levels of recombinant eGFP, the presence of the orthogonal riboswitch seemed to be moderating the metabolic burden of eGFP production in the cells enabling higher biomass yield, whilst providing a greater level of control over protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howbeer Muhamadali
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Yun Xu
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Rosa Morra
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Drupad K Trivedi
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Nicholas J W Rattray
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Neil Dixon
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Royston Goodacre
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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7
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Zargar A, Quan DN, Bentley WE. Enhancing Intercellular Coordination: Rewiring Quorum Sensing Networks for Increased Protein Expression through Autonomous Induction. ACS Synth Biol 2016; 5:923-8. [PMID: 27267750 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.5b00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
While inducing agents are often used to redirect resources from growth and proliferation toward product outputs, they can be prohibitively expensive on the industrial scale. Previously, we developed an autonomously guided protein production system based on the rewiring of E. coli's native quorum sensing (QS) signal transduction cascade. Self-secreted autoinducer, AI-2, accumulated over time and actuated recombinant gene expression-its design, co-opting the collective nature of QS-mediated behavior. We recently demonstrated that desynchronization of autoinduced intercellular feedback leads to bimodality in QS activation. In this work, we developed a new QS-enabled system with enhanced feedback to reduce cell heterogeneity. This narrows the population distribution of protein expression, leading to significant per cell and overall increases in productivity. We believe directed engineering of cell populations and/or cell consortia will offer many such opportunities in future bioprocessing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Zargar
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR), University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Fischell
Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - David N. Quan
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR), University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Fischell
Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - William E. Bentley
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR), University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Fischell
Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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8
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Noninvasive monitoring of environmental toxicity through green fluorescent protein expressing Escherichia coli. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-015-0253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Rahmen N, Fulton A, Ihling N, Magni M, Jaeger KE, Büchs J. Exchange of single amino acids at different positions of a recombinant protein affects metabolic burden in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:10. [PMID: 25612616 PMCID: PMC4307990 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Escherichia coli is commonly used in academia and industry for expressing recombinant proteins because of its well-characterized molecular genetics and the availability of numerous expression vectors and strains. One important issue during recombinant protein production is the so-called ‘metabolic burden’: the material and energy normally reserved for microbial metabolism which is sapped from the bacterium to produce the recombinant protein. This material and energy drain harms biomass formation and modifies respiration. To the best of our knowledge, no research has investigated so far whether a single amino acid exchange in a recombinant protein affects the metabolic burden phenomenon. Thus, in this study, 15 E. coli BL21(DE3) clones expressing either the fusion tags, a recombinant wild type lipase, or 13 different lipase variants are investigated to quantitatively analyze the respective effects of single amino acid exchanges at different positions on respiration, biomass and protein production of each clone. Therefore, two small-scale online monitoring systems, namely a Respiration Activity MOnitoring System (RAMOS) and a microtiter plate based cultivation system (BioLector) are applied. Results Upon expression of all enzyme variants, strong variations were found in the Oxygen Transfer Rate (OTR), biomass and protein (lipase) production of the respective E. coli clones. Two distinct patterns of respiration behavior were observed and, so, the clones could be classified into two groups (Type A and B). Potential factors to explain these patterns were evaluated (e.g. plasmid copy number, inclusion body formation). However, no decisive factor could yet be identified. Five distinct cultivation phases could be determined from OTR curves which give real-time information about carbon source consumption, biomass and protein production. In general, it was found that the quantity of product increased with the duration of active respiration. Conclusions This work demonstrates that single amino acid exchanges in a recombinant protein influence the metabolic burden during protein production. The small-scale online monitoring devices RAMOS and BioLector enable the real-time detection of even smallest differences in respiration behavior, biomass and protein production in the E. coli clones investigated. Hence, this study underscores the importance of parallel online monitoring systems to unveil the relevance of single amino acid exchanges for the recombinant protein production. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-015-0191-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Rahmen
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Alexander Fulton
- Institute for Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52426, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Nina Ihling
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Marzio Magni
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute for Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52426, Jülich, Germany. .,Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52426, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Waegeman H, De Lausnay S, Beauprez J, Maertens J, De Mey M, Soetaert W. Increasing recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli K12 through metabolic engineering. N Biotechnol 2013; 30:255-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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11
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Dedhia N, Richins R, Mesina A, Chen W. Improvement in recombinant protein production in ppGpp-deficient Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 53:379-86. [PMID: 18634026 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19970220)53:4<379::aid-bit4>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining a metabolically productive state for recombinant Escherichia coli remains a central problem for a wide variety of growth-dependent biosynthesis. This problem becomes particularly acute under conditions of minimal cell growth such as fed-batch fermentations. In this, we investigated the possibility of manipulating the protein synthesis machinery of E. coli whereby synthesis of foreign proteins might be decoupled from cell growth. In particular, the effects of eliminating intracellular ppGpp on the synthesis of foreign proteins were studied in both batch and fed-batch operations. A significant increase in CAT production was observed from the ppGpp-deficient strain during both exponential and fed-batch phases. The increase in CAT production during exponential growth was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in CAT mRNA levels. Interestingly, CAT production was increased five-fold, while the level of CAT-specific mRNA increased only three-fold. Thus, eliminating intracellular ppGpp appears to have increase the production of recombinant protein by increasing not only the pool sizes of CAT mRNA but also possible alternations in the post-transcriptional processes. (c) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 53: 379-386, 1997.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dedhia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
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12
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Orr V, Scharer J, Moo-Young M, Honeyman CH, Fenner D, Crossley L, Suen SY, Chou CP. Integrated development of an effective bioprocess for extracellular production of penicillin G acylase in Escherichia coli and its subsequent one-step purification. J Biotechnol 2012; 161:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Solomon KV, Prather KLJ. The zero-sum game of pathway optimization: emerging paradigms for tuning gene expression. Biotechnol J 2011; 6:1064-70. [PMID: 21695787 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
With increasing price volatility and growing awareness of the lack of sustainability of traditional chemical synthesis, microbial chemical production has been tapped as a promising renewable alternative for the generation of diverse, stereospecific compounds. Nonetheless, many attempts to generate them are not yet economically viable. Due to the zero-sum nature of microbial resources, traditional strategies of pathway optimization are attaining minimal returns. This result is in part a consequence of the gross changes in host physiology resulting from such efforts and underscores the need for more precise and subtle forms of gene modulation. In this review, we describe alternative strategies and emerging paradigms to address this problem and highlight potential solutions from the emerging field of synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin V Solomon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center (SynBERC), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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14
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Wang D, Li Q, Mao Y, Xing J, Su Z. High-level succinic acid production and yield by lactose-induced expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in ptsG mutant Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:2025-35. [PMID: 20521041 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2689-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Revised: 05/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli strains with foreign genes under the isopropyl-beta-D: -thiogalactopyranoside-inducible promoters such as lac, tac, and trc were engineered and considered as the promising succinic acid-producing bacteria in many reports. The promoters mentioned above could also be induced by lactose, which had not been attempted for succinic acid production before. Here, the efficient utilization of lactose as inducer was demonstrated in cultures of the ptsG, ldhA, and pflB mutant strain DC1515 with ppc overexpression. A fermentative process for succinic acid production at high level by this strain was developed. In flask anaerobic culture, 14.86 g l(-1) succinic acid was produced from 15 g l(-1) glucose with a yield of 1.51 mol mol(-1) glucose. In two-stage culture carried out in a 3-l bioreactor, the overall yield and concentration of succinic acid reached to 1.67 mol mol(-1) glucose and 99.7 g l(-1), respectively, with a productivity of 1.7 g l(-1) h(-1) in the anaerobic stage. The efficient utilization of lactose as inducer made recombinant E. coli a more capable strain for succinic acid production at large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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15
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Sense and nonsense from a systems biology approach to microbial recombinant protein production. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2010; 55:9-28. [PMID: 20044926 DOI: 10.1042/ba20090174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The 'Holy Grail' of recombinant protein production remains the availability of generic protocols and hosts for the production of even the most difficult target products. The present review provides first an explanation why the shock imposed on bacteria using a standard induction protocol not only arrests growth, but also decreases the number of colony-forming units by several orders of magnitude. Particular emphasis is placed on findings of numerous genome-wide transcriptomic studies that highlight cellular stress, in which the general stress, heat-shock and stringent responses are the underlying basis for the manifestation of the deterioration of cell physiology. We then review common approaches used to solve bottlenecks in protein folding and post-translational modification that result in recombinant protein deposition in cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Finally, we suggest a generic approach to process design that minimizes stress on the production host and a strategy for isolating improved hosts.
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Bentley WE, Mirjalili N, Andersen DC, Davis RH, Kompala DS, William E. Bentley IB. Plasmid-encoded protein: The principal factor in the “metabolic burden” associated with recombinant bacteria. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:1284-97; discussion 1283. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Lee SK, Keasling JD. Heterologous protein production in Escherichia coli using the propionate-inducible pPro system by conventional and auto-induction methods. Protein Expr Purif 2008; 61:197-203. [PMID: 18639640 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We examined expression of two plant genes encoding coclaurine N-methyltransferase (CMT) and norcoclaurine synthase (NCS) in Escherichia coli from the Salmonella entericaprpBCDE promoter (P(prpB)) and compared it to that from the strongest IPTG-inducible promoter, P(T7). In contrast to our previous study showing slightly higher production of green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the pPro system compared to that from the T7 system, production of two plant proteins CMT and NCS from P(prpB) was 2- to 4-fold higher than that from P(T7). Unlike P(T7), expression from P(prpB) did not reduce cell growth even when highly induced, indicating that this propionate-inducible system is more efficient for overproduction of proteins that result in growth inhibition. In an auto-induction experiment, which does not require monitoring the culture or adding inducer during cell growth, the pPro system exhibited much higher protein production than the T7 system. These results strongly indicate that the pPro system is well-suited for overproduction of recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Kuk Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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18
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Balagurunathan B, Jayaraman G. Cellular response to accumulation of recombinant proteins in the E. coli inner membrane: Implications for proteolysis and productivity of the secretory expression system. Biochem Eng J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2007.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Application of functional genomics to pathway optimization for increased isoprenoid production. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:3229-41. [PMID: 18344344 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02750-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Producing complex chemicals using synthetic metabolic pathways in microbial hosts can have many advantages over chemical synthesis but is often complicated by deleterious interactions between pathway intermediates and the host cell metabolism. With the maturation of functional genomic analysis, it is now technically feasible to identify modes of toxicity associated with the accumulation of foreign molecules in the engineered bacterium. Previously, Escherichia coli was engineered to produce large quantities of isoprenoids by creating a mevalonate-based isopentenyl pyrophosphate biosynthetic pathway (V. J. J. Martin et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 21:796-802, 2003). The engineered E. coli strain produced high levels of isoprenoids, but further optimization led to an imbalance in carbon flux and the accumulation of the pathway intermediate 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), which proved to be cytotoxic to E. coli. Using both DNA microarray analysis and targeted metabolite profiling, we have studied E. coli strains inhibited by the intracellular accumulation of HMG-CoA. Our results indicate that HMG-CoA inhibits fatty acid biosynthesis in the microbial host, leading to generalized membrane stress. The cytotoxic effects of HMG-CoA accumulation can be counteracted by the addition of palmitic acid (16:0) and, to a lesser extent, oleic acid (cis-Delta(9)-18:1) in the growth medium. This work demonstrates the utility of using transcriptomic and metabolomic methods to optimize synthetic biological systems.
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Pitera DJ, Paddon CJ, Newman JD, Keasling JD. Balancing a heterologous mevalonate pathway for improved isoprenoid production in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2007; 9:193-207. [PMID: 17239639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Revised: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Engineering biosynthetic pathways in microbes for the production of complex chemicals and pharmaceuticals is an attractive alternative to chemical synthesis. However, in transferring large pathways to alternate hosts and manipulating expression levels, the native regulation of carbon flux through the pathway may be lost leading to imbalances in the pathways. Previously, Escherichia coli was engineered to produce large quantities of isoprenoids by creating a mevalonate-based isopentenyl pyrophosphate biosynthetic pathway [Martin, V.J., Pitera, D.J., Withers, S.T., Newman, J.D., Keasling, J.D., 2003. Engineering a mevalonate pathway in Escherichia coli for production of terpenoids. Nat. Biotechnol. 21, 796-802]. The strain produces high levels of isoprenoids, but upon further investigation we discovered that the accumulation of pathway intermediates limited flux and that high-level expression of the mevalonate pathway enzymes inhibited cell growth. Gene titration studies and metabolite profiling using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry linked the growth inhibition phenotype with the accumulation of the pathway intermediate 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). Such an accumulation implies that the activity of HMG-CoA reductase was insufficient to balance flux in the engineered pathway. By modulating HMG-CoA reductase production, we eliminated the pathway bottleneck and increased mevalonate production. These results demonstrate that balancing carbon flux through the heterologous pathway is a key determinant in optimizing isoprenoid biosynthesis in microbial hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Pitera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1462, USA
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21
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De León-Rodríguez A, Rivera-Pastrana D, Medina-Rivero E, Flores-Flores JL, Estrada-Baltazar A, Ordóñez-Acevedo LG, de la Rosa APB. Production of penicillin acylase by a recombinant Escherichia coli using cheese whey as substrate and inducer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:299-305. [PMID: 17097344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioeng.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cheese whey (CW) is the major subproduct from cheese manufacturing and it is considered as a waste pollutant since its high content of lactose. In this work a fermentation process for the production of penicillin acylase (PA) by a recombinant Escherichia coli and using CW as unique carbon source and inducer was developed. A design factorial 3(2) was used to evaluate the influence of independent variables (dissolved oxygen and CW concentration) on the ability of E. coli W3110/pPA102 to produce PA. Maximum specific PA activity of 781 U g(-1) was attained at 5 g L(-1) of CW and 3% dissolved oxygen. The results showed that CW can be used successfully as unique carbon source and inducer for the production of recombinant proteins using constructions driven by the lac promoter and this way reducing the discharges of that pollutant to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio De León-Rodríguez
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Apartado Postal 3-74 Tangamanga, 78231 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico.
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22
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Sharma SS, Blattner FR, Harcum SW. Recombinant protein production in an Escherichia coli reduced genome strain. Metab Eng 2006; 9:133-41. [PMID: 17126054 PMCID: PMC3710453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, efforts have been made to improve the properties of Escherichia coli as a recombinant host by 'genomic surgery'-deleting large segments of the E. coli K12 MG1655 genome without scars. These excised segments included K-islands, which contain a high proportion of transposons, insertion sequences, cryptic phage, damaged, and unknown-function genes. The resulting multiple-deletion strain, designated E. coli MDS40, has a 14% (about 700 genes) smaller genome than the parent strain, E. coli MG1655. The multiple-deletion and parent E. coli strains were cultured in fed-batch fermenters to high cell densities on minimal medium to simulate industrial conditions for evaluating growth and recombinant protein production characteristics. Recombinant protein production and by-product levels were quantified at different controlled growth rates. These results indicate that the multiple-deletion strain's growth behavior and recombinant protein productivity closely matched the parent stain. Thus, the multiple-deletion strain E. coli MDS40 provides a suitable foundation for further genomic reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamik S. Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | | | - Sarah W. Harcum
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: . Phone: (864) 656 6865 Fax: (864) 656 0567
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Kim YS, Cha HJ. Solubility dependency of co-expression effects of stress-induced protein Dps on foreign protein expression in Escherichia coli. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Harcum SW, Haddadin FT. Global transcriptome response of recombinant Escherichia coli to heat-shock and dual heat-shock recombinant protein induction. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 33:801-14. [PMID: 16680459 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-006-0122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant Escherichia coli cultures are used to manufacture numerous therapeutic proteins and industrial enzymes, where many of these processes use elevated temperatures to induce recombinant protein production. The heat-shock response in wild-type E. coli has been well studied. In this study, the transcriptome profiles of recombinant E. coli subjected to a heat-shock and to a dual heat-shock recombinant protein induction were examined. Most classical heat-shock protein genes were identified as regulated in both conditions. The major transcriptome differences between the recombinant and reported wild-type cultures were heavily populated by hypothetical and putative genes, which indicates recombinant cultures utilize many unique genes to respond to a heat-shock. Comparison of the dual stressed culture data with literature recombinant protein induced culture data revealed numerous differences. The dual stressed response encompassed three major response patterns: induced-like, in-between, and greater than either individual stress response. Also, there were no genes that only responded to the dual stress. The most interesting difference between the dual stressed and induced cultures was the amino acid-tRNA gene levels. The amino acid-tRNA genes were elevated for the dual cultures compared to the induced cultures. Since, tRNAs facilitate protein synthesis via translation, this observed increase in amino acid-tRNA transcriptome levels, in concert with elevated heat-shock chaperones, might account for improved productivities often observed for thermo-inducible systems. Most importantly, the response of the recombinant cultures to a heat-shock was more profound than wild-type cultures, and further, the response to recombinant protein induction was not a simple additive response of the individual stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah W Harcum
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 401 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Clemson, SC 29634-0905, USA.
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25
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Ramchuran SO, Holst O, Karlsson EN. Effect of postinduction nutrient feed composition and use of lactose as inducer during production of thermostable xylanase in Escherichia coli glucose-limited fed-batch cultivations. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 99:477-84. [PMID: 16233820 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.99.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 02/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a microorganism routinely used in the production of heterologous proteins. The overexpression of a xylanase (Xyn 10 A Delta NC), which originated from the thermophile Rhodothermus marinus cloned under the control of the strong T7/lac promoter in a defined medium (mAT) using a substrate-limited feed strategy, was however shown to impose a significant metabolic burden on host cells. This resulted in a decreased cell growth rate and ultimately also a decreased target protein production. The investigation hence centers on the effect of some selected nutrient feed additives (amino acid [Cys] or TCA-intermediates [citrate, succinate, malate]) used to relieve the metabolic burden imposed during the feeding and postinduction phases of these glucose-limited fed-batch cultivations. The use of either succinic acid or malic acid as feed-additives resulted in an increase in production of approximately 40% of the heterologous thermostable xylanase. Furthermore, use of lactose as an alternative inducer of the T7/lac promoter was also proven to be a suitable strategy that significantly prolonged the heterologous protein production phase as compared with induction using isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh O Ramchuran
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O.Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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Sandén AM, Boström M, Markland K, Larsson G. Solubility and proteolysis of the Zb-MalE and Zb-MalE31 proteins during overproduction in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 90:239-47. [PMID: 15739172 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
From the hypothesis that the rate of expression of a nascent polypeptide controls the accumulation of soluble full-length protein, accumulation of the model fusion proteins Zb-MalE and Zb-MalE31, were studied. MalE and MalE31 are two isoforms of the maltose binding protein, differing only in two consecutive amino acids. Parameters controlling the expression rate were the transcription rate, which was controlled by IPTG induction of the lacUV5 promoter and the substrate addition levels during fed-batch cultivation. Results show that the two product proteins appear in both soluble and insoluble fractions during cultivation and are both subjected to proteolysis. However, the accumulation of the soluble form of Zb-MalE31 protein is radically lower, at all conditions, due to the small difference in primary structure. It was shown that both proteolysis and inclusion body formation could be influenced by the selected parameters although a change in feed rate had a considerably higher effect. A high concentration of inducer and a "high" feed rate result in a low accumulation of soluble product, due to a high proteolysis. The concentration of inducer leading to different levels of transcription is, however, an efficient tool to influence inclusion body formation. At low IPTG concentrations (< or = 5 microM), this formation is almost abolished while at a comparatively high concentration (> or = 300 microM) 50% of the total product accumulated was in the form of inclusion bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Sandén
- The Swedish Centre for Bioprocess Technology, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Haddadin FT, Harcum SW. Transcriptome profiles for high-cell-density recombinant and wild-type Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 90:127-53. [PMID: 15742388 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptome profiles for wild-type (plasmid-free) and recombinant (plasmid-bearing) Escherichia coli during well-controlled synchronized high-cell-density fed-batch cultures were analyzed by DNA microarrays. It was observed that the growth phase significantly affected the transcriptome profiles, and the transcriptome profiles were significantly different for the recombinant and wild-type cultures. The response of the wild-type and recombinant cultures to an isopropyl-1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside- (IPTG-) addition was examined, where IPTG induced recombinant protein production in the plasmid-bearing cultures. The IPTG-addition significantly altered the transcriptome response of the wild-type cultures entering the stationary phase. The IPTG-induced recombinant protein production resulted in a significant down-regulation of many energy synthesis genes (atp, nuo, cyo), as well as nearly all transcription- and translation-related genes (rpo, rpl, rpm, rps, rrf, rrl, rrs). Numerous phage (psp, hfl) and transposon-related genes (tra, ins) were significantly regulated in the recombinant cultures due to the IPTG-induction. These results indicate that the signaling mechanism, associated with the recombinant protein production, may induce a metabolic burden in the form of a phage defense mechanism. Taken together, these results indicated that recombinant protein production initiated a cascade of transcriptome responses that down-regulated the very genes needed to sustain productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu'ad T Haddadin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 112 Biosystem Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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28
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LeThanh H, Neubauer P, Hoffmann F. The small heat-shock proteins IbpA and IbpB reduce the stress load of recombinant Escherichia coli and delay degradation of inclusion bodies. Microb Cell Fact 2005; 4:6. [PMID: 15707488 PMCID: PMC552319 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-4-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Accepted: 02/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The permanently impaired protein folding during recombinant protein production resembles the stress encountered at extreme temperatures, under which condition the putative holding chaperones, IbpA/IbpB, play an important role. We evaluated the impact of ibpAB deletion or overexpression on stress responses and the inclusion body metabolism during production of yeast α-glucosidase in Escherichia coli. Results Deletion of ibpAB, which is innocuous under physiological conditions, impaired culture growth during α-glucosidase production. At higher temperatures, accumulation of stress proteins including disaggregation chaperones (DnaK and ClpB) and components of the RNA degradosome, enolase and PNP, was intensified. Overexpression of ibpAB, conversely, suppressed the heat-shock response under these conditions. Inclusion bodies of α-glucosidase started to disaggregate after arrest of protein synthesis in a ClpB and DnaK dependent manner, followed by degradation or reactivation. IbpA/IbpB decelerated disaggregation and degradation at higher temperatures, but did hardly influence the disaggregation kinetics at 15°C. Overexpression of ibpAB concomitant to production at 42°C increased the yield of α-glucosidase activity during reactivation. Conclusions IbpA/IbpB attenuate the accumulation of stress proteins, and – at high temperatures – save disaggregated proteins from degradation, at the cost, however, of delayed removal of aggregates. Without ibpAB, inclusion body removal is faster, but cells encounter more intense stress and growth impairment. IbpA/IbpB thus exert a major function in cell protection during stressful situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha LeThanh
- Institute for Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Peter Neubauer
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, P.O. Box 4300, Department of Process and Environmental Engineering, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Frank Hoffmann
- Institute for Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, D-06120 Halle, Germany
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Hashim SO, Delgado OD, Martínez MA, Kaul RH, Mulaa FJ, Mattiasson B. Alkaline active maltohexaose-forming α-amylase from Bacillus halodurans LBK 34. Enzyme Microb Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2004.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Analysis of the expression of the Trichoderma harzianum ech42 gene in two isogenic clones of Escherichia coli by surface response methodology. Process Biochem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2003.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Minimizing inclusion body formation during recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli at bench and pilot plant scale. Enzyme Microb Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2003.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Ramírez DM, Bentley WE. Fed-batch feeding and induction policies that improve foreign protein synthesis and stability by avoiding stress responses. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 47:596-608. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260470512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Enhancement of heterologous protein expression in Escherichia coli by co-expression of nonspecific DNA-binding stress protein, Dps. Enzyme Microb Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(03)00148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Hoffmann F, Weber J, Rinas U. Metabolic adaptation of Escherichia coli during temperature-induced recombinant protein production: 1. Readjustment of metabolic enzyme synthesis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 80:313-9. [PMID: 12226864 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic burden and the stress load resulting from temperature-induced production of human basic fibroblast growth factor is connected to an increase in the respiratory activity of recombinant Escherichia coli, thereby reducing the biomass yield. To study the underlying changes in metabolic enzyme synthesis rates, the radiolabeled proteom was subjected to two-dimen- sional gel electrophoresis. After temperature-induction, the cAMP-CRP controlled dehydrogenases of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (LpdA and SdhA) were induced four times, reaching a maximum 1 h after the temperature upshift. The more abundant tricarboxylic acid cycle dehydrogenases (Icd and Mdh) were initially produced at reduced rates but regained preshift rates within 30 min. The adenylate energy charge dropped immediately after the temperature upshift but recovered within 1 h. Similar profiles in dehydrogenase synthesis rates and adenylate energy charge were found in a control cultivation of a strain carrying the "empty" parental expression vector. Although both strains exhibited significant differences in growth pattern and respiration rates after the temperature upshift, the adaptation of the energetic state of the cells and the synthesis of enzymes from the energy-generating catabolic pathway did not seem to be affected by the strong overproduction of the recombinant growth factor. In contrast, the synthesis rates of enzymes belonging to the biosynthetic machinery, e.g., translational elongation factors, decreased more strongly in the culture synthesizing the recombinant protein. In control and producing culture, synthesis rates of elongation factors paralleled the respective growth rate profiles. Thus, cells seem to readjust their metabolic activities according to their energetic requirements and, if necessary, at the cost of their biosynthetic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hoffmann
- Biochemical Engineering Division, GBF German Research Center for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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35
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Harcum SW. Structured model to predict intracellular amino acid shortages during recombinant protein overexpression in E. coli. J Biotechnol 2002; 93:189-202. [PMID: 11755983 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(01)00347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant protein overexpression and the classical stringent response have been shown to induce the same proteases. Since the stringent response was the result of an intracellular amino acid shortage, it was hypothesized that the overexpression of the recombinant protein also caused an intracellular amino acid shortage. A structured non-segregated kinetic mathematical model of recombinant Escherichia coli was developed to predict intracellular amino acid shortages during recombinant protein overexpression, and thus the induction of the stringent response. Two model recombinant proteins were examined, chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase (CAT) and an 'average protein'. The model predicted an aromatic amino acid shortage during CAT overexpression, as predicted based on the CAT's amino acid content. The model also predicted a shortage of the intracellular alanine family amino acid pool during CAT overexpression. This was unexpected due to the relatively low content of alanine family amino acids in CAT compared to the average E. coli protein. The model predicted alanine, glutarate, and aspartate family amino acid shortages during recombinant 'average protein' overexpression. Additionally, the model predicted a decrease in the ribosome pool at induction for both recombinant proteins, which agrees with published experimental results. Thus, the structured kinetic model was able to predict amino acid shortages, that could potentially cause a stringent response and elevated protease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah W Harcum
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 259 Jett Hall, New Mexico State University, PO Box 30001, MSC 3805, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
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36
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DeLisa MP, Valdes JJ, Bentley WE. Quorum signaling via AI-2 communicates the "Metabolic Burden" associated with heterologous protein production in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 75:439-50. [PMID: 11668443 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have shown that bacterial cell-cell communication or quorum sensing is quite prevalent in pathogenic Escherichia coli, especially at high cell density; however, the role of quorum sensing in nonpathogenic E. coli is less clear and, in particular, there is no information regarding the role of quorum sensing in overexpression of plasmid-encoded genes. In this work, it was found that the activity of a quorum signaling molecule, autoinducer-2 (AI-2), decreased significantly following induction of several plasmid-encoded genes in both low and high-cell-density cultures of E. coli. Furthermore, we show that AI-2 signaling level was linearly related to the accumulation level of each protein product and that, in general, the highest rates of recombinant protein accumulation resulted in the greatest attenuation of AI-2 signaling. Importantly, our findings demonstrate for the first time that recombinant E. coli communicate the stress or burden of overexpressing heterologous genes through the quorum-based AI-2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P DeLisa
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnological Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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37
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Srivastava R, Peterson MS, Bentley WE. Stochastic kinetic analysis of the Escherichia coli stress circuit using sigma(32)-targeted antisense. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 75:120-9. [PMID: 11536134 DOI: 10.1002/bit.1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A stochastic Petri net model was developed for simulating the sigma(32) stress circuit in E. coli. Transcription factor sigma(32) is the principal regulator of the response of E. coli to heat shock. Stochastic Petri net (SPN) models are well suited for kinetics characterization of fluxes in biochemical pathways. Notably, there exists a one-to-one mapping of model tokens and places to molecules of particular species. Our model was validated against experiments in which ethanol (inducer of heat shock response) and sigma(32)-targeted antisense (downward regulator) were used to perturb the sigma(32) regulatory pathway. The model was also extended to simulate the effects of recombinant protein production. Results show that the stress response depends heavily on the partitioning of sigma(32) within the cell; that is, sigma(32) becomes immediately available to mediate a stress response because it exists primarily in a sequestered, inactive form, complexed with chaperones DnaK, DnaJ, and GrpE. Recombinant proteins, however, also compete for chaperone proteins, particularly when folded improperly. Our simulations indicate that when the expression of recombinant protein has a low requirement for DnaK, DnaJ, and GrpE, the overall sigma(32) levels may drop, but the level of heat shock proteins will increase. Conversely, when the overexpressed recombinant protein has a strong requirement for the chaperones, a severe response is predicted. Interestingly, both cases were observed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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38
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DeLisa MP, Valdes JJ, Bentley WE. Mapping stress-induced changes in autoinducer AI-2 production in chemostat-cultivated Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 2001; 183:2918-28. [PMID: 11292813 PMCID: PMC99510 DOI: 10.1128/jb.183.9.2918-2928.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous gram-negative bacteria employ a cell-to-cell signaling mechanism, termed quorum sensing, for controlling gene expression in response to population density. Recently, this phenomenon has been discovered in Escherichia coli, and while pathogenic E. coli utilize quorum sensing to regulate pathogenesis (i.e., expression of virulence genes), the role of quorum sensing in nonpathogenic E. coli is less clear, and in particular, there is no information regarding the role of quorum sensing during the overexpression of recombinant proteins. The production of autoinducer AI-2, a signaling molecule employed by E. coli for intercellular communication, was studied in E. coli W3110 chemostat cultures using a Vibrio harveyi AI-2 reporter assay (M. G. Surrette and B. L. Bassler, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:7046-7050, 1998). Chemostat cultures enabled a study of AI-2 regulation through steady-state and transient responses to a variety of environmental stimuli. Results demonstrated that AI-2 levels increased with the steady-state culture growth rate. In addition, AI-2 increased following pulsed addition of glucose, Fe(III), NaCl, and dithiothreitol and decreased following aerobiosis, amino acid starvation, and isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside-induced expression of human interleukin-2 (hIL-2). In general, the AI-2 responses to several perturbations were indicative of a shift in metabolic activity or state of the cells induced by the individual stress. Because of our interest in the expression of heterologous proteins in E. coli, the transcription of four quorum-regulated genes and 20 stress genes was mapped during the transient response to induced expression of hIL-2. Significant regulatory overlap was revealed among several stress and starvation genes and known quorum-sensing genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P DeLisa
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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39
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Gill RT, DeLisa MP, Valdes JJ, Bentley WE. Genomic analysis of high-cell-density recombinant Escherichia coli fermentation and "cell conditioning" for improved recombinant protein yield. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 72:85-95. [PMID: 11084598 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0290(20010105)72:1<85::aid-bit12>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Escherichia coli stress gene transcription profile and response to recombinant protein overexpression were substantially altered at high cell density when compared with low cell density. Reverse trascription-polymerase chain reaction RT-PCR-amplified mRNA from low (4 g[DCW]/L) and high-cell-density (43.5 g [DCW]/L) conditions were hybridized with a DNA microarray of Kohara clones encompassing 16% of the E. coli genome, and differentially displayed genes were identified. Transcript-specific RNA dot blots indicated that molecular chaperones (groEL, ibpA, degP), proteases (degP, ftsH), the lysis gene mltB, and DNA damage/bacteriophage-associated gene transcript levels (ftsH, recA, alpA, uvrB) increased 10- to 43-fold at high cell density. In addition, overexpression of recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFP(uv))/chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) fusion protein did not change the rates of cell growth or cell lysis. The stress gene transcription profile at high cell density was used to evaluate "cell conditioning" strategies to alter the levels of chaperones, proteases, and other intracellular proteins prior to recombinant protein overexpression. Interestingly, the addition of 1 g/L dithiothreitol (DTT) 20 min prior to induction of a GFP(uv)/CAT fusion protein resulted in a twofold increase in CAT activity when compared with the unconditioned controls. In addition, RNA dot blots of five stress genes confirmed that cell conditioning strategies significantly altered the dynamic stress gene response to foreign protein overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Gill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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40
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Gill RT, Valdes JJ, Bentley WE. A comparative study of global stress gene regulation in response to overexpression of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2000; 2:178-89. [PMID: 11056060 DOI: 10.1006/mben.2000.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Global gene regulation throughout the Escherichia coli stress response to overexpression of each of five recombinant proteins was evaluated. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction-amplified mRNA from induced and control cells were hybridized with a DNA array of Kohara clones representing 16% (700 genes) of the E. coli genome. Subsequently, Northern analysis was performed for quantification of specific gene dynamics and statistically significant overlap in the regulation of 11 stress-related genes was found using correlation analysis. The results reported here establish that there are dramatic changes in the transcription rates of a broad range of stress genes (representing multiple regulons) after induction of recombinant protein. Specifically, the responses included significantly increased upregulation of heat shock (ftsH, clpP, lon, ompT, degP, groEL, aceA, ibpA), SOS/DNA damage (recA, lon, IS5 transposase), stationary phase (rpoS, aceA), and bacteriophage life cycle (ftsH, recA) genes. Importantly, similarities at the microscopic (gene) level were not clearly reflected at the macroscopic (growth rate, lysis) level. The use of such dynamic data is critical to the design of gene-based sensors, the engineering of metabolic pathways, and the determination of parameters (harvest and induction times) needed for successful recombinant E. coli fermentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Gill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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41
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Abstract
Fish metabolism needs special enzymes that have maximum activity at very different conditions than their mammalian counterparts. Due to the differences in activity, these enzymes, especially cold-adapted proteases, could be used advantageously for the production of some foods. In addition to the enzymes, this review describes some other unique fish polypeptides such as antifreeze proteins, fluorescent proteins, antitumor peptides, antibiotics, and hormones, that have already been cloned and used in food processing, genetic engineering, medicine, and aquaculture. Recombinant DNA technology, which allows these biological molecules to be cloned and overexpressed in microorganisms is also described, highlighting innovative applications. The expected impact of cloning fish proteins in different fields of technology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Macouzet
- Department of Food Science, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
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Panda AK, Khan RH, Rao KB, Totey SM. Kinetics of inclusion body production in batch and high cell density fed-batch culture of Escherichia coli expressing ovine growth hormone. J Biotechnol 1999; 75:161-72. [PMID: 10553655 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(99)00157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A process for maximizing the volumetric productivity of recombinant ovine growth hormone (r-oGH) expressed in Escherichia coli during high cell density fermentation process has been devised. Kinetics of r-oGH expression as inclusion bodies and its effect on specific growth rates of E. coli cells were monitored during batch fermentation process. It was observed that during r-oGH expression in E. coli, the specific growth rate of the culture became an intrinsic property of the cells which reduced in a programmed manner upon induction. Nutrient feeding during protein expression phase of the fed-batch process was designed according to the reduction in specific growth rate of the culture. By feeding yeast extract along with glucose during fed-batch operation, high cell growth with very little accumulation of acetic acid was observed. Use of yeast extract helped in maintaining high specific cellular protein yield which resulted in high volumetric productivity of r-oGH. In 16 h of fed-batch fermentation, 3.2 g l-1 of r-oGH were produced at a cell OD of 124. This is the highest concentration of r-oGH reported to date using E. coli expression system. The volumetric productivity of r-oGH was 0.2 g l-1 h-1, which is also the highest value reported for any therapeutic protein using IPTG inducible expression system in a single stage fed-batch process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Panda
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India.
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43
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Ramírez DM, Bentley WE. Characterization of stress and protein turnover from protein overexpression in fed-batch E. coli cultures. J Biotechnol 1999; 71:39-58. [PMID: 10483100 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(99)00014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A structured kinetic model that accounts for proteolytic degradation due to recombinant protein overexpression is introduced and its performance evaluated by comparison with previously reported fed-batch experimental data. This mathematical model contains an additional pool for a generic key precursor (in our case phenylalanine), an improved IPTG transport term, a phenylalanine transport term, and a variable protein turnover expression that accounts for proteolytic activity. The model predictions concerning proteolytic activity, glucose level, and cell growth are in very good agreement with an amino acid depletion hypothesis. Cultures exposed to greater stress showed higher and/or longer proteolysis, whereas less overall proteolytic activity was observed when the effect of induction was somewhat ameliorated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Ramírez
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park 20742, USA
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44
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Cha HJ, Srivastava R, Vakharia VN, Rao G, Bentley WE. Green fluorescent protein as a noninvasive stress probe in resting Escherichia coli cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:409-14. [PMID: 9925561 PMCID: PMC91040 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.2.409-414.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We constructed and characterized three stress probe plasmids which utilize a green fluorescent protein as a noninvasive reporter in order to elucidate Escherichia coli cellular stress responses in quiescent or resting cells. Cellular stress levels were easily detected by fusing three heat shock stress protein promoter elements, those of the heat shock transcription factor sigma32, the protease subunit ClpB, and the chaperone DnaK, to the reporter gene gfpuv. When perturbed by a chemical or physical stress (such as a heat shock, nutrient [amino acid] limitation, or addition of IPTG [isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside], acetic acid, ethanol, phenol, antifoam, or salt [osmotic shock]), the E. coli cells produced GFPuv, which was easily detected within the cells as emitted green fluorescence. Temporal and amplitudinal mapping of the responses was performed, and the results revealed regions where quantitative delineation of cell stress was afforded.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Cha
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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45
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Pham MQ, Naggie S, Wier M, Cha HJ, Bentley WE. Human interleukin-2 production in insect (Trichoplusia ni) larvae: effects and partial control of proteolysis. Biotechnol Bioeng 1999; 62:175-82. [PMID: 10099527 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19990120)62:2<175::aid-bit7>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many eukaryotic proteins have been successfully expressed in insect cells infected with a baculovirus in which the foreign gene has been placed under the control of a viral promoter. This system can be costly at large scale due to the quality of virus stock, problems of oxygen transfer, and severity of large-scale contamination. To circumvent this problem, we have investigated the expression of a foreign protein, human interleukin-2 (IL-2), in insect larvae, Trichoplusia ni, infected with the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV). The IL-2 gene was placed under control of the p10 promoter so that the polyhedra remained intact for efficient primary infection. From our results, it was clear that early infection limited larval growth and late infection delayed product production until near pupation, hence infection timing was important. Also, the harvest time was crucial for obtaining high yield, because IL-2 production had a sharp optimal peak with a time of occurrence dependent on both temperature and the initial amount of infection virus. Specifically, we found that, by raising the infection temperature to 30 degrees C, we more than doubled the protein productivity. Furthermore, a significant concern of the larvae/baculovirus expression system has been the large amount of protease produced by the larvae, which adversely affects the protein yield. Therefore, we screened several protease inhibitors and characterized the larval protease specificity and timing to attenuate their impact. This report elucidates and delineates the factors that most directly impact protein yield in the larvae expression system, using IL-2 as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Q Pham
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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46
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Hicks PM, Rinker KD, Baker JR, Kelly RM. Homomultimeric protease in the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima has structural and amino acid sequence homology to bacteriocins in mesophilic bacteria. FEBS Lett 1998; 440:393-8. [PMID: 9872409 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)01451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel homomultimeric protease (> 669 kDa), based on 31 kDa subunits, was purified from cell extracts of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima. This protease exhibits activity toward chymotrypsin and trypsin substrates, optimally at 90 degrees C and pH 7.1, and has a half-life of 36 min at 95 degrees C. Transmission electron microscopy established that the protease consists of a large globular assembly which appears circular from the front view. The function of this protease in T. maritima remains unclear, although putative homologs include a 29 kDa antigen from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and a 31 kDa monomer of a high molecular weight bacteriocin produced by Brevibacterium linens [Valdes-Stauber, N. and Scherer, S. (1996) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 1283-1286]. The relationship of these mesophilic proteins to the T. maritima protease suggests that their antibacterial activity may involve elements of proteolysis, and raises the prospect for antimicrobial ecological strategies in hyperthermophilic niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Hicks
- Department of Chemical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7905, USA
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Staijen IE, Hatzimanikatis V, Witholt B. The AlkB monooxygenase of Pseudomonas oleovorans--synthesis, stability and level in recombinant Escherichia coli and the native host. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 244:462-70. [PMID: 9119013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the synthesis and stability of the monooxygenase AlkB of Pseudomonas oleovorans in its natural host and in recombinant Escherichia coli. Three strains were investigated: the prototype strain P. oleovorans and the E. coli alk+ recombinants HB101 (pGEc47) and W3110 (pGEc47). Plasmid pGEc47 allows regulated expression of alkB and synthesis of active AlkB in E. coli. The E. coli strains were selected because E. coli HB101 (pGEc47) produces similar amounts of AlkB as P. oleovorans (1.5-2% of total cell protein), whereas E. coli W3110 (pGEc47) is able to make substantially (about fivefold) more AlkB. The AlkB synthesis and degradation rates in batch cultures of the three strains were determined by means of isotopic-labeling and immunological techniques. The mean specific AlkB synthesis rates in P. oleovorans, E. coli HB101 (pGEc47) and E. coli W3110 (pGEc47) were approximately 7, 12.5 and 45 microg x mg protein(-1) x h(-1), respectively. The half-lives of AlkB were estimated to be 80, 3 and 15 for P. oleovorans, E. coli HB101 (pGEc47) and E. coli W3110 (pGEc47), respectively. Thus, the intracellular AlkB level in each of the three strains was the result of their AlkB synthesis and degradation rates. The AlkB level during batch growth was modelled by means of experimentally derived parameters for AlkB synthesis and degradation, and showed good agreement with AlkB levels determined by means of immunoblotting in all strains investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Staijen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich
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48
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Pulliam TR, Winston S, Bentley WE. Tryptophan regulated expression and aqueous two-phase separation of recombinant HIV-fusion peptides. Enzyme Microb Technol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(96)00080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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49
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Donovan RS, Robinson CW, Glick BR. Review: optimizing inducer and culture conditions for expression of foreign proteins under the control of the lac promoter. JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY 1996; 16:145-54. [PMID: 8652113 DOI: 10.1007/bf01569997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This review examines factors which influence the expression of foreign proteins in Escherichia coli under the transcriptional control of the lac and tac promoters, and discusses conditions for maximizing the production of a foreign protein using this system. Specifically, the influence of IPTG (isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside) concentration, temperature, composition of the growth medium, the point in the growth curve at which cells are induced with either IPTG or lactose, and the duration of the induction phase are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Donovan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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50
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Boutibonnes P, Bisson V, Thammavongs B, Hartke A, Panoff JM, Benachour A, Auffray Y. Induction of thermotolerance by chemical agents in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis IL1403. Int J Food Microbiol 1995; 25:83-94. [PMID: 7599033 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(94)00149-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Like in other organisms tested to date, adapted cells of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis IL1403 pretreated at 42 degrees C for 30 min develop a thermotolerant state, i.e. an increased ability to survive subsequent exposure to a lethal challenge temperature (52 degrees C for 15 or 30 min). In different cellular systems, chemicals as diverse as divalent metal salts, natural or synthetic compounds trigger the development of thermotolerance. Yet, in L. lactis subsp. lactis IL1403, among the 17 chemicals tested, only four induced this transient increased tolerance to heat: cadmium chloride, mercury chloride, sodium azide and beta-mercaptoethanol. Intriguingly, none of these four compounds induced the synthesis of three major heat shock proteins (DnaK, GroEL and hsp104-analogue), which are believed to be responsible for thermotolerance in most organisms. It is suggested that: (i) the lesions produced by these various 'proteotoxic' agents are fundamentally different from those produced by heat; (ii) heat shock protein synthesis and transient induced tolerance to heat are not tightly correlated phenomena in L. lactis subsp. lactis as they are in Escherichia coli and some other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Boutibonnes
- Laboratoire de Génétique Microbienne, I.R.B.A., Université de Caen, France
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