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Eltahir AOE, Lategan KL, David OM, Pool EJ, Luckay RC, Hussein AA. Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Liquiritin and Other Phenolics from Glycyrrhiza glabra and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activity. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:95. [PMID: 38667552 PMCID: PMC11051159 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15040095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are the main phytochemical constituents of many higher plants. They play an important role in synthesizing metal nanoparticles using green technology due to their ability to reduce metal salts and stabilize them through physical interaction/conjugation to the metal surface. Six pure phenolic compounds were isolated from licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and employed in synthesizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The isolated compounds were identified as liquiritin (1), isoliquiritin (2), neoisoliquiritin (3), isoliquiritin apioside (4), liquiritin apioside (5), and glabridin (6). The synthesized AuNPs were characterized using UV, zeta sizer, HRTEM, and IR and tested for their stability in different biological media. The phenolic isolates and their corresponding synthesized NP conjugates were tested for their potential in vitro cytotoxicity. The anti-inflammatory effects were investigated in both normal and inflammation-induced settings, where inflammatory biomarkers were stimulated using lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. LPS, functioning as a mitogen, promotes cell growth by reducing apoptosis, potentially contributing to observed outcomes. Results indicated that all six pure phenolic isolates inhibited cell proliferation. The AuNP conjugates of all the phenolic isolates, except liquiritin apioside (5), inhibited cell viability. LPS initiates inflammatory markers by binding to cell receptors and setting off a cascade of events leading to inflammation. All the pure phenolic isolates, except isoliquiritin, neoisoliquiritin, and isoliquiritin apioside inhibited the inflammatory activity of RAW cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali O. E. Eltahir
- Chemistry Department, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
| | - Kim L. Lategan
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of Western the Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (K.L.L.); (O.M.D.); (E.J.P.)
| | - Oladipupo M. David
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of Western the Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (K.L.L.); (O.M.D.); (E.J.P.)
| | - Edmund J. Pool
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of Western the Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (K.L.L.); (O.M.D.); (E.J.P.)
| | - Robert C. Luckay
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa;
| | - Ahmed A. Hussein
- Chemistry Department, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
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Shin S, Kim HW, Ko MK, Park SH, Kim SM, Park JH, Lee MJ. Inactivated vaccine with glycyrrhizic acid adjuvant elicits potent innate and adaptive immune responses against foot-and-mouth disease. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1289065. [PMID: 38029108 PMCID: PMC10644816 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1289065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious viral disease that is fatal to young animals and is a major threat to the agricultural economy by reducing production and limiting the movement of livestock. The currently commercially-available FMD vaccine is prepared using an inactivated viral antigen in an oil emulsion, with aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH)3] as an adjuvant. However, oil emulsion-based options possess limitations including slow increases in antibody titers (up to levels adequate for defense against viral infection) and risks of local reactions at the vaccination site. Further, Al(OH)3 only induces a T helper 2 (Th2) cell response. Therefore, novel adjuvants that can address these limitations are urgently needed. Glycyrrhizic acid (extracted from licorice roots) is a triterpenoid saponin and has great advantages in terms of price and availability. Methods To address the limitations of the currently used commercial FMD vaccine, we added glycyrrhizic acid as an adjuvant (immunostimulant) to the FMD bivalent (O PA2 + A YC) vaccine. We then evaluated its efficacy in promoting both innate and adaptive (cellular and humoral) immune reactions in vitro [using murine peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) and porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)] and in vivo (using mice and pigs). Results Glycyrrhizic acid has been revealed to induce an innate immune response and enhance early, mid-, and long-term immunity. The studied bivalent vaccine with glycyrrhizic acid increased the expression of immunoregulatory genes such as pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), cytokines, transcription factors, and co-stimulatory molecules. Conclusion Collectively, glycyrrhizic acid could have utility as a novel vaccine adjuvant that can address the limitations of commercialized FMD vaccines by inducing potent innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Min Ja Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Shida W, Tahara Y, Morikawa S, Monde K, Koga R, Ohsugi T, Otsuka M, Ikemoto A, Tateishi H, Ikeda T, Fujita M. The unique activity of saponin: Induction of cytotoxicity in HTLV-1 infected cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 91:117408. [PMID: 37453188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Infection with the retrovirus human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) sometimes causes diseases that are difficult to cure. To find anti-HTLV-1 natural compounds, we opted to screen using the HTLV-1-infected T-cell line, MT-2. Based on our results, an extract of the pulp/seeds of Akebia quinata Decaisne fruit killed MT-2 cells but did not affect the Jurkat cell line that was not infected with virus. To determine the active ingredients, seven saponins with one-six sugar moieties were isolated from A. quinata seeds, and their activities against the two cell lines were examined. Both cell lines were killed in a similar manner by Akebia saponins A and B. Further, Akebia saponins D, E, PK and G did not exhibit cytotoxicity. Akebia saponin C had a similar activity to the extract found in the screening. This compound was found to enhance Gag aggregation, induce the abnormal cleavage of Gag, suppress virion release, and preferentially kill HTLV-1 infected cells; however, their relationship remains elusive. Our findings may lead to the development of new therapies for infectious diseases based on the removal of whole-virus-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Shida
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yurika Tahara
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Saki Morikawa
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Monde
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Ryoko Koga
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Takeo Ohsugi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno-Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., 1-7-30 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ikemoto
- Division of Regional Studies and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Education and Human Studies, Akita University, 1-1 Tegatagakuen-machi, Akita, Akita 010-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tateishi
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ikeda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
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Bafandeh S, Khodadadi E, Ganbarov K, Asgharzadeh M, Köse Ş, Samadi Kafil H. Natural Products as a Potential Source of Promising Therapeutics for COVID-19 and Viral Diseases. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2023; 2023:5525165. [PMID: 37096202 PMCID: PMC10122587 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5525165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Background A global pandemic has recently been observed due to the new coronavirus disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2. Since there are currently no antiviral medicines to combat the highly contagious and lethal COVID-19 infection, identifying natural sources that can either be viricidal or boost the immune system and aid in the fight against the disease can be an essential therapeutic support. Methods This review was conducted based on published papers related to the herbal therapy of COVID-19 by search on databases including PubMed and Scopus with herbal, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, and therapy keywords. Results To combat this condition, people may benefit from the therapeutic properties of medicinal plants, such as increasing their immune system or providing an antiviral impact. As a result, SARS-CoV-2 infection death rates can be reduced. Various traditional medicinal plants and their bioactive components, such as COVID-19, are summarized in this article to assist in gathering and debating techniques for combating microbial diseases in general and boosting our immune system in particular. Conclusion The immune system benefits from natural products and many of these play a role in activating antibody creation, maturation of immune cells, and stimulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. The lack of particular antivirals for SARS-CoV-2 means that apitherapy might be a viable option for reducing the hazards associated with COVID-19 in the absence of specific antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Bafandeh
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsaneh Khodadadi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Khudaverdi Ganbarov
- Research Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Mohammad Asgharzadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Şükran Köse
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Shang Z, Liu C, Qiao X, Ye M. Chemical analysis of the Chinese herbal medicine licorice (Gan-Cao): An update review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 299:115686. [PMID: 36067839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Licorice, called Gan-Cao in China, is one of the most popular traditional herbal medicines. It is derived from the dried roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. glabra, and G. inflata. Licorice is recorded in the pharmacopoeias of China, Japan, US, and Europe. AIM This review updates research progress of licorice from the perspectives of chemical analysis, quality evaluation, drug metabolism, and pharmacokinetic studies from 2009 to April 2022. MATERIALS AND METHODS Both English and Chinese literatures were collected from databases including PubMed, Elsevier, Web of Science, and CNKI (Chinese). Licorice, extraction, structural characterization/identification, quality control, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics were used as keywords. RESULTS Newly developed analytical methods, including LC/UV, 2DLC, LC/MS, GC/MS, and mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) for chemical analysis of licorice were summarized. CONCLUSION This review provides a comprehensive summary on chemical analysis of licorice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanpeng Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chenrui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China; Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Physiology-Based Pharmacokinetic Study on 18β-Glycyrrhetic Acid Mono-Glucuronide (GAMG) Prior to Glycyrrhizin in Rats. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144657. [PMID: 35889533 PMCID: PMC9315563 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand that 18β-Glycyrrhetic acid 3-O-mono-β-D-glucuronide (GAMG) showed better pharmacological activity and drug-like properties than 18β-Glycyrrhizin (GL); a rapid and sensitive HPLC-MS/MS method was established for the simultaneous determination of GAMG and its metabolite 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) in rat plasma and tissues after oral administration of GAMG or GL. This analytical method was validated by linearity, LLOQ, specificity, recovery rate, matrix effect, etc. After oral administration, GAMG exhibited excellent Cmax (2377.57 ng/mL), Tmax (5 min) and AUC0-T (6625.54 mg/L*h), which was much higher than the Cmax (346.03 ng/mL), Tmax (2.00 h) and AUC0-T (459.32 mg/L*h) of GL. Moreover, GAMG had wider and higher tissue distribution in the kidney, spleen, live, lung, brain, etc. These results indicated that oral GAMG can be rapidly and efficiently absorbed and be widely distributed in tissues to exert stronger and multiple pharmacological activities. This provided a physiological basis for guiding the pharmacodynamic study and clinical applications of GAMG.
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Fomenko VV, Rudometova NB, Yarovaya OI, Rogachev AD, Fando AA, Zaykovskaya AV, Komarova NI, Shcherbakov DN, Pyankov OV, Pokrovsky AG, Karpenko LI, Maksyutov RA, Salakhutdinov NF. Synthesis and In Vitro Study of Antiviral Activity of Glycyrrhizin Nicotinate Derivatives against HIV-1 Pseudoviruses and SARS-CoV-2 Viruses. Molecules 2022; 27:295. [PMID: 35011529 PMCID: PMC8746574 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
When developing drugs against SARS-CoV-2, it is important to consider the characteristics of patients with different co-morbidities. People infected with HIV-1 are a particularly vulnerable group, as they may be at a higher risk than the general population of contracting COVID-19 with clinical complications. For such patients, drugs with a broad spectrum of antiviral activity are of paramount importance. Glycyrrhizinic acid (Glyc) and its derivatives are promising biologically active compounds for the development of such broad-spectrum antiviral agents. In this work, derivatives of Glyc obtained by acylation with nicotinic acid were investigated. The resulting preparation, Glycyvir, is a multi-component mixture containing mainly mono-, di-, tri- and tetranicotinates. The composition of Glycyvir was characterized by HPLC-MS/MS and its toxicity assessed in cell culture. Antiviral activity against three strains of SARS-CoV-2 was tested in vitro on Vero E6 cells by MTT assay. Glycyvir was shown to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro (IC502-8 μM) with an antiviral activity comparable to the control drug Remdesivir. In addition, Glycyvir exhibited marked inhibitory activity against HIV pseudoviruses of subtypes B, A6 and the recombinant form CRF63_02A (IC50 range 3.9-27.5 µM). The time-dependence of Glycyvir inhibitory activity on HIV pseudovirus infection of TZM-bl cells suggested that the compound interfered with virus entry into the target cell. Glycyvir is a promising candidate as an agent with low toxicity and a broad spectrum of antiviral action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav V. Fomenko
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.V.F.); (A.D.R.); (N.I.K.); (N.F.S.)
| | - Nadezhda B. Rudometova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (N.B.R.); (A.V.Z.); (D.N.S.); (O.V.P.); (L.I.K.); (R.A.M.)
| | - Olga I. Yarovaya
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.V.F.); (A.D.R.); (N.I.K.); (N.F.S.)
- Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov Str. 1, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.A.F.); (A.G.P.)
| | - Artem D. Rogachev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.V.F.); (A.D.R.); (N.I.K.); (N.F.S.)
- Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov Str. 1, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.A.F.); (A.G.P.)
| | - Anastasia A. Fando
- Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov Str. 1, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.A.F.); (A.G.P.)
| | - Anna V. Zaykovskaya
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (N.B.R.); (A.V.Z.); (D.N.S.); (O.V.P.); (L.I.K.); (R.A.M.)
| | - Nina I. Komarova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.V.F.); (A.D.R.); (N.I.K.); (N.F.S.)
| | - Dmitry N. Shcherbakov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (N.B.R.); (A.V.Z.); (D.N.S.); (O.V.P.); (L.I.K.); (R.A.M.)
| | - Oleg V. Pyankov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (N.B.R.); (A.V.Z.); (D.N.S.); (O.V.P.); (L.I.K.); (R.A.M.)
| | - Andrey G. Pokrovsky
- Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov Str. 1, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.A.F.); (A.G.P.)
| | - Larisa I. Karpenko
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (N.B.R.); (A.V.Z.); (D.N.S.); (O.V.P.); (L.I.K.); (R.A.M.)
| | - Rinat A. Maksyutov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (N.B.R.); (A.V.Z.); (D.N.S.); (O.V.P.); (L.I.K.); (R.A.M.)
| | - Nariman F. Salakhutdinov
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.V.F.); (A.D.R.); (N.I.K.); (N.F.S.)
- Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov Str. 1, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.A.F.); (A.G.P.)
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Fischer B, Kuhn J, Ly TD, Schmidt V, Kleine A, Hendig D, Knabbe C, Faust I. Development of a xylosyltransferase-I-selective UPLC MS/MS activity assay using a specific acceptor peptide. Biochimie 2021; 184:88-94. [PMID: 33609631 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Xylosyltransferases-I and -II (XT-I and -II) play an important role regarding the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix. Both enzymes catalyze the initial step of the proteoglycan (PG) biosynthesis by the transfer of xylose from their natural substrate uridine diphosphate (UDP) -xylose to a PG-core protein. The subsequent addition of further sugars, catalyzed by different glycosyltransferases, leads to the formation of a tetrasaccharide linker, which connects the PG-core protein and glycosaminoglycans. The reason for the appearance of two XT isoforms in all higher organisms is not known and remarkable, as both enzymes are able to initiate PG biosynthesis. The determination of the XT-I activity is of clinical importance because it can be used as a biomarker of several PG-associated fibrotic diseases. Since previous assays did not adequately differentiate between both XT-isoforms, the aim of this study was to develop an XT-I selective mass spectrometric (MS) assay. For this purpose, we initially used isoform-specific supernatants to successfully identify a synthetic acceptor peptide which was xylosylated much more selectively by the XT-I when compared to the XT-II isoform. The assay was further optimized concerning methodical parameters such as the injection volume and the incubation time of the reaction-mixture. By using samples covering a broad XT-activity spectrum, we successfully validated the assay to be used not only for the quantification of cell culture samples but also human serum specimens. Compared to previously used XT-activity assays, our newly developed test is more selective and sensitive, less expensive and easier to perform in high throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Fischer
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Joachim Kuhn
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Thanh-Diep Ly
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Schmidt
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Anika Kleine
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Doris Hendig
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Isabel Faust
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
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Choi EJ, Choi GW, Kim JH, Kim SJ, Kwon YD, Cho HY. Pharmacokinetics of bioactive components after oral administration of Bojungikgi-tang in Korean subjects. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-020-00488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Liu Y, Wang W, Chen Y, Yan H, Wu D, Xu J, Shi S, Shen X, Huang X. Simultaneous quantification of nine components in the plasma of depressed rats after oral administration of Chaihu-Shugan-San by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacokinetic studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Qian Y, Markowitz JS. Natural Products as Modulators of CES1 Activity. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:993-1007. [PMID: 32591414 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxylesterase (CES) 1 is the predominant esterase expressed in the human liver and is capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of a wide range of therapeutic agents, toxins, and endogenous compounds. Accumulating studies have demonstrated associations between the expression and activity of CES1 and the pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics of CES1 substrate medications (e.g., methylphenidate, clopidogrel, oseltamivir). Therefore, any perturbation of CES1 by coingested xenobiotics could potentially compromise treatment. Natural products are known to alter drug disposition by modulating cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes, but this issue is less thoroughly explored with CES1. We report the results of a systematic literature search and discuss natural products as potential modulators of CES1 activity. The majority of research reports reviewed were in vitro investigations that require further confirmation through clinical study. Cannabis products (Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabinol); supplements from various plant sources containing naringenin, quercetin, luteolin, oleanolic acid, and asiatic acid; and certain traditional medicines (danshen and zhizhuwan) appear to pose the highest inhibition potential. In addition, ursolic acid, gambogic acid, and glycyrrhetic acid, if delivered intravenously, may attain high enough systemic concentrations to significantly inhibit CES1. The provision of a translational interpretation of in vitro assessments of natural product actions and interactions is limited by the dearth of basic pharmacokinetic data of the natural compounds exhibiting potent in vitro influences on CES1 activity. This is a major impediment to assigning even potential clinical significance. The modulatory effects on CES1 expression after chronic exposure to natural products warrants further investigation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Modulation of CES1 activity by natural products may alter the course of treatment and clinical outcome. In this review, we have summarized the natural products that can potentially interact with CES1 substrate medications. We have also noted the limitations of existing reports and outlined challenges and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Qian
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - John S Markowitz
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Glycyrrhizin: An alternative drug for the treatment of COVID-19 infection and the associated respiratory syndrome? Pharmacol Ther 2020; 214:107618. [PMID: 32592716 PMCID: PMC7311916 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Safe and efficient drugs to combat the current COVID-19 pandemic are urgently needed. In this context, we have analyzed the anti-coronavirus potential of the natural product glycyrrhizic acid (GLR), a drug used to treat liver diseases (including viral hepatitis) and specific cutaneous inflammation (such as atopic dermatitis) in some countries. The properties of GLR and its primary active metabolite glycyrrhetinic acid are presented and discussed. GLR has shown activities against different viruses, including SARS-associated Human and animal coronaviruses. GLR is a non-hemolytic saponin and a potent immuno-active anti-inflammatory agent which displays both cytoplasmic and membrane effects. At the membrane level, GLR induces cholesterol-dependent disorganization of lipid rafts which are important for the entry of coronavirus into cells. At the intracellular and circulating levels, GLR can trap the high mobility group box 1 protein and thus blocks the alarmin functions of HMGB1. We used molecular docking to characterize further and discuss both the cholesterol- and HMG box-binding functions of GLR. The membrane and cytoplasmic effects of GLR, coupled with its long-established medical use as a relatively safe drug, make GLR a good candidate to be tested against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, alone and in combination with other drugs. The rational supporting combinations with (hydroxy)chloroquine and tenofovir (two drugs active against SARS-CoV-2) is also discussed. Based on this analysis, we conclude that GLR should be further considered and rapidly evaluated for the treatment of patients with COVID-19.
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Lee SY, Jeong JH, Kim BN, Park SJ, Park Y, Lee GY. LC–MS/MS analysis of puerarin and 18
β
‐glycyrrhetinic acid in human plasma after oral administration of Samso‐eum and its application to pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4774. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seon Yu Lee
- Department of Korean Medicinal Resource, Development Korean Medicinal Herbs Standardization TeamNational Development Institute of Korean Medicine Anyang‐myeon, Jangheung‐gun Jeollanam‐do Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Jeong
- Department of Korean Medicinal Resource, Development Korean Medicinal Herbs Standardization TeamNational Development Institute of Korean Medicine Anyang‐myeon, Jangheung‐gun Jeollanam‐do Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Na Kim
- Department of Korean Medicinal Resource, Development Korean Medicinal Herbs Standardization TeamNational Development Institute of Korean Medicine Anyang‐myeon, Jangheung‐gun Jeollanam‐do Republic of Korea
| | - So Jung Park
- Department of Internal MedicineDaejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Yang‐Chun Park
- Department of Internal MedicineDaejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Guk Yeo Lee
- Department of Korean Medicinal Resource, Development Korean Medicinal Herbs Standardization TeamNational Development Institute of Korean Medicine Anyang‐myeon, Jangheung‐gun Jeollanam‐do Republic of Korea
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14
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Shen X, Li L, Ma Q, Chen H, Wang J, Lv L, Li Y. Pharmacokinetic study of eight bioactive components following oral administration of Zhiqiao Gancao decoction and observation of its clinical efficacy. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 34:e4706. [PMID: 31629372 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Shen
- Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Suzhou China
| | - Ling Li
- School of PharmacySecond Military Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Qihan Ma
- Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Suzhou China
| | - Hua Chen
- Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Suzhou China
| | - Jiangping Wang
- Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Suzhou China
| | - Lei Lv
- Department of PharmacyShanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital Shanghai China
| | - Yuwei Li
- Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Suzhou China
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15
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Zhou N, Zou C, Qin M, Li Y, Huang J. A simple method for evaluation pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhetinic acid and potential drug-drug interaction between herbal ingredients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11308. [PMID: 31383927 PMCID: PMC6683301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47880-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple validated high performance liquid chromatography method was developed for the evaluation of the effect of three kinds of active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) on the pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA),a kind of active component from the most commonly used TCM licorice. Our results revealed that all of the calibration curves displayed good linearity. Intra- and inter-day precision for GA ranged from 2.54 to 3.98% and from 4.95 to 7.08%, respectively. The recovery rates for GA were determined to be 96.3–106.4%. All the samples showed satisfactory precision and accuracy in various stability tests. Plasma pharmacokinetic parameters including area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), elimination half-life (t1/2), time to peak concentration(Tmax) and peak concentration Cmax were calculated. No significant difference was found as compared the groups administrating GA with and without other ingredients from TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory for Efficient Use of Agricultural Resources in the Southeast of Guangxi, College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 53700, China.
| | - Caiyuan Zou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory for Efficient Use of Agricultural Resources in the Southeast of Guangxi, College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 53700, China
| | - Menglin Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory for Efficient Use of Agricultural Resources in the Southeast of Guangxi, College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 53700, China
| | - Yi Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory for Efficient Use of Agricultural Resources in the Southeast of Guangxi, College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 53700, China
| | - Jiayi Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory for Efficient Use of Agricultural Resources in the Southeast of Guangxi, College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 53700, China
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16
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Yoshida Y, Fujigaki H, Kato K, Yamazaki K, Fujigaki S, Kunisawa K, Yamamoto Y, Mouri A, Oda A, Nabeshima T, Saito K. Selective and competitive inhibition of kynurenine aminotransferase 2 by glycyrrhizic acid and its analogues. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10243. [PMID: 31308447 PMCID: PMC6629613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46666-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) catalyses the conversion of kynurenine (KYN) to kynurenic acid (KYNA). Although the isozymes KAT1–4 have been identified, KYNA is mainly produced by KAT2 in brain tissues. KNYA is an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate and α-7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and accumulation of KYNA in the brain has been associated with the pathology of schizophrenia. Therefore, KAT2 could be exploited as a therapeutic target for the management of schizophrenia. Although currently available KAT2 inhibitors irreversibly bind to pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), inhibition via this mechanism may cause adverse side effects because of the presence of other PLP-dependent enzymes. Therefore, we identified novel selective KAT2 inhibitors by screening approximately 13,000 molecules. Among these, glycyrrhizic acid (GL) and its analogues, glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and carbenoxolone (CBX), were identified as KAT2 inhibitors. These compounds were highly selective for KAT2 and competed with its substrate KYN, but had no effects on the other 3 KAT isozymes. Furthermore, we demonstrated that in complex structures that were predicted in docking calculations, GL, GA and CBX were located on the same surface as the aromatic ring of KYN. These results indicate that GL and its analogues are highly selective and competitive inhibitors of KAT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Yoshida
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Fujigaki
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Koichi Kato
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Aichi, 463-8521, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Kyoka Yamazaki
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Suwako Fujigaki
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kunisawa
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yasuko Yamamoto
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Department of Regulatory Science, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.,Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Aichi, 468-0069, Japan
| | - Akifumi Oda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.,Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Aichi, 468-0069, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.,Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.,Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Aichi, 468-0069, Japan.,Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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17
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Wang Z, An R, Du G, Liang K, Li G. Validation of an LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous detection of diverse components of Qinxing Qingre Zhike Granule in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study after oral administration to rats. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4524. [PMID: 30821835 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and validated method of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was established to test the plasma concentrations of active ingredients in Qinxing Qingre Zhike Granule, namely geniposide, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin and glycyrrhetinic acid. The analysis was performed on an Ultimate XB-C18 column at the flow rate of 0.4 mL min-1 in a single run of 18 min. The mobile phase was composed of 0.05% formic acid in water and acetonitrile with gradient elution. Positive and negative scanning and selected multiple reaction monitoring modes were applied for quantization. The proposed method showed good linearity in the given ranges from 0.6800-340.0 to 3.920-1960 ng mL-1 with r2 > 0.9917 for all the analytes. The precision (RSD) was no more than 12%, and the accuracy (RE) was less than ±11% for intra- and inter-day. The extract recovery and matrix effect were acceptable for the requirements of biological sample analysis. Moreover, the developed method was effectively applied to the pharmacokinetic investigation of Qinxing Qingre Zhike Granule after oral administration in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilingyun Wang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui An
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangli Du
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Liang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guowen Li
- Shanghai Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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