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Kim CY, Takeshita Y, Kugimoto T, Harada H, Park JS, Tubbs RS, Iwanaga J. Anatomy of the Buccal Space: Surgical and Radiological Perspectives. J Craniofac Surg 2024; 35:1972-1976. [PMID: 38885157 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000010411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Among the anatomical spaces in the head and neck area, the buccal space has often been studied in dental/oral surgery and cosmetic surgery because it contains the facial vessels, mandibular and facial nerves, and adipose tissue called the buccal fat pad. In addition, as the space can communicate with other spaces, it can be significant in infections. Although the anatomy of the buccal space has been reported in several studies, there have been discrepancies concerning its boundaries, and its communications have often been overlooked. The aim of this review is to examine the anatomy of buccal space including its boundaries, contents, continuity with adjacent spaces, and clinical significance. A literature review was performed on Google Scholar and PubMed. The literature has depicted the anterior, medial, and lateral boundaries more or less consistently, but descriptions of the posterior, superior, and inferior borders are controversial. The buccal space includes the facial arteries, veins, facial nerves, parotid duct, and lymph nodes, which can be described differently depending on definitions and the extent of the space. As it communicates with other anatomical spaces including the masticatory space, it can be a reservoir and a channel for infections and tumors. Buccal fat pads have various clinical applications, from a candidate for flap reconstruction to a target for removal for cosmetic purposes. This review will help understand the anatomy of the buccal space including its boundaries, residing structures, and communication with other spaces from surgical and radiological perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Yoh Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Yohei Takeshita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama
| | - Takuma Kugimoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical Oncology, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Harada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical Oncology, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jin Seo Park
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - R Shane Tubbs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
- Department of Neurology, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine
- Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Joe Iwanaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
- Department of Neurology, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine
- Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
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Inoue E, Iwanaga J, Han A, Tabira Y, Haikata Y, Kikuchi K, Saga T, Watanabe K. New anatomical findings in the mandibular body region: Two parts that make up bucco-mandibular space. Clin Anat 2024. [PMID: 39073165 DOI: 10.1002/ca.24204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Soft tissue spaces not only enable gliding by contraction of the facial muscles, but they also cause drooping of the superficial fat due to gravity in the upright position. This study was performed to clarify the structures around the bucco-mandibular space (BMS) and to apply this anatomical knowledge to clinical practice. Four sides of the face were dissected using a conventional gross anatomical dissection technique, and 10 sides (5 horizontal and 5 frontal sections) of the removed semi-facial soft tissue were dissected using the stretched tissue dissection (STD) method. Histological examination of the mandible was performed on two sides to confirm the findings of conventional gross anatomical dissection and STD. In all cases, both gross dissection and STD revealed that the BMS was composed of two parts. The superficial part was filled with adipose tissue containing nerves and vessels, including the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve, facial artery, facial vein, and mental nerve. We named this part the adipo-neuromandibular part. By contrast, the deep part was separated from the adipo-neurovascular part by facial deep fascia and composed of loose connective tissue. We named this deep part the loose connective tissue part. The STD method enabled us to obtain detailed anatomical findings of the mandibular region and elucidate two parts of the BMS in which the neurovasculature is distributed. We believe that these findings provide new insights into facial anatomy by resolving existing anatomical uncertainties and will contribute to safer surgical treatment in the facial region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Inoue
- Jyosui Dermatology Clinic, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Joe Iwanaga
- Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Aya Han
- Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoko Tabira
- Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuto Haikata
- Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keishiro Kikuchi
- Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saga
- Domain of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Nursing, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Watanabe
- Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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Kugimoto T, Nishii N, Oikawa Y, Kuroshima T, Hirai H, Tomioka H, Michi Y, Kayamori K, Sakamoto J, Iwanaga J, Tubbs RS, Ikeda T, Miura M, Harada H. Invasion of the bucco-mandibular space by oral squamous cell carcinoma: histopathological analysis of invasion pattern. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1168376. [PMID: 37901328 PMCID: PMC10602748 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1168376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to determine the patterns of invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) into the bucco-mandibular space (BMS) using detailed histopathological analysis and to assess clinical outcomes. Methods Patients with OSCC who underwent segmental mandibulectomy or hemi-mandibulectomy combined with resection of the BMS between 2012 and 2021 were included. The invasions of the BMS were classified into three patterns. Pattern A was defined as a horizontal invasion, Pattern B as a vertical invasion, and Pattern C as an expansive invasion. Results In total, 109 patients were reviewed. Of these 109 patients, the primary tumor affected the lower gingiva in 78 patients, the buccal mucosa in 18 patients, and was a primary intraosseous carcinoma of the mandible in 13 patients. Invasion of the BMS was significantly associated with a higher pathological T stage, positive/close margins, and lower disease-free survival (DFS) rates. The DFS rates were 86.7% and 66.0% in the BMS non-invasion and invasion groups, respectively. The DFS rates for each type of invasion were 82.1% for Pattern A, 67.4% for Pattern B, and 48.0% for Pattern C (P=0.277). Conclusion Patients with BMS invasion have a poorer prognosis than those without invasion of the BMS. Therefore, adjuvant therapy is necessary, especially in Patterns B and C. Evaluation of preoperative BMS invasion patterns is important for predicting the prognosis of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kugimoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical Oncology, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Nishii
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical Oncology, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Oikawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical Oncology, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuroshima
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical Oncology, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hirai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical Oncology, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tomioka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical Oncology, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Michi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical Oncology, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kou Kayamori
- Department of Oral Pathology, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichiro Sakamoto
- Department of Dental Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joe Iwanaga
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Anatomy, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - R. Shane Tubbs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Tohru Ikeda
- Department of Oral Pathology, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Miura
- Department of Dental Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Harada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical Oncology, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Manta K, Dabarakis N, Lillis T, Fotopoulos I. Anesthetic efficacy of buffered 4% articaine for mandibular first molar infiltration: a crossover clinical trial. J Dent Anesth Pain Med 2023; 23:135-141. [PMID: 37313270 PMCID: PMC10260355 DOI: 10.17245/jdapm.2023.23.3.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The limited studies on the effect of buffering on the clinical efficacy of articaine have reported controversial results. The purpose of this study was to clinically compare the pain of injection, anesthetic success, onset, and duration of pulpal anesthesia of buffered 4% articaine with epinephrine 1:100000 versus a non-buffered 4% articaine with epinephrine 1:100000 formulation for buccal infiltration of the mandibular first molar. Methods Sixty-three volunteers were enrolled in the study. All volunteers received two injections consisting of a single mandibular first molar buccal infiltration with 1.8 ml of 4% articaine with epinephrine 1:100000 and 1.8 ml of 4% articaine with epinephrine 1:100000 buffered with 8.4% sodium bicarbonate. The infiltrations were applied in two separate appointments spaced at least one week apart. After injection of the anesthetic solution at the examined site, the first molar was pulp-tested every 2 min for the next 60 min. Results Successful pulpal anesthesia was recorded in 69.8% of cases using non-buffered articaine solution and 76.2% of cases using buffered articaine solution, with no significant difference between the formulations (P = 0.219). The mean time of anesthesia onset for the volunteers with successful anesthetic outcome in both formulations (n = 43) was 6.6 ± 1.6 min for the non-buffered articaine solution and 4.5 ± 1.6 min for the buffered solution, which differed significantly (P = 0.001). In the same volunteers, the mean duration of pulpal anesthesia was 28.4 ± 7.1 min for non-buffered articaine solution and 30.2 ± 8.5 min for buffered articaine solution, with no significant difference between the formulations (P = 0.231). Considering the pain of injection, regardless of the anesthetic success, the mean values of VAS were 11.3 ± 8.2 mm for the non-buffered articaine solution and 7.8 ±6.5 mm for the buffered articaine solution, which differed significantly (P = 0.001 < 0.05). Conclusion According to the present study, 4% articaine with epinephrine can benefit from buffering and provide better anesthetic behavior, with improved onset and less pain during injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Manta
- Department of Dentoalveolar Surgery, Surgical implantology and Roentgenology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Dabarakis
- Department of Dentoalveolar Surgery, Surgical implantology and Roentgenology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodoros Lillis
- Department of Dentoalveolar Surgery, Surgical implantology and Roentgenology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Fotopoulos
- Department of Dentoalveolar Surgery, Surgical implantology and Roentgenology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Kikuta S, Iwanaga J, Kusukawa J, Tubbs RS. The mental artery: anatomical study and literature review. J Anat 2019; 236:564-569. [PMID: 31691967 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mental artery is a terminal branch of the inferior alveolar artery arising from the maxillary artery. It often communicates with the submental and inferior labial arteries branching off the facial artery. To our knowledge, few reports have described its anatomy and clinical significance in detail. The aim of this paper was to clarify the anatomy of the mental artery. Ten sides from five embalmed Caucasian cadaveric heads were used. The facial artery was identified at the point passing through a notch for the facial vessels and was traced medially. The mental artery and its anastomoses with other arteries were observed in detail. It was detected on all sides. Fourteen anastomoses were found, eight with the inferior labial artery and six with the submental artery. On one side, the mental artery directly supplied the lower lip with no anastomosis. The inferior labial artery tended to anastomose with the mental artery superior to the mental foramen and was likely to anastomose with the submental artery anterior to the mental foramen. We clarified the detailed anatomy of the mental artery. Our results could provide dentists with information that will help them to make oral surgery safer and more successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Kikuta
- Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Joe Iwanaga
- Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Jingo Kusukawa
- Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - R Shane Tubbs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada
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A new treatment for lingual nerve injury: an anatomical feasibility study for using a buccal nerve pedicle graft. Surg Radiol Anat 2019; 42:49-53. [PMID: 31538245 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-019-02345-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lingual nerve (LN) palsy is a serious complication in dentistry and repaired by direct suture or a free graft technique. To our knowledge, there has been no study using a (long) buccal nerve (BN) graft as a donor for LN repair. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the location of the BN and investigate if it is feasible to reroute the BN to the LN. METHODS Twenty-four sides from 12 fresh-frozen Caucasian cadaveric heads were used in this study. The mean age at death was 73.9 ± 13.4 years. The LN was dissected on the floor of the oral cavity medial to the third molar tooth. Next, the mucosa with the buccinator muscle, pterygomandibular raphe, and superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle on the retromolar area was retracted anteriorly to widen the pathway of the LN. Finally, the BN was cut and transposed to the LN through this widened pathway to its feasibility. RESULTS The mean diameter of the BN and vertical distance from the horizontal part of the retromolar trigone to the BN was 1.47 ± 0.32 mm and 18.53 ± 6.21 mm, respectively. On all sides, the BN was able to be transposed to the LN without tension. CONCLUSION Such a technique might be used for the patients with LN injury and who have lost sensation of the tongue.
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Releasing incisions of the buccal periosteum adjacent to the lower molar teeth can injure the facial artery: an anatomical study. Surg Radiol Anat 2019; 42:31-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00276-019-02319-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Iwanaga J, Watanabe K, Anand MK, Tubbs RS. Air dissection of the spaces of the head and neck: A new teaching and dissection method. Clin Anat 2019; 33:207-213. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.23454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joe Iwanaga
- Seattle Science Foundation Seattle Washington USA
- Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy, Department of AnatomyKurume University School of Medicine Kurume Fukuoka Japan
- Dental and Oral Medical CenterKurume University School of Medicine Kurume Fukuoka Japan
| | - Koichi Watanabe
- Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy, Department of AnatomyKurume University School of Medicine Kurume Fukuoka Japan
| | | | - R. Shane Tubbs
- Seattle Science Foundation Seattle Washington USA
- Department of Anatomical SciencesSt. George's University St. George's Grenada
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Altafulla J, Iwanaga J, Lachkar S, Prickett J, Dupont G, Yilmaz E, Ishak B, Litvack Z, Tubbs RS. The Great Auricular Nerve: Anatomical Study with Application to Nerve Grafting Procedures. World Neurosurg 2019; 125:e403-e407. [PMID: 30703599 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When it comes to autogenous nerve grafting, the sural and great auricular nerve (GAN) are the 2 nerves predominately used for trigeminal and facial nerve repair. Arising from the second and third cervical ventral rami, the GAN emerges from the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid coursing superiorly and anteriorly toward the ear. METHODS Eleven sides from 5 Caucasian and 1 Asian cadaveric heads (all fresh-frozen) were used. One man and 5 women were used with an age at death ranging from 57 to 91 years, with a mean of 80.3 years. Measurements were made from the inferior border of the ear to the GAN, the GAN to the external jugular vein, and the inferior border of the mastoid process to the GAN; the proximal, medial, and distal diameters of the GAN and the length of the GAN that was obtained from this exposure were also measured. RESULTS The mean distance from the inferior border of the mastoid process to the GAN, inferior border of the ear to the GAN, and GAN to the external jugular vein was 27.71, 31.03, and 13.28 mm, respectively. The mean length of the GAN was 74.86 mm. The mean diameter of its distal, middle, and proximal portions was 1.51, 1.38, and 1.58 mm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The GAN is an excellent option for use in nerve grafting for repair of, for example, facial dysfunction. In this study, we review our measurements, techniques for identification, and dissecting techniques for the GAN. The proximity to the operative area and minimal complications associated with GAN grafting might contribute to improved patient satisfaction and better outcomes regarding functional restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Altafulla
- Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA; Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA; Neurosurgery Department, Hospital Santo Tomas, Panama
| | - Joe Iwanaga
- Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA; Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
| | | | - Joshua Prickett
- Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Graham Dupont
- Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Emre Yilmaz
- Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA; Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Basem Ishak
- Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA; Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zachary Litvack
- Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - R Shane Tubbs
- Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada
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Iwanaga J, Watanabe K, Kusukawa J, Oskouian RJ, Tubbs RS. Intraoral Dissection of the Mimetic Muscles: Application to Dentistry and Oral Surgery. Cureus 2017; 9:e1939. [PMID: 29468095 PMCID: PMC5811163 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mimetic muscles contract and pull the overlying skin toward the muscle’s bony attachment. Numerous books and articles have shown the mimetic muscles via cadaveric dissection. However, for dentistry and oral surgery, the mimetic muscles have not been detailed from intraoral dissection. Recently, several papers have addressed various mimetic muscles in relation to intraoral dissection. However, to our knowledge, there has been no overview of these muscles beneath the oral mucosa. Here, we review the literature concerning the mimetic muscles as revealed during intraoral dissection, create novel illustrations, and discuss the relationship of these muscles with general dentistry and oral surgery. The mimetic muscles, which constitute the surface of the oral mucosa, the relationship of the labial and buccal frenulum and mimetic muscles, the relationship of the mucogingival junction and mimetic muscles, and other surgical procedures are discussed. A better understanding of the mimetic muscles from an intraoral perspective is important for those performing oral surgery and dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jingo Kusukawa
- Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine
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