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Chitwood DG, Uy L, Fu W, Klaubert SR, Harcum SW, Saski CA. Dynamics of Amino Acid Metabolism, Gene Expression, and Circulomics in a Recombinant Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Line Adapted to Moderate and High Levels of Extracellular Lactate. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1576. [PMID: 37628627 PMCID: PMC10454118 DOI: 10.3390/genes14081576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of metabolic wastes in cell cultures can diminish product quality, reduce productivity, and trigger apoptosis. The limitation or removal of unintended waste products from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures has been attempted through multiple process and genetic engineering avenues with varied levels of success. One study demonstrated a simple method to reduce lactate and ammonia production in CHO cells with adaptation to extracellular lactate; however, the mechanism behind adaptation was not certain. To address this profound gap, this study characterizes the phenotype of a recombinant CHO K-1 cell line that was gradually adapted to moderate and high levels of extracellular lactate and examines the genomic content and role of extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) and gene expression on the adaptation process. More than 500 genes were observed on eccDNAs. Notably, more than 1000 genes were observed to be differentially expressed at different levels of lactate adaptation, while only 137 genes were found to be differentially expressed between unadapted cells and cells adapted to grow in high levels of lactate; this suggests stochastic switching as a potential stress adaptation mechanism in CHO cells. Further, these data suggest alanine biosynthesis as a potential stress-mitigation mechanism for excess lactate in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G. Chitwood
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (D.G.C.); (L.U.); (S.W.H.)
| | - Lisa Uy
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (D.G.C.); (L.U.); (S.W.H.)
| | - Wanfang Fu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
| | - Stephanie R. Klaubert
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
| | - Sarah W. Harcum
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (D.G.C.); (L.U.); (S.W.H.)
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
| | - Christopher A. Saski
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
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Saldanha M, Shelar A, Patil V, Warke VG, Dandekar P, Jain R. A case study: Correlation of the nutrient composition in Chinese Hamster Ovary cultures with cell growth, antibody titre and quality attributes using multivariate analyses for guiding medium and feed optimization in early upstream process development. Cytotechnology 2023; 75:77-91. [PMID: 36713064 PMCID: PMC9880107 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-022-00561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this case-study, we demonstrate an approach for identifying correlations between nutrients/metabolites in the spent medium of CHO cell cultures and cell growth, mAb titre and critical quality attributes, using multivariate analyses, which can aid in selection of targets for medium and feed optimization. An extensive LC-MS-based method was used to analyse the spent medium composition. Partial least squares (PLS) model was used to identify correlations between nutrient composition and cell growth and mAb titre and orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) model was used to determine the effect of the changing nutrient composition during the culture on critical quality attributes. The PLS model revealed that the initial concentrations of several amino acids as well as pyruvic acid and pyridoxine, governed the early cell growth, while the concentrations of TCA cycle intermediates and several vitamins highly influenced the stationary phase, in which mAb production was maximum. For the first time, with the help of the OPLS model, we were able to draw correlations between nutrients/metabolites during the culture and critical quality attributes, for example, optimizing the supply of certain amino acids and vitamins could reduce impurities while simultaneously increasing desirable glycoforms. The unique correlations obtained from such an exploratory analysis, utilizing conditions that are commonly adopted in early process development, present opportunities for optimizing the compositions of the growth media and the feed media for enhancing cell growth, mAb production and quality, thereby proving to be a useful preliminary step in bioprocess optimization. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-022-00561-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Saldanha
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019 India
| | - Ashutosh Shelar
- Shimadzu Analytical (India) Private Limited, Rushabh Chambers, Marol, Andheri East, Mumbai, 400059 India
| | - Vaibhav Patil
- Sartorius Stedim India Private Limited, No. 69/2 & 69/3, Jakkasandra, Nelamangala, Bangalore, 562123 India
| | - Vishal G. Warke
- Himedia Laboratories Private Limited, Plot No. C40, MIDC, Wagle Industrial Area, Thane, 400604 India
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019 India
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019 India
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3
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Helfer A, Gros S, Kolwyck D, Karst DJ. Tuning metabolic efficiency for increased product yield in high titer fed-batch Chinese hamster ovary cell culture. Biotechnol Prog 2023:e3327. [PMID: 36700684 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
High demand in manufactured biologics drives the continued need for increased productivity. In this study elevated lactate metabolization resulted in improved metabolic efficiency and cellular productivity for a readily intensified high titer fed-batch process. Scheduled base or lactate feeds during the stationary growth phase led to increased titers (+9% and +8% respectively) without impacting the overall growth performance. The higher lactate consumption induced by either feed strategy substituted for glutamate catabolism and consequently reduced ammonia build-up. Direct correlation between increased titers and reduced ammonia levels was shown. Product quality attributes were impacted by both feeding strategies but could be matched with the control process by shortening the cell culture duration while maintaining titer constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apolline Helfer
- Process Sciences, Global Manufacturing Sciences, Biogen International GmbH, Luterbach, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Gros
- Process Sciences, Global Manufacturing Sciences, Biogen International GmbH, Luterbach, Switzerland
| | - Dave Kolwyck
- Process Sciences, Global Manufacturing Sciences, Biogen International GmbH, Luterbach, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J Karst
- Process Sciences, Global Manufacturing Sciences, Biogen International GmbH, Luterbach, Switzerland
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Chitwood DG, Wang Q, Klaubert SR, Green K, Wu CH, Harcum SW, Saski CA. Microevolutionary dynamics of eccDNA in Chinese hamster ovary cells grown in fed-batch cultures under control and lactate-stressed conditions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1200. [PMID: 36681715 PMCID: PMC9862248 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines are widely used to manufacture biopharmaceuticals. However, CHO cells are not an optimal expression host due to the intrinsic plasticity of the CHO genome. Genome plasticity can lead to chromosomal rearrangements, transgene exclusion, and phenotypic drift. A poorly understood genomic element of CHO cell line instability is extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) in gene expression and regulation. EccDNA can facilitate ultra-high gene expression and are found within many eukaryotes including humans, yeast, and plants. EccDNA confers genetic heterogeneity, providing selective advantages to individual cells in response to dynamic environments. In CHO cell cultures, maintaining genetic homogeneity is critical to ensuring consistent productivity and product quality. Understanding eccDNA structure, function, and microevolutionary dynamics under various culture conditions could reveal potential engineering targets for cell line optimization. In this study, eccDNA sequences were investigated at the beginning and end of two-week fed-batch cultures in an ambr®250 bioreactor under control and lactate-stressed conditions. This work characterized structure and function of eccDNA in a CHO-K1 clone. Gene annotation identified 1551 unique eccDNA genes including cancer driver genes and genes involved in protein production. Furthermore, RNA-seq data is integrated to identify transcriptionally active eccDNA genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G Chitwood
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Stephanie R Klaubert
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Kiana Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Cathy H Wu
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Sarah W Harcum
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Christopher A Saski
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
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Coulet M, Kepp O, Kroemer G, Basmaciogullari S. Metabolic Profiling of CHO Cells during the Production of Biotherapeutics. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121929. [PMID: 35741058 PMCID: PMC9221972 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As indicated by an ever-increasing number of FDA approvals, biotherapeutics constitute powerful tools for the treatment of various diseases, with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) accounting for more than 50% of newly approved drugs between 2014 and 2018 (Walsh, 2018). The pharmaceutical industry has made great progress in developing reliable and efficient bioproduction processes to meet the demand for recombinant mAbs. Mammalian cell lines are preferred for the production of functional, complex recombinant proteins including mAbs, with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells being used in most instances. Despite significant advances in cell growth control for biologics manufacturing, cellular responses to environmental changes need to be understood in order to further improve productivity. Metabolomics offers a promising approach for developing suitable strategies to unlock the full potential of cellular production. This review summarizes key findings on catabolism and anabolism for each phase of cell growth (exponential growth, the stationary phase and decline) with a focus on the principal metabolic pathways (glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle) and the families of biomolecules that impact these circuities (nucleotides, amino acids, lipids and energy-rich metabolites).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Coulet
- Sanofi R&D, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France;
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94800 Villejuif, France;
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94800 Villejuif, France;
- Institut Universitaire de France, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94800 Villejuif, France;
- Institut Universitaire de France, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, 75006 Paris, France
- Department of Biology, Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (G.K.); (S.B.)
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Park JU, Han HJ, Baik JY. Energy metabolism in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells: Productivity and beyond. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-022-1062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zhang HY, Fan ZL, Wang TY. Advances of Glycometabolism Engineering in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:774175. [PMID: 34926421 PMCID: PMC8675083 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.774175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most widely used mammalian cell line, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells can express various recombinant proteins with a post translational modification pattern similar to that of the proteins from human cells. During industrial production, cells need large amounts of ATP to support growth and protein expression, and since glycometabolism is the main source of ATP for cells, protein production partly depends on the efficiency of glycometabolism. And efficient glycometabolism allows less glucose uptake by cells, reducing production costs, and providing a better mammalian production platform for recombinant protein expression. In the present study, a series of progresses on the comprehensive optimization in CHO cells by glycometabolism strategy were reviewed, including carbohydrate intake, pyruvate metabolism and mitochondrial metabolism. We analyzed the effects of gene regulation in the upstream and downstream of the glucose metabolism pathway on cell’s growth and protein expression. And we also pointed out the latest metabolic studies that are potentially applicable on CHO cells. In the end, we elaborated the application of metabolic models in the study of CHO cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Yu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhen-Lin Fan
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China.,Institutes of Health Central Plain, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
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Rish AJ, Drennen JK, Anderson CA. Metabolic trends of Chinese hamster ovary cells in biopharmaceutical production under batch and fed-batch conditions. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 38:e3220. [PMID: 34676699 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Extensive knowledge of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell metabolism is required to improve process productivity and culture performance in biopharmaceutical manufacturing. However, CHO cells show a dynamic metabolism during culturing in batch and fed-batch bioreactors. CHO cell metabolism is generally described as taking place in three stages: exponential growth phase, stationary phase, and death phase. This review aims to summarize the trends of central metabolism for CHO cells during each stage. Additional insights into how culture conditions are related to phase transitions and force metabolic rewiring are provided. Understanding of CHO cell metabolism lends itself to improving culture qualities by, for example, identifying sources of toxic byproducts and pathways for cellular engineering. In summary, this review describes the changes in CHO cell central metabolism over the course of the culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Rish
- Duquesne University Graduate School for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James K Drennen
- Duquesne University Graduate School for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Duquesne Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carl A Anderson
- Duquesne University Graduate School for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Duquesne Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Tang D, Sandoval W, Liu P, Lam C, Snedecor B, Misaghi S. Preventing pyruvate kinase muscle expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells curbs lactogenic behavior by altering glycolysis, gating pyruvate generation, and increasing pyruvate flux into the TCA cycle. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3193. [PMID: 34288605 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Deletion of the pyruvate kinase muscle (PKM) gene, which is involved in conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, has been shown to curb lactogenic behavior in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. This study describes the generation of pyruvate kinase muscle isoforms 1 and 2 knockout (PKM-KO) and pyruvate kinase muscle isoform-1 knockout (PKM1-KO) CHO host cells to understand metabolic shifts that reduce lactate secretion in these cells. Glucose and amino acids uptake levels in wild-type (WT), PKM-KO, and PKM1-KO stable cell lines, expressing two different antibodies, were analyzed in 14-day fed-batch production assays using different vessels. PKM-KO and PKM1-KO cells consumed more glucose per cell, altered amino acids metabolism, had higher flux of pyruvate into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and as previously shown reduced lactate secretion levels compared with the WT cells. Additionally, both PKM-KO and PKM1-KO cells had higher specific productivity and lower cell growth rates compared with the WT cells. Our findings suggest that rewiring the flux of pyruvate to the TCA cycle by deletion of PKM or PKM1 reduced cell growth and increased specific productivity in CHO cells. Overall, PKM1-KO cells had similar product quality and comparable or better titers relative to the WT cells, hence, targeted deletion of this isoform for curbing lactogenic behavior in CHO cells is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danming Tang
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter Liu
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cynthia Lam
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brad Snedecor
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shahram Misaghi
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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Pérez-Rodriguez S, Ramírez-Lira MDJ, Trujillo-Roldán MA, Valdez-Cruz NA. Nutrient supplementation strategy improves cell concentration and longevity, monoclonal antibody production and lactate metabolism of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Bioengineered 2021; 11:463-471. [PMID: 32223359 PMCID: PMC7161567 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1744266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A careful selection of culture mediums and feeds has become necessary to maximize yields of recombinant proteins during bioprocesses of mammalian cells. Supplements contain a variety of concentrate nutrients, and their beneficial effects vary according to recombinant cell lines. In this study, the effects of PowerFeed A on growth kinetics, productivity and cellular metabolism were evaluated for two Chinese hamster ovary cell lines producing a monoclonal antibody in a batch culture. Supplemented cultures increased integral viable cell density of CRL-12444 and CRL-12445 cells by 2.4 and 1.6 times through extension of culture time at which viability was above 90% in 72 and 36 h, respectively, and increment of maximal cell concentration in 3.25 × 106 cells/ml (69%) for CRL-12445 cells. Product titer augmented 1.9 and 2.5 times for CRL-12444 and CRL-12445 cells, respectively, without changes in growth rate and specific productivity. Feed supplementation also stimulated full consumption of glucose and free glutamine and reduced 10 times lactate accumulation, while ammonium, sodium and potassium remained at similar concentrations at the end of the culture. About 44% of calcium, mainly provided by feed, was consumed by both cell lines. Maximization of cellular growth, viability and protein titer through feeding encourages extending its use to other cell lines and exploring novel combinations with other basal mediums or feeds. A thorough investigation of its impact on protein quality and the molecular mechanisms behind these effects will allow designing effective feeds and strategies to rationally optimize protein production in the biomanufacturing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumel Pérez-Rodriguez
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad De México, México
| | - María de Jesús Ramírez-Lira
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad De México, México
| | - Mauricio A Trujillo-Roldán
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad De México, México
| | - Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad De México, México
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Masetti P, Sanitá PV, Jorge JH. Dynamics and metabolic profile of oral keratinocytes (NOK-si) and Candida albicans after interaction in co-culture. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:572-589. [PMID: 34210229 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1941908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interaction between oral keratinocytes (NOK-si) and Candida albicans is fundamental for the development of prevention strategies and new therapies for oral candidiasis. This study evaluated the dynamics and metabolic profile of these cells growing in co-culture by means of cell metabolism, number of CFU ml-1, and production of enzymes, cytokines, and metabolites. The data were analyzed by ANOVAs and post hoc tests (α = 0.05). In co-cultures, there were significant decreases in the cell metabolism of NOK-si and C. albicans and increases in the CFU ml-1 values of C. albicans biofilm. There were also significant increases in the production of cytokines by NOK-si and proteinase by C. albicans biofilm after their interaction. The metabolic balance of the main metabolites, amino acids, and extracellular and intracellular metabolites was shifted in favor of the co-cultures, while aromatic alcohols were secreted in higher amounts by the biofilm of C. albicans. It was concluded that the interaction of cells in co-culture influenced their dynamics over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Masetti
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Volpato Sanitá
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janaina Habib Jorge
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kim KS, Park SA, Wui SR, Ko A, Lee NG. Culture media optimization for Chinese hamster ovary cell growth and expression of recombinant varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein E. Cytotechnology 2021; 73:433-445. [PMID: 33897103 PMCID: PMC8056999 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-021-00468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes zoster (HZ) is caused by reactivation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) latent in the sensory ganglia and causes severe pain, often leading to postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). Two prophylactic vaccines against HZ are currently licensed for human use, a live attenuated vaccine and a subunit vaccine containing recombinant VZV glycoprotein E (gE) as antigen. The latter has superior protective efficacy against HZ and PHN. During HZ subunit vaccine development, we obtained Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell clones expressing VZV gE. This study was performed to optimize culture media conditions for CHO cell growth and gE production. Using a high-throughput culture system, three CHO cell clones were cultured in microtiter plates containing 24 different basal media, and three basal media were selected. The clone with the highest gE expression was fed-batch cultured in each of the three basal media in combination with 13 different feed media. A pair of media, BalanCD CHO Growth A and EX-CELL Advanced CHO Feed 1, with the highest productivity was selected for gE production. Scale-up fed-batch cultures of the selected clone cultured in a wave bag bioreactor containing the optimized media yielded 2440 mg gE protein/L culture, a 11.5-fold increase compared to original culture conditions (batch culture in CD OptiCHO medium). The optimized media condition is used to produce VZV gE antigen for an HZ subunit vaccine, which is under phase I clinical trial. This study would provide valuable insights on culture media optimization for CHO cells expressing a recombinant vaccine antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Sung Kim
- Department of Integrated Bioscience & Biotechnology, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006 Republic of Korea
- R&D Center, EyeGene, Goyang, 10551 Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Ae Park
- R&D Center, EyeGene, Goyang, 10551 Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Ri Wui
- Department of Integrated Bioscience & Biotechnology, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006 Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Ko
- Department of Integrated Bioscience & Biotechnology, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006 Republic of Korea
| | - Na Gyong Lee
- Department of Integrated Bioscience & Biotechnology, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006 Republic of Korea
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Möller J, Bhat K, Guhl L, Pörtner R, Jandt U, Zeng A. Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex related to lactate switch in CHO cells. Eng Life Sci 2021; 21:100-114. [PMID: 33716610 PMCID: PMC7923601 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines is typically characterized by high rates of aerobic glycolysis with increased lactate formation, known as the "Warburg" effect. Although this metabolic state can switch to lactate consumption, the involved regulations of the central metabolism have only been partially studied so far. An important reaction transferring the lactate precursor, pyruvate, into the tricarboxylic acid cycle is the decarboxylation reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex (PDC). Among other mechanisms, PDC is mainly regulated by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation at the three sites Ser232, Ser293, and Ser300. In this work, the PDC phosphorylation in antibody-producing CHO DP-12 cell culture is investigated during the lactate switch. Batch cultivations were carried out with frequent sampling (every 6 h) during the transition from lactate formation to lactate uptake, and the PDC phosphorylation levels were quantified using a novel indirect flow cytometry protocol. Contrary to the expected activation of PDC (i.e., reduced PDC phosphorylation) during lactate consumption, Ser293 and Ser300 phosphorylation levels were 33% higher compared to the phase of glucose excess. At the same time, the relative phosphorylation level of Ser232 increased steadily throughout the cultivation (66% increase overall). The intracellular pyruvate was found to accumulate only during the period of high lactate production, while acetyl-CoA showed nearly no accumulation. These results indicate a deactivation of PDC and reduced oxidative metabolism during lactate switch even though the cells undergo a metabolic transition to lactate-based cell growth and metabolism. Overall, this study provides a unique view on the regulation of PDC during the lactate switch, which contributes to an improved understanding of PDC and its interaction with the bioprocess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Möller
- Bioprocess and Biosystems EngineeringHamburg University of TechnologyHamburgGermany
| | - Krathika Bhat
- Bioprocess and Biosystems EngineeringHamburg University of TechnologyHamburgGermany
| | - Lotta Guhl
- Bioprocess and Biosystems EngineeringHamburg University of TechnologyHamburgGermany
| | - Ralf Pörtner
- Bioprocess and Biosystems EngineeringHamburg University of TechnologyHamburgGermany
| | - Uwe Jandt
- Bioprocess and Biosystems EngineeringHamburg University of TechnologyHamburgGermany
| | - An‐Ping Zeng
- Bioprocess and Biosystems EngineeringHamburg University of TechnologyHamburgGermany
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14
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Yilmaz D, Parulekar SJ, Cinar A. A dynamic EFM-based model for antibody producing cell lines and model based evaluation of fed-batch processes. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Zhang X, Jiang R, Lin H, Xu S. Feeding tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates improves lactate consumption and antibody production in Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e2975. [PMID: 32012447 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Media components play an important role in modulating cell metabolism and improving product titer in mammalian cell cultures. To sustain cell productivity, highly active oxidative metabolism is desired. Here we explored the effect of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates supplementation on lactate metabolism and productivity in Chinese hamster ovary fed-batch cultures. Direct addition of 5 mM alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG), malic acid, or succinic acid in the basal medium did not have any significant impact on culture performance. On the other hand, feeding α-KG, malic acid, and succinic acid in the stationary phase, either as a single solution or as a mixture, significantly improved lactate consumption, reduced ammonium accumulation, and led to higher cell specific productivity and antibody titer (~35% increase for the best condition). Delivering those intermediates as an acidic solution for pH control eliminated CO2 sparging and accumulation. Feeding TCA cycle intermediates was also demonstrated to be superior to feeding lactic acid or pyruvic acid in titer improvement. Taken together, feeding TCA cycle intermediates was effective in improving lactate consumption and increasing product titer, which is likely due to enhanced oxidative metabolism in an extended duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhang
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Rubin Jiang
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Henry Lin
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Sen Xu
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey.,Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Pennington 08534, NJ
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16
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Torres M, Berrios J, Rigual Y, Latorre Y, Vergara M, Dickson AJ, Altamirano C. Metabolic flux analysis during galactose and lactate co-consumption reveals enhanced energy metabolism in continuous CHO cell cultures. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Metabolic engineering of Chinese hamster ovary cells towards reduced biosynthesis and accumulation of novel growth inhibitors in fed-batch cultures. Metab Eng 2019; 54:54-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Gagnon M, Nagre S, Wang W, Coffman J, Hiller GW. Novel, linked bioreactor system for continuous production of biologics. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1946-1958. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Gagnon
- Culture Process DevelopmentPfizer IncAndover Massachusetts
| | - Shashikant Nagre
- Upstream Process DevelopmentAkston BiosciencesBeverly Massachusetts
| | - Wenge Wang
- Culture Process DevelopmentPfizer IncAndover Massachusetts
| | - Jon Coffman
- Department of Process ScienceBoehringer IngelheimFremont California
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19
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Yuan Y, Zong H, Bai J, Han L, Wang L, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang J, Xu C, Zhu J, Zhang B. Bioprocess development of a stable FUT8 -/--CHO cell line to produce defucosylated anti-HER2 antibody. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:1263-1271. [PMID: 30982137 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02124-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of defucosylated therapeutic antibodies have been applied in clinical practices due to their better efficacy compared to fucosylated counterparts. The establishment of stable and clonal manufacturing cell lines is the basis of therapeutic antibodies production. Bioprocess development of a new cell line is necessary for its future applications in the biopharmaceutical industry. We engineered a stable cell line expressing defucosylated anti-HER2 antibody based on an established α-1,6-fucosyltransferase (FUT8) gene knockout CHO-S cell line. The optimization of medium and feed was evaluated in a small-scale culture system. Then the optimal medium and feed were scaled up in a bioreactor system. After fed-batch culture over 13 days, we evaluated the cell growth, antibody yield, glycan compositions and bioactivities. The production of anti-HER2 antibody from the FUT8 gene knockout CHO-S cells in the bioreactor increased by 37% compared to the shake flask system. The N-glycan profile of the produced antibody was consistent between the bioreactor and shake flask system. The antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity of the defucosylated antibody increased 14-fold compared to the wild-type antibody, which was the same as our previous results. The results of our bioprocess development demonstrated that the engineered cell line could be developed to a biopharmaceutical industrial cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Zong
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Bai
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Han
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshuai Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxiao Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.,Jecho Laboratories, Inc., 7320 Executive Way, Frederick, MD, 21704, USA
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Wang J, Wang C, Fan L, Zhao L, Tan WS. Simultaneous detection of nicotinamide adenine nucleotides and adenylate pool to quantify redox and energy states in mAb-producing CHO cells by capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:2971-2979. [PMID: 30923861 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01747-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are predominant in the production of therapeutic proteins to treat various diseases. Characterization and investigation of CHO cell metabolism in a quick and simple way could boost process and cell line development. Therefore, a method to simultaneously detect seven redox- and energy-related metabolites in CHO cells by capillary electrophoresis has been developed. An on-line focusing technique was applied to improve the peak shape and resolution by using a 50 μm × 44 cm uncoated fused silica capillary. Key parameters and their interactions were investigated by design of experiments (DoE) and optimized conditions were determined by desirability function as follows: 24 °C, 95 mM, and pH 9.4 of BGE. The method was validated to ensure sensitivity, linearity, and reproducibility. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.050 to 0.688 mg/L for seven metabolites, and correlation coefficients of linearity were all greater than 0.996. The relative standard deviations (RSD) of migration time and peak area were smaller than 0.872% and 5.5%, respectively, except for NADPH, and the recoveries were between 97.5 and 101.2%. The method was successfully applied to analyze the extracts from CHO cells under two different culture conditions. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Box 309, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Box 309, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Li Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Box 309, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.,Shanghai BioEngine Sci-Tech Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Box 309, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Box 309, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
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21
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Torres M, Altamirano C, Dickson AJ. Process and metabolic engineering perspectives of lactate production in mammalian cell cultures. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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22
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23
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Ritacco FV, Wu Y, Khetan A. Cell culture media for recombinant protein expression in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells: History, key components, and optimization strategies. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1407-1426. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank V. Ritacco
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
| | - Yongqi Wu
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Biologics Process DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Pennington New Jersey United States
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24
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Geoghegan D, Arnall C, Hatton D, Noble-Longster J, Sellick C, Senussi T, James DC. Control of amino acid transport into Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2908-2929. [PMID: 29987891 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters (AATs) represent a key interface between the cell and its environment, critical for all cellular processes: Energy generation, redox control, and synthesis of cell and product biomass. However, very little is known about the activity of different functional classes of AATs in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, how they support cell growth and productivity, and the potential for engineering their activity and/or the composition of amino acids in growth media to improve CHO cell performance in vitro. In this study, we have comparatively characterized AAT expression in untransfected and monoclonal antibody (MAb)-producing CHO cells using transcriptome analysis by RNA-seq, and mechanistically dissected AAT function using a variety of transporter-specific chemical inhibitors, comparing their effect on cell proliferation, recombinant protein production, and amino acid transport. Of a possible 56 mammalian plasma membrane AATs, 16 AAT messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were relatively abundant across all CHO cell populations. Of these, a subset of nine AAT mRNAs were more abundant in CHO cells engineered to produce a recombinant MAb. Together, upregulated AATs provide additional supply of specific amino acids overrepresented in MAb biomass compared to CHO host cell biomass, enable transport of synthetic substrates for glutathione synthesis, facilitate transport of essential amino acids to maintain active protein synthesis, and provide amino acid substrates for coordinated antiport systems to maintain supplies of proteinogenic and essential amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Geoghegan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Claire Arnall
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Joanne Noble-Longster
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | - David C James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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25
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Williamson J, Miller J, McLaughlin J, Combs R, Chu C. Scale‐dependent manganese leaching from stainless steel impacts terminal galactosylation in monoclonal antibodies. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1290-1297. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Williamson
- BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioprocess Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway WestChesterfield MO 63017
| | - Jennifer Miller
- BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioprocess Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway WestChesterfield MO 63017
| | - Joseph McLaughlin
- BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioprocess Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway WestChesterfield MO 63017
| | - Rodney Combs
- BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioprocess Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway WestChesterfield MO 63017
| | - Chia Chu
- BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bioprocess Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway WestChesterfield MO 63017
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26
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Hartley F, Walker T, Chung V, Morten K. Mechanisms driving the lactate switch in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1890-1903. [PMID: 29603726 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells in a production environment has been extensively investigated. However, a key metabolic transition, the switch from lactate production to lactate consumption, remains enigmatic. Though commonly observed in CHO cultures, the mechanism(s) by which this metabolic shift is triggered is unknown. Despite this, efforts to control the switch have emerged due to the association of lactate consumption with improved cell growth and productivity. This review aims to consolidate current theories surrounding the lactate switch. The influence of pH, NAD+ /NADH, pyruvate availability and mitochondrial function on lactate consumption are explored. A hypothesis based on the cellular redox state is put forward to explain the onset of lactate consumption. Various techniques implemented to control the lactate switch, including manipulation of the culture environment, genetic engineering, and cell line selection are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vicky Chung
- GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Karl Morten
- University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
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27
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Torres M, Zúñiga R, Gutierrez M, Vergara M, Collazo N, Reyes J, Berrios J, Aguillon JC, Molina MC, Altamirano C. Mild hypothermia upregulates myc and xbp1s expression and improves anti-TNFα production in CHO cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194510. [PMID: 29566086 PMCID: PMC5864046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most frequently used host for commercial production of therapeutic proteins. However, their low protein productivity in culture is the main hurdle to overcome. Mild hypothermia has been established as an effective strategy to enhance protein specific productivity, although the causes of such improvement still remain unclear. The self-regulation of global transcriptional regulatory factors, such as Myc and XBP1s, seems to be involved in increased the recombinant protein production at low temperature. This study evaluated the impact of low temperature in CHO cell cultures on myc and xbp1s expression and their effects on culture performance and cell metabolism. Two anti-TNFα producing CHO cell lines were selected considering two distinct phenotypes: i.e. maximum cell growth, (CN1) and maximum specific anti-TNFα production (CN2), and cultured at 37, 33 and 31°C in a batch system. Low temperature led to an increase in the cell viability, the expression of the recombinant anti-TNFα and the production of anti-TNFα both in CN1 and CN2. The higher production of anti-TNFα in CN2 was mainly associated with the large expression of anti-TNFα. Under mild hypothermia myc and xbp1s expression levels were directly correlated to the maximal viable cell density and the specific anti-TNFα productivity, respectively. Moreover, cells showed a simultaneous metabolic shift from production to consumption of lactate and from consumption to production of glutamine, which were exacerbated by reducing culture temperature and coincided with the increased anti-TNFα production. Our current results provide new insights of the regulation of myc and xbp1s in CHO cells at low temperature, and suggest that the presence and magnitude of the metabolic shift might be a relevant metabolic marker of productive cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Torres
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Roberto Zúñiga
- Centro de InmunoBiotecnología, Programa D. de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédica (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Doctorado en Química, Universidad República Oriental del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Matias Gutierrez
- Centro de InmunoBiotecnología, Programa D. de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédica (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Vergara
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Doctorado en Química, Universidad República Oriental del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Norberto Collazo
- Centro de InmunoBiotecnología, Programa D. de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédica (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Reyes
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Julio Berrios
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Aguillon
- Centro de InmunoBiotecnología, Programa D. de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédica (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Carmen Molina
- Centro de InmunoBiotecnología, Programa D. de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédica (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Altamirano
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- CREAS CONICYT Regional GORE, Valparaiso, Chile
- * E-mail:
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28
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Quiroga-Campano AL, Panoskaltsis N, Mantalaris A. Energy-based culture medium design for biomanufacturing optimization: A case study in monoclonal antibody production by GS-NS0 cells. Metab Eng 2018; 47:21-30. [PMID: 29501926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Demand for high-value biologics, a rapidly growing pipeline, and pressure from competition, time-to-market and regulators, necessitate novel biomanufacturing approaches, including Quality by Design (QbD) principles and Process Analytical Technologies (PAT), to facilitate accelerated, efficient and effective process development platforms that ensure consistent product quality and reduced lot-to-lot variability. Herein, QbD and PAT principles were incorporated within an innovative in vitro-in silico integrated framework for upstream process development (UPD). The central component of the UPD framework is a mathematical model that predicts dynamic nutrient uptake and average intracellular ATP content, based on biochemical reaction networks, to quantify and characterize energy metabolism and its adaptive response, metabolic shifts, to maintain ATP homeostasis. The accuracy and flexibility of the model depends on critical cell type/product/clone-specific parameters, which are experimentally estimated. The integrated in vitro-in silico platform and the model's predictive capacity reduced burden, time and expense of experimentation resulting in optimal medium design compared to commercially available culture media (80% amino acid reduction) and a fed-batch feeding strategy that increased productivity by 129%. The framework represents a flexible and efficient tool that transforms, improves and accelerates conventional process development in biomanufacturing with wide applications, including stem cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Quiroga-Campano
- CPSE, BSEL, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicki Panoskaltsis
- CPSE, BSEL, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom; Department of Haematology, Imperial College London, Northwick Park & St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, United Kingdom.
| | - Athanasios Mantalaris
- CPSE, BSEL, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom.
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29
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Pereira S, Kildegaard HF, Andersen MR. Impact of CHO Metabolism on Cell Growth and Protein Production: An Overview of Toxic and Inhibiting Metabolites and Nutrients. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700499. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pereira
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Helene Faustrup Kildegaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Mikael Rørdam Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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30
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Freund NW, Croughan MS. A Simple Method to Reduce both Lactic Acid and Ammonium Production in Industrial Animal Cell Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020385. [PMID: 29382079 PMCID: PMC5855607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fed-batch animal cell culture is the most common method for commercial production of recombinant proteins. However, higher cell densities in these platforms are still limited due to factors such as excessive ammonium production, lactic acid production, nutrient limitation, and/or hyperosmotic stress related to nutrient feeds and base additions to control pH. To partly overcome these factors, we investigated a simple method to reduce both ammonium and lactic acid production—termed Lactate Supplementation and Adaptation (LSA) technology—through the use of CHO cells adapted to a lactate-supplemented medium. Using this simple method, we achieved a reduction of nearly 100% in lactic acid production with a simultaneous 50% reduction in ammonium production in batch shaker flasks cultures. In subsequent fed-batch bioreactor cultures, lactic acid production and base addition were both reduced eight-fold. Viable cell densities of 35 million cells per mL and integral viable cell days of 273 million cell-days per mL were achieved, both among the highest currently reported for a fed-batch animal cell culture. Investigating the benefits of LSA technology in animal cell culture is worthy of further consideration and may lead to process conditions more favorable for advanced industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew S Croughan
- Amgen Bioprocessing Center, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA 91711, USA.
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31
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Kuwae S, Miyakawa I, Doi T. Development of a chemically defined platform fed-batch culture media for monoclonal antibody-producing CHO cell lines with optimized choline content. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:939-948. [PMID: 29322349 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A chemically defined platform basal medium and feed media were developed using a single Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line that produces a monoclonal antibody (mAb). Cell line A, which showed a peak viable cell density of 5.9 × 106 cells/mL and a final mAb titer of 0.5 g/L in batch culture, was selected for the platform media development. Stoichiometrically balanced feed media were developed using glucose as an indicator of cell metabolism to determine the feed rates of all other nutrients. A fed-batch culture of cell line A using the platform fed-batch medium yielded a 6.4 g/L mAb titer, which was 12-fold higher than that of the batch culture. To examine the applicability of the platform basal medium and feed media, three other cell lines (A16, B, and C) that produce mAbs were cultured using the platform fed-batch medium, and they yielded mAb titers of 8.4, 3.3, and 6.2 g/L, respectively. The peak viable cell densities of the three cell lines ranged from 1.3 × 107 to 1.8 × 107 cells/mL. These results show that the nutritionally balanced fed-batch medium and feeds worked well for other cell lines. During the medium development, we found that choline limitation caused a lower cell viability, a lower mAb titer, a higher mAb aggregate content, and a higher mannose-5 content. The optimal choline chloride to glucose ratio for the CHO cell fed-batch culture was determined. Our platform basal medium and feed media will shorten the medium-development time for mAb-producing cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Kuwae
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Ichiko Miyakawa
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 4720, Takeda Mitsui, Hikari, Yamaguchi, 743-8502, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Doi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 4720, Takeda Mitsui, Hikari, Yamaguchi, 743-8502, Japan
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32
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Brunner M, Doppler P, Klein T, Herwig C, Fricke J. Elevated pCO 2 affects the lactate metabolic shift in CHO cell culture processes. Eng Life Sci 2017; 18:204-214. [PMID: 32624899 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201700131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The shift from lactate production to consumption in CHO cell metabolism is a key event during cell culture cultivations and is connected to increased culture longevity and final product titers. However, the mechanisms controlling this metabolic shift are not yet fully understood. Variations in lactate metabolism have been mainly reported to be induced by process pH and availability of substrates like glucose and glutamine. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of elevated pCO2 concentrations on the lactate metabolic shift phenomena in CHO cell culture processes. In this publication, we show that at elevated pCO2 in batch and fed-batch cultures, the lactate metabolic shift was absent in comparison to control cultures at lower pCO2 values. Furthermore, through metabolic flux analysis we found a link between the lactate metabolic shift and the ratio of NADH producing and regenerating intracellular pathways. This ratio was mainly affected by a reduced oxidative capacity of cultures at elevated pCO2. The presented results are especially interesting for large-scale and perfusion processes where increased pCO2 concentrations are likely to occur. Our results suggest, that so far unexplained metabolic changes may be connected to increased pCO2 accumulation in larger scale fermentations. Finally, we propose several mechanisms through which increased pCO2 might affect the cell metabolism and briefly discuss methods to enable the lactate metabolic shift during cell cultivations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Brunner
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering Vienna University of Technology Vienna Austria.,CD Laboratory on Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses Vienna University of Technology Vienna Austria
| | - Philipp Doppler
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering Vienna University of Technology Vienna Austria.,CD Laboratory on Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses Vienna University of Technology Vienna Austria
| | - Tobias Klein
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering Vienna University of Technology Vienna Austria.,CD Laboratory on Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses Vienna University of Technology Vienna Austria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering Vienna University of Technology Vienna Austria.,CD Laboratory on Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses Vienna University of Technology Vienna Austria
| | - Jens Fricke
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering Vienna University of Technology Vienna Austria.,CD Laboratory on Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses Vienna University of Technology Vienna Austria
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33
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Stolfa G, Smonskey MT, Boniface R, Hachmann AB, Gulde P, Joshi AD, Pierce AP, Jacobia SJ, Campbell A. CHO-Omics Review: The Impact of Current and Emerging Technologies on Chinese Hamster Ovary Based Bioproduction. Biotechnol J 2017; 13:e1700227. [PMID: 29072373 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CHO cells are the most prevalent platform for modern bio-therapeutic production. Currently, there are several CHO cell lines used in bioproduction with distinct characteristics and unique genotypes and phenotypes. These differences limit advances in productivity and quality that can be achieved by the most common approaches to bioprocess optimization and cell line engineering. Incorporating omics-based approaches into current bioproduction processes will complement traditional methodologies to maximize gains from CHO engineering and bioprocess improvements. In order to highlight the utility of omics technologies in CHO bioproduction, the authors discuss current applications as well as limitations of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, fluxomics, glycomics, and multi-omics approaches and the potential they hold for the future of bioproduction. Multiple omics approaches are currently being used to improve CHO bioprocesses; however, the application of these technologies is still limited. As more CHO-omic datasets become available and integrated into systems models, the authors expect significant gains in product yield and quality. While individual omics technologies provide incremental improvements in bioproduction, the authors will likely see the most significant gains by applying multi-omics and systems biology approaches to individual CHO cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino Stolfa
- Bioproduction R&D, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Grand Island, USA
| | | | - Ryan Boniface
- Bioproduction R&D, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Grand Island, USA
| | | | - Paul Gulde
- Bioproduction R&D, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Grand Island, USA
| | - Atul D Joshi
- Bioproduction R&D, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Grand Island, USA
| | - Anson P Pierce
- Bioproduction R&D, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Grand Island, USA
| | - Scott J Jacobia
- Bioproduction R&D, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Grand Island, USA
| | - Andrew Campbell
- Bioproduction R&D, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Grand Island, USA
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34
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Mulukutla BC, Kale J, Kalomeris T, Jacobs M, Hiller GW. Identification and control of novel growth inhibitors in fed-batch cultures of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1779-1790. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaitashree Kale
- Cell Culture Process Development; Pfizer Inc.; One Burtt Road Andover 01810 Massachusetts
| | - Taylor Kalomeris
- Cell Culture Process Development; Pfizer Inc.; One Burtt Road Andover 01810 Massachusetts
| | - Michaela Jacobs
- Cell Culture Process Development; Pfizer Inc.; One Burtt Road Andover 01810 Massachusetts
| | - Gregory W. Hiller
- Cell Culture Process Development; Pfizer Inc.; One Burtt Road Andover 01810 Massachusetts
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Kent JA, Bommaraju TV, Barnicki SD, Kyung YS, Zhang GG. Industrial Production of Therapeutic Proteins: Cell Lines, Cell Culture, and Purification. HANDBOOK OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [PMCID: PMC7121293 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-52287-6_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A central pillar of the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries continues to be the development of biological drug products manufactured from engineered mammalian cell lines. Since the hugely successful launch of human tissue plasminogen activator in 1987 and erythropoietin in 1988, the biopharmaceutical market has grown immensely. In 2014, biotherapeutics made up a significant portion of global drug sales as 7 of the top 10 and 21 of top 50 selling pharmaceuticals in the world were biologics with over US$100 billion in global sales (Table 1, [1]).
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36
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Pan X, Streefland M, Dalm C, Wijffels RH, Martens DE. Selection of chemically defined media for CHO cell fed-batch culture processes. Cytotechnology 2017; 69:39-56. [PMID: 27900626 PMCID: PMC5264622 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-016-0036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Two CHO cell clones derived from the same parental CHOBC® cell line and producing the same monoclonal antibody (BC-G, a low producing clone; BC-P, a high producing clone) were tested in four basal media in all possible combinations with three feeds (=12 conditions) in fed-batch cultures. Higher amino acid feeding did not always lead to higher mAb production. The two clones showed differences in cell physiology, metabolism and optimal medium-feed combinations. During the phase transitions of all cultures, cell metabolism showed a shift represented by lower specific consumption and production rates, except for the specific glucose consumption rate in cultures fed by Actifeed A/B. The BC-P clone fed by Actifeed A/B showed a threefold cell volume increase and an increase of the specific consumption rate of glucose in the stationary phase. Since feeding was based on glucose this resulted in accumulation of amino acids for this feed, while this did not occur for the poorer feed (EFA/B). The same feed also led to an increase of cell size for the BC-G clone, but to a lesser extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Pan
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mathieu Streefland
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ciska Dalm
- Synthon Biopharmaceuticals BV, Upstream Process Development, PO Box 7071, 6503 GN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René H Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - Dirk E Martens
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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37
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Xu S, Gavin J, Jiang R, Chen H. Bioreactor productivity and media cost comparison for different intensified cell culture processes. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:867-878. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sen Xu
- Process Development and Engineering; Biologics and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc; 2000 Galloping Hill Road Kenilworth NJ 07033
| | - John Gavin
- Process Development and Engineering; Biologics and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc; 2000 Galloping Hill Road Kenilworth NJ 07033
| | - Rubin Jiang
- Process Development and Engineering; Biologics and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc; 2000 Galloping Hill Road Kenilworth NJ 07033
| | - Hao Chen
- Process Development and Engineering; Biologics and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc; 2000 Galloping Hill Road Kenilworth NJ 07033
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38
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Pan X, Streefland M, Dalm C, Wijffels RH, Martens DE. Selection of chemically defined media for CHO cell fed-batch culture processes. Cytotechnology 2016. [PMID: 27900626 DOI: 10.1007/s10616‐016‐0036‐5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two CHO cell clones derived from the same parental CHOBC® cell line and producing the same monoclonal antibody (BC-G, a low producing clone; BC-P, a high producing clone) were tested in four basal media in all possible combinations with three feeds (=12 conditions) in fed-batch cultures. Higher amino acid feeding did not always lead to higher mAb production. The two clones showed differences in cell physiology, metabolism and optimal medium-feed combinations. During the phase transitions of all cultures, cell metabolism showed a shift represented by lower specific consumption and production rates, except for the specific glucose consumption rate in cultures fed by Actifeed A/B. The BC-P clone fed by Actifeed A/B showed a threefold cell volume increase and an increase of the specific consumption rate of glucose in the stationary phase. Since feeding was based on glucose this resulted in accumulation of amino acids for this feed, while this did not occur for the poorer feed (EFA/B). The same feed also led to an increase of cell size for the BC-G clone, but to a lesser extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Pan
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mathieu Streefland
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ciska Dalm
- Synthon Biopharmaceuticals BV, Upstream Process Development, PO Box 7071, 6503 GN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René H Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - Dirk E Martens
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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39
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An omics approach to rational feed. J Biotechnol 2016; 234:127-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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40
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Bordag N, Janakiraman V, Nachtigall J, González Maldonado S, Bethan B, Laine JP, Fux E. Fast Filtration of Bacterial or Mammalian Suspension Cell Cultures for Optimal Metabolomics Results. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159389. [PMID: 27438065 PMCID: PMC4954723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolome offers real time detection of the adaptive, multi-parametric response of the organisms to environmental changes, pathophysiological stimuli or genetic modifications and thus rationalizes the optimization of cell cultures in bioprocessing. In bioprocessing the measurement of physiological intracellular metabolite levels is imperative for successful applications. However, a sampling method applicable to all cell types with little to no validation effort which simultaneously offers high recovery rates, high metabolite coverage and sufficient removal of extracellular contaminations is still missing. Here, quenching, centrifugation and fast filtration were compared and fast filtration in combination with a stabilizing washing solution was identified as the most promising sampling method. Different influencing factors such as filter type, vacuum pressure, washing solutions were comprehensively tested. The improved fast filtration method (MxP® FastQuench) followed by routine lipid/polar extraction delivers a broad metabolite coverage and recovery reflecting well physiological intracellular metabolite levels for different cell types, such as bacteria (Escherichia coli) as well as mammalian cells chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and mouse myeloma cells (NS0).The proposed MxP® FastQuench allows sampling, i.e. separation of cells from medium with washing and quenching, in less than 30 seconds and is robustly designed to be applicable to all cell types. The washing solution contains the carbon source respectively the 13C-labeled carbon source to avoid nutritional stress during sampling. This method is also compatible with automation which would further reduce sampling times and the variability of metabolite profiling data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vijay Janakiraman
- Biogen Idec Inc., Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Elie Fux
- Metanomics GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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41
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Improving lactate metabolism in an intensified CHO culture process: productivity and product quality considerations. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 39:1689-702. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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42
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Regulation of cell growth and apoptosis through lactate dehydrogenase C over-expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5007-16. [PMID: 26841889 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lactate has long been credited as a by-product, which jeopardizes cell growth and productivity when accumulated over a certain concentration during the manufacturing process of therapeutic recombinant proteins by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. A number of efforts to decrease the lactate concentration have been developed; however, the accumulation of lactate is still a critical issue by the late stage of fed-batch culture. Therefore, a lactate-tolerant cell line was developed through over-expression of lactate dehydrogenase C (LDH-C). In fed-batch culture, sodium lactate or sodium pyruvate was supplemented into the culture medium to simulate the environment of lactate accumulation, and LDH-C over-expression increased the highest viable cell density by over 30 and 50 %, respectively, on day 5, meanwhile the viability was also improved significantly since day 5 compared with that of the control. The percentages of cells suffering early and late apoptosis decreased by 3.2 to 12.5 and 2.0 to 4.3 %, respectively, from day 6 onwards in the fed-batch culture when 40 mM sodium pyruvate was added compared to the control. The results were confirmed by mitochondrial membrane potential assay. In addition, the expression of cleaved caspases 3 and 7 decreased in cells over-expressing LDH-C, suggesting the mitochondrial pathway was involved in the LDH-C regulated anti-apoptosis. In conclusion, a novel cell line with higher lactate tolerance, lowered lactate production, and alleviated apoptosis response was developed by over-expression of LDH-C, which may potentially represent an efficient and labor-saving approach in generating recombinant proteins.
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43
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Konakovsky V, Clemens C, Müller MM, Bechmann J, Berger M, Schlatter S, Herwig C. Metabolic Control in Mammalian Fed-Batch Cell Cultures for Reduced Lactic Acid Accumulation and Improved Process Robustness. Bioengineering (Basel) 2016; 3:bioengineering3010005. [PMID: 28952567 PMCID: PMC5597163 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering3010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomass and cell-specific metabolic rates usually change dynamically over time, making the "feed according to need" strategy difficult to realize in a commercial fed-batch process. We here demonstrate a novel feeding strategy which is designed to hold a particular metabolic state in a fed-batch process by adaptive feeding in real time. The feed rate is calculated with a transferable biomass model based on capacitance, which changes the nutrient flow stoichiometrically in real time. A limited glucose environment was used to confine the cell in a particular metabolic state. In order to cope with uncertainty, two strategies were tested to change the adaptive feed rate and prevent starvation while in limitation: (i) inline pH and online glucose concentration measurement or (ii) inline pH alone, which was shown to be sufficient for the problem statement. In this contribution, we achieved metabolic control within a defined target range. The direct benefit was two-fold: the lactic acid profile was improved and pH could be kept stable. Multivariate Data Analysis (MVDA) has shown that pH influenced lactic acid production or consumption in historical data sets. We demonstrate that a low pH (around 6.8) is not required for our strategy, as glucose availability is already limiting the flux. On the contrary, we boosted glycolytic flux in glucose limitation by setting the pH to 7.4. This new approach led to a yield of lactic acid/glucose (Y L/G) around zero for the whole process time and high titers in our labs. We hypothesize that a higher carbon flux, resulting from a higher pH, may lead to more cells which produce more product. The relevance of this work aims at feeding mammalian cell cultures safely in limitation with a desired metabolic flux range. This resulted in extremely stable, low glucose levels, very robust pH profiles without acid/base interventions and a metabolic state in which lactic acid was consumed instead of being produced from day 1. With this contribution, we wish to extend the basic repertoire of available process control strategies, which will open up new avenues in automation technology and radically improve process robustness in both process development and manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Konakovsky
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Division of Biochemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1A 166-4, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christoph Clemens
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Dep. Bioprocess Development, Biberach, Germany.
| | - Markus Michael Müller
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Dep. Bioprocess Development, Biberach, Germany.
| | - Jan Bechmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Dep. Bioprocess Development, Biberach, Germany.
| | - Martina Berger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Dep. Bioprocess Development, Biberach, Germany.
| | - Stefan Schlatter
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Dep. Bioprocess Development, Biberach, Germany.
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Division of Biochemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1A 166-4, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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Toussaint C, Henry O, Durocher Y. Metabolic engineering of CHO cells to alter lactate metabolism during fed-batch cultures. J Biotechnol 2015; 217:122-31. [PMID: 26603123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant yeast pyruvate carboxylase (PYC2) expression was previously shown to be an effective metabolic engineering strategy for reducing lactate formation in a number of relevant mammalian cell lines, but, in the case of CHO cells, did not consistently lead to significant improvement in terms of cell growth, product titer and energy metabolism efficiency. In the present study, we report on the establishment of a PYC2-expressing CHO cell line producing a monoclonal antibody and displaying a significantly altered lactate metabolism compared to its parental line. All clones exhibiting strong PYC2 expression were shown to experience a significant and systematic metabolic shift toward lactate consumption, as well as a prolonged exponential growth phase leading to an increased maximum cell concentration and volumetric product titer. Of salient interest, PYC2-expressing CHO cells were shown to maintain a highly efficient metabolism in fed-batch cultures, even when exposed to high glucose levels, thereby alleviating the need of controlling nutrient at low levels and the potential negative impact of such strategy on product glycosylation. In bioreactor operated in fed-batch mode, the higher maximum cell density achieved with the PYC2 clone led to a net gain (20%) in final volumetric productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Toussaint
- Département de Biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada; Life Sciences, NRC Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, Building Montreal-Royalmount, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec H4P 2R2, Canada.
| | - Olivier Henry
- Département de Génie Chimique, École Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada.
| | - Yves Durocher
- Département de Biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada; Life Sciences, NRC Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, Building Montreal-Royalmount, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec H4P 2R2, Canada.
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45
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Sriyudthsak K, Uno H, Gunawan R, Shiraishi F. Using dynamic sensitivities to characterize metabolic reaction systems. Math Biosci 2015; 269:153-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Lewis AM, Abu-Absi NR, Borys MC, Li ZJ. The use of 'Omics technology to rationally improve industrial mammalian cell line performance. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:26-38. [PMID: 26059229 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biologics represent an increasingly important class of therapeutics, with 7 of the 10 top selling drugs from 2013 being in this class. Furthermore, health authority approval of biologics in the immuno-oncology space is expected to transform treatment of patients with debilitating and deadly diseases. The growing importance of biologics in the healthcare field has also resulted in the recent approvals of several biosimilars. These recent developments, combined with pressure to provide treatments at lower costs to payers, are resulting in increasing need for the industry to quickly and efficiently develop high yielding, robust processes for the manufacture of biologics with the ability to control quality attributes within narrow distributions. Achieving this level of manufacturing efficiency and the ability to design processes capable of regulating growth, death and other cellular pathways through manipulation of media, feeding strategies, and other process parameters will undoubtedly be facilitated through systems biology tools generated in academic and public research communities. Here we discuss the intersection of systems biology, 'Omics technologies, and mammalian bioprocess sciences. Specifically, we address how these methods in conjunction with traditional monitoring techniques represent a unique opportunity to better characterize and understand host cell culture state, shift from an empirical to rational approach to process development and optimization of bioreactor cultivation processes. We summarize the following six key areas: (i) research applied to parental, non-recombinant cell lines; (ii) systems level datasets generated with recombinant cell lines; (iii) datasets linking phenotypic traits to relevant biomarkers; (iv) data depositories and bioinformatics tools; (v) in silico model development, and (vi) examples where these approaches have been used to rationally improve cellular processes. We critically assess relevant and state of the art research being conducted in academic, government and industrial laboratories. Furthermore, we apply our expertise in bioprocess to define a potential model for integration of these systems biology approaches into biologics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Lewis
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 35 South Street, Hopkinton 01748, Massachusetts.
| | - Nicholas R Abu-Absi
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 35 South Street, Hopkinton 01748, Massachusetts
| | - Michael C Borys
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 35 South Street, Hopkinton 01748, Massachusetts
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 35 South Street, Hopkinton 01748, Massachusetts
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47
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Zalai D, Koczka K, Párta L, Wechselberger P, Klein T, Herwig C. Combining mechanistic and data-driven approaches to gain process knowledge on the control of the metabolic shift to lactate uptake in a fed-batch CHO process. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1657-68. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dénes Zalai
- Dept. of Biotechnology; Gedeon Richter Plc.; 19-21, Gyömrői Út Budapest H-1103 Hungary
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering; Vienna Austria
| | - Krisztina Koczka
- Dept. of Biotechnology; Gedeon Richter Plc.; 19-21, Gyömrői Út Budapest H-1103 Hungary
| | - László Párta
- Dept. of Biotechnology; Gedeon Richter Plc.; 19-21, Gyömrői Út Budapest H-1103 Hungary
| | - Patrick Wechselberger
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering; Vienna Austria
- CD Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses; Vienna Austria
| | - Tobias Klein
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering; Vienna Austria
- CD Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses; Vienna Austria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering; Vienna Austria
- CD Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses; Vienna Austria
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48
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Tuning a MAb glycan profile in cell culture: Supplementing N-acetylglucosamine to favour G0 glycans without compromising productivity and cell growth. J Biotechnol 2015; 214:105-12. [PMID: 26387447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute of many therapeutic proteins, particularly monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Nucleotide-sugar precursors supplemented to growth medium to affect the substrate supply chain of glycosylation has yielded promising but varied results for affecting glycosylation. Glucosamine (GlcN), a precursor for N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), is a major component of mammalian glycans. The supplementation of GlcN to CHO cells stably-expressing a chimeric heavy-chain monoclonal antibody, EG2-hFc, reduces the complexity of glycans to favour G0 glycoforms, while also negatively impacting cell growth. Although several researchers have examined the supplementation of glucosamine, no clear explanation of its impact on cell growth has been forthcoming. In this work, the glucosamine metabolism is examined. We identified the acetylation of GlcN to produce GlcNAc to be the most likely cause for the negative impact on growth due to the depletion of intracellular acetyl-CoA pools in the cytosol. By supplementing GlcNAc in lieu of GlcN to CHO cells producing EG2-hFc, we achieve the same shift in glycan complexity with marginal impacts on the cell growth and protein production.
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Sellick CA, Croxford AS, Maqsood AR, Stephens GM, Westerhoff HV, Goodacre R, Dickson AJ. Metabolite profiling of CHO cells: Molecular reflections of bioprocessing effectiveness. Biotechnol J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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50
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Rajendra Y, Balasubramanian S, Kiseljak D, Baldi L, Wurm FM, Hacker DL. Enhanced plasmid DNA utilization in transiently transfected CHO-DG44 cells in the presence of polar solvents. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1571-8. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yashas Rajendra
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC); École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL); Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Sowmya Balasubramanian
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC); École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL); Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Divor Kiseljak
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC); École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL); Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Lucia Baldi
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC); École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL); Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Florian M. Wurm
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC); École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL); Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - David L. Hacker
- Laboratory for Cellular Biotechnology (LBTC) and Protein Expression Core Facility (PECF); École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne (EPFL); Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
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