1
|
Baby EK, Savitha R, Kinsella GK, Nolan K, Ryan BJ, Henehan GT. Influence of deep eutectic solvents on redox biocatalysis involving alcohol dehydrogenases. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32550. [PMID: 38948051 PMCID: PMC11209023 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Redox biocatalysis plays an increasingly important role in modern organic synthesis. The recent integration of novel media such as deep eutectic solvents (DESs) has significantly impacted this field of chemical biology. Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) are important biocatalysts where their unique specificity is used for enantioselective synthesis. This review explores aspects of redox biocatalysis in the presence of DES both with whole cells and with isolated ADHs. In both cases, the presence of DES has a significant influence on the outcome of reactions albeit via different mechanisms. For whole cells, DES was shown to be a useful tool to direct product formation or configuration - a process of solvent engineering. Whole cells can tolerate DES as media components for the solubilization of hydrophobic substrates. In some cases, DES in the growth medium altered the enantioselectivity of whole cell transformations by solvent control. For isolated enzymes, on the other hand, the presence of DES promotes substrate solubility as well as enhancing enzyme stability and activity. DES can be employed as a smart solvent or smart cosubstrate particularly for cofactor regeneration purposes. From the literatures examined, it is suggested that DES based on choline chloride (ChCl) such as ChCl:Glycerol (Gly), ChCl:Glucose (Glu), and ChCl:1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) are useful starting points for ADH-based redox biocatalysis. However, each specific reaction will require optimisation due to the influence of several factors on biocatalysis in DES. These include solvent composition, enzyme source, temperature, pH and ionic strength as well as the substrates and products under investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebin K. Baby
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman Lower, Dublin 7, D07 E244, Ireland
| | - Rangasamy Savitha
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman Lower, Dublin 7, D07 E244, Ireland
| | - Gemma K. Kinsella
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman Lower, Dublin 7, D07 E244, Ireland
| | - Kieran Nolan
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, D09 V209, Ireland
| | - Barry J. Ryan
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman Lower, Dublin 7, D07 E244, Ireland
| | - Gary T.M. Henehan
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman Lower, Dublin 7, D07 E244, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen H, Liu R, Cai S, Zhang Y, Zhu C, Yu H, Li S. Intermediate product control in cascade reaction for one-pot production of ε-caprolactone by Escherichia coli. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300210. [PMID: 38403458 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
ε-Caprolactone is an important non-toxic compound for polymer synthesis like polycaprolactone which has been widely used in drug delivery and degradable plastics. To meet the demand for a green economy, a bi-enzymatic cascade, consisting of an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and a cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMO), was designed and introduced into Escherichia coli to synthesize ε-caprolactone from cyclohexanol with a self-sufficient NADPH-cofactor regeneration system. To further improve the catalytic efficiency, a carbonyl group-dependent colorimetric method using inexpensive 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) was developed for assay of cyclohexanone, an intermediate production of cascade reaction. It can be used to screen mutant strains with high catalytic efficiency from high-throughput library by detecting the absorbance value in microtiter plates (MTP) instead of gas chromatography (GC) analysis. Moreover, an RBS combinatorial library was constructed for balancing the expression of ADH and CHMO from two independent transcriptional units. After the high-throughput screening based on intermediate product control, an optimal variant with higher substrate tolerance and long-term stability was obtained from RBS combinatorial library. Through a fed-batch process, ε-caprolactone production reached 148.2 mM after 70 h of reaction under the optimized conditions, which was the highest yield achieved to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hefeng Chen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ran Liu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengliang Cai
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingjiao Zhang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoyi Zhu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Grandi E, Feyza Özgen F, Schmidt S, Poelarends GJ. Enzymatic Oxy- and Amino-Functionalization in Biocatalytic Cascade Synthesis: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309012. [PMID: 37639631 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic cascades are a powerful tool for building complex molecules containing oxygen and nitrogen functionalities. Moreover, the combination of multiple enzymes in one pot offers the possibility to minimize downstream processing and waste production. In this review, we illustrate various recent efforts in the development of multi-step syntheses involving C-O and C-N bond-forming enzymes to produce high value-added compounds, such as pharmaceuticals and polymer precursors. Both in vitro and in vivo examples are discussed, revealing the respective advantages and drawbacks. The use of engineered enzymes to boost the cascades outcome is also addressed and current co-substrate and cofactor recycling strategies are presented, highlighting the importance of atom economy. Finally, tools to overcome current challenges for multi-enzymatic oxy- and amino-functionalization reactions are discussed, including flow systems with immobilized biocatalysts and cascades in confined nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Grandi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fatma Feyza Özgen
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandy Schmidt
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J Poelarends
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Willetts A. Bicyclo[3.2.0]carbocyclic Molecules and Redox Biotransformations: The Evolution of Closed-Loop Artificial Linear Biocatalytic Cascades and Related Redox-Neutral Systems. Molecules 2023; 28:7249. [PMID: 37959669 PMCID: PMC10649493 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of cofactor recycling in determining the efficiency of artificial biocatalytic cascades has become paramount in recent years. Closed-loop cofactor recycling, which initially emerged in the 1990s, has made a valuable contribution to the development of this aspect of biotechnology. However, the evolution of redox-neutral closed-loop cofactor recycling has a longer history that has been integrally linked to the enzymology of oxy-functionalised bicyclo[3.2.0]carbocyclic molecule metabolism throughout. This review traces that relevant history from the mid-1960s to current times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Willetts
- Curnow Consultancies Ltd., Trewithen House, Helston TR13 9PQ, Cornwall, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tüllinghoff A, Djaya‐Mbissam H, Toepel J, Bühler B. Light-driven redox biocatalysis on gram-scale in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 via an in vivo cascade. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:2074-2083. [PMID: 37439151 PMCID: PMC10502755 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthetic light reaction in cyanobacteria constitutes a highly attractive tool for productive biocatalysis, as it can provide redox reactions with high-energy reduction equivalents using sunlight and water as sources of energy and electrons, respectively. Here, we describe the first artificial light-driven redox cascade in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 to convert cyclohexanone to the polymer building block 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid (6-HA). Co-expression of a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO) and a lactonase, both from Acidovorax sp. CHX100, enabled this two-step conversion with an activity of up to 63.1 ± 1.0 U/gCDW without accumulating inhibitory ε-caprolactone. Thereby, one of the key limitations of biocatalytic reactions, that is, reactant inhibition or toxicity, was overcome. In 2 L stirred-tank-photobioreactors, the process could be stabilized for 48 h, forming 23.50 ± 0.84 mm (3.11 ± 0.12 g/L) 6-HA. The high specificity enabling a product yield (YP/S ) of 0.96 ± 0.01 mol/mol and the remarkable biocatalyst-related yield of 3.71 ± 0.21 g6-HA /gCDW illustrate the potential of producing this non-toxic product in a synthetic cascade. The fine-tuning of the energy burden on the catalyst was found to be crucial, which indicates a limitation by the metabolic capacity of the cells possibly being compromised by biocatalysis-related reductant withdrawal. Intriguingly, energy balancing revealed that the biotransformation could tap surplus electrons derived from the photosynthetic light reaction and thereby relieve photosynthetic sink limitation. This study shows the feasibility of light-driven biocatalytic cascade operation in cyanobacteria and highlights respective metabolic limitations and engineering targets to unleash the full potential of photosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Tüllinghoff
- Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, PermoserstrLeipzigGermany
| | | | - Jörg Toepel
- Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, PermoserstrLeipzigGermany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, PermoserstrLeipzigGermany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang Y, Du W, Qian G, Duan X, Gu X, Zhou X, Yang Z, Zhang J. Kinetically guided high‐yield and rapid production of ε‐caprolactone in a microreactor system. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Wei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Gang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Xuezhi Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Xiongyi Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Xinggui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Zhirong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ma Y, Zhang N, Vernet G, Kara S. Design of fusion enzymes for biocatalytic applications in aqueous and non-aqueous media. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:944226. [PMID: 35935496 PMCID: PMC9354712 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.944226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocatalytic cascades play a fundamental role in sustainable chemical synthesis. Fusion enzymes are one of the powerful toolboxes to enable the tailored combination of multiple enzymes for efficient cooperative cascades. Especially, this approach offers a substantial potential for the practical application of cofactor-dependent oxidoreductases by forming cofactor self-sufficient cascades. Adequate cofactor recycling while keeping the oxidized/reduced cofactor in a confined microenvironment benefits from the fusion fashion and makes the use of oxidoreductases in harsh non-aqueous media practical. In this mini-review, we have summarized the application of various fusion enzymes in aqueous and non-aqueous media with a focus on the discussion of linker design within oxidoreductases. The design and properties of the reported linkers have been reviewed in detail. Besides, the substrate loadings in these studies have been listed to showcase one of the key limitations (low solubility of hydrophobic substrates) of aqueous biocatalysis when it comes to efficiency and economic feasibility. Therefore, a straightforward strategy of applying non-aqueous media has been briefly discussed while the potential of using the fusion oxidoreductase of interest in organic media was highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ma
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ningning Zhang
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guillem Vernet
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Selin Kara
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Selin Kara,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang N, Müller B, Ørtoft Kirkeby T, Kara S, Loderer C. Development of a thioredoxin based cofactor regeneration system for NADPH‐dependent oxidoreductases. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Zhang
- Aarhus University: Aarhus Universitet Department of Biological and Chemical Enginnering Gustav Wieds Vej 10 8000 Aarhus DENMARK
| | - Beatrice Müller
- TU Dresden: Technische Universitat Dresden Chair of Molecular Biotechnology 01217 Dresden GERMANY
| | - Tanja Ørtoft Kirkeby
- Aarhus University: Aarhus Universitet Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering Gustav Wieds Vej 10 8000 Aarhus DENMARK
| | - Selin Kara
- Aarhus University: Aarhus Universitet Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering Gustav Wieds Vej 10 8000 Aarhus DENMARK
| | - Christoph Loderer
- TU Dresden Chair for Molecular Biotechnology Zellescher Weg 20b 01217 Dresden GERMANY
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Česnik Katulić M, Sudar M, Hernández K, Qi Y, Charnock SJ, Vasić-Rački Đ, Clapés P, Findrik Blažević Z. Cascade Synthesis of l-Homoserine Catalyzed by Lyophilized Whole Cells Containing Transaminase and Aldolase Activities: The Mathematical Modeling Approach. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morana Česnik Katulić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Savska c. 16, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Sudar
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Savska c. 16, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Karel Hernández
- Biotransformation and Bioactive Molecules Group, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yuyin Qi
- Prozomix Ltd., West End Industrial Estate, Station Court, Haltwhistle, Northumberland NE49 9HA, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Charnock
- Prozomix Ltd., West End Industrial Estate, Station Court, Haltwhistle, Northumberland NE49 9HA, United Kingdom
| | - Đurdica Vasić-Rački
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Savska c. 16, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Pere Clapés
- Biotransformation and Bioactive Molecules Group, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zvjezdana Findrik Blažević
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Savska c. 16, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) are flavin-dependent oxidative enzymes capable of catalyzing the insertion of an oxygen atom between a carbonylic Csp2 and the Csp3 at the alpha position, therefore transforming linear and cyclic ketones into esters and lactones. These enzymes are dependent on nicotinamides (NAD(P)H) for the flavin reduction and subsequent reaction with molecular oxygen. BVMOs can be included in cascade reactions, coupled to other redox enzymes, such as alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) or ene-reductases (EREDs), so that the direct conversion of alcohols or α,β-unsaturated carbonylic compounds to the corresponding esters can be achieved. In the present review, the different synthetic methodologies that have been performed by employing multienzymatic strategies with BVMOs combining whole cells or isolated enzymes, through sequential or parallel methods, are described, with the aim of highlighting the advantages of performing multienzymatic systems, and show the recent advances for overcoming the drawbacks of using BVMOs in these techniques.
Collapse
|
11
|
Xiong J, Chen H, Liu R, Yu H, Zhuo M, Zhou T, Li S. Tuning a bi-enzymatic cascade reaction in Escherichia coli to facilitate NADPH regeneration for ε-caprolactone production. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:32. [PMID: 38650214 PMCID: PMC10992311 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00370-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
ε-Caprolactone is a monomer of poly(ε-caprolactone) which has been widely used in tissue engineering due to its biodegradability and biocompatibility. To meet the massive demand for this monomer, an efficient whole-cell biocatalytic approach was constructed to boost the ε-caprolactone production using cyclohexanol as substrate. Combining an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) with a cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMO) in Escherichia coli, a self-sufficient NADPH-cofactor regeneration system was obtained. Furthermore, some improved variants with the better substrate tolerance and higher catalytic ability to ε-caprolactone production were designed by regulating the ribosome binding sites. The best mutant strain exhibited an ε-caprolactone yield of 0.80 mol/mol using 60 mM cyclohexanol as substrate, while the starting strain only got a conversion of 0.38 mol/mol when 20 mM cyclohexanol was supplemented. The engineered whole-cell biocatalyst was used in four sequential batches to achieve a production of 126 mM ε-caprolactone with a high molar yield of 0.78 mol/mol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Xiong
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hefeng Chen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ran Liu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Min Zhuo
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Heuschkel I, Hanisch S, Volke DC, Löfgren E, Hoschek A, Nikel PI, Karande R, Bühler K. Pseudomonas taiwanensis biofilms for continuous conversion of cyclohexanone in drip flow and rotating bed reactors. Eng Life Sci 2021; 21:258-269. [PMID: 33716623 PMCID: PMC7923564 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202000072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the biocatalytic performance of a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO) catalyzing the reaction of cyclohexanone to ε-caprolactone was investigated in Pseudomonas biofilms. Biofilm growth and development of two Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120 variants, Ps_BVMO and Ps_BVMO_DGC, were evaluated in drip flow reactors (DFRs) and rotating bed reactors (RBRs). Engineering a hyperactive diguanylate cyclase (DGC) from Caulobacter crescentus into Ps_BVMO resulted in faster biofilm growth compared to the control Ps_BVMO strain in the DFRs. The maximum product formation rates of 92 and 87 g m-2 d-1 were observed for mature Ps_BVMO and Ps_ BVMO_DGC biofilms, respectively. The application of the engineered variants in the RBR was challenged by low biofilm surface coverage (50-60%) of rotating bed cassettes, side-products formation, oxygen limitation, and a severe drop in production rates with time. By implementing an active oxygen supply mode and a twin capillary spray feed, the biofilm surface coverage was maximized to 70-80%. BVMO activity was severely inhibited by cyclohexanol formation, resulting in a decrease in product formation rates. By controlling the cyclohexanone feed concentration at 4 mM, a stable product formation rate of 14 g m-2 d-1 and a substrate conversion of 60% was achieved in the RBR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Heuschkel
- Department of Solar MaterialsHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental ResearchLeipzigGermany
| | - Selina Hanisch
- Department of Solar MaterialsHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental ResearchLeipzigGermany
- ZINT ‐ Zentrum für integrierte NaturstofftechnikTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Daniel C. Volke
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for BiosustainabilityTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | | | - Anna Hoschek
- Department of Solar MaterialsHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental ResearchLeipzigGermany
| | - Pablo I. Nikel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for BiosustainabilityTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Rohan Karande
- Department of Solar MaterialsHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental ResearchLeipzigGermany
| | - Katja Bühler
- Department of Solar MaterialsHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental ResearchLeipzigGermany
- ZINT ‐ Zentrum für integrierte NaturstofftechnikTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
A cascade reaction for the synthesis of d-fagomine precursor revisited: Kinetic insight and understanding of the system. N Biotechnol 2021; 63:19-28. [PMID: 33640482 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of aldol adduct (3S,4R)-6-[(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino]-5,6-dideoxyhex-2-ulose, a precursor of the interesting dietary supplement, iminosugar d-fagomine, was studied in a cascade reaction with three enzymes starting from Cbz-N-3-aminopropanol. This system was studied previously using a statistical optimization method which enabled a 79 % yield of the aldol adduct with a 10 % yield of the undesired amino acid by-product. Here, a kinetic model of the cascade, including enzyme operational stability decay rate and the undesired overoxidation of the intermediate product, was developed. The validated model was instrumental in the optimization of the cascade reaction in the batch reactor. Simulations were carried out to determine the variables with the most significant impact on substrate conversion and product yield. As a result, process conditions were found that provided the aldol adduct in 92 % yield with only 0.7 % yield of the amino acid in a one-pot one-step reaction. Additionally, compared to previous work, this improved process outcome was achieved at lower concentrations of two enzymes used in the reaction. With this study the advantages are demonstrated of a modelling approach in developing complex biocatalytical processes. Mathematical models enable better understanding of the interactions of variables in the investigated system, reduce cost, experimental efforts in the lab and time necessary to obtain results since the simulations are carried out in silico.
Collapse
|
14
|
Salamanca D, Bühler K, Engesser KH, Schmid A, Karande R. Whole-cell biocatalysis using the Acidovorax sp. CHX100 Δ6HX for the production of ω-hydroxycarboxylic acids from cycloalkanes. N Biotechnol 2020; 60:200-206. [PMID: 33127412 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Omega hydroxycarboxylic acids (ω-HAs) possess two functional groups, a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group, and are essential precursors for the production of biodegradable polyester polymers. In this work, an Acidovorax mutant was investigated as a whole-cell biocatalyst for the conversion of cycloalkanes to their respective ω-hydroxycarboxylic acids. This Acidovorax sp. strain CHX100 originated from a wastewater treatment plant and uses cyclohexane as the sole source of carbon and energy with excellent growth rates (0.199 h-1). The metabolic efficiency of Acidovorax CHX100 is based on a highly efficient enzyme cascade used for the mineralization of cyclohexane. A deletion of 6-hydroxyhexanoate dehydrogenase in the native cycloalkane pathway resulted in the Acidovorax sp. strain CHX100 Δ6HX mutant, which accumulated short ω-hydroxycarboxylic acids (C5 to C10) from cycloalkanes. This mutant transformed cyclopentane and cyclohexane (5 mM) to 5-hydroxypentanoic acid and 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid, respectively, with a molar conversion above 98% in 6 h. An elementary environmental and economical assessment based on E-factor and biocatalyst yield suggests the use of inexpensive electron donor and carbon sources, with subsequent efforts to minimize waste generation. Such an early-stage analysis highlights the main bottlenecks that need to be solved in developing a sustainable bioprocess.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Salamanca
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH, Department of Solar Materials, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Bühler
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH, Department of Solar Materials, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinrich Engesser
- Department of Biological Waste Air Purification, Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH, Department of Solar Materials, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rohan Karande
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH, Department of Solar Materials, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Optimizing the linker length for fusing an alcohol dehydrogenase with a cyclohexanone monooxygenase. Methods Enzymol 2020; 647:107-143. [PMID: 33482986 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of enzymes in organic synthesis is highly appealing due their remarkably high chemo-, regio- and enantioselectivity. Nevertheless, for biosynthetic routes to be industrially useful, the enzymes must fulfill several requirements. Particularly, in case of cofactor-dependent enzymes self-sufficient systems are highly valuable. This can be achieved by fusing enzymes with complementary cofactor dependency. Such bifunctional enzymes are also relatively easy to handle, may enhance stability, and promote product intermediate channeling. However, usually the characteristics of the linker, fusing the target enzymes, are not thoroughly evaluated. A poor linker design can lead to detrimental effects on expression levels, enzyme stability and/or enzyme performance. In this chapter, the effect of the length of a glycine-rich linker was explored for the case study of ɛ-caprolactone synthesis through an alcohol dehydrogenase-cyclohexanone monooxygenase fusion system. The procedure includes cloning of linker variants, expression analysis, determination of thermostability and effect on activity and conversion levels of 15 variants of different linker sizes. The protocols can also be used for the creation of other protein-protein fusions.
Collapse
|
16
|
Schäfer L, Bühler K, Karande R, Bühler B. Rational Engineering of a Multi‐Step Biocatalytic Cascade for the Conversion of Cyclohexane to Polycaprolactone Monomers in
Pseudomonas taiwanensis. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e2000091. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schäfer
- Department of Solar Materials Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research ‐ UFZ Permoserstraße 15 Leipzig Saxony 04318 Germany
| | - Katja Bühler
- Department of Solar Materials Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research ‐ UFZ Permoserstraße 15 Leipzig Saxony 04318 Germany
| | - Rohan Karande
- Department of Solar Materials Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research ‐ UFZ Permoserstraße 15 Leipzig Saxony 04318 Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Department of Solar Materials Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research ‐ UFZ Permoserstraße 15 Leipzig Saxony 04318 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yuan B, Mahor D, Fei Q, Wever R, Alcalde M, Zhang W, Hollmann F. Water-Soluble Anthraquinone Photocatalysts Enable Methanol-Driven Enzymatic Halogenation and Hydroxylation Reactions. ACS Catal 2020; 10:8277-8284. [PMID: 32802571 PMCID: PMC7418218 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Peroxyzymes
simply use H2O2 as a cosubstrate
to oxidize a broad range of inert C–H bonds. The lability of
many peroxyzymes against H2O2 can be addressed
by a controlled supply of H2O2, ideally in situ.
Here, we report a simple, robust, and water-soluble anthraquinone
sulfonate (SAS) as a promising organophotocatalyst to drive both haloperoxidase-catalyzed
halogenation and peroxygenase-catalyzed oxyfunctionalization reactions.
Simple alcohols, methanol in particular, can be used both as a cosolvent
and an electron donor for H2O2 generation. Very
promising turnover numbers for the biocatalysts of up to 318 000
have been achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Durga Mahor
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Qiang Fei
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Ron Wever
- Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Using enzyme cascades in biocatalysis: Highlight on transaminases and carboxylic acid reductases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140322. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
19
|
Srinivasamurthy VS, Böttcher D, Engel J, Kara S, Bornscheuer UT. A whole-cell process for the production of ε-caprolactone in aqueous media. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
20
|
De Santis P, Meyer LE, Kara S. The rise of continuous flow biocatalysis – fundamentals, very recent developments and future perspectives. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00335b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Very recent developments in the field of biocatalysis in continuously operated systems. Special attention on the future perspectives in this key emerging technological area ranging from process analytical technologies to digitalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piera De Santis
- Aarhus University
- Department of Engineering, Biological and Chemical Engineering Section
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group
- DK 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Lars-Erik Meyer
- Aarhus University
- Department of Engineering, Biological and Chemical Engineering Section
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group
- DK 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Selin Kara
- Aarhus University
- Department of Engineering, Biological and Chemical Engineering Section
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group
- DK 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Schmidt S, Bornscheuer UT. Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases: From protein engineering to biocatalytic applications. FLAVIN-DEPENDENT ENZYMES: MECHANISMS, STRUCTURES AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 47:231-281. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
22
|
Abstract
A number of self-sufficient hydride transfer processes have been reported in biocatalysis, with a common feature being the dependence on nicotinamide as a cofactor. This cofactor is provided in catalytic amounts and serves as a hydride shuttle to connect two or more enzymatic redox events, usually ensuring overall redox neutrality. Creative systems were designed to produce synthetic sequences characterized by high hydride economy, typically going in hand with excellent atom economy. Several redox enzymes have been successfully combined in one-pot one-step to allow functionalization of a large variety of molecules while preventing by-product formation. This review analyzes and classifies the various strategies, with a strong focus on efficiency, which is evaluated here in terms of the hydride economy and measured by the turnover number of the nicotinamide cofactor(s). The review ends with a critical evaluation of the reported systems and highlights areas where further improvements might be desirable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Tassano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Mélanie Hall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fürst MJLJ, Gran-Scheuch A, Aalbers FS, Fraaije MW. Baeyer–Villiger Monooxygenases: Tunable Oxidative Biocatalysts. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J. L. J. Fürst
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Gran-Scheuch
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocesses Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Friso S. Aalbers
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Srinivasamurthy VST, Böttcher D, Bornscheuer UT. A multi-enzyme cascade reaction for the production of 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 74:71-76. [PMID: 30685749 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2018-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Multi-enzyme cascade reactions capture the essence of nature's efficiency by increasing the productivity of a process. Here we describe one such three-enzyme cascade for the synthesis of 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid. Whole cells of Escherichia coli co-expressing an alcohol dehydrogenase and a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (CHMO) for internal cofactor regeneration were used without the supply of external NADPH or NADP+. The product inhibition caused by the ε-caprolactone formed by the CHMO was overcome by the use of lipase CAL-B for in situ conversion into 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid. A stirred tank reactor under fed-batch mode was chosen for efficient catalysis. By using this setup, a product titre of >20 g L-1 was achieved in a 500 mL scale with an isolated yield of 81% 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu S T Srinivasamurthy
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dominique Böttcher
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany, Phone: +49 3834 420 4367
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Characterization of new Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases for lactonizations in redox-neutral cascades. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
26
|
Gandomkar S, Żądło‐Dobrowolska A, Kroutil W. Extending Designed Linear Biocatalytic Cascades for Organic Synthesis. ChemCatChem 2019; 11:225-243. [PMID: 33520008 PMCID: PMC7814890 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Artificial cascade reactions involving biocatalysts have demonstrated a tremendous potential during the recent years. This review just focuses on selected examples of the last year and putting them into context to a previously published suggestion for classification. Subdividing the cascades according to the number of catalysts in the linear sequence, and classifying whether the steps are performed simultaneous or in a sequential fashion as well as whether the reaction sequence is performed in vitro or in vivo allows to organise the concepts. The last year showed, that combinations of in vivo as well as in vitro are possible. Incompatible reaction steps may be run in a sequential fashion or by compartmentalisation of the incompatible steps either by using special reactors (membrane), polymersomes or flow techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Gandomkar
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Petroll K, Kopp D, Care A, Bergquist PL, Sunna A. Tools and strategies for constructing cell-free enzyme pathways. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 37:91-108. [PMID: 30521853 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Single enzyme systems or engineered microbial hosts have been used for decades but the notion of assembling multiple enzymes into cell-free synthetic pathways is a relatively new development. The extensive possibilities that stem from this synthetic concept makes it a fast growing and potentially high impact field for biomanufacturing fine and platform chemicals, pharmaceuticals and biofuels. However, the translation of individual single enzymatic reactions into cell-free multi-enzyme pathways is not trivial. In reality, the kinetics of an enzyme pathway can be very inadequate and the production of multiple enzymes can impose a great burden on the economics of the process. We examine here strategies for designing synthetic pathways and draw attention to the requirements of substrates, enzymes and cofactor regeneration systems for improving the effectiveness and sustainability of cell-free biocatalysis. In addition, we comment on methods for the immobilisation of members of a multi-enzyme pathway to enhance the viability of the system. Finally, we focus on the recent development of integrative tools such as in silico pathway modelling and high throughput flux analysis with the aim of reinforcing their indispensable role in the future of cell-free biocatalytic pathways for biomanufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Petroll
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dominik Kopp
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew Care
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter L Bergquist
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anwar Sunna
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dithugoe CD, van Marwijk J, Smit MS, Opperman DJ. An Alcohol Dehydrogenase from the Short-Chain Dehydrogenase/Reductase Family of Enzymes for the Lactonization of Hexane-1,6-diol. Chembiochem 2018; 20:96-102. [PMID: 30252998 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic production of lactones, and in particular ϵ-caprolactone (CL), have gained increasing interest as a greener route to polymer building blocks, especially through the use of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs). Despite several advances in the field, BVMOs, however, still suffer several practical limitations. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)-mediated lactonization of diols in turn has received far less attention and very few enzymes have been identified for the conversion of diols to lactones, with horse-liver ADH (HLADH) remaining the catalyst of choice. Screening of a diverse panel of ADHs, AaSDR-1, a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family, was found to produce ϵ-caprolactone from hexane-1,6-diol. Moreover, cofactor regeneration by an NADH oxidase eliminated the requirement of co-substrates, yielding water as the sole by-product. Despite lower turnover frequencies as compared to HLADH, higher selectivity was found for the production of CL, with HLADH forming significant amounts of 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid and adipic acid through aldehyde dehydrogenation/oxidation of the gem-diol intermediates. Also, CL yield were shown to be dependent on buffer choice, as structural elucidation of a Tris adduct confirmed the buffer amine to react with aliphatic aldehydes forming a Schiff-base intermediate which through further ADH oxidation, forms a tricyclic acetal product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Choaro D Dithugoe
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Jacqueline van Marwijk
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Martha S Smit
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Diederik J Opperman
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hollmann F, Kara S, Opperman DJ, Wang Y. Biocatalytic synthesis of lactones and lactams. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:3601-3610. [PMID: 30256534 PMCID: PMC6348383 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic esters and amides (lactones and lactams) are important active ingredients and polymer building blocks. In recent years, numerous biocatalytic methods for their preparation have been developed including enzymatic and chemoenzymatic Baeyer-Villiger oxidations, oxidative lactonisation of diols, and reductive lactonisation and lactamisation of ketoesters. The current state of the art of these methods is reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Selin Kara
- Department of Engineering, Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dong J, Fernández‐Fueyo E, Hollmann F, Paul CE, Pesic M, Schmidt S, Wang Y, Younes S, Zhang W. Biocatalytic Oxidation Reactions: A Chemist's Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9238-9261. [PMID: 29573076 PMCID: PMC6099261 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation chemistry using enzymes is approaching maturity and practical applicability in organic synthesis. Oxidoreductases (enzymes catalysing redox reactions) enable chemists to perform highly selective and efficient transformations ranging from simple alcohol oxidations to stereoselective halogenations of non-activated C-H bonds. For many of these reactions, no "classical" chemical counterpart is known. Hence oxidoreductases open up shorter synthesis routes based on a more direct access to the target products. The generally very mild reaction conditions may also reduce the environmental impact of biocatalytic reactions compared to classical counterparts. In this Review, we critically summarise the most important recent developments in the field of biocatalytic oxidation chemistry and identify the most pressing bottlenecks as well as promising solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JiaJia Dong
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Elena Fernández‐Fueyo
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Milja Pesic
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Sandy Schmidt
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
| | - Sabry Younes
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dong J, Fernández-Fueyo E, Hollmann F, Paul CE, Pesic M, Schmidt S, Wang Y, Younes S, Zhang W. Biokatalytische Oxidationsreaktionen - aus der Sicht eines Chemikers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JiaJia Dong
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft Niederlande
| | - Elena Fernández-Fueyo
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft Niederlande
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft Niederlande
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft Niederlande
| | - Milja Pesic
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft Niederlande
| | - Sandy Schmidt
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft Niederlande
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Sabry Younes
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft Niederlande
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft Niederlande
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Artificial Biocatalytic Linear Cascades to Access Hydroxy Acids, Lactones, and α- and β-Amino Acids. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8050205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α-, β-, and ω-Hydroxy acids, amino acids, and lactones represent common building blocks and intermediates for various target molecules. This review summarizes artificial cascades published during the last 10 years leading to these products. Renewables as well as compounds originating from fossil resources have been employed as starting material. The review provides an inspiration for new cascade designs and may be the basis to design variations of these cascades starting either from alternative substrates or extending them to even more sophisticated products.
Collapse
|
33
|
Wedde S, Kleusch C, Bakonyi D, Gröger H. High-Throughput Feasible Screening Tool for Determining Enzyme Stabilities against Organic Solvents Directly from Crude Extracts. Chembiochem 2017; 18:2399-2403. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Severin Wedde
- Chair of Organic Chemistry I; Faculty of Chemistry; Bielefeld University; Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | | | - Daniel Bakonyi
- Chair of Organic Chemistry I; Faculty of Chemistry; Bielefeld University; Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Harald Gröger
- Chair of Organic Chemistry I; Faculty of Chemistry; Bielefeld University; Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Schmidt S, Castiglione K, Kourist R. Overcoming the Incompatibility Challenge in Chemoenzymatic and Multi-Catalytic Cascade Reactions. Chemistry 2017; 24:1755-1768. [PMID: 28877401 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Multi-catalytic cascade reactions bear a great potential to minimize downstream and purification steps, leading to a drastic reduction of the produced waste. In many examples, the compatibility of chemo- and biocatalytic steps could be easily achieved. Problems associated with the incompatibility of the catalysts and their reactions, however, are very frequent. Cascade-like reactions can hardly occur in this way. One possible solution to combine, in principle, incompatible chemo- and biocatalytic reactions is the defined control of the microenvironment by compartmentalization or scaffolding. Current methods for the control of the microenvironment of biocatalysts go far beyond classical enzyme immobilization and are thus believed to be very promising tools to overcome incompatibility issues and to facilitate the synthetic application of cascade reactions. In this Minireview, we will summarize recent synthetic examples of (chemo)enzymatic cascade reactions and outline promising methods for their spatial control either by using bio-derived or synthetic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Kathrin Castiglione
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Robert Kourist
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Karande R, Salamanca D, Schmid A, Buehler K. Biocatalytic conversion of cycloalkanes to lactones using an in-vivo cascade in Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:312-320. [PMID: 28986995 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemical synthesis of lactones from cycloalkanes is a multi-step process challenged by limitations in reaction efficiency (conversion and yield), atom economy (by-products) and environmental performance. A heterologous pathway comprising novel enzymes with compatible kinetics was designed in Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120 enabling in-vivo cascade for synthesizing lactones from cycloalkanes. The respective pathway included cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CHX), cyclohexanol dehydrogenase (CDH), and cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHXON) from Acidovorax sp. CHX100. Resting (non-growing) cells of the recombinant host P. taiwanensis VLB120 converted cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, and cyclohexanone to ϵ-caprolactone at 22, 80-100, and 170 U gCDW-1 , respectively. Cyclohexane (5 mM) was completely converted with a selectivity of 65% for ϵ-caprolactone formation in 2 hr without accumulation of intermediate products. Promiscuity of the whole-cell biocatalyst gave access to analogous lactones from cyclooctane and cyclodecane. A total product concentration of 2.3 g L-1 and a total turnover number of 36,720 was achieved over 5 hr with a biocatalyst concentration of 6.8 gCDW L-1 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Karande
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ GmbH, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Diego Salamanca
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ GmbH, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ GmbH, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Buehler
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ GmbH, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Coupled reactions by coupled enzymes: alcohol to lactone cascade with alcohol dehydrogenase-cyclohexanone monooxygenase fusions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:7557-7565. [PMID: 28916997 PMCID: PMC5624969 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8501-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The combination of redox enzymes for redox-neutral cascade reactions has received increasing appreciation. An example is the combination of an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) with a cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMO). The ADH can use NADP+ to oxidize cyclohexanol to form cyclohexanone and NADPH. Both products are then used by CHMO to produce ε-caprolactone. In this study, these two redox-complementary enzymes were fused, to create a self-sufficient bifunctional enzyme that can convert alcohols to esters or lactones. Three different ADH genes were fused to a gene coding for a thermostable CHMO, in both orientations (ADH-CHMO and CHMO-ADH). All six fusion enzymes could be produced and purified. For two of the three ADHs, we found a clear difference between the two orientations: one that showed the expected ADH activity, and one that showed low to no activity. The ADH activity of each fusion enzyme correlated with its oligomerization state. All fusions retained CHMO activity, and stability was hardly affected. The TbADH-TmCHMO fusion was selected to perform a cascade reaction, producing ε-caprolactone from cyclohexanol. By circumventing substrate and product inhibition, a > 99% conversion of 200 mM cyclohexanol could be achieved in 24 h, with > 13,000 turnovers per fusion enzyme molecule.
Collapse
|
37
|
Rabe KS, Müller J, Skoupi M, Niemeyer CM. Cascades in Compartments: En Route to Machine-Assisted Biotechnology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13574-13589. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kersten S. Rabe
- Chair of Chemical Biology; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT, Institut für Biologsiche Grenzflächen 1, IBG-I; Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Campus Nord Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Joachim Müller
- Chair of Chemical Biology; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT, Institut für Biologsiche Grenzflächen 1, IBG-I; Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Campus Nord Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Marc Skoupi
- Chair of Chemical Biology; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT, Institut für Biologsiche Grenzflächen 1, IBG-I; Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Campus Nord Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Christof M. Niemeyer
- Chair of Chemical Biology; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT, Institut für Biologsiche Grenzflächen 1, IBG-I; Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Campus Nord Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Rabe KS, Müller J, Skoupi M, Niemeyer CM. Kaskaden in Kompartimenten: auf dem Weg zu maschinengestützter Biotechnologie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kersten S. Rabe
- Chair of Chemical Biology; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT, Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen 1, IBG-I; Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Campus Nord Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344 Deutschland
| | - Joachim Müller
- Chair of Chemical Biology; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT, Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen 1, IBG-I; Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Campus Nord Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344 Deutschland
| | - Marc Skoupi
- Chair of Chemical Biology; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT, Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen 1, IBG-I; Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Campus Nord Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344 Deutschland
| | - Christof M. Niemeyer
- Chair of Chemical Biology; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, KIT, Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen 1, IBG-I; Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Campus Nord Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344 Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Milker S, Fink MJ, Oberleitner N, Ressmann AK, Bornscheuer UT, Mihovilovic MD, Rudroff F. Kinetic Modeling of an Enzymatic Redox Cascade In Vivo Reveals Bottlenecks Caused by Cofactors. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Milker
- Institute of Applied Chemistry; TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Michael J. Fink
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University; 12 Oxford St Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Nikolin Oberleitner
- Institute of Applied Chemistry; TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Anna K. Ressmann
- Institute of Applied Chemistry; TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis; Greifswald University; Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4 17489 Greifswald Germany
| | - Marko D. Mihovilovic
- Institute of Applied Chemistry; TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Florian Rudroff
- Institute of Applied Chemistry; TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC 1060 Vienna Austria
| |
Collapse
|