1
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Ma S, He R, Jiang T, Hu Z, Ye Z, Mi W. Development of an isotope dilution mass spectrometry assay for the quantification of insulin based on signature peptide analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3085-3096. [PMID: 38556594 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
An isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) method that involves peptide-based protein analysis was developed to accurately quantify insulin. In this study, a signature peptide (GFFYTPK) obtained from tryptic digestion of insulin was selected as a surrogate for insulin. Then, the optimal conditions for signature peptide analysis through mass spectrometry detection and enzymatic digestion were determined. The analytical performance of this method was assessed and validated using porcine insulin-certified reference material. The linear range of the insulin calibration curve ranged from 0.05 ~ 2 mass ratios, with recoveries ranging from 96.15 to approximately 101.15%. The limit of detection was 0.19 ng/mL, and the limit of quantification was 0.63 ng/mL. The quantitative results corresponded well with a certified value that was obtained from measuring a porcine insulin reference material with amino acid-based IDMS. In addition, the target peptide GFFYTPK can be found in other species of insulin. This method was also applied for the quantification of human insulin-certified reference material. Finally, we applied the method to quantify the concentrations of simulated serum insulin. These findings suggested that this signature peptide-based IDMS approach can accurately quantify insulin levels, can assign a certified value to insulin reference materials, and has the potential to quantify serum insulin with traceable measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangying Ma
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street 258, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Rimei He
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Institute of Metrology and Test, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Tingting Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street 258, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhishang Hu
- National Institute of Metrology, No.18 Beisanhuan Donglu, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Zihong Ye
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street 258, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Wei Mi
- National Institute of Metrology, No.18 Beisanhuan Donglu, Beijing, 100029, China.
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2
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Van den Bergh S, Croonenborghs B, Gillet A, Schlecht J, DeMent A, Haghedooren E, Cabooter D. Sterilisation of biopharmaceuticals: Effect of gamma irradiation, e-beam irradiation and nitrogen dioxide on human insulin. Int J Pharm 2023; 636:122867. [PMID: 36934881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals are administered parenterally and therefore sterility is required. Sterility can be obtained via different processes including exposure to steam or dry heat. Sterilisation studies on biopharmaceuticals, which are highly sensitive medicinal products, are scarce. This study investigates the effect of different sterilisation processes on recombinant human insulin in solid state (gamma and e-beam irradiation (w/wo dry ice), nitrogen dioxide (NO2)) and in aqueous solution (gamma irradiation (w/wo dry ice, w/wo glycerin)) using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-mass spectrometry. It is observed that NO2 substantially degrades the solid samples, while gamma and e-beam irradiation result in lower levels of degradation (mean normalized peak areas of 95.2-96.2 % with respect to the non-sterilised samples). Gamma irradiation of insulin solutions with and without dry ice at 2.5 kGy results in mean normalised peak areas of 85 % and <40 % with respect to the non-sterilised samples, respectively. It is concluded that sterilisation using ionising radiation of liquid biopharmaceuticals with insulin and sterilisation of insulin dry powder using NO2 is less suitable with the set-ups used here because of substantial degradation. In contrast, evidence is presented in favour of sterilisation of insulin dry powder using ionising radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Van den Bergh
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, O&N2, PB 923, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Croonenborghs
- Sterigenics NV, a Sotera Health Division, 2015 Spring Road 650, Oak Brook, IL 60523, United States
| | - Annick Gillet
- Sterigenics NV, a Sotera Health Division, 2015 Spring Road 650, Oak Brook, IL 60523, United States
| | - John Schlecht
- Sterigenics NV, a Sotera Health Division, 2015 Spring Road 650, Oak Brook, IL 60523, United States
| | - Aaron DeMent
- Sterigenics NV, a Sotera Health Division, 2015 Spring Road 650, Oak Brook, IL 60523, United States
| | - Erik Haghedooren
- Sterigenics NV, a Sotera Health Division, 2015 Spring Road 650, Oak Brook, IL 60523, United States
| | - Deirdre Cabooter
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, O&N2, PB 923, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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3
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Wardani NI, Kangkamano T, Wannapob R, Kanatharana P, Thavarungkul P, Limbut W. Electrochemical sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer cryogel and multiwalled carbon nanotubes for direct insulin detection. Talanta 2023; 254:124137. [PMID: 36463801 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is the polypeptide hormone that regulates blood glucose levels. It is used as an indicator of both types of diabetes. An electrochemical insulin sensor was developed using a gold electrode modified with carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) cryogel. The MIP provided specific recognition sites for insulin, while the macropores of the cryogel promoted the mass transfer of insulin to the recognition sites. The f-MWCNTs increased the effective surface area and conductivity of the sensor and also reduced the potential required to oxidize insulin. Insulin oxidation was directly measured in a flow system using square wave voltammetry. This MIP cryogel/f-MWCNTs sensor provided a linear range of 0.050-1.40 pM with a very low limit of detection (LOD) of 33 fM. The sensor exhibited high selectivity and long-term stability over 10 weeks of dry storage at room temperature. The results of insulin determination in human serum using the sensor compared well with the results of the Elecsys insulin assay. The developed MIP sensor offers a promising alternative for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Indah Wardani
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Tawatchai Kangkamano
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Thaksin University (Phatthalung Campus), Papayom, Phatthalung, 93110, Thailand
| | - Rodtichoti Wannapob
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Proespichaya Kanatharana
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Panote Thavarungkul
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Warakorn Limbut
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
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4
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Foreman RE, Meek CL, Roberts GP, George AL, Reimann F, Gribble FM, Kay RG. LC-MS/MS based detection of circulating proinsulin derived peptides in patients with altered pancreatic beta cell function. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1211:123482. [PMID: 36242807 PMCID: PMC7614196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Routine immunoassays for insulin and C-peptide have the potential to cross-react with partially processed proinsulin products, although in healthy patients these are present at such low levels that the interference is insignificant. Elevated concentrations of proinsulin and des-31,32 proinsulin arising from pathological conditions, or injected insulin analogues, however can cause significant assay interferences, complicating interpretation. Clinical diagnosis and management therefore sometimes require methods that can distinguish true insulin and C-peptide from partially processed proinsulin or injected insulin analogues. In this scenario, the high specificity of mass spectrometric analysis offers potential benefit for patient care. A high throughput targeted LC-MS/MS method was developed as a fit for purpose investigation of insulin, insulin analogues, C-peptide and proinsulin processing intermediates in plasma samples from different patient groups. Using calibration standards and bovine insulin as an internal standard, absolute concentrations of insulin and C-peptide were quantified across a nominal human plasma postprandial range and correlated strongly with immunoassay-based measurements. The ability to distinguish between insulin, insulin analogues and proinsulin intermediates in a single extraction is an improvement over existing immunological based techniques, offering the advantage of exact identification of the species being measured. The method promises to aid in the detection of circulating peptides which have previously been overlooked but may interfere with standard insulin and C-peptide immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Foreman
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Peptidomics and Proteomics Core Facility, Level 4, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L Meek
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Biochemistry/Wolfson Diabetes & Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey P Roberts
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Amy L George
- Peptidomics and Proteomics Core Facility, Level 4, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Reimann
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Richard G Kay
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Peptidomics and Proteomics Core Facility, Level 4, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
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5
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Wallace CH, Oliveros G, Serrano PA, Rockwell P, Xie L, Figueiredo-Pereira M. Timapiprant, a prostaglandin D2 receptor antagonist, ameliorates pathology in a rat Alzheimer's model. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:e202201555. [PMID: 36167438 PMCID: PMC9515385 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relevance of the prostaglandin D2 pathway in Alzheimer's disease, because prostaglandin D2 is a major prostaglandin in the brain. Thus, its contribution to Alzheimer's disease merits attention, given the known impact of the prostaglandin E2 pathway in Alzheimer's disease. We used the TgF344-AD transgenic rat model because it exhibits age-dependent and progressive Alzheimer's disease pathology. Prostaglandin D2 levels in hippocampi of TgF344-AD and wild-type littermates were significantly higher than prostaglandin E2. Prostaglandin D2 signals through DP1 and DP2 receptors. Microglial DP1 receptors were more abundant and neuronal DP2 receptors were fewer in TgF344-AD than in wild-type rats. Expression of the major brain prostaglandin D2 synthase (lipocalin-type PGDS) was the highest among 33 genes involved in the prostaglandin D2 and prostaglandin E2 pathways. We treated a subset of rats (wild-type and TgF344-AD males) with timapiprant, a potent highly selective DP2 antagonist in development for allergic inflammation treatment. Timapiprant significantly mitigated Alzheimer's disease pathology and cognitive deficits in TgF344-AD males. Thus, selective DP2 antagonists have potential as therapeutics to treat Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Wallace
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giovanni Oliveros
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Patricia Rockwell
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Computer Science, Hunter College, New York, NY, USA
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Figueiredo-Pereira
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, New York, NY, USA
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6
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Bottinelli C, Nicoli R, Bévalot F, Cartiser N, Roger C, Chikh K, Kuuranne T, Fanton L, Guitton J. Development and validation of a method for quantification of human insulin and its synthetic analogues in plasma and post-mortem sera by LC-MS/HRMS. Talanta 2020; 225:122047. [PMID: 33592769 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.122047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of human insulin and its synthetic analogues is increasingly requested for clinical monitoring, for anti-doping purposes, but also for forensic cases. Indeed, insulin analogues may be abused for suicide or homicide - whence their forensic interest. Collection and storage conditions, as well as the phenomenon of degradation make post-mortem serum samples analytically challenging and consequently, the rate of exogenous insulin administration as cause of death is undoubtedly underestimated. However, with recent technological advances and the development of new extraction techniques particularly for anti-doping analyses, detection of insulins in post-mortem samples seems to be achievable. This study describes the first validated quantitative method for analysis human insulin and its six analogues (lispro, aspart, glulisine, glargine, detemir and degludec) in plasma and post-mortem sera. Various extraction processes, namely precipitation + solid phase extraction (SPE), filtration + SPE, precipitation + SPE + immunopurification, and filtration + immunopurification, were assessed to evaluate the lowest limit of detection for all target analogues. The selected sample preparation consists of filtration step followed by immunopurification extraction with an anti-body precoated ELISA plate for plasma. For post-mortem sera, the first step of precipitation was added to remove matrix interferences. The extracts were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), interfaced by electrospray (ESI). The method was validated with respect linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effect, dilution and carryover. The limit of quantification (LOQ) in plasma was 0.5 ng/mL for human insulin and rapid-acting insulins, 1.0 ng/mL for glargine, 2.5 ng/mL for degludec and 10 ng/mL for detemir. Two types of post-mortem sera were studied based on the post-mortem interval (PMI): inferior or superior to 48 h. The obtained LOQ were the same for each analogue, independent from the PMI: 1.0 ng/mL for human insulin and rapid-acting insulins, 1.0 ng/mL for glargine, 2.5 ng/mL for degludec and 10 ng/mL for detemir. At the LOQ level, for all insulins and all samples, accuracy was between 70 and 130% and precision inferior to 30%. The validated method was applied to five subjects participating in therapeutic monitoring of insulin and to seven post-mortem cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bottinelli
- LAT LUMTOX Laboratory, 32 Rue Du 35(ème) Régiment D'Aviation, 69500, Bron, France.
| | - R Nicoli
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Bévalot
- LAT LUMTOX Laboratory, 32 Rue Du 35(ème) Régiment D'Aviation, 69500, Bron, France
| | - N Cartiser
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Service of Forensic Medicine, France
| | - C Roger
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - K Chikh
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - T Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Fanton
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Service of Forensic Medicine, France; University of Lyon, UCBL1, Faculty of Medicine Lyon-Est, France
| | - J Guitton
- Toxicology Laboratory, ISPB Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lyon, UCBL1, France; Pharmacology-Toxicology Laboratory, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
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7
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Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Wang L, Han W, Cheng X, Deng X, Qin C, Liu Y. An UPLC-MS/MS Method for Routine Quantification of Insulin Degludec in Plasma. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666190304145149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Chromatographic methods for determination of insulin degludec in rabbit
plasma by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry were developed.
Methods:
Analytes were eluted from Waters ACQUITY UPLC® Peptide BEH C18 (2.1×50mm, 300Å)
column with a mobile phase of water containing 0.1% formic acid (A) and acetonitrile containing 0.1%
formic acid (B). Quantitation of insulin degludec was performed using 1222.06 > 641.24 m/z on Multiple-
Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mode.
Results:
Good linearity was observed in the concentration range of 500-50000 ng/mL (r >0.99), and the
lower limit of quantification was 500ng/mL. The within-run and between-run precision (expressed as
relative standard deviation, RSD) of insulin degludec were ≤ 14.16% and ≤ 13.64% respectively, and
the accuracy was within 94.37-96.35%. The recovery and matrix effects were both within acceptable
limits.
Conclusion:
This method was successfully applied for the pharmacokinetic study of insulin degludec
in rabbit after subcutaneous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Zhang
- Pharmacy School, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Pharmacy School, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Chongqing Medleader BioPharm Co., Ltd. Science and Technology Incubative Building, Chongqing, Maliu Riverside Development Zone, Chongqing, 404100, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Chongqing Medleader BioPharm Co., Ltd. Science and Technology Incubative Building, Chongqing, Maliu Riverside Development Zone, Chongqing, 404100, China
| | - Weijie Han
- Pharmacy School, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaoyi Cheng
- Pharmacy School, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xue Deng
- Pharmacy School, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Chunmeng Qin
- Pharmacy School, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Pharmacy School, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
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8
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Bottinelli C, Cartiser N, Bévalot F, Fanton L, Guitton J. Is insulin intoxication still the perfect crime? Analysis and interpretation of postmortem insulin: review and perspectives in forensic toxicology. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:324-347. [PMID: 32458714 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1762540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is an anabolic hormone essential to glucose homeostasis. Insulin therapy, comprising human insulin (HI) or biosynthetic analogs, is critical for the management of type-1 diabetes and many of type-2 diabetes. However, medication error including non-adapted dose and confusion of insulin type, and misuse, such as massive self-administration or with criminal intent, can have lethal consequences. The aim of this paper is to review the state of knowledge of insulin analysis in biological samples and of the interpretation of insulin concentrations in the situation of insulin-related death investigations. Analytic aspects are considered, as quantification can be strongly impacted by methodology. Immunoanalysis, the historical technique, has a prominent role due to its sensitivity and ease of implementation. Recently, liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry has provided indispensable selectivity in forensic contexts, distinguishing HI, analogs, and degradation products. We review the numerous antemortem (dose, associated pathology, injection-to-death interval, etc.) and postmortem parameters (in corpore degradation, in vitro degradation related to hemolysis, etc.) involved in the interpretation of insulin concentration. The interest and limitations of various alternative matrices providing a valuable complement to blood analysis are discussed. Vitreous humor is one of the most interesting, but the low diffusion of insulin in this matrix entails very low concentrations. Injection site analysis is relevant for identifying which type of insulin was administered. Muscle and renal cortex are matrices of particular interest, although additional studies are required. A table containing most case reports of fatal insulin poisoning published, with analytical data, completes this review. A logic diagram is proposed to highlight analytical issues and the main parameters to be considered for the interpretation of blood concentrations. Finally, it remains a challenge to provide reliable biological data and solid interpretation in the context of death related to insulin overdose. However, the progress of analytical tools is making the "perfect crime" ever more difficult to commit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathalie Cartiser
- Département de médecine légale, Hôpital Edouard-Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Laurent Fanton
- Département de médecine légale, Hôpital Edouard-Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, Institut de Médecine Légale, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Guitton
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
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9
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Thomas A, Yang R, Petring S, Bally L, Thevis M. Simplified quantification of insulin, its synthetic analogs and C‐peptide in human plasma by means of LC‐HRMS. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:382-390. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Rouxue Yang
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Simon Petring
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Lia Bally
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine, and Metabolism, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA) Cologne/Bonn Germany
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10
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Sobsey CA, Ibrahim S, Richard VR, Gaspar V, Mitsa G, Lacasse V, Zahedi RP, Batist G, Borchers CH. Targeted and Untargeted Proteomics Approaches in Biomarker Development. Proteomics 2020; 20:e1900029. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Constance A. Sobsey
- Segal Cancer Proteomics CentreLady Davis InstituteJewish General HospitalMcGill University Montreal Quebec H3T 1E2 Canada
| | - Sahar Ibrahim
- Segal Cancer Proteomics CentreLady Davis InstituteJewish General HospitalMcGill University Montreal Quebec H3T 1E2 Canada
| | - Vincent R. Richard
- Segal Cancer Proteomics CentreLady Davis InstituteJewish General HospitalMcGill University Montreal Quebec H3T 1E2 Canada
| | - Vanessa Gaspar
- Segal Cancer Proteomics CentreLady Davis InstituteJewish General HospitalMcGill University Montreal Quebec H3T 1E2 Canada
| | - Georgia Mitsa
- Segal Cancer Proteomics CentreLady Davis InstituteJewish General HospitalMcGill University Montreal Quebec H3T 1E2 Canada
| | - Vincent Lacasse
- Segal Cancer Proteomics CentreLady Davis InstituteJewish General HospitalMcGill University Montreal Quebec H3T 1E2 Canada
| | - René P. Zahedi
- Segal Cancer Proteomics CentreLady Davis InstituteJewish General HospitalMcGill University Montreal Quebec H3T 1E2 Canada
| | - Gerald Batist
- Gerald Bronfman Department of OncologyJewish General HospitalMcGill University Montreal Quebec H4A 3T2 Canada
| | - Christoph H. Borchers
- Segal Cancer Proteomics CentreLady Davis InstituteJewish General HospitalMcGill University Montreal Quebec H3T 1E2 Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of OncologyJewish General HospitalMcGill University Montreal Quebec H4A 3T2 Canada
- Department of Data Intensive Science and EngineeringSkolkovo Institute of Science and TechnologySkolkovo Innovation Center Moscow 143026 Russia
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11
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Abstract
The qualitative and quantitative determination of insulin and its related substances (e. g., C-peptide) is of great importance in many different areas of analytical chemistry. In particular, due to the steadily increasing prevalence of metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, an adequate control of the circulating amount of insulin is desirable. In addition, also in forensics and doping control analysis, the determination of insulin in blood, urine or other biological matrices plays a major role. However, in order to establish general reference values for insulin and C-peptide for diabetology, the comparability of measured concentrations is indispensable. This has not yet been fully implemented, although enormous progress has been made in recent years, and the search for a "gold standard" method is still ongoing. In addition to established ligand-binding assays, an increasing number of mass-spectrometric methods have been developed and employed as the to-date available systems (for example, high-resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometers) provide the sensitivity required to determine analyte concentrations in the sub-ng/mL (sub-100pmol/L) level. Meanwhile, also high-throughput measurements have been realized to meet the requirement of testing a high number of samples in a short period of time. Further developments aim at enabling the online measurement of insulin in the blood with the help of an insulin sensor and, in the following, in addition to a brief review, today's state of the art testing developments are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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