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Bhattacharyya R, Jha BK. Analyzing fuzzy boundary value problems: a study on the influence of mitochondria and ER fluxes on calcium ions in neuron cells. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2024; 56:15-29. [PMID: 38064155 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-023-09994-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Cytosolic-free calcium ions play an important role in various physical and physiological processes. A vital component of neural signaling is the free calcium ion concentration often known as the second messenger. There are many parameters that effect the cytosolic free calcium concentration like buffer, voltage-gated ion channels, Endoplasmic reticulum, Mitochondria, etc. Mitochondria are small organelles located within the nervous system that are involved in processes within cells such as calcium homeostasis management, energy generation, response to stress, and cell demise pathways. In this work, a mathematical model with fuzzy boundary values has been developed to study the effect of Mitochondria and ER fluxes on free Calcium ions. The intended findings are displayed utilizing the physiological understanding that amyloid beta plaques and tangles of neurofibrillary fibers have been identified as the two main causes of AD. The key conclusion of the work is the investigation of [Formula: see text] for healthy cells and cells affected by Alzheimer's disease, which may aid in the study of such processes for computational scientists and medical practitioners. Also, it has been shown that when a unique solution is found for a specific precise problem, it also successfully deals with any underlying ambiguity within the problem by utilizing a technique based on the principles of linear transformation. Furthermore, the comparison between the analytical approach and the generalized hukuhara derivative approach is shown here, which illustrates the benefits of the analytical approach. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Bhattacharyya
- Department of Mathematics, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raisan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India
| | - Brajesh Kumar Jha
- Department of Mathematics, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Raisan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India.
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Mishra V, Adlakha N. Numerical simulation of calcium dynamics dependent ATP degradation, IP 3 and NADH production due to obesity in a hepatocyte cell. J Biol Phys 2023; 49:415-442. [PMID: 37410245 PMCID: PMC10651622 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-023-09639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca[Formula: see text]) signals have a crucial role in regulating various processes of almost every cell to maintain its structure and function. Calcium dynamics has been studied in various cells including hepatocytes by many researchers, but the mechanisms of calcium signals involved in regulation and dysregulation of various processes like ATP degradation rate, IP[Formula: see text] and NADH production rate respectively in normal and obese cells are still poorly understood. In this paper, a reaction diffusion equation of calcium is employed to propose a model of calcium dynamics by coupling ATP degradation rate, IP[Formula: see text] and NADH production rate in hepatocyte cells under normal and obese conditions. The processes like source influx, buffer, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondrial calcium uniporters (MCU) and Na[Formula: see text]/Ca[Formula: see text] exchanger (NCX) have been incorporated in the model. Linear finite element method is used along spatial dimension, and Crank-Nicolson method is used along temporal dimension for numerical simulation. The results have been obtained for the normal hepatocyte cells and for cells due to obesity. The comparative study of these results reveal significant difference caused due to obesity in Ca[Formula: see text] dynamics as well as in ATP degradation rate, IP[Formula: see text] and NADH production rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedika Mishra
- Department of Mathematics, SVNIT, Surat, 395007, Gujarat, India.
| | - Neeru Adlakha
- Department of Mathematics, SVNIT, Surat, 395007, Gujarat, India
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Hedengran A, Kolko M. The molecular aspect of anti-glaucomatous eye drops - are we harming our patients? Mol Aspects Med 2023; 93:101195. [PMID: 37459821 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness. Progression is halted with a reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP), which is most often achieved with eye drops. A major challenge in the topical treatment of glaucoma patients is the many side effects and the resulting reduced adherence. Side effects may of course be due to the molecular properties of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). There are currently six different APIs available: prostaglandin analogues, β-adrenergic inhibitors, α-adrenergic agonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, rho-kinase inhibitors and muscarinic 3 agonists. But the additives used in eye drops are also known to cause damage to the ocular surface and to some extent also to the deeper tissues. Said additives are considered inactive molecular components and are added to secure for instance viscosity and pH value, and to prevent contamination. There has been an increasing focus on the harmful effects of preservatives, with the most commonly used preservative benzalkonium chloride (BAK) being particularly controversial. BAK has long been recognized as a toxin that increases the risk of ocular discomfort. This can affect the adherence and ultimately result in lack of disease control. Other issues include the addition of certain buffers, such as phosphates, and varying pH values. This review will address the different molecular components of the IOP-lowering eye drops and what to be aware of when prescribing topical glaucoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hedengran
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark; Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Valdemar Hansens Vej 1-23, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark; Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Valdemar Hansens Vej 1-23, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark.
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Martín-Turrero I, Sureda X, Escobar F, Bilal U, Berasaluce M, Valiente R. How Can We Measure Alcohol Outlet Density Around Schools? A Comparison Between Two Buffer-Based Methods. J Urban Health 2023:10.1007/s11524-023-00740-z. [PMID: 37351726 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-023-00740-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the density of alcohol outlets around schools is a critical step towards understanding the drivers of drinking among adolescents. Different methodologies have been used in the literature for this purpose, but the implications of using one methodology or another have not been clearly assessed. Our aim was to compare different methods to measure alcohol outlet density and highlight under which characteristics of the environment might be best using each approach. We used Geographic Information Systems to geolocate schools (n = 576) and alcohol outlets (n = 21,732) in Madrid. We defined the density of alcohol outlets as the number of establishments within an area of 400 m around schools measured using two buffering methods: crow flies' and street network distances. We evaluated the agreement between both methods visually and through regression models, including street connectivity, population density, and density of recreational venues as predictors of disagreement. The density of alcohol outlets around schools was higher using crow flies' distances compared to street network distances. The differences between methodologies were wider in areas of higher density of outlets, especially in the downtown areas, where there are higher population density and street connectivity. Our results suggest that the spatial characteristics and morphology of the study area (e.g., street connectivity and population density) should be considered when deciding the methodology to be used to measure alcohol outlet density. Future studies should explore the implications of different exposure measures in their association with drinking prevalence and consumption patterns among different geographical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Martín-Turrero
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Campus Universitario - Crta. de Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33,600. Alcalá de Henares, 28871, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xisca Sureda
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Campus Universitario - Crta. de Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33,600. Alcalá de Henares, 28871, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco Escobar
- Department of Geology, Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Usama Bilal
- Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Maitane Berasaluce
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Campus Universitario - Crta. de Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33,600. Alcalá de Henares, 28871, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Valiente
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Campus Universitario - Crta. de Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33,600. Alcalá de Henares, 28871, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Research on Environment, Society and Health (CRESH), School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium, London, UK
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Manta K, Dabarakis N, Lillis T, Fotopoulos I. Anesthetic efficacy of buffered 4% articaine for mandibular first molar infiltration: a crossover clinical trial. J Dent Anesth Pain Med 2023; 23:135-141. [PMID: 37313270 PMCID: PMC10260355 DOI: 10.17245/jdapm.2023.23.3.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The limited studies on the effect of buffering on the clinical efficacy of articaine have reported controversial results. The purpose of this study was to clinically compare the pain of injection, anesthetic success, onset, and duration of pulpal anesthesia of buffered 4% articaine with epinephrine 1:100000 versus a non-buffered 4% articaine with epinephrine 1:100000 formulation for buccal infiltration of the mandibular first molar. Methods Sixty-three volunteers were enrolled in the study. All volunteers received two injections consisting of a single mandibular first molar buccal infiltration with 1.8 ml of 4% articaine with epinephrine 1:100000 and 1.8 ml of 4% articaine with epinephrine 1:100000 buffered with 8.4% sodium bicarbonate. The infiltrations were applied in two separate appointments spaced at least one week apart. After injection of the anesthetic solution at the examined site, the first molar was pulp-tested every 2 min for the next 60 min. Results Successful pulpal anesthesia was recorded in 69.8% of cases using non-buffered articaine solution and 76.2% of cases using buffered articaine solution, with no significant difference between the formulations (P = 0.219). The mean time of anesthesia onset for the volunteers with successful anesthetic outcome in both formulations (n = 43) was 6.6 ± 1.6 min for the non-buffered articaine solution and 4.5 ± 1.6 min for the buffered solution, which differed significantly (P = 0.001). In the same volunteers, the mean duration of pulpal anesthesia was 28.4 ± 7.1 min for non-buffered articaine solution and 30.2 ± 8.5 min for buffered articaine solution, with no significant difference between the formulations (P = 0.231). Considering the pain of injection, regardless of the anesthetic success, the mean values of VAS were 11.3 ± 8.2 mm for the non-buffered articaine solution and 7.8 ±6.5 mm for the buffered articaine solution, which differed significantly (P = 0.001 < 0.05). Conclusion According to the present study, 4% articaine with epinephrine can benefit from buffering and provide better anesthetic behavior, with improved onset and less pain during injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Manta
- Department of Dentoalveolar Surgery, Surgical implantology and Roentgenology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Dabarakis
- Department of Dentoalveolar Surgery, Surgical implantology and Roentgenology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodoros Lillis
- Department of Dentoalveolar Surgery, Surgical implantology and Roentgenology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Fotopoulos
- Department of Dentoalveolar Surgery, Surgical implantology and Roentgenology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Dhake P, Nagpal D, Chaudhari P, Lamba G, Hotwani K, Singh P. Buffered articaine infiltration for primary maxillary molar extractions: a randomized controlled study. J Dent Anesth Pain Med 2022; 22:387-394. [PMID: 36246033 PMCID: PMC9536944 DOI: 10.17245/jdapm.2022.22.5.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental pain management is an important aspect of patient management in pediatric dentistry. Articaine is considered the most successful anesthetic agent for infiltration anesthesia. Buffered articaine has been observed to have faster onset and longer duration of action with less pain on injection. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare pain on injection, onset of action, and pain during extraction using buffered (using Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)) and non-buffered 4% articaine (with 1:100000 adrenaline) infiltrations for primary maxillary molar extractions in 4-10-year-old children. METHODS Seventy children who required extraction of maxillary primary molars were enrolled in this triple-blind randomized study. Children undergoing extraction were randomly divided into two groups, with 35 in each group. The study group was the buffered articaine group; the control group was the non-buffered articaine group. Buccal and palatal infiltrations were administered with either buffered or non-buffered articaine. Subjective evaluation was done for pain on injection, pain during extraction using Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (WBFPR) and onset of anesthesia in seconds. Pain on injection, pain during extraction were objectively evaluated using Sound Eye Motor (SEM) scale and onset of anesthesia was also evaluated objectively by pricking with sharp dental probe. RESULTS The outcome was, significantly less pain on injection and significantly faster onset of anesthesia with significantly less pain during extraction for both subjective and objective evaluations in the buffered articaine group. Subgroup analysis was also performed and it showed variable results, with only significant difference for WBFPR scores in age subgroup 4-7 years for palatal infiltration. CONCLUSION Less pain on injection, faster onset of anesthesia, and less pain during extraction were observed when buffered articaine was used for maxillary primary molar extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Dhake
- Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, VSPM's Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, India
| | - Devendra Nagpal
- Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, VSPM's Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, India
| | - Purva Chaudhari
- Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, VSPM's Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, India
| | - Gagandeep Lamba
- Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, VSPM's Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, India
| | - Kavita Hotwani
- Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, VSPM's Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, India
| | - Prabhat Singh
- Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, VSPM's Dental College and Research Centre, Nagpur, India
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McLaughlin KA, Rosen ML, Kasparek SW, Rodman AM. Stress-related psychopathology during the COVID-19 pandemic. Behav Res Ther 2022; 154:104121. [PMID: 35642991 PMCID: PMC9110305 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2022.104121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced widespread societal changes that have required ongoing adaptation. Unsurprisingly, stress-related psychopathology has increased during the pandemic, in both children and adults. We review these patterns through the lens of several leading conceptual models of the link between stress and psychopathology. Some of these models focus on characteristics of environmental stressors-including cumulative risk, specific stressor types, and stress sensitization approaches. Understanding the specific aspects of environmental stressors that are most likely to lead to psychopathology can shed light on who may be in most need of clinical intervention. Other models center on factors that can buffer against the onset of psychopathology following stress and the mechanisms through which stressors contribute to emergent psychopathology. These models highlight specific psychosocial processes that may be most usefully targeted by interventions to reduce stress-related psychopathology. We review evidence for each of these stress models in the context of other widescale community-level disruptions, like natural disasters and terrorist attacks, alongside emerging evidence for these stress pathways from the COVID-19 pandemic. We discuss clinical implications for developing interventions to reduce stress-related psychopathology during the pandemic, with a focus on brief, digital interventions that may be more accessible than traditional clinical services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maya L Rosen
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, USA
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Fernández CE, Brandao ACS, Bícego-Pereira EC, Del Bel Cury AA, Cury JA, Tenuta LMA. Effect of pH and titratable acidity on enamel and dentine erosion. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:5867-5873. [PMID: 35588021 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04544-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The relative effect of pH and titratable acidity on tooth erosion remains unclear. We determined the effect of both properties on in vivo salivary pH recovery and on enamel and dentine early erosion in situ. METHODS Solutions simulating acidic beverages with different pHs (2.5 or 3.5) and titratable acidities (0, 25, or 100 mM citric acid) were tested. In an in vivo study (n = 20 participants), the salivary pH was determined before, during, and up to 2 min after exposure to the tested solutions. In situ, 12 participants exposed enamel and root dentine slabs to the tested solutions simulating a beverage consumption; early erosion was assessed by percentage of surface hardness loss (%SHL). Groups were compared by ANOVA (p < 0.05). RESULTS Saliva pH was lower after exposure to solutions at pH 2.5, irrespective of titratable acidity; pH recovery took longer for solutions with higher titratable acidities, irrespective of their pHs. In situ, the highest %SHL was observed for the solution with lower pH and higher titratable acidities. The addition of citric acid increased the %SHL by 2.5-3 times in enamel, and at least 5 times in dentine. CONCLUSIONS Both pH and titratable acidity may play a role on the erosive potential of acidic beverages. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Acidic beverages with lower pHs promote erosion by an initial acid etching of the surface; those with a higher titratable acidity slow down the salivary pH recovery. Both properties contribute to the overall erosive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza E Fernández
- Cariology Unit, Department Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty Health Sciences, University of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | | | | | | | - Jaime A Cury
- Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Livia M A Tenuta
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011 N. University Ave. Room 5223, MI, 48109-1078, Ann Arbor, USA.
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Moore DRJ, Priest CD, Brayden BH, Hanzas JP, Arpino MR, Richardson L, Stryker J, Banman C, Rodney SI, Chapple A, Hall T, Isemer R, Ortego L, Rodea‐Palomares I, Tang J, Wang M, Xu T, Yang Y. A field spray drift study to determine the downwind effects of isoxaflutole herbicide to nontarget plants. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022; 18:757-769. [PMID: 34383375 PMCID: PMC9293113 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Spray drift buffers are often required on herbicide labels to prevent potential drift effects to nontarget plants. Buffers are typically derived by determining the distance at which predicted exposure from spray drift equals the ecotoxicology threshold for sensitive plant species determined in greenhouse tests. Field studies performed under realistic conditions have demonstrated, however, that this approach is far more conservative than necessary. In 2016, the US Environmental Protection Agency estimated that isoxaflutole (IFT), a herbicide used to control grass and broadleaf weeds, could adversely affect downwind nontarget dicot plants at distances of ≥304 m from the edge of the treated field due to spray drift. This prediction implies that a buffer of at least 304 m is required to protect nontarget plants. To refine the predicted buffer distance for IFT, we conducted a field study in which sensitive nontarget plants (lettuce and navy bean, two to four leaf stage) were placed at various distances downwind from previously harvested soybean fields sprayed with Balance® Flexx Herbicide. The test plants were then transported to a greenhouse for grow out following the standard vegetative vigor test protocol. There were three trials. One had vegetation in the downwind deposition area (i.e., test plants placed in mowed grass; typical exposure scenario) and two had bare ground deposition areas (worst-case exposure scenario). For both plant species in bare ground deposition areas, effects on shoot height and weight were observed at 1.52 m but not at downwind distances of ≥9.14 m from the edge of the treated area. No effects were observed at any distance for plants placed in the vegetated deposition area. The field study demonstrated that a buffer of 9.14 m protects nontarget terrestrial plants exposed to IFT via spray drift even under worst-case conditions. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:757-769. © 2021 Bayer. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chris Banman
- SynTech Research Laboratory Services LLCStilwellKansasUSA
| | | | | | | | - Rena Isemer
- Bayer AG, Crop Science DivisionMonheimGermany
| | | | | | - Jane Tang
- Bayer CropScience LPChesterfieldMissouriUSA
| | | | - Tianbo Xu
- Bayer CropScience LPChesterfieldMissouriUSA
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Naik J, Kulkarni D, Kadu P, Pandya A, Kale P. Use of In silico tools for screening buffers to overcome physical instability of Abatacept. Transpl Immunol 2022; 71:101551. [PMID: 35122959 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2022.101551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder. Abatacept (CTLA4-Ig) is used for the treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis. Abatacept is a monoclonal antibody. Monoclonal antibodies undergo chemical (e.g. oxidation, deamidation, hydrolysis) and physical (e.g. aggregation, unfolding) instabilities while handling and storage. Abatacept is also prone to aggregation. Stabilizing agents such as buffers are used to stabilize monoclonal antibodies. But, the selection of the appropriate buffer is a time-consuming process because after testing many buffers based on the analysis of the results the appropriate buffer is identified. To overcome this issue in the current study computational tools were utilized to virtually screen different buffers to select the appropriate buffer. Ligand binding is the principal mechanism of conformational stability of proteins. For the buffers as well ligand binding is the most common mechanism for enhancing the thermodynamic stability of proteins. Generally it is observed that by enhancing the thermodynamic stability there is reduction in the rate of aggregation of proteins. Buffer (ligand) binds to the native state of the protein preferentially; it results in stabilization of the protein, while in the case of denatured protein it has no impact. There are many studies conducted involving the proteins in buffer solutions but very limited information is available about the mechanism of protein-buffer interactions. In the current study ligand binding mechanism of protein - buffer interaction was studied using molecular docking. After the docking buffers were ranked according to their energy value. The lower energy scores represent better protein-buffer (ligand) binding affinity compared to high energy values. It was observed that Phosphate with a binding affinity of -107.9 kcal/mol was the buffer with the least binding energy followed by Citrate (-70.6 kcal/mol), Melglumine (-66.6 kcal/mol), Arginine (-64.5 kcal/mol), Glucono delta lactone (-62.6 kcal/mol), Sodium citrate (-56.5 kcal/mol), Tromethamine (-52.3 kcal/mol), Glycine HCl (-37.2 kcal/mol), Sulfuric acid (-37.7 kcal/mol), Ammonium acetate (-31.1 kcal/mol), Acetic acid (-30.7 kcal/mol). With lower binding energy higher is the affinity between the ligand and protein. So phosphate was identified as a buffer with the highest affinity with Abatacept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janhavi Naik
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Duttraj Kulkarni
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Pramod Kadu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400056, India.
| | - Aditya Pandya
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Pravin Kale
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400056, India
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Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) in vitro potency has been shown to be dependent on drug load, with higher drug load providing lower IC50 values. However, in vivo potency is affected by intrinsic biological effects as well, such as plasma clearance, dose-limiting toxicity, etc. Developing a preparative HIC process for ADC purification to isolate species with a specific drug loading involves several steps including conjugation optimization, resin selection, solubility studies gradient screening, and step gradient development (buffer selection). In this chapter, the rationale and general considerations for developing a preparative hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) method are described for isolation of an example ADC with specific drug load, e.g., two monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) payloads (E2).
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Gene SM, Hoekstra PF, Hannam C, White M, Truman C, Hanson ML, Prosser RS. The role of vegetated buffers in agriculture and their regulation across Canada and the United States. J Environ Manage 2019; 243:12-21. [PMID: 31077866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A vegetated buffer, barrier, or filter strip is a parcel of land that is designated to separate land used for agriculture from valued aquatic or terrestrial habitats. It exists partly with the intent to diffuse runoff and to impeded sediment, nutrients, pesticides, and other constituents from reaching off-site surface waters. Mandatory buffer implementation is regulated at various levels of government in North America - from the federal to the state and provincial levels, and by some municipalities and counties. To better understand the degree and breadth of oversight, we undertook a comprehensive search and review of vegetative buffer regulations across North America. We determined the width of buffer required, under what habitat or field conditions, for which pesticides, and application type, amongst other attributes. For ground application, margins ranged from 1 m to upwards of greater than 4000 m depending on protection goals, with some being compound specific and others being generally applied to all registered pesticides/compounds. These buffers tended to be used most often to protect surface water, groundwater (e.g. drinking water wells), and nearby sensitive crops, but the required distances are generally not consistent between jurisdictions, regardless of the stated protection goals. We recommend that a thorough science-based review take place, with input from relevant stakeholders, to harmonize vegetated buffer size for effective surface water protection where ecological, climatic, and agricultural conditions are sufficiently similar in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Gene
- University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - C Hannam
- Synthesis Agri-Food Network, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - M White
- Syngenta Crop Protection LLC, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - C Truman
- Syngenta Crop Protection LLC, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - M L Hanson
- University of Manitoba, Department of Environment and Geography, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - R S Prosser
- University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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13
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M M A, Khatri A, Kalra N, Tyagi R, Khandelwal D. Pain perception and efficacy of local analgesia using 2% lignocaine, buffered lignocaine, and 4% articaine in pediatric dental procedures. J Dent Anesth Pain Med 2019; 19:101-109. [PMID: 31065592 PMCID: PMC6502762 DOI: 10.17245/jdapm.2019.19.2.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to compare the pain perception and anesthetic efficacy of 2% lignocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine, buffered lignocaine, and 4% articaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine for the inferior alveolar nerve block. Methods This was a double-blind crossover study involving 48 children aged 5–10 years, who received three inferior alveolar nerve block injections in three appointments scheduled one week apart from the next. Pain on injection was assessed using the Wong-Baker Faces pain scale and the sound eye motor scale (SEM). Efficacy of anesthesia was assessed by subjective (tingling or numbness of the lip, tongue, and corner of mouth) and objective signs (pain on probing). Results Pain perception on injection assessed with Wong-Baker scale was significantly different between buffered lignocaine and lignocaine (P < 0.001) and between buffered lignocaine and articaine (P = 0.041). The onset of anesthesia was lowest for buffered lignocaine, with a statistically significant difference between buffered lignocaine and lignocaine (P < 0.001). Moreover, the efficacy of local analgesia assessed using objective signs was significantly different between buffered lignocaine and lignocaine (P < 0.001) and between lignocaine and articaine. Conclusion Buffered lignocaine was the least painful and the most efficacious anesthetic agent during the inferior alveolar nerve block injection in 5–10-year-old patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsal M M
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, UCMS (University of Delhi) & GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Amit Khatri
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, UCMS (University of Delhi) & GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Namita Kalra
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, UCMS (University of Delhi) & GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Rishi Tyagi
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, UCMS (University of Delhi) & GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Khandelwal
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, UCMS (University of Delhi) & GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
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14
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Bobulescu IA, Park SK, Xu LR, Blanco F, Poindexter J, Adams-Huet B, Davidson TL, Sakhaee K, Maalouf NM, Moe OW. Net Acid Excretion and Urinary Organic Anions in Idiopathic Uric Acid Nephrolithiasis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 14:411-420. [PMID: 30745301 PMCID: PMC6419274 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.10420818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Idiopathic uric acid nephrolithiasis, which is closely associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome, is increasing in prevalence. Unduly acidic urine pH, the quintessential pathophysiologic feature of this disease, is in part explained by inadequate excretion of the principal urinary buffer ammonium. The role of net acid excretion in the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis is incompletely understood. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS We compared acid-base parameters of patients with idiopathic uric acid nephrolithiasis with matched control subjects under controlled diets in an inpatient metabolic unit. Measurements included fasting blood and 24-hour urine chemistries and 24-hour urine metabolomic analysis. Comparisons between groups included analysis of covariance models controlling for urine pH or body mass index. RESULTS Subjects with idiopathic uric acid nephrolithiasis had lower urine pH (5.5 versus 5.9; P<0.001) and higher net acid excretion (60 versus 43 mEq/24 h; P<0.001), with the excess H+ carried by nonammonium buffers. In all subjects, there was a positive relationship of net acid excretion with higher body mass index in spite of strictly controlled equivalent dietary acid intake. This relationship was most evident among control subjects (r=0.36; P=0.03). It was attenuated in patients with idiopathic uric acid nephrolithiasis whose net acid excretion remained fixedly high and ammonium excretion remained low relative to net acid excretion, resulting in low urine pH over a wide body mass index range. Urinary metabolomics was performed to attempt to identify excess organic acids presented to the kidney in idiopathic uric acid nephrolithiasis. Among the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and amino acid and lipid metabolites analyzed, 26 organic anions with acid dissociation constants values in the range of urine pH showed greater protonation. However, protons carried by the identified organic acids did not entirely account for the higher titratable acidity seen in idiopathic uric acid nephrolithiasis. CONCLUSIONS Higher acid load to the kidney, resulting in higher urinary net acid excretion, is an important factor in the pathogenesis of idiopathic uric acid nephrolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Alexandru Bobulescu
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | | | - L.H. Richie Xu
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research and Departments of
| | - Francisco Blanco
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research and Departments of
| | - John Poindexter
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research and Departments of
| | - Beverley Adams-Huet
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research and Departments of
- Clinical Sciences, and
| | | | - Khashayar Sakhaee
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research and Departments of
| | - Naim M. Maalouf
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research and Departments of
| | - Orson W. Moe
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research and Departments of
- Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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15
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Gough LA, Brown D, Deb SK, Sparks SA, McNaughton LR. The influence of alkalosis on repeated high-intensity exercise performance and acid-base balance recovery in acute moderate hypoxic conditions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2489-2498. [PMID: 30196448 PMCID: PMC6244684 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3975-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Exacerbated hydrogen cation (H+) production is suggested to be a key determinant of fatigue in acute hypoxic conditions. This study, therefore, investigated the effects of NaHCO3 ingestion on repeated 4 km TT cycling performance and post-exercise acid–base balance recovery in acute moderate hypoxic conditions. Methods Ten male trained cyclists completed four repeats of 2 × 4 km cycling time trials (TT1 and TT2) with 40 min passive recovery, each on different days. Each TT series was preceded by supplementation of one of the 0.2 g kg−1 BM NaHCO3 (SBC2), 0.3 g kg−1 BM NaHCO3 (SBC3), or a taste-matched placebo (0.07 g kg−1 BM sodium chloride; PLA), administered in a randomized order. Supplements were administered at a pre-determined individual time to peak capillary blood bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3−]). Each TT series was also completed in a normobaric hypoxic chamber set at 14.5% FiO2 (~ 3000 m). Results Performance was improved following SBC3 in both TT1 (400.2 ± 24.1 vs. 405.9 ± 26.0 s; p = 0.03) and TT2 (407.2 ± 29.2 vs. 413.2 ± 30.8 s; p = 0.01) compared to PLA, displaying a very likely benefit in each bout. Compared to SBC2, a likely and possible benefit was also observed following SBC3 in TT1 (402.3 ± 26.5 s; p = 0.15) and TT2 (410.3 ± 30.8 s; p = 0.44), respectively. One participant displayed an ergolytic effect following SBC3, likely because of severe gastrointestinal discomfort, as SBC2 still provided ergogenic effects. Conclusion NaHCO3 ingestion improves repeated exercise performance in acute hypoxic conditions, although the optimal dose is likely to be 0.3 g kg−1 BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Anthony Gough
- Sport and Physical Activity Department, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, B13 3TN, UK. .,Sports Nutrition and Performance Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK.
| | - Danny Brown
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK
| | - Sanjoy K Deb
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK
| | - S Andy Sparks
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK
| | - Lars R McNaughton
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK.,Department of Sport and Movement Studies, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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16
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Abstract
The ability to prepare accurate solutions, reagents, and buffers will determine the outcome of a successful experiment. Much time and effort spent in a lab will consist of making solutions, reagents, and buffers. This chapter introduces and refreshes the skill of making solutions including: molarity (M) concentration, percentage (%) concentration, mass/volume concentrations, X-factor concentration, working concentrations from stock solutions, conversions from percentage (%) to molarity (M) concentration, and conversions from molarity (M) to percentage (%) concentration. Basic formulas and examples for how to make solution concentrations are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Singleton
- Department of Biological Science, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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17
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Dhondup T, Qian Q. Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders in Patients with and without Chronic Kidney Disease: An Update. Kidney Dis (Basel) 2017; 3:136-148. [PMID: 29344508 PMCID: PMC5757582 DOI: 10.1159/000479968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Kidneys play a pivotal role in the maintenance and regulation of acid-base and electrolyte homeostasis, which is the prerequisite for numerous metabolic processes and organ functions in the human body. Chronic kidney diseases compromise the regulatory functions, resulting in alterations in electrolyte and acid-base balance that can be life-threatening. In this review, we discuss the renal regulations of electrolyte and acid-base balance and several common disorders including metabolic acidosis, alkalosis, dysnatremia, dyskalemia, and dysmagnesemia. Common disorders in chronic kidney disease are also discussed. The most recent and relevant advances on pathophysiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and management of these conditions have been incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qi Qian
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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18
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Abstract
Over the past several decades, bicarbonate therapy continues to be used routinely in the treatment of acute metabolic acidosis in critically ill neonates despite the lack of evidence for its effectiveness in the treatment of acid-base imbalance, and evidence indicating that it may be detrimental. Clinicians often feel compelled to use bicarbonate since acidosis implies a need for such therapy and thus the justification for its use is based on hearsay rather than science. This review summarizes the evidence and refutes the clinical practice of administering sodium bicarbonate to treat metabolic acidosis associated with several specific clinical syndromes in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Collins
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rakesh Sahni
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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19
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Lizotte R, Locke M, Bingner R, Steinriede RW, Smith S. Effectiveness of Integrated Best Management Practices on Mitigation of Atrazine and Metolachlor in an Agricultural Lake Watershed. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2017; 98:447-453. [PMID: 28078369 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-2020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The study examined the influence of land-use (cropping patterns) and integrated agricultural best management practices (BMPs) on spring herbicide levels in an agricultural watershed. Atrazine and metolachlor were applied for weed control during spring of 1998-2002, 2005, and 2007-2013. Watershed-wide mass of applied herbicides ranged from 12.7 to 209.2 g atrazine and 10.9-302.2 g metolachlor with greatest application during 1998, 2009-2010 (atrazine) and 2007-2013 (metolachlor). Spring herbicide concentrations in Beasley Lake water ranged from below detection to 3.54 μg atrazine/L and 3.01 μg metolachlor/L. Multiple linear regression analyses with cropping patterns, BMPs, rainfall and time as independent variables, showed atrazine applications were associated with increases in cotton acreage and quail buffer, while metolachlor applications increased over time. Multiple linear regressions showed lake atrazine concentrations were associated with conservation tillage, rainfall, and corn, while lake metolachlor concentrations were associated with the cumulative metolachlor application and sediment retention pond installation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lizotte
- USDA-ARS, National Sedimentation Laboratory, Oxford, MS, 38655, USA.
| | - Martin Locke
- USDA-ARS, National Sedimentation Laboratory, Oxford, MS, 38655, USA
| | - Ronald Bingner
- USDA-ARS, National Sedimentation Laboratory, Oxford, MS, 38655, USA
| | | | - Sammie Smith
- USDA-ARS, National Sedimentation Laboratory, Oxford, MS, 38655, USA
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20
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Guay PJ, van Dongen WFD, Robinson RW, Blumstein DT, Weston MA. AvianBuffer: An interactive tool for characterising and managing wildlife fear responses. Ambio 2016; 45:841-851. [PMID: 27055852 PMCID: PMC5055477 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0779-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The characterisation and management of deleterious processes affecting wildlife are ideally based on sound scientific information. However, relevant information is often absent, or difficult to access or contextualise for specific management purposes. We describe 'AvianBuffer', an interactive online tool enabling the estimation of distances at which Australian birds respond fearfully to humans. Users can input species assemblages and determine a 'separation distance' above which the assemblage is predicted to not flee humans. They can also nominate the diversity they wish to minimise disturbance to, or a specific separation distance to obtain an estimate of the diversity that will remain undisturbed. The dataset is based upon flight-initiation distances (FIDs) from 251 Australian bird species (n = 9190 FIDs) and a range of human-associated stimuli. The tool will be of interest to a wide audience including conservation managers, pest managers, policy makers, land-use planners, education and public outreach officers, animal welfare proponents and wildlife ecologists. We discuss possible applications of the data, including the construction of buffers, development of codes of conduct, environmental impact assessments and public outreach. This tool will help balance the growing need for biodiversity conservation in areas where humans can experience nature. The online resource will be expanded in future iterations to include an international database of FIDs of both avian and non-avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick-Jean Guay
- Applied Ecology Research Group and Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Footscray Park Campus, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC MC 8001 Australia
| | - Wouter F. D. van Dongen
- Applied Ecology Research Group and Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Footscray Park Campus, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC MC 8001 Australia
| | - Randall W. Robinson
- Applied Ecology Research Group and Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Footscray Park Campus, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC MC 8001 Australia
| | - Daniel T. Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Michael A. Weston
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125 Australia
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21
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de Andrade Kratz C, de Salles Painelli V, de Andrade Nemezio KM, da Silva RP, Franchini E, Zagatto AM, Gualano B, Artioli GG. Beta-alanine supplementation enhances judo-related performance in highly-trained athletes. J Sci Med Sport 2016; 20:403-408. [PMID: 27601217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In official judo competitions, athletes usually engage in 5-7 matches in the same day, performing numerous high-intensity efforts interspersed by short recovery intervals. Thus, glycolytic demand in judo is high and acidosis may limit performance. Carnosine is a relevant intracellular acid buffer whose content is increased with beta-alanine supplementation. Thus, we hypothesized that beta-alanine supplementation could attenuate acidosis and improve judo performance. DESIGN Twenty-three highly-trained judo athletes were randomly assigned to receive either beta-alanine (6.4gday-1) or placebo (dextrose, same dosage) for 4 weeks. METHODS Performance was assessed before (PRE) and after (POST) supplementation through a 5-min simulated fight (randori) followed by 3 bouts of the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT). Blood samples were collected for blood pH, bicarbonate (HCO3-) and lactate determination. RESULTS Beta-alanine supplementation improved the number of throws per set and the total number of throws (both p<0.05). Placebo did not change these variables (both p>0.05). Blood pH and HCO3- reduced after exercise (all p<0.001), with no between-group differences (all p>0.05). However, the lactate response to exercise increased in the beta-alanine group as compared to placebo (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, 4 weeks of beta-alanine supplementation effectively enhance judo-related performance in highly-trained athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline de Andrade Kratz
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor de Salles Painelli
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Rafael Pires da Silva
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emerson Franchini
- Combat Sports and Martial Arts Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Moura Zagatto
- Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Faculty of Sciences, Paulista State University, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Giannini Artioli
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Ahmadi-Motamayel F, Falsafi P, Goodarzi MT, Poorolajal J. Comparison of Salivary pH, Buffering Capacity and Alkaline Phosphatase in Smokers and Healthy Non-Smokers: Retrospective cohort study. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2016; 16:e317-21. [PMID: 27606111 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2016.16.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Saliva contains alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-a key intracellular enzyme related to destructive processes and cellular damage-and has buffering capacity (BC) against acids due to the presence of bicarbonate and phosphate ions. Smoking may have deleterious effects on the oral environment due to pH changes which can affect ALP activity. This study aimed to evaluate the salivary pH, BC and ALP activity of male smokers and healthy non-smokers. METHODS This retrospective cohort study took place between August 2012 and December 2013. A total of 251 healthy male non-smokers and 259 male smokers from Hamadan, Iran, were selected. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from each participant and pH and BC were determined using a pH meter. Salivary enzymes were measured by spectrophotometric assay. RESULTS Mean salivary pH (7.42 ± 0.48 and 7.52 ± 0.43, respectively; P = 0.018) and BC (3.41 ± 0.54 and 4.17 ± 0.71; P = 0.001) was significantly lower in smokers compared to non-smokers. Mean ALP levels were 49.58 ± 23.33 IU/L among smokers and 55.11 ± 27.85 IU/L among non-smokers (P = 0.015). CONCLUSION Significantly lower pH, BC and ALP levels were observed among smokers in comparison to a healthy control group. These salivary alterations could potentially be utilised as biochemical markers for the evaluation of oral tissue function and side-effects among smokers. Further longitudinal studies are recommended to evaluate the effects of smoking on salivary components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ahmadi-Motamayel
- Dental Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Parisa Falsafi
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad T Goodarzi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Jalal Poorolajal
- Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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23
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Helpman L, Besser A, Neria Y. Acute posttraumatic stress symptoms but not generalized anxiety symptoms are associated with severity of exposure to war trauma: A study of civilians under fire. J Anxiety Disord 2015; 35:27-34. [PMID: 26343559 PMCID: PMC4623950 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress (PTSS) and generalized anxiety symptoms (GAS) may ensue following trauma. While they are now thought to represent different psychopathological entities, it is not clear whether both GAS and PTSS show a dose-response to trauma exposure. The current study aimed to address this gap in knowledge and to investigate the moderating role of subjects' demographics in the exposure-outcome associations. The sample included 249 civilian adults, assessed during the 2014 Israel-Gaza military conflict. The survey probed demographic information, trauma exposure, and symptoms. PTSS but not GAS was associated with exposure severity. Women were at higher risk for both PTSS and GAS than men. In addition, several demographic variables were only associated with PTSS levels. PTSS dose-response effect was moderated by education. These findings are in line with emerging neurobiological and cognitive research, suggesting that although PTSS and GAS have shared risk factors they represent two different psychopathological entities. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Helpman
- Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit #69, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - Avi Besser
- Sapir Academic College, D.N. Hof Ashkelon, 79165, Israel.
| | - Yuval Neria
- Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit #69, New York, NY 10032, United States.
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Heaton JC, Russell JJ, Underwood T, Boughtflower R, McCalley DV. Comparison of peak shape in hydrophilic interaction chromatography using acidic salt buffers and simple acid solutions. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1347:39-48. [PMID: 24813934 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The retention and peak shape of neutral, basic and acidic solutes was studied on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) stationary phases that showed both strong and weak ionic retention characteristics, using aqueous-acetonitrile mobile phases containing either formic acid (FA), ammonium formate (AF) or phosphoric acid (PA). The effect of organic solvent concentration on the results was also studied. Peak shape was good for neutrals under most mobile phase conditions. However, peak shapes for ionised solutes, particularly for basic compounds, were considerably worse in FA than AF. Even neutral compounds showed deterioration in performance with FA when the mobile phase water concentration was reduced. The poor performance in FA cannot be entirely attributed to the negative impact of ionic retention on ionised silanols on the underlying silica base materials, as results using PA at lower pH (where their ionisation is suppressed) were inferior to those in AF. Besides the moderating influence of the salt cation on ionic retention, it is likely that salt buffers improve peak shape due to the increased ionic strength of the mobile phase and its impact on the formation of the water layer on the column surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Heaton
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Joseph J Russell
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Tim Underwood
- Analytical Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | | | - David V McCalley
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
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Ibrahim-Hashim A, Wojtkowiak JW, de Lourdes Coelho Ribeiro M, Estrella V, Bailey KM, Cornnell HH, Gatenby RA, Gillies RJ. Free Base Lysine Increases Survival and Reduces Metastasis in Prostate Cancer Model. J Cancer Sci Ther 2011; Suppl 1:JCST-S1-004. [PMID: 24032073 PMCID: PMC3768133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant tumor cells typically metabolize glucose anaerobically to lactic acid even under normal oxygen tension, a phenomenon called aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect. This results in increased acid production and the acidification of the extracellular microenvironment in solid tumors. H+ ions tend to flow along concentration gradients into peritumoral normal tissue causing extracellular matrix degradation and increased tumor cell motility thus promoting invasion and metastasis. We have shown that reducing this acidity with sodium bicarbonate buffer decreases the metastatic fitness of circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer and other cancer models. Mathematical models of the tumor-host dynamics predicted that buffers with a pka around 7 will be more effective in reducing intra- and peri-tumoral acidosis and, thus, and possibly more effective in inhibiting tumor metastasis than sodium bicarbonate which has a pKa around 6. Here we test this prediction the efficacy of free base lysine; a non-bicarbonate/non-volatile buffer with a higher pKa (~10), on prostate tumor metastases model. METHODS Oxygen consumption and acid production rate of PC3M prostate cancer cells and normal prostate cells were determined using the Seahorse Extracellular Flux (XF-96) analyzer. In vivo effect of 200 mM lysine started four days prior to inoculation on inhibition of metastasis was examined in PC3M-LUC-C6 prostate cancer model using SCID mice. Metastases were followed by bioluminescence imaging. RESULTS PC3M prostate cancer cells are highly acidic in comparison to a normal prostate cell line indicating that reduction of intra- and perit-tumoral acidosis should inhibit metastases formation. In vivo administration of 200 mM free base lysine increased survival and reduced metastasis. CONCLUSION PC3M prostate cancer cells are highly glycolytic and produce large amounts of acid when compared to normal prostate cells. Administration of non-volatile buffer decreased growth of metastases and improved survival indicating acidity plays a significant role in growth and invasion in-vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kate M. Bailey
- Department of Imaging, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center Tampa, FL 33612
| | | | - Robert A. Gatenby
- Department of Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Robert J Gillies
- Department of Imaging, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center Tampa, FL 33612
- Department of Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center Tampa, FL 33612
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Roy RN, Roy LN, Fuge MS, Roy CN, Himes CA, Bryant PA, Robinson KT, Kaufmann DA, Grove CH, Ghosh T, Bwashi A. Buffer Standards for the Physiological pH of the Zwitterionic Compound, ACES from 5 to 55°C. J SOLUTION CHEM 2009; 38:471-483. [PMID: 20161482 PMCID: PMC2794201 DOI: 10.1007/s10953-009-9380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The values of the second dissociation constant pK2 and related thermodynamic quantities of [N-(2-acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid] (ACES) have already been reported over the temperature range 5 to 55°C including 37°C. This paper reports the paH values of four chloride ion free buffer solutions and eight buffer solutions with I = 0.16 mol·kg -1, matching closely to that of the physiological sample. Conventional paH values for all twelve buffer solutions from 5 to 55°C, are reported. The residual liquid junction potential correction for two widely used temperatures, 25 and 37°C, has been made. The flowing-junction calomel cell method has been utilized to measure Ej , the liquid junction potential. The operational pH values for four buffer solutions at 25 and 37°C are calculated using the physiological phosphate buffer standard based on NBS/NIST convention. These solutions are recommended as pH standards in the pH range of 6.8 to 7.2 for physiological fluids.
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