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Hamada M, Varkoly KS, Riyadh O, Beladi R, Munuswamy-Ramanujam G, Rawls A, Wilson-Rawls J, Chen H, McFadden G, Lucas AR. Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor (uPAR) in Inflammation and Disease: A Unique Inflammatory Pathway Activator. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1167. [PMID: 38927374 PMCID: PMC11201033 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is a unique protease binding receptor, now recognized as a key regulator of inflammation. Initially, uPA/uPAR was considered thrombolytic (clot-dissolving); however, recent studies have demonstrated its predominant immunomodulatory functions in inflammation and cancer. The uPA/uPAR complex has a multifaceted central role in both normal physiological and also pathological responses. uPAR is expressed as a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked receptor interacting with vitronectin, integrins, G protein-coupled receptors, and growth factor receptors within a large lipid raft. Through protein-to-protein interactions, cell surface uPAR modulates intracellular signaling, altering cellular adhesion and migration. The uPA/uPAR also modifies extracellular activity, activating plasminogen to form plasmin, which breaks down fibrin, dissolving clots and activating matrix metalloproteinases that lyse connective tissue, allowing immune and cancer cell invasion and releasing growth factors. uPAR is now recognized as a biomarker for inflammatory diseases and cancer; uPAR and soluble uPAR fragments (suPAR) are increased in viral sepsis (COVID-19), inflammatory bowel disease, and metastasis. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the structure, function, and current studies examining uPAR and suPAR as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Understanding uPAR is central to developing diagnostic markers and the ongoing development of antibody, small-molecule, nanogel, and virus-derived immune-modulating treatments that target uPAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Hamada
- College of Medicine, Kansas City University, 1750 Independence Ave, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA; (M.H.); (O.R.)
| | - Kyle Steven Varkoly
- Department of Internal Medicine, McLaren Macomb Hospital, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, 1000 Harrington St., Mt Clemens, MI 48043, USA
| | - Omer Riyadh
- College of Medicine, Kansas City University, 1750 Independence Ave, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA; (M.H.); (O.R.)
| | - Roxana Beladi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ascension Providence Hospital, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, 16001 W Nine Mile Rd, Southfield, MI 48075, USA;
| | - Ganesh Munuswamy-Ramanujam
- Molecular Biology and Immunobiology Division, Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India;
| | - Alan Rawls
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (A.R.); (J.W.-R.)
| | - Jeanne Wilson-Rawls
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (A.R.); (J.W.-R.)
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Tumor Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China;
| | - Grant McFadden
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 727 E Tyler St., Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
| | - Alexandra R. Lucas
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 727 E Tyler St., Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
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Chang M, Ellmaker K, Esposito A, Lauricella A, Pa S, Roberts M, Kurt RA. The Impact of Tumor-Associated Macrophages Found at Mammary Carcinoma Sites is Dependent Upon the Tumor Type. Immunol Invest 2023; 52:909-924. [PMID: 37647339 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2023.2252463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we reported that tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) at early sites of mammary carcinoma showed a decrease in ATP production rate and a higher dependence on oxidative phosphorylation. METHODS Since these changes can result from activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and glucose transporter 1 (Glut1) during metabolic stress, we investigated whether the TAM showed increased expression of ampk and glut1, as well as another indicator of metabolic stress, pkm2. Indeed, the TAM exhibited significant expression of pkm2, glut1, and ampk. RESULTS Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) co-cultured with 4T1, EMT6, and 168 in vitro similarly showed increased expression of pkm2, glut1, and ampk. Moreover, lactate, which is expressed at significant levels by all three tumors, induced expression of these same genes in BMDM suggesting that lactate may induce a metabolic stress response in these TAM. Yet, the three different mammary carcinoma models benefited from different targeting strategies. Macrophage depletion studies revealed that the TAM contributed to growth of the EMT6 tumor and metastasis of the 4T1 tumor. Targeting the stress response with the Integrated Stress Response Inhibitor (ISRIB), which targets eIF2, impacted 168 tumor progression, and ISRIB as well as FX-11, which targets lactate dehydrogenase, impacted 4T1 tumor progression and metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data demonstrate that targeting TAM or metabolism at early tumor sites can impact tumor progression. However, variability in the responses underscore the fact that the impact of macrophages differs even within three different syngeneic mammary carcinoma models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musea Chang
- Department of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Abigail Esposito
- Department of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Sophea Pa
- Department of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meghan Roberts
- Department of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert A Kurt
- Department of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, USA
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Azawi N, Mosholt KSS, Fryd ND, Lund L, Brignone JI, Hvid N, Wulf-Johansson H, Pedersen OBV, Saekmose SG, Dabestani S. suPARnostic: an advanced predictive tool for detecting recurrence in renal cell carcinoma. BMC Urol 2023; 23:168. [PMID: 37875832 PMCID: PMC10594785 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-023-01337-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma soluble urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator Receptor (suPAR) predicts disease aggressiveness in renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), but its prognostic accuracy has not been investigated. To investigate the prognostic accuracy of preoperative plasma suPAR in patients who received curative treatment for initially localized ccRCC. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed plasma samples stored in the Danish National Biobank between 2010 and 2015 from 235 patients with ccRCC at any stage. Relationships with outcome analyzed using univariate and multiple logistic Cox regression analysis. RESULTS There were 235 patients with ccRCC. The median follow-up period was 7.7 years. In univariate analysis suPAR ≥ 6 ng/mL was significantly associated with overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS). Patients with elevated suPAR were more likely to recur, with a Hazard Ratio (HR) of 2.3 for RFS. In multiple logistic regression, suPAR ≥ 6 ng/mL remained a negative predictor of OS and RFS. Limitations include retrospective study design, wide confidence intervals, and tumor subtype heterogeneity bias. CONCLUSIONS ccRCC patients with high plasma suPAR concentrations are at an elevated risk of disease recurrence and see lower OS. suPAR is a promising surveillance tool to more precisely follow up with ccRCC patients and detect future recurrences. In this study, we showed that new type of liquid marker in blood plasma, called suPAR, is associated to a higher risk of kidney cancer recurrence when elevated above 6ng/mL. We also showed suPAR to independently be able to predict patients overall and recurrence free survival in patient with any stage of kidney cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nessn Azawi
- Department of Urology, Zealand University Hospital, Sygehusvej 6, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Norregade 10, copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1165, Denmark.
| | | | - Nathalie Demuth Fryd
- Deparment of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Lund
- Deparment of Urology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winslows Vej 4, Odense, 5000, Denmark
| | - Juan Ignacio Brignone
- Department of Urology, Aalborg University hospital, Hobrovej 18-22, Aalborg, Aalborg, 9100, Denmark
| | - Nanna Hvid
- Deparment of Urology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winslows Vej 4, Odense, 5000, Denmark
| | - Helle Wulf-Johansson
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Naestved Hospital, Ringstedgade 61, Naestved, Naestved, 4700, Denmark
| | | | - Susanne Gjørup Saekmose
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Naestved Hospital, Ringstedgade 61, Naestved, Naestved, 4700, Denmark
| | - Saeed Dabestani
- Department of Urology, Kristianstad Central Hospital, Region Skane, Kristianstad, Sweden
- Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Urological Cancers, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Li H, Wang Z, Yu S, Chen S, Zhou Y, Qu Y, Xu P, Jiang L, Yuan C, Huang M. Albumin-based drug carrier targeting urokinase receptor for cancer therapy. Int J Pharm 2023; 634:122636. [PMID: 36696930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is a key participant in extracellular proteolysis, tissue remodeling and cell motility. uPAR overexpresses in most solid tumors and several hematologic malignancies, but has low levels on normal tissues, thus is advocated as a molecular target for cancer therapy. One of the obstacles for the evaluation of uPAR targeting agents in preclinical study is the species specificity, where targeting agents for human uPAR usually not bind to murine uPAR. Here, we develop a targeting agent that binds to both murine and human uPAR. This targeting agent is genetically fused to human serum albumin, a commonly used drug carrier, and the final construct is named as uPAR targeting carrier (uPARTC). uPARTC binds specifically to uPAR-overexpressing 293T/huPAR and 293T/muPAR as demonstrated by flow cytometry. A cytotoxic compound, celastrol, is embedded into uPARTC non-covalently. The resulting macromolecular complex show effective proliferation inhibition on both murine and human uPAR overexpressing cells, and exhibit potent antitumor efficacy on hepatoma H22-bearing mice. This work demonstrates that uPARTC is a promising tumor targeting drug carrier, which address the species-specificity challenge of uPAR targeting agents and can be used to load other cytotoxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Li
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Zhiyou Wang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Shujuan Yu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Shanli Chen
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Yuhan Qu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Peng Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Longguang Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Cai Yuan
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China.
| | - Mingdong Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350108, China.
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Metrangolo V, Ploug M, Engelholm LH. The Urokinase Receptor (uPAR) as a "Trojan Horse" in Targeted Cancer Therapy: Challenges and Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215376. [PMID: 34771541 PMCID: PMC8582577 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Discovered more than three decades ago, the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has now firmly established itself as a versatile molecular target holding promise for the treatment of aggressive malignancies. The copious abundance of uPAR in virtually all human cancerous tissues versus their healthy counterparts has fostered a gradual shift in the therapeutic landscape targeting this receptor from function inhibition to cytotoxic approaches to selectively eradicate the uPAR-expressing cells by delivering a targeted cytotoxic insult. Multiple avenues are being explored in a preclinical setting, including the more innovative immune- or stroma targeting therapies. This review discusses the current state of these strategies, their potentialities, and challenges, along with future directions in the field of uPAR targeting. Abstract One of the largest challenges to the implementation of precision oncology is identifying and validating selective tumor-driving targets to enhance the therapeutic efficacy while limiting off-target toxicity. In this context, the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has progressively emerged as a promising therapeutic target in the management of aggressive malignancies. By focalizing the plasminogen activation cascade and subsequent extracellular proteolysis on the cell surface of migrating cells, uPAR endows malignant cells with a high proteolytic and migratory potential to dissolve the restraining extracellular matrix (ECM) barriers and metastasize to distant sites. uPAR is also assumed to choreograph multiple other neoplastic stages via a complex molecular interplay with distinct cancer-associated signaling pathways. Accordingly, high uPAR expression is observed in virtually all human cancers and is frequently associated with poor patient prognosis and survival. The promising therapeutic potential unveiled by the pleiotropic nature of this receptor has prompted the development of distinct targeted intervention strategies. The present review will focus on recently emerged cytotoxic approaches emphasizing the novel technologies and related limits hindering their application in the clinical setting. Finally, future research directions and emerging opportunities in the field of uPAR targeting are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Metrangolo
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (V.M.); (M.P.)
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Ploug
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (V.M.); (M.P.)
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars H. Engelholm
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (V.M.); (M.P.)
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-31-43-20-77
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Blomberg K, Hansen TF, Brasen CL, Madsen JB, Jensen LH, Thomsen CB. The Soluble Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor as a Biomarker for Survival and Early Treatment Effect in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5100. [PMID: 34680247 PMCID: PMC8534079 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is prognostic for overall survival (OS) in colorectal cancer (CRC). Our study explored the association between baseline suPAR and OS and progression-free survival (PFS) in metastatic CRC (mCRC). It is also the first study to explore the association between the initial change in suPAR level and OS, PFS and the first CT response evaluation. The study included 132 patients with mCRC treated with chemotherapy (FOLFIRI) with or without an EGFR-inhibitor. Blood samples were drawn before the first treatment cycle and in between the first and second treatment cycle. suPAR levels were determined using an ELISA assay. Using the Kaplan-Meyer method, we demonstrated a significantly shorter OS for patients with suPAR levels above the median (HR = 1.79, 95%CI = 1.10-2.92, p = 0.01). We also showed association between plasma suPAR level, gender and performance status (PS). However, we could not show any association with PFS, and analysis on the change in suPAR level provided no significant results. The results showing association between baseline suPAR and OS are in line with previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Blomberg
- Department of Health Science, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark;
- Danish Colorectal Cancer Center South, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark; (T.F.H.); (L.H.J.)
| | - Torben F. Hansen
- Danish Colorectal Cancer Center South, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark; (T.F.H.); (L.H.J.)
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark;
| | - Claus L. Brasen
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark;
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark;
| | - Jeppe B. Madsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark;
| | - Lars H. Jensen
- Danish Colorectal Cancer Center South, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark; (T.F.H.); (L.H.J.)
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark;
- Open Patient Data Explorative Network, The Clinical Institute, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Caroline B. Thomsen
- Danish Colorectal Cancer Center South, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark; (T.F.H.); (L.H.J.)
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Dohn LH, Thind P, Salling L, Lindberg H, Oersted S, Christensen IJ, Laerum OD, Illemann M, von der Maase H, Høyer-Hansen G, Pappot H. Circulating Forms of Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor in Plasma Can Predict Recurrence and Survival in Patients with Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102377. [PMID: 34069121 PMCID: PMC8156453 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bladder cancer is an aggressive disease and after operation many patients are at risk of recurrence and shortened survival. Specific proteins are known to be of importance in the development of cancers. One of these proteins is the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) which exists in different forms. We here investigate the presence of the different uPAR forms in plasma from patients with bladder cancer, and we associate the elevated amount of uPAR forms with survival. We find that high levels of all uPAR forms is associated with short survival in patients with bladder cancer and suggest that this in the future might help improve handling of the disease. Abstract Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder is a highly aggressive disease characterised by a very heterogeneous clinical outcome. Despite cystectomy, patients still have a high recurrence risk and shortened survival. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is present in tumour tissue specimens from patients with urothelial carcinoma. The different uPAR forms in blood are strong prognostic markers in other cancer types. We investigate the presence of different uPAR forms in tumour tissue and test the hypothesis that preoperative plasma levels of the uPAR forms predict recurrence free survival, cancer specific survival, and overall survival in patients treated with cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma. Using Western blotting we analyse neoplasia and adjacent benign-appearing urothelium from randomly selected patients for the presence of intact and cleaved uPAR forms. Prospectively collected preoperative plasma samples from 107 patients who underwent radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma are analysed. The different uPAR forms are measured by time-resolved fluorescence immunoassays. uPAR in tumour tissue from patients with urothelial carcinoma is demonstrated in both an intact and cleaved form. The different uPAR forms in plasma are all significantly associated with both recurrence free survival, cancer specific survival, and overall survival, high concentrations predicting short survival. uPAR (I) has the strongest association with a HR of 2.56 for overall survival. In the multivariable survival analysis uPAR (I) is significantly associated with cancer specific survival and overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line H. Dohn
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.O.); (H.v.d.M.); (H.P.)
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Biocenter, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, Building 3, 3rd Floor, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (I.J.C.); (O.D.L.); (M.I.); (G.H.-H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-40783032
| | - Peter Thind
- Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (P.T.); (L.S.)
| | - Lisbeth Salling
- Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (P.T.); (L.S.)
| | - Henriette Lindberg
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Borgmester Ib Juuls Vej 1, 2730 Herlev, Denmark;
| | - Sofie Oersted
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.O.); (H.v.d.M.); (H.P.)
| | - Ib J. Christensen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Biocenter, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, Building 3, 3rd Floor, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (I.J.C.); (O.D.L.); (M.I.); (G.H.-H.)
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Hvidovre Hospital, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Ole D. Laerum
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Biocenter, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, Building 3, 3rd Floor, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (I.J.C.); (O.D.L.); (M.I.); (G.H.-H.)
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Illemann
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Biocenter, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, Building 3, 3rd Floor, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (I.J.C.); (O.D.L.); (M.I.); (G.H.-H.)
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans von der Maase
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.O.); (H.v.d.M.); (H.P.)
| | - Gunilla Høyer-Hansen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Biocenter, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, Building 3, 3rd Floor, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (I.J.C.); (O.D.L.); (M.I.); (G.H.-H.)
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle Pappot
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.O.); (H.v.d.M.); (H.P.)
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The Urokinase Receptor: A Multifunctional Receptor in Cancer Cell Biology. Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084111. [PMID: 33923400 PMCID: PMC8073738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis is a key event in several biological processes; proteolysis must be tightly controlled because its improper activation leads to dramatic consequences. Deregulation of proteolytic activity characterizes many pathological conditions, including cancer. The plasminogen activation (PA) system plays a key role in cancer; it includes the serine-protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). uPA binds to a specific cellular receptor (uPAR), which concentrates proteolytic activity at the cell surface, thus supporting cell migration. However, a large body of evidence clearly showed uPAR involvement in the biology of cancer cell independently of the proteolytic activity of its ligand. In this review we will first describe this multifunctional molecule and then we will discuss how uPAR can sustain most of cancer hallmarks, which represent the biological capabilities acquired during the multistep cancer development. Finally, we will illustrate the main data available in the literature on uPAR as a cancer biomarker and a molecular target in anti-cancer therapy.
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Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Macrophages in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081921. [PMID: 33923410 PMCID: PMC8072570 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are large phagocytic cells that can be classified as a type of white blood cell and may be either mobile or stationary in tissues. The presence of macrophages in essentially every major disease makes them attractive candidates to serve as therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers. Macrophages that are found in the microenvironment of solid tumors are referred to as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and have been shown to influence chemoresistance, immune regulation, tumor initiation and tumor growth. The imaging of TAMs through Positron Emission Tomography (PET) has the potential to provide valuable information on cancer biology, tumor progression, and response to therapy. This review will highlight the versatility of macrophage imaging in cancer through the use of PET.
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Prognostic significance and targeting tumor-associated macrophages in cancer: new insights and future perspectives. Breast Cancer 2021; 28:539-555. [PMID: 33661479 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-021-01231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are phagocytic sentinel cells of the immune system that are central to both innate and adaptive immune responses and serve as the first line of defense against pathogenic insults to tissues. In the tumor microenvironment, tumor-derived factors induce monocyte polarization towards a pro-tumor phenotype. The pro-tumor macrophages regulate key steps in tumorigenicity including tumor growth, angiogenesis, immune suppression, and metastasis. Macrophage infiltration in solid tumors correlates with poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy in most cancers. Here in this review, we will shed light on tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in regulating tumorigenicity and TAMs as a prognostic biomarker. Also, we will review the recent advances in targeting TAMs to increase the prognosis of cancer patients.
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Cui D, Yuan W, Chen C, Han R. Identification of colorectal cancer-associated macrophage biomarkers by integrated bioinformatic analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2021; 14:1-8. [PMID: 33532018 PMCID: PMC7847498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore colorectal tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) biomarkers for early diagnosis and surveillance of colorectal cancer (CRC). We used bioinformatic methods to screen array expression data of CRC-related macrophages (GEO: GSE29214) to detect the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between CRC-related macrophages and normal control cells. We found 431 DEGs in TAMs compared with the control group; 399 were up-regulated and 32 were down-regulated. A functional enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were involved in positive regulation of the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade, cell activation involved in the immune response, cytokine-mediated signaling pathway, and receptor activity, all of which were significantly enriched. We constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network to identify hub genes. We identified 10 hub genes: ITGB2, ITGAM, C3AR1, PTAFR, C3, CYBB, FCER1G, PLAU, STOM, and GPR84, in the PPI network. We verified the results using array expression data of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (GEO: GSE47756). The results showed that the expression trends of CYBB, PLAU, and STOM were consistent with those found in the GSE29214 dataset. Further verification with The Cancer Genome Atlas and Human Protein Atlas showed that the high expression of PLAU in TAMs was statistically significant (P<0.05). We concluded that PLAU may be a biomarker of CRC-associated macrophages and may have prognostic and predictive significance for clinical utility in CRC management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chen Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Institution of Drug Clinical Trial, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Medical College of Guizhou UniversityGuiyang, China
| | - Ran Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Institution of Drug Clinical Trial, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Medical College of Guizhou UniversityGuiyang, China
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12
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The Association between Plasma Levels of Intact and Cleaved uPAR Levels and the Risk of Biochemical Recurrence after Radical Prostatectomy for Prostate Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10110877. [PMID: 33126666 PMCID: PMC7694049 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10110877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Radical prostatectomy (RP) is a curatively intended treatment option for clinically localized non-metastatic prostate cancer (PCa). Novel biomarkers could refine treatment choice based on a better identification of men at risk of biochemical recurrence (BCR) following therapy. The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) system is a promising biomarker of aggressiveness in many cancers. The predictive value of uPAR after curatively intended treatment for PCa remains to be elucidated. This was a prospective evaluation of uPAR analysis in men with prostate cancer (Copenhagen uPAR prostate cancer (CuPCA) database). Risk of BCR following RP was analyzed using cumulative incidences with competing risk and tested with Gray’s test. Associations between quartile groups of uPAR levels and BCR were assessed with uni- and multivariate Cox proportional hazards. In total, 532 men were included. With more advanced tumor stage, Gleason score (GS), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) the uPAR I–III + II–III plasma levels increased. Quartile levels of plasma uPAR I–III, I–III + II–III showed no significant association between the risk of BCR and the plasma uPAR levels in uni- and multivariate analysis. Despite increased levels of uPAR I–III + II–III in advanced tumor stage, intact and cleaved uPAR levels were not associated with BCR and are not predictive biomarkers for BCR following curatively intended treatment of PCa. It is unlikely that further studies of uPAR in RP treated patients is needed.
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13
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Tumor-associated macrophage infiltration and prognosis in colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2020; 35:1203-1210. [PMID: 32303831 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-020-03593-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are key components of colorectal cancer (CRC) microenvironment, but their role in CRC prognosis is not fully defined. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate prognostic value of different types and distribution of TAMs in CRC. METHODS Total 27 studies with 6115 patients were searched from PubMed and Embase and analyzed to determine the association between TAMs, including distinct TAM subsets and infiltration location, and CRC survival. The prognostic impact of TAMs on CRC was further stratified by tumor type and mismatch repair system (MMR) status. RESULTS A pooled analysis indicated that high density of TAMs in CRC tissue was significantly associated with favorable 5-year overall survival (OS) but not with disease-free survival (DFS). CD 68+ TAM subset correlated with better 5-year OS, while neither CD68+NOS2+ M1 subset nor CD163+ M2 subset was correlated with 5-year OS. Increased CD68+ TAM infiltration in tumor stroma but not in tumor islet predicted improved 5-year OS. Stratification by tumor type and MMR status showed that in colon cancer or MMR-proficient CRC, elevated TAM density was associated with better 5-year OS. CONCLUSIONS High infiltration of CD68+ TAMs could be a favorable prognostic marker in CRC. Future therapies stimulating CD68+ TAM infiltration may be promising in CRC treatment.
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14
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Zhang C, Kurt RA. Indicators of a pro-tumor immune response are evident at early stages of breast cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 22:2153-2161. [PMID: 32410118 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02368-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
With advances in checkpoint inhibitor and CAR T-cell therapies, among other advances in immunotherapy, this is an exciting time to be a tumor immunologist. We are witnessing the transition of decades of work at the bench leading to substantial success in the clinic. While work continues developing new and improving existing immunotherapies, there remains a great deal of basic tumor immunology still to learn, information that can only lead to greater success in the clinic. One area in need of more attention is understanding the immune response at early stages of breast cancer. While there is no question that early diagnosis and treatment save lives, a greater understanding about the immune response during early stages of breast cancer may reveal information that could assist in monitoring individuals at risk of breast cancer, and could have implications for patients diagnosed at early stages of disease, and may provide important information about the origins of an immune-suppressive environment. Here, we review studies that have looked at the very early immune response to breast cancer focusing on patients with DCIS, before invasion in spontaneous transgenic murine mammary carcinoma models, and before transplantable or orthotopic murine mammary carcinoma models become palpable. The findings revealed that indicators of a pro-tumor immune response are already present at early stages of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - R A Kurt
- Department Biology, Rockwell Integrated Science Center, Lafayette College, Easton, PA, 18042, USA.
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15
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Analysis of macrophages and neutrophils infiltrating murine mammary carcinoma sites within hours of tumor delivery. Cell Immunol 2019; 346:103929. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.103929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Brungs D, Lochhead A, Iyer A, Illemann M, Colligan P, Hirst NG, Splitt A, Liauw W, Vine KL, Pathmanandavel S, Carolan M, Becker TM, Aghmesheh M, Ranson M. Expression of cancer stem cell markers is prognostic in metastatic gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. Pathology 2019; 51:474-480. [PMID: 31230819 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma is a common and highly lethal malignancy. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have a key role in the development and progression of metastatic disease. While expression of CSC markers CD44, CD133 and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) in locoregional gastroesophageal cancer is known to be associated with poorer clinical outcomes, the significance of CSC marker expression in distal metastatic disease is unknown. We investigated the clinicopathological and prognostic associations of the CSC markers, CD44, CD133, and ALDH1, on metastatic deposits from gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas, and evaluated the association of CSC expression with urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) expression. Of the 36 patients included in the study, 16 (44%) were positive for CD44, 13 (36%) were positive for CD133, and 26 (72%) were positive for ALDH1. CD44 expression was significantly associated with poorer overall survival (OS) in univariate [hazard ratio (HR) 2.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3-6.9, p=0.008] and multivariate analyses (HR 2.5, 95%CI 1.1-6.2, p=0.04). ALDH1 expression was significantly associated with poorer OS in univariate (HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.01-5.7, p=0.04) analysis but was not significant in multivariate analysis. Both CD44 and ALDH1 expression were significantly associated with uPAR expression. We found no association between CD133 expression and OS. CD44 expression on metastatic disease from gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas is an independent prognostic marker associated with poorer OS. These results expand current evidence to support the role of CSCs as biomarkers in metastatic gastroesophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brungs
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, NSW, Australia.
| | | | - Anita Iyer
- Southern IML Pathology, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Martin Illemann
- Biotech Research Innovation Centre - BRIC, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Ashleigh Splitt
- Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Winston Liauw
- Department of Medical Oncology, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kara L Vine
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Martin Carolan
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, NSW, Australia
| | - Therese M Becker
- CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Liverpool, NSW, Australia; South Western Medical School, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, Australia; Centre for Circulating Tumour Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Morteza Aghmesheh
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, NSW, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, NSW, Australia
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17
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Feng Q, Chang W, Mao Y, He G, Zheng P, Tang W, Wei Y, Ren L, Zhu D, Ji M, Tu Y, Qin X, Xu J. Tumor-associated Macrophages as Prognostic and Predictive Biomarkers for Postoperative Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients with Stage II Colon Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:3896-3907. [PMID: 30988081 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE For stage II colon cancer, the efficacy of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy remains controversial. It is well known that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are important in tumor progression. In this study, TAMs were investigated as prognostic and predictive biomarkers for the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II colon cancer after radical resection. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN This study enrolled two independent cohorts of consecutive patients from one medical center with pathologic stage II colon cancer after radical resections. Macrophages were detected using IHC staining of CD68 and CD206. Infiltration densities of CD68+ TAMs, CD206+ TAMs, and ratio of CD206+ TAMs/CD68+ TAMs (CD206/CD68 ratio) were calculated as prognostic and predictive biomarkers. RESULTS The primary and validation cohorts consisted of 521 and 314 patients, respectively. In both cohorts, high CD206/CD68 ratio was significantly associated with poor disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). As an independent risk factor, CD206/CD68 ratio also had significantly better prognostic efficacy than CD68+ TAM density, CD206+ TAM density, and traditional clinicopathologic high-risk factors. Moreover, adjuvant chemotherapy significantly improved DFS and OS for patients with high CD206/CD68 ratio but not for those with low CD206/CD68 ratio. The interaction analyses were also significant for DFS. In subgroup analysis, CD206/CD68 ratio was still a significant predictor for adjuvant chemotherapy for patients in traditional high-risk group of recurrence (significant interaction for DFS). CONCLUSIONS For stage II colon cancer, CD206/CD68 ratio is a better prognostic and predictive biomarker for postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. Together with clinicopathologic high-risk factors, it will aid in precision treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Feng
- General Surgery Department, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenju Chang
- General Surgery Department, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihao Mao
- General Surgery Department, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive, Shanghai, China
| | - Guodong He
- General Surgery Department, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- General Surgery Department, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive, Shanghai, China
| | - Wentao Tang
- General Surgery Department, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Wei
- General Surgery Department, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ren
- General Surgery Department, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive, Shanghai, China
| | - Dexiang Zhu
- General Surgery Department, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiling Ji
- General Surgery Department, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjiu Tu
- The 174th Hospital of PLA, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xinyu Qin
- General Surgery Department, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianmin Xu
- General Surgery Department, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive, Shanghai, China
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18
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Kather JN, Halama N. Harnessing the innate immune system and local immunological microenvironment to treat colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2019; 120:871-882. [PMID: 30936499 PMCID: PMC6734657 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0441-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress in the development of new immunotherapies has led to successful clinical trials for malignant melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer; however, for the majority of solid tumours of the gastrointestinal tract, little or no progress has been seen. The efficacy of immunotherapies is limited by the complexities of a diverse set of immune cells, and interactions between the tumour cells and all other cells in the local microenvironment of solid tumours. A large fraction of immune cells present in and around solid tumours derive from the innate arm of the immune system and using these cells against tumours offers an alternative immunotherapeutic option, especially as current strategies largely harness the adaptive arm of the immune system. This option is currently being investigated and attempts at using the innate immune system for gastrointestinal cancers are showing initial results. Several important factors, including cytokines, chemotherapeutics and the microbiome, influence the plasticity and functionality of innate (myeloid) cells in the microenvironment, and this complexity of regulation has limited translation into successful trials so far. In this review, current concepts of the immunobiology of the innate arm in the tumour microenvironment are presented in the context of clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Nikolas Kather
- Department of Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Translational Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niels Halama
- Department of Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Translational Immunotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology (HI-TRON), Mainz, Germany.
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19
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Silencing of uPAR via RNA interference inhibits invasion and migration of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:3983-3991. [PMID: 30128018 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has been implicated in promoting tumor invasion in various cancer types, including oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC); therefore, the effect of suppressing uPAR expression on the invasive and metastatic potential of OTSCC was investigated. A total of 65 paraffin-embedded tissues were obtained from patients with OTSCC. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression level of uPAR. The Ts cells transfected with short hairpin RNA targeting uPAR were constructed and validated. The cells were used in a number of in vitro analyses, including migration, invasion and western blot analysis assays. Furthermore, a mouse lung metastatic model was used to detect the metastatic ability of OTSCC cells in the lungs. OTSCC cell metastasis and relapse were determined to be associated with uPAR immunopositivity. Inhibition of uPAR expression in Ts cells demonstrated a 40% decrease in migration and a 60% decrease in invasion in vitro, with an associated downregulation of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-2, MMP-9 and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase. In vivo analysis indicated a 90% decrease in the number of mice bearing macroscopic lung metastases. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the targeting of uPAR-inhibited cellular proliferation and invasion would provide a potential treatment for OTSCC in the future.
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20
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Xia Y, Yuan M, Li S, Thuan UT, Nguyen TT, Kang TW, Liao W, Lian S, Jung YD. Apigenin Suppresses the IL-1β-Induced Expression of the Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor by Inhibiting MAPK-Mediated AP-1 and NF-κB Signaling in Human Bladder Cancer T24 Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7663-7673. [PMID: 29945448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), a glycoprotein localized on the cell surface with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, plays a crucial role in cell invasion, and the metastasis of several cancers, including bladder cancer, and its expression are significantly negatively correlated with patient survival rates. Apigenin, a naturally produced phytochemical compound found in fruits, vegetables, and plant leaves, has been shown to mediate a variety of cancer-metastasis-related molecules in various cancers. The effect of apigenin on uPAR expression is still unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of apigenin on IL-1β-induced uPAR expression and investigated its potential mechanisms. We discovered in this study that IL-1β could remarkably induce uPAR expression in bladder cancer T24 cells and that apigenin-inhibited IL-1β could induce uPAR expression concentration-dependently. Interestingly, NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factors were critically required for IL-1β-induced high uPAR expression. Apigenin suppressed the transcriptional activity of both AP-1 and NF-κB by inhibiting ERK1/2 and JNK signaling pathways. These results suggest that apigenin can exert anti-invasion effects by inhibiting uPAR expression via mediating (ERK1/2, JNK)/AP-1 and (ERK1/2, JNK)/NF-κB signaling pathways in human T24 cells. Our present study generated novel and valuable biological insight into anti-invasion through treatment with a small native compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xia
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju 501-190 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Urology , New York University School of Medicine , New York , New York 10016 , United States
| | | | - Shinan Li
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju 501-190 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ung Trong Thuan
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju 501-190 , Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Thinh Nguyen
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju 501-190 , Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Won Kang
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju 501-190 , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sen Lian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochip , Guangzhou , 510515 , Guangdong , China
| | - Young Do Jung
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju 501-190 , Republic of Korea
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21
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Popēna I, Ābols A, Saulīte L, Pleiko K, Zandberga E, Jēkabsons K, Endzeliņš E, Llorente A, Linē A, Riekstiņa U. Effect of colorectal cancer-derived extracellular vesicles on the immunophenotype and cytokine secretion profile of monocytes and macrophages. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:17. [PMID: 29690889 PMCID: PMC5937830 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophages are one of the most important players in the tumor microenvironment. The polarization status of tumor associated macrophages into a pro-inflammatory type M1 or anti-inflammatory type M2 may influence cancer progression and patient survival. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound vesicles containing different biomolecules that are involved in cell to cell signal transfer. Accumulating evidence suggests that cancer-derived EVs are taken up by macrophages and modulate their phenotype and cytokine profile. However, the interactions of cancer-derived EVs with monocytes and macrophages at various differentiation and polarization states are poorly understood. In the current study, we have analyzed the uptake and functional effects of primary (SW480) and metastatic (SW620) isogenic colorectal cancer (CRC) cell line-derived EVs on monocytes (M), inactive macrophages (M0) and M1 and M2 polarized macrophages. Methods THP-1 monocytes were differentiated into M0 macrophages by addition of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate. Then M0 macrophages were further polarized into M1 and M2 macrophages in the presence of LPS, IFN- γ, IL-4, and IL-13 respectively. Internalization of SW480 and SW620-derived EVs was analyzed by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Changes in monocyte and macrophage immunophenotype and secretory profile upon EV exposure were analyzed by flow cytometry, quantitative PCR and Luminex assays. Results THP-1 monocytes and M0 macrophages efficiently take up SW480 and SW620-derived EVs, and our results indicate that dynamin-dependent endocytic pathways may be implicated. Interestingly, SW480 and SW620-derived EVs increased CD14 expression in M0 macrophages whereas SW480-derived EVs decreased HLA-DR expression in M1 and M2 polarized macrophages. Moreover, SW480-derived EVs significantly increased CXCL10 expression in monocytes and M0 macrophages. In contrast, SW620-derived EVs induced secretion of IL-6, CXCL10, IL-23 and IL-10 in M0 macrophages. However, addition of CRC cell line-derived EVs together with LPS, IFN- γ (M1) and IL-4, IL-13 (M2) stimuli during macrophage polarization had no additional effect on cytokine expression in M1 and M2 macrophages. Conclusion Our results suggest that CRC cell line-derived EVs are internalized and reprogram the immunophenotype and secretory profile in monocytes and inactive macrophages inducing mixed M1 and M2 cytokine response. Although CRC EVs decreased HLA-DR expression in M1, M2 polarized macrophages, their effect on the secretory profile of M1 and M2 polarized macrophages was negligible. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-018-0229-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ineta Popēna
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Raina blvd. 19, Riga, LV-1568, Latvia
| | - Artūrs Ābols
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites iela 1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Līga Saulīte
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Raina blvd. 19, Riga, LV-1568, Latvia
| | - Kārlis Pleiko
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Raina blvd. 19, Riga, LV-1568, Latvia
| | - Elīna Zandberga
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites iela 1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Kaspars Jēkabsons
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Raina blvd. 19, Riga, LV-1568, Latvia
| | - Edgars Endzeliņš
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites iela 1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Alicia Llorente
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aija Linē
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites iela 1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Una Riekstiņa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Raina blvd. 19, Riga, LV-1568, Latvia.
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22
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Brungs D, Chen J, Aghmesheh M, Vine KL, Becker TM, Carolan MG, Ranson M. The urokinase plasminogen activation system in gastroesophageal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:23099-23109. [PMID: 28416743 PMCID: PMC5410288 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The urokinase plasminogen activation (uPA) system is a crucial pathway for tumour invasion and establishment of metastasis. Although there is good evidence that uPA system expression is a clinically relevant biomarker in some solid tumours, its role in gastroesophageal cancer is uncertain. Results We identified 22 studies encompassing 1966 patients which fulfilled the inclusion criteria. uPA, uPAR, or PAI-1 expression is significantly associated with high risk clinicopathological features. High uPA expression is associated with a shorter RFS (HR 1.90 95% 1.16–3.11, p = 0.01) and OS (HR 2.21 95% CI 1.74–2.80, p < 0.0001). High uPAR expression is associated with poorer OS (HR 2.21 95%CI 1.82–2.69, p < 0.0001). High PAI-1 expression is associated with shorter RFS (HR 1.96 96% CI 1.07–3.58, p = 0.03) and OS (HR 1.84 95%CI 1.28–2.64, p < 0.0001). There was no significant association between PAI-2 expression and OS (HR 0.97 95%CI 0.48–1.94, p < 0.92) although data was limited. Materials and Methods We undertook a systematic review evaluating expression of uPA, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1/SerpinE1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2/SerpinB2) on primary oesophageal, gastro-oesophageal junction, and gastric adenocarcinomas. We performed a meta-analysis of clinicopathological associations, overall survival (OS) and recurrence free survival (RFS). Conclusions We conclude that the uPA system is a clinically relevant biomarker in primary gastroesophageal cancer, with higher expression of uPA, uPAR and PAI-1 associated with higher risk disease and poorer prognosis. This also highlights the potential utility of the uPA system as a therapeutic target for improved treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brungs
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, Australia.,CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julia Chen
- St George Cancer Centre, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Morteza Aghmesheh
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, Australia.,CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kara L Vine
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Therese M Becker
- CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, New South Wales, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool Hospital, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Liverpool, Australia.,South Western Medical School, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Martin G Carolan
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, Australia.,CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, New South Wales, Australia
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23
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Casaburi I, Chimento A, De Luca A, Nocito M, Sculco S, Avena P, Trotta F, Rago V, Sirianni R, Pezzi V. Cholesterol as an Endogenous ERRα Agonist: A New Perspective to Cancer Treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:525. [PMID: 30254608 PMCID: PMC6141749 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) are important members of nuclear receptors which contain three isoforms (α, β, and γ). ERRα is the best-characterized isoform expressed mainly in high-energy demanding tissues where it preferentially works in association with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator 1α (PGC-1α) and PGC-1β. ERRα together with its cofactors modulates cellular metabolism, supports the growth of rapidly dividing cells, directs metabolic programs required for cell differentiation and maintains cellular energy homeostasis in differentiated cells. In cancer cells, the functional association between ERRα and PGC-1s is further influenced by oncogenic signals and induces metabolic programs favoring cell growth and proliferation as well as tumor progression. Recently, cholesterol has been identified as a natural ERRα ligand using a combined biochemical strategy. This new finding highlighted some important physiological aspects related to the use of cholesterol-lowering drugs such as statins and bisphosphonates. Even more meaningful is the link between increased cholesterol levels and certain cancer phenotypes characterized by an overexpressed ERRα such as mammary, prostatic, and colorectal cancers, where the metabolic adaptation affects many cancer processes. Moreover, high-energy demanding cancer-related processes are strictly related to the cross-talk between tumor cells and some key players of tumor microenvironment, such as tumor-associated macrophage that fuels cancer progression. Some evidence suggests that high cholesterol content and ERRα activity favor the inflammatory environment by the production of different cytokines. In this review, starting from the most recent observations on the physiological role of the new signaling activated by the natural ligand of ERRα, we propose a new hypothesis on the suitability to control cholesterol levels as a chance in modulating ERRα activity in those tumors in which its expression and activity are increased.
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24
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Rasmussen LJH, Schultz M, Gaardsting A, Ladelund S, Garred P, Iversen K, Eugen‐Olsen J, Helms M, David KP, Kjær A, Lebech A, Kronborg G. Inflammatory biomarkers and cancer: CRP and suPAR as markers of incident cancer in patients with serious nonspecific symptoms and signs of cancer. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:191-199. [PMID: 28393357 PMCID: PMC5518177 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In Denmark, patients with serious nonspecific symptoms and signs of cancer (NSSC) are referred to the diagnostic outpatient clinics (DOCs) where an accelerated cancer diagnostic program is initiated. Various immunological and inflammatory biomarkers have been associated with cancer, including soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) and the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) pentraxin-3, mannose-binding lectin, ficolin-1, ficolin-2 and ficolin-3. We aimed to evaluate these biomarkers and compare their diagnostic ability to classical biomarkers for diagnosing cancer in patients with NSSC. Patients were included from the DOC, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre. Patients were given a final diagnosis based on the combined results from scans, blood work and physical examination. Weight loss, Charlson score and previous cancer were registered on admission, and plasma concentrations of biomarkers were measured. The primary outcome was incident cancer within 1 year. Out of 197 patients included, 39 patients (19.8%) were diagnosed with cancer. Patients with cancer were significantly older and had a higher burden of comorbidities and previous cancer diagnoses compared to patients who were not diagnosed with cancer. Previous cancer, C-reactive protein (CRP) and suPAR were significantly associated with newly diagnosed cancer during follow-up in multiple logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, sex and CRP. Neither any of the PRRs investigated nor self-reported weight loss was associated with cancer. In this study, previous cancer, CRP and suPAR were significantly associated with cancer diagnosis in patients with NSSC. Ficolin-1-3, MBL and pentraxin-3 were not associated with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Schultz
- Department of CardiologyCopenhagen University Hospital HerlevHerlevDenmark
| | - Anne Gaardsting
- Department of Infectious DiseasesCopenhagen University Hospital HvidovreHvidovreDenmark
| | - Steen Ladelund
- Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital HvidovreHvidovreDenmark
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular MedicineDepartment of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Kasper Iversen
- Department of CardiologyCopenhagen University Hospital HerlevHerlevDenmark
| | - Jesper Eugen‐Olsen
- Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital HvidovreHvidovreDenmark
| | - Morten Helms
- Department of Infectious DiseasesCopenhagen University Hospital HvidovreHvidovreDenmark
| | - Kim Peter David
- Department of Infectious DiseasesCopenhagen University Hospital HvidovreHvidovreDenmark
| | - Andreas Kjær
- Department of Clinical PhysiologyNuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, RigshospitaletDenmark
| | - Anne‐Mette Lebech
- Department of Infectious DiseasesCopenhagen University Hospital HvidovreHvidovreDenmark
| | - Gitte Kronborg
- Department of Infectious DiseasesCopenhagen University Hospital HvidovreHvidovreDenmark
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25
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de Geus SW, Baart VM, Boonstra MC, Kuppen PJ, Prevoo HA, Mazar AP, Bonsing BA, Morreau H, van de Velde CJ, Vahrmeijer AL, Sier CF. Prognostic Impact of Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor Expression in Pancreatic Cancer: Malignant Versus Stromal Cells. Biomark Insights 2017; 12:1177271917715443. [PMID: 28690396 PMCID: PMC5484551 DOI: 10.1177/1177271917715443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has been proposed as a potential prognostic factor for various malignancies. The aim of this study is to assess the prognostic value of uPAR expression in neoplastic and stromal cells of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor expression was determined by immunohistochemistry in 122 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to determine the association with survival. Respectively 66%, 82% and 62% of patients with pancreatic cancer expressed uPAR in neoplastic cells, stromal, and in both combined. Multivariate analysis showed a significant inverse association between uPAR expression in both neoplastic and stromal cells and overall survival. The prognostic impact of uPAR in stromal cells is substantial, but not as pronounced as that of uPAR expression in neoplastic cells. This study suggests a role for uPAR as a biomarker to single out higher risk subgroups of patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Wl de Geus
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Victor M Baart
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin C Boonstra
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Jk Kuppen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrica Ajm Prevoo
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bert A Bonsing
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Morreau
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Cornelis Fm Sier
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Antibodies for Research Applications B.V., Gouda, The Netherlands
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26
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Ho HY, Ho YC, Hsieh MJ, Yang SF, Chuang CY, Lin CW, Hsin CH. Hispolon suppresses migration and invasion of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by inhibiting the urokinase-plasminogen activator through modulation of the Akt signaling pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:645-655. [PMID: 27037602 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hispolon has been reported to possess antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antitumor activities. However, the effect of hispolon on the metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains unclear. In this study, we investigated how the antimetastatic activity and relevant signaling pathways of hispolon affected three NPC cell lines. The results revealed that hispolon significantly reduced the migration and invasion of three NPC cells in a dose-dependent manner from 0 to 50 µM. Hispolon also significantly inhibited the activity and expression of urokinase-plasminogen activator (uPA) as well as the phosphorylation of Akt. Moreover, blocking the Akt pathway also enhanced the antimetastatic ability of hispolon in the NPC cells. In conclusion, hispolon inhibited uPA expression and NPC cell metastasis by downregulating Akt signal pathways; therefore, hispolon exerts beneficial effects in chemoprevention. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 645-655, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Ho
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chuan Ho
- School of Applied Chemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ju Hsieh
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Changhua Christian Hospital, Cancer Research Center, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yi Chuang
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Wen Lin
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, 110 Chien-Kuo N. Road, Section 1, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Han Hsin
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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27
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Guo Q, Jin Z, Yuan Y, Liu R, Xu T, Wei H, Xu X, He S, Chen S, Shi Z, Hou W, Hua B. New Mechanisms of Tumor-Associated Macrophages on Promoting Tumor Progression: Recent Research Advances and Potential Targets for Tumor Immunotherapy. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:9720912. [PMID: 27975071 PMCID: PMC5128713 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9720912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of basic and clinical studies have shown a protumor function of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which represent a large proportion of matrix cells. TAMs promote tumorigenesis, and their number is related to the malignancy degree and poor prognosis of many kinds of tumors. Macrophage plasticity makes it possible to change the tumor microenvironment and remodel antitumor immunity during cancer immunotherapy. Increasing numbers of studies have revealed the effects of TAMs on the tumor microenvironment, for example, via promotion of tumor growth and tumorigenesis and through an increase in the number of cancer stem cells or via facilitation of angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and metastasis. Investigators also proposed tumor-immunological treatments targeting TAMs by inhibiting TAM recruitment and differentiation, by regulating TAM polarization, and by blocking factors and pathways associated with the protumor function of TAMs. This comprehensive review presents recent research on TAMs in relation to prediction of poor outcomes, remodeling of the tumor immune microenvironment, and immunological targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujun Guo
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhichao Jin
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Oncology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, No. 1 Playground Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Huamin Wei
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xinyao Xu
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shulin He
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuntai Chen
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhan Shi
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine (IBRCM), China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, No. 16 Dongzhimen Nanxiaojie, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Wei Hou
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Baojin Hua
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
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28
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uPAR-targeted multimodal tracer for pre- and intraoperative imaging in cancer surgery. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14260-73. [PMID: 25895028 PMCID: PMC4546465 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre- and intraoperative diagnostic techniques facilitating tumor staging are of paramount importance in colorectal cancer surgery. The urokinase receptor (uPAR) plays an important role in the development of cancer, tumor invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis and over-expression is found in the majority of carcinomas. This study aims to develop the first clinically relevant anti-uPAR antibody-based imaging agent that combines nuclear (111In) and real-time near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent imaging (ZW800-1). Conjugation and binding capacities were investigated and validated in vitro using spectrophotometry and cell-based assays. In vivo, three human colorectal xenograft models were used including an orthotopic peritoneal carcinomatosis model to image small tumors. Nuclear and NIR fluorescent signals showed clear tumor delineation between 24h and 72h post-injection, with highest tumor-to-background ratios of 5.0 ± 1.3 at 72h using fluorescence and 4.2 ± 0.1 at 24h with radioactivity. 1-2 mm sized tumors could be clearly recognized by their fluorescent rim. This study showed the feasibility of an uPAR-recognizing multimodal agent to visualize tumors during image-guided resections using NIR fluorescence, whereas its nuclear component assisted in the pre-operative non-invasive recognition of tumors using SPECT imaging. This strategy can assist in surgical planning and subsequent precision surgery to reduce the number of incomplete resections.
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29
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Hao W, Friedman A. Serum uPAR as Biomarker in Breast Cancer Recurrence: A Mathematical Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153508. [PMID: 27078836 PMCID: PMC4831695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently over 2.5 million breast cancer survivors in the United States and, according to the American Cancer Society, 10 to 20 percent of these women will develop recurrent breast cancer. Early detection of recurrence can avoid unnecessary radical treatment. However, self-examination or mammography screening may not discover a recurring cancer if the number of surviving cancer cells is small, while biopsy is too invasive and cannot be frequently repeated. It is therefore important to identify non-invasive biomarkers that can detect early recurrence. The present paper develops a mathematical model of cancer recurrence. The model, based on a system of partial differential equations, focuses on tissue biomarkers that include the plasminogen system. Among them, only uPAR is known to have significant correlation to its concentration in serum and could therefore be a good candidate for serum biomarker. The model includes uPAR and other associated cytokines and cells. It is assumed that the residual cancer cells that survived primary cancer therapy are concentrated in the same location within a region with a very small diameter. Model simulations establish a quantitative relation between the diameter of the growing cancer and the total uPAR mass in the cancer. This relation is used to identify uPAR as a potential serum biomarker for breast cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Hao
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Avner Friedman
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
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30
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Rolff HC, Christensen IJ, Vainer B, Svendsen LB, Eefsen RL, Wilhelmsen M, Lund IK, Høyer-Hansen G, Nielsen HJ, Illemann M. The Prognostic and Predictive Value of Soluble Type IV Collagen in Colorectal Cancer: A Retrospective Multicenter Study. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:2427-34. [PMID: 26673797 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the prognostic and predictive biomarker value of type IV collagen in colorectal cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Retrospective evaluation of two independent cohorts of patients with colorectal cancer included prospectively in 2004-2005 (training set) and 2006-2008 (validation set). Plasma samples were available from 297 (training set) and 482 (validation set) patients. Type IV collagen determinations were performed using an ELISA. From the training set, 222 tumors were available for IHC. Clinical and follow-up data were retrieved from patient files and national registries. RESULTS High levels of type IV collagen showed independent prognostic significance in both cohorts with hazard ratios (HRs; for a one-unit change on the log base 2 scale) of 2.25 [95% confidence intervals (CIs), 1.78-2.84; P < 0.0001] and 2.24 (95% CI, 1.75-2.86; P < 0.0001) for the training and validation set, respectively. The prognostic impact was present both in patients with metastatic and nonmetastatic disease. The predictive value of the marker was investigated in stage II and III patients. In the training set, type IV collagen was prognostic both in the subsets of patients receiving and not receiving adjuvant antineoplastic therapy. However, in the validation set, the prognostic effect of the marker vanished when looking at patients who received adjuvant antineoplatic therapy (HR 0.90; 95% CI, 0.42-1.93) but was still present in the group not receiving adjuvant chemotherapy (HR 2.88; 95% CI, 1.98-4.21). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate clinical validity of type IV collagen as a prognostic biomarker in colorectal cancer, although the suggested predictive role of the marker should be validated. Clin Cancer Res; 22(10); 2427-34. ©2015 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Christian Rolff
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. The Department of Surgical Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. Biotech Research Innovation Center-BRIC, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - Ben Vainer
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Bo Svendsen
- The Department of Surgical Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Michael Wilhelmsen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Ida Katrine Lund
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. Biotech Research Innovation Center-BRIC, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunilla Høyer-Hansen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. Biotech Research Innovation Center-BRIC, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Jørgen Nielsen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Martin Illemann
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. Biotech Research Innovation Center-BRIC, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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31
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Boonstra MC, Prakash J, Van De Velde CJH, Mesker WE, Kuppen PJK, Vahrmeijer AL, Sier CFM. Stromal Targets for Fluorescent-Guided Oncologic Surgery. Front Oncol 2015; 5:254. [PMID: 26636036 PMCID: PMC4653299 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-operative imaging techniques are essential for tumor detection and diagnosis, but offer limited help during surgery. Recently, the applicability of imaging during oncologic surgery has been recognized, using near-infrared fluorescent dyes conjugated to targeting antibodies, peptides, or other vehicles. Image-guided oncologic surgery (IGOS) assists the surgeFon to distinguish tumor from normal tissue during operation, and can aid in recognizing vital structures. IGOS relies on an optimized combination of a dedicated fluorescent camera system and specific probes for targeting. IGOS probes for clinical use are not widely available yet, but numerous pre-clinical studies have been published and clinical trials are being established or prepared. Most of the investigated probes are based on antibodies or peptides against proteins on the membranes of malignant cells, whereas others are directed against stromal cells. Targeting stroma cells for IGOS has several advantages. Besides the high stromal content in more aggressive tumor types, the stroma is often primarily located at the periphery/invasive front of the tumor, which makes stromal targets particularly suited for imaging purposes. Moreover, because stroma up-regulation is a physiological reaction, most proteins to be targeted on these cells are “universal” and not derived from a specific genetic variation, as is the case with many upregulated proteins on malignant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Boonstra
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Jai Prakash
- Department of Biomaterial Science and Technology, Targeted Therapeutics, University of Twente , Enschede , Netherlands
| | | | - Wilma E Mesker
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Peter J K Kuppen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | | | - Cornelis F M Sier
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands ; Antibodies for Research Applications BV , Gouda , Netherlands
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32
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Ham B, Wang N, D'Costa Z, Fernandez MC, Bourdeau F, Auguste P, Illemann M, Eefsen RL, Høyer-Hansen G, Vainer B, Evrard M, Gao ZH, Brodt P. TNF Receptor-2 Facilitates an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment in the Liver to Promote the Colonization and Growth of Hepatic Metastases. Cancer Res 2015; 75:5235-47. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dohn LH, Pappot H, Iversen BR, Illemann M, Høyer-Hansen G, Christensen IJ, Thind P, Salling L, von der Maase H, Laerum OD. uPAR Expression Pattern in Patients with Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder--Possible Clinical Implications. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135824. [PMID: 26292086 PMCID: PMC4546385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to confirm the expression and localisation pattern of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) focusing on its possible clinical relevance in patients with urothelial neoplasia of the bladder. uPAR is a central molecule in tissue remodelling during cancer invasion and metastasis and is an established prognostic marker in various cancer diseases other than bladder cancer. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumour-tissue blocks from 186 patients treated with radical cystectomy were analysed. uPAR expression was scored as either negative or positive as well as by the actual score. Separate scores were obtained for cancer cells, macrophages and myofibroblasts at the invasive front and in tumour core. We were able to confirm, in an independent patient cohort, the tissue expression and localisation pattern of uPAR as investigated by Immunohistochemistry as well as a significant association between uPAR positivity and increasing tumour stage and tumour grade. This demonstrates the robustness of our previous and current findings. In addition the association between uPAR positive myofibroblasts and poor survival was reproduced. The highest hazard ratios for survival were seen for uPAR positive myofibroblasts both at the invasive front and in tumour core. Evaluating uPAR expression by the actual score showed a significant association between uPAR positive myofibroblasts in tumour core and an increased risk of cancer specific mortality. Our investigations have generated new and valuable biological information about the cell types being involved in tumour invasion and progression through the plasminogen activation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Hammer Dohn
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Helle Pappot
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Martin Illemann
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunilla Høyer-Hansen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ib Jarle Christensen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Thind
- Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Ole Didrik Laerum
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Eefsen RL, Engelholm L, Alpizar-Alpizar W, Van den Eynden GGE, Vermeulen PB, Christensen IJ, Laerum OD, Rolff HC, Høyer-Hansen G, Vainer B, Osterlind K, Illemann M. Inflammation and uPAR-Expression in Colorectal Liver Metastases in Relation to Growth Pattern and Neo-adjuvant Therapy. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2015; 8:93-100. [PMID: 26268716 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-015-0172-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic activity and inflammation in the tumour microenvironment affects cancer progression. In colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastases it has been observed that three different immune profiles are present, as well as proteolytic activity, determined by the expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPAR).The main objectives of this study were to investigate uPAR expression and the density of macrophages (CD68) and T cells (CD3) as markers of inflammation in resected CRC liver metastases, where patients were neo-adjuvantly treated with chemotherapy with or without the angiogenesis inhibitor bevacizumab. Chemonaive patients served as a control group. The markers were correlated to growth patterns (GP) of liver metastases, i.e. desmoplastic, pushing and replacement GP. It was hypothesised that differences in proteolysis and inflammation could reflect tumour specific growth and therapy related changes in the tumour microenvironment. In chemonaive patients, a significantly higher level of uPAR was observed in desmoplastic liver metastases in comparison to pushing GP (p = 0.01) or replacement GP (p = 0.03). A significantly higher density of CD68 was observed in liver metastases with replacement GP in comparison to those with pushing GP (p = 0.01). In liver metastases from chemo treated patients, CD68 density was significantly higher in desmoplastic GP in comparison to pushing GP (p = 0.03). In chemo and bevacizumab treated patients only a significant lower CD3 expression was observed in liver metastases with a mixed GP than in those with desmoplastic (p = 0.01) or pushing GP (p = 0.05). Expression of uPAR and the density of macrophages at the tumour margin of liver metastasis differ between GP in the untreated patients. A higher density of T cells was observed in the bevacizumab treated patients, when desmoplastic and pushing metastases were compared to liver metastases with a mix of the GP respectively, however no specific correlations between the immune markers of macrophages and T cells or GP of liver metastases could be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Eefsen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Ole Maaløs Vej 5, 3rd floor, Copenhagen, Denmark,
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Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are major component of leukocytic infiltrate of tumors and play important roles in progression and regression of tumors. Tumor microenvironment determines the mutual conversion between M1 and M2 macrophages. In many kinds of tumors, M2 type macrophages are of the majority in TAMs and promote tumor progression and metastasis. The dynamic balance and interaction between TAMs and tumor cells have important effects on the occurrence and development of tumor. TAMs in malignant tumors are useful for clinical diagnosis and may provide a novel target for cancer treatment.
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Macrophages of M1 phenotype have properties that influence lung cancer cell progression. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:8715-25. [PMID: 26050228 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3630-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal macrophages of different phenotypes can contribute to the expression of proteins that affects metastasis such as urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), its receptor uPAR, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), but knowledge of how essential their contribution is in comparison to the cancer cells in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is lacking. The expression of uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 and of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 were studied in human macrophages of M1 and M2 phenotype and compared to a lung SCC (NCI-H520) and a SCLC (NCI-H69) cell line. Effects of treatment with conditioned media (CM) from M1 and M2 macrophages on the expression of these genes in H520 and H69 cells as well as effects on the cell growth were investigated. In addition, data on the stromal macrophages immunoreactivity of uPAR, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in a few SCC and SCLC biopsies was included. uPAR, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were confirmed in stromal cells including macrophages in the SCC and SCLC biopsies. In vitro, both macrophage phenotypes expressed considerably higher mRNA levels of uPA, uPAR, PAI-1, and MMP-9 compared to the cancer cell lines, and regarding uPAR, the highest level was found in the M1 macrophage phenotype. Furthermore, M1 CM treatment not only induced an upregulation of PAI-1 in both H520 and H69 cells but also inhibited cell growth in both cell lines, giving M1 macrophages both tumor-promoting and tumor-killing potential.
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WYGANOWSKA-ŞWIĄTKOWSKA MARZENA, JANKUN JERZY. Plasminogen activation system in oral cancer: Relevance in prognosis and therapy (Review). Int J Oncol 2015; 47:16-24. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Ahn SB, Chan C, Dent OF, Mohamedali A, Kwun SY, Clarke C, Fletcher J, Chapuis PH, Nice EC, Baker MS. Epithelial and stromal cell urokinase plasminogen activator receptor expression differentially correlates with survival in rectal cancer stages B and C patients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117786. [PMID: 25692297 PMCID: PMC4333212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has been proposed as a potential prognostic factor for colorectal cancer (CRC) patient survival. However, CRC uPAR expression remains controversial, especially regarding cell types where uPAR is overexpressed (e.g., epithelium (uPARE) or stroma-associated cells (uPARS)) and associated prognostic relevance. In this study, two epitope-specific anti-uPAR monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) could discriminate expression of uPARE from uPARS and were used to examine this association with survival of stages B and C rectal cancer (RC) patients. Using immunohistochemistry, MAbs #3937 and R4 were used to discriminate uPARE from uPARS respectively in the central and invasive frontal regions of 170 stage B and 179 stage C RC specimens. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to determine association with survival. uPAR expression occurred in both epithelial and stromal compartments with differential expression observed in many cases, indicating uPARE and uPARS have different cellular roles. In the central and invasive frontal regions, uPARE was adversely associated with overall stage B survival (HR = 1.9; p = 0.014 and HR = 1.5; p = 0.031, respectively) reproducing results from previous studies. uPARS at the invasive front was associated with longer stage C survival (HR = 0.6; p = 0.007), reflecting studies demonstrating that macrophage peritumoural accumulation is associated with longer survival. This study demonstrates that different uPAR epitopes should be considered as being expressed on different cell types during tumour progression and at different stages in RC. Understanding how uPARE and uPARS expression affects survival is anticipated to be a useful clinical prognostic marker of stages B and C RC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Beom Ahn
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Faculty of Human Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Charles Chan
- Anatomical Pathology Department, Concord Hospital and Discipline of Pathology, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Owen F Dent
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Concord Hospital and Discipline of Surgery, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Abidali Mohamedali
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Faculty of Human Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Sun Young Kwun
- Anatomical Pathology Department, Concord Hospital and Discipline of Pathology, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Candice Clarke
- Anatomical Pathology Department, Concord Hospital and Discipline of Pathology, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Julie Fletcher
- Anatomical Pathology Department, Concord Hospital and Discipline of Pathology, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Pierre H Chapuis
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Concord Hospital and Discipline of Surgery, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Mark S Baker
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Faculty of Human Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
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Dohn LH, Illemann M, Høyer-Hansen G, Christensen IJ, Hostmark J, Litlekalsoy J, von der Maase H, Pappot H, Laerum OD. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) expression is associated with T-stage and survival in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Urol Oncol 2015; 33:165.e15-24. [PMID: 25575713 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the expression-and localization pattern of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), focusing on its clinical implications in patients with urothelial neoplasia of the bladder treated with radical cystectomy. uPAR is a central molecule in tissue remodeling during cancer invasion and metastasis and is an established prognostic marker in cancer. The expression and localization of uPAR and its prognostic significance is only limitedly investigated in urothelial bladder neoplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression-and localization pattern of uPAR was investigated in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue from 149 patients treated with radical cystectomy between 1988 and 2005. uPAR expression was determined by immunohistochemistry and scored as either negative or positive. Separate values were obtained for cancer cells, macrophages, and myofibroblasts at the invasive front and tumor core, respectively. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the association of uPAR localization and score with clinicopathologic covariates and survival. RESULTS uPAR positivity was seen in 122/137 (89%) and 118/149 (74%) of the neoplasias at the invasive front and tumor core, respectively. uPAR was primarily expressed by myofibroblasts and macrophages in the surrounding stroma as well as some cancer cells. A significant association between uPAR positivity and T-stage as well as grade was found for all 3 cell types in tumor core (P ≤ 0.04 for all comparisons). In univariate analysis, the uPAR positive group had a shorter survival than the uPAR negative group (hazard ratio = 2.39; 95% CI: 1.15-5.01; P = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS The expression of uPAR is a possible prognostic marker that could be useful in identification of patients with aggressive, highly invasive tumors that could benefit from additional chemotherapy or more intensive follow-up after cystectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Hammer Dohn
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Martin Illemann
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunilla Høyer-Hansen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ib J Christensen
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Hostmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Section of Urology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jorunn Litlekalsoy
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Gade Laboratory of Pathology, University of Bergen and Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Helle Pappot
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole D Laerum
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, The Gade Laboratory of Pathology, University of Bergen and Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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