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Lefler DS, Manobianco SA, Bashir B. Immunotherapy resistance in solid tumors: mechanisms and potential solutions. Cancer Biol Ther 2024; 25:2315655. [PMID: 38389121 PMCID: PMC10896138 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2024.2315655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
While the emergence of immunotherapies has fundamentally altered the management of solid tumors, cancers exploit many complex biological mechanisms that result in resistance to these agents. These encompass a broad range of cellular activities - from modification of traditional paradigms of immunity via antigen presentation and immunoregulation to metabolic modifications and manipulation of the tumor microenvironment. Intervening on these intricate processes may provide clinical benefit in patients with solid tumors by overcoming resistance to immunotherapies, which is why it has become an area of tremendous research interest with practice-changing implications. This review details the major ways cancers avoid both natural immunity and immunotherapies through primary (innate) and secondary (acquired) mechanisms of resistance, and it considers available and emerging therapeutic approaches to overcoming immunotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Lefler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven A. Manobianco
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Babar Bashir
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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2
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Zhang Q, Yang C, Ma Z, Ye L, Wu Y, Zhong C, Shi Y, Zhu M. Sulforaphane impaired immune checkpoint blockade therapy through activating ΔNP63α/PD-L1 axis in gastric cancer. Mol Carcinog 2024; 63:1611-1620. [PMID: 38780147 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN) exerts anticancer effect on various cancers including gastric cancer. However, the regulatory effect of SFN on programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and checkpoint blockade therapy in gastric cancer have not been elucidated. Here we demonstrated that SFN suppressed gastric cancer cell growth both in vitro and in vivo study. SFN upregulated PD-L1 expression through activating ΔNP63α in gastric cancer cells. Further, we found that SFN impaired the anticancer effect of anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody (α-PD-L1 mab) on gastric cancer cells. These results uncover a novel PD-L1 regulatory mechanism and the double-edged role of SFN in gastric cancer intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenying Yang
- Yinzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhijian Ma
- Department of Nutrition, School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Liangwen Ye
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Caiyun Zhong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingming Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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3
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Shi W, Liu N, Liu Z, Yang Y, Zeng Q, Wang Y, Song L, Hu F, Fu J, Chen J, Wu M, Zhou L, Zhu F, Gong L, Zhu J, Jiang L, Lu H. Next-generation anti-PD-L1/IL-15 immunocytokine elicits superior antitumor immunity in cold tumors with minimal toxicity. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101531. [PMID: 38697105 PMCID: PMC11148641 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The clinical applications of immunocytokines are severely restricted by dose-limiting toxicities. To address this challenge, here we propose a next-generation immunocytokine concept involving the design of LH05, a tumor-conditional anti-PD-L1/interleukin-15 (IL-15) prodrug. LH05 innovatively masks IL-15 with steric hindrance, mitigating the "cytokine sink" effect of IL-15 and reducing systemic toxicities associated with wild-type anti-PD-L1/IL-15. Moreover, upon specific proteolytic cleavage within the tumor microenvironment, LH05 releases an active IL-15 superagonist, exerting potent antitumor effects. Mechanistically, the antitumor efficacy of LH05 depends on the increased infiltration of CD8+ T and natural killer cells by stimulating the chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10, thereby converting cold tumors into hot tumors. Additionally, the tumor-conditional anti-PD-L1/IL-15 can synergize with an oncolytic virus or checkpoint blockade in advanced and metastatic tumor models. Our findings provide a compelling proof of concept for the development of next-generation immunocytokines, contributing significantly to current knowledge and strategies of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Shi
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zexin Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuqi Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiongya Zeng
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Luyao Song
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fang Hu
- Hangzhou Converd Inc., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Jin Fu
- Hangzhou Converd Inc., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Junsheng Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mingyuan Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200023, China
| | - Fengping Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Likun Gong
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Long Jiang
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Huili Lu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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4
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Saleh RO, Jasim SA, Kadhum WR, Hjazi A, Faraz A, Abid MK, Yumashev A, Alawadi A, Aiad IAZ, Alsalamy A. Exploring the detailed role of interleukins in cancer: A comprehensive review of literature. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 257:155284. [PMID: 38663179 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The cancer cells that are not normal can grow into tumors, invade surrounding tissues, and travel to other parts of the body via the lymphatic or circulatory systems. Interleukins, a vital class of signaling proteins, facilitate cell-to-cell contact within the immune system. A type of non-coding RNA known as lncRNAs mediates its actions by regulating miRNA-mRNA roles (Interleukins). Because of their dual function in controlling the growth of tumors and altering the immune system's response to cancer cells, interleukins have been extensively studied concerning cancer. Understanding the complex relationships between interleukins, the immune system, the tumor microenvironment, and the components of interleukin signaling pathways that impact the miRNA-mRNA axis, including lncRNAs, has advanced significantly in cancer research. Due to the significant and all-encompassing influence of interleukins on the immune system and the development and advancement of cancers, lncRNAs play a crucial role in cancer research by modulating interleukins. Their diverse effects on immune system regulation, tumor growth encouragement, and tumor inhibition make them appealing candidates for potential cancer treatments and diagnostics. A deeper understanding of the relationship between the biology of interleukin and lncRNAs will likely result in more effective immunotherapy strategies and individualized cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed Obaid Saleh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Al-Maarif University College, Al-Anbar, Iraq
| | - Saade Abdalkareem Jasim
- Pharmacy Department, Al-Huda University College, Anbar, Iraq; Biotechnology Department, College of Applied Science, Fallujah University, Anbar, Iraq.
| | - Wesam R Kadhum
- Department of Pharmacy, Kut University College, Kut, Wasit 52001, Iraq; Advanced Research Center, Kut University College, Kut, Wasit 52001, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Hjazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Faraz
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed Kadhem Abid
- Department of Anesthesia, College of Health & Medical Technology, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Alexey Yumashev
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ahmed Alawadi
- College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq; College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Iraq; College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University of Babylon, Iraq
| | - Ibrahim Ahmed Zaki Aiad
- Department of Pediatrics, General Medicine Practice Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alsalamy
- College of Technical Engineering, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Al-Muthanna 66002, Iraq
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5
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Schirò G, Iacono S, Andolina M, Bianchi A, Ragonese P, Salemi G. Tocilizumab treatment in MOGAD: a case report and literature review. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:1429-1436. [PMID: 38010585 PMCID: PMC10942923 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07189-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-immunoglobulin G associated disease (MOGAD) is an autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) which usually occurs with recurrent optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, acute disseminating encephalomyelitis, or brainstem encephalitis. To date, the anti-CD 20 drug rituximab (RTX) is employed in MOGAD although some authors reported the efficacy of Tocilizumab (TCZ) in refractory patients. We present the case of a woman affected by refractory MOGAD who was treated with TCZ after therapy with RTX had failed to prevent relapses. We also conducted a current literature review on TCZ use in MOGAD. A 57-year-old Caucasian woman affected by MOGAD with severe motor impairment and cognitive dysfunction was treated from 2020 to February 2022 with RTX. However, she experienced progressive clinical and cognitive worsening associated with white matter lesions mimicking leukodystrophy. In February 2022, the patient started therapy with TCZ administered with improvement of cognitive performance, walking ability, and brainstem functions. During TCZ, our patient reached the condition of NEDA-3 (no relapse, no increase in disability, no MRI activity on neuroimaging follow-up performed in September 2023). Moreover, the patient experienced paucisymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection that did not modify TCZ schedule. To date, there are few evidence on the efficacy and safety of TCZ in MOGAD. However, all the reviewed cases showed that TCZ represents an effective therapy in drug-resistant MOGAD. Our case highlights the efficacy of TCZ in drug resistant MOGAD and strengthens previous reports of TCZ safety and efficacy in MOGAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Schirò
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiology & Stroke, AOU Policlinico, Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Iacono
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiology & Stroke, AOU Policlinico, Palermo, Italy
| | - Michele Andolina
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiology & Stroke, AOU Policlinico, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessia Bianchi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paolo Ragonese
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
- Neurology Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiology & Stroke, AOU Policlinico, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Salemi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiology & Stroke, AOU Policlinico, Palermo, Italy
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6
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Chen P, Paraiso WKD, Cabral H. Revitalizing Cytokine-Based Cancer Immunotherapy through Advanced Delivery Systems. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300275. [PMID: 37565723 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines can coordinate robust immune responses, holding great promise as therapeutics against infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. In cancer treatment, numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines have displayed promising efficacy in preclinical studies. However, their clinical application is hindered by poor pharmacokinetics, significant toxicity and unsatisfactory anticancer efficacy. Thus, while IFN-α and IL-2 are approved for specific cancer treatments, other cytokines still remain subject of intense investigation. To accelerate the application of cytokines as cancer immunotherapeutics, strategies need to be directed to improve their safety and anticancer performance. In this regard, delivery systems could be used to generate innovative therapies by targeting the cytokines or nucleic acids, such as DNA and mRNA, encoding the cytokines to tumor tissues. This review centers on these innovative delivery strategies for cytokines, summarizing key approaches, such as gene delivery and protein delivery, and critically examining their potential and challenges for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwen Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | | | - Horacio Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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7
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Shi C, Jian C, Wang L, Gao C, Yang T, Fu Z, Wu T. Dendritic cell hybrid nanovaccine for mild heat inspired cancer immunotherapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:347. [PMID: 37752555 PMCID: PMC10521411 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapeutic vaccine can induce antigen-specific immune response, which has shown great potential in cancer immunotherapy. As the key factor of vaccine, antigen plays a central role in eliciting antitumor immunity. However, the insufficient antigen delivery and low efficiency of antigen presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) have greatly restricted the therapeutic efficiency of vaccine. Here we developed a kind of DC hybrid zinc phosphate nanoparticles to co-deliver antigenic peptide and photosensitive melanin. Owing to the chelating ability of Zn2+, the nanoparticles can co-encapsulate antigenic peptide and melanin with high efficiency. The nanovaccine showed good physiological stability with the hydration particle size was approximately 30 nm, and zeta potential was around - 10 mV. The nanovaccine showed homologous targeting effect to DCs in vivo and in vitro, efficiently delivering antigen to DCs. Meanwhile, the nanovaccine could effectively reflux to the tumor-draining lymph nodes. When combined with near-infrared irradiation, the nanovaccine induced effective mild heat in vitro and in vivo to promote antigen presentation. After administrating to MC38 tumor-bearing mice, the hybrid nanovaccine effectively promoted the maturation of DCs, the expansion of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and helper T cells, and the secretion of immunostimulatory cytokines, thereby significantly inhibiting tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chen Jian
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chen Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Zhiwen Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Samadi M, Kamrani A, Nasiri H, Shomali N, Heris JA, Shahabi P, Ghahremanzadeh K, Mohammadinasab R, Sadeghi M, Sadeghvand S, Shotorbani SS, Akbari M. Cancer immunotherapy focusing on the role of interleukins: A comprehensive and updated study. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 249:154732. [PMID: 37567033 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines bind to specific receptors on target cells to activate intracellular signaling pathways that control diverse cellular functions, such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, and death. They are essential for the growth, activation, and operation of immune cells and the control of immunological reactions to pathogens, cancer cells, and other dangers. Based on their structural and functional properties, cytokines can be roughly categorized into different families, such as the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, interleukins, interferons, and chemokines. Leukocytes produce interleukins, a class of cytokines that have essential functions in coordinating and communicating with immune cells. Cancer, inflammation, and autoimmunity are immune-related disorders brought on by dysregulation of cytokine production or signaling. Understanding cytokines' biology to create novel diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic methods for various immune-related illnesses is crucial. Different immune cells, including T cells, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, and other cells in the body, including epithelial cells and fibroblasts, generate and secrete interleukins. The present study's main aim is to fully understand interleukins' roles in cancer development and identify new therapeutic targets and strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Samadi
- Pediatrics Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Kamrani
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Nasiri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Ahmadian Heris
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Pediatric Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parviz Shahabi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Reza Mohammadinasab
- Department of History of Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Sadeghi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahram Sadeghvand
- Pediatrics Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Morteza Akbari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Maardalen M, Carlisle R, Coussios C. Cavitation-Mediated Immunomodulation and Its Use with Checkpoint Inhibitors. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2110. [PMID: 37631324 PMCID: PMC10458634 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The promotion of anti-tumour immune responses can be an effective route to the complete remission of primary and metastatic tumours in a small proportion of patients. Hence, researchers are currently investigating various methods to further characterise and enhance such responses to achieve a beneficial impact across a wider range of patients. Due to its non-invasive, non-ionising, and targetable nature, the application of ultrasound-mediated cavitation has proven to be a popular method to enhance the delivery and activity of immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, to optimise this approach, it is important to understand the biological and physical mechanisms by which cavitation may promote anti-tumour immune responses. Here, the published literature relating to the role that cavitation may play in modulating anti-tumour immunity is therefore assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Maardalen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
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10
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Castillo DR, Jeon WJ, Park D, Pham B, Yang C, Joung B, Moon JH, Lee J, Chong EG, Park K, Reeves ME, Duerksen-Hughes P, Mirshahidi HR, Mirshahidi S. Comprehensive Review: Unveiling the Pro-Oncogenic Roles of IL-1ß and PD-1/PD-L1 in NSCLC Development and Targeting Their Pathways for Clinical Management. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11547. [PMID: 37511306 PMCID: PMC10380530 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, targeted therapies for solid tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), have advanced significantly, offering tailored treatment options for patients. However, individuals without targetable mutations pose a clinical challenge, as they may not respond to standard treatments like immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and novel targeted therapies. While the mechanism of action of ICIs seems promising, the lack of a robust response limits their widespread use. Although the expression levels of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) on tumor cells are used to predict ICI response, identifying new biomarkers, particularly those associated with the tumor microenvironment (TME), is crucial to address this unmet need. Recently, inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) have emerged as a key area of focus and hold significant potential implications for future clinical practice. Combinatorial approaches of IL-1β inhibitors and ICIs may provide a potential therapeutic modality for NSCLC patients without targetable mutations. Recent advancements in our understanding of the intricate relationship between inflammation and oncogenesis, particularly involving the IL-1β/PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, have shed light on their application in lung cancer development and clinical outcomes of patients. Targeting these pathways in cancers like NSCLC holds immense potential to revolutionize cancer treatment, particularly for patients lacking targetable genetic mutations. However, despite these promising prospects, there remain certain aspects of this pathway that require further investigation, particularly regarding treatment resistance. Therefore, the objective of this review is to delve into the role of IL-1β in NSCLC, its participation in inflammatory pathways, and its intricate crosstalk with the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. Additionally, we aim to explore the potential of IL-1β as a therapeutic target for NSCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani Ran Castillo
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (D.R.C.); (E.G.C.); (M.E.R.); (H.R.M.)
| | - Won Jin Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (W.J.J.); (B.P.); (B.J.); (J.H.M.)
| | - Daniel Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of San Francisco-Fresno, Fresno, CA 93701, USA;
| | - Bryan Pham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (W.J.J.); (B.P.); (B.J.); (J.H.M.)
| | - Chieh Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Bowon Joung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (W.J.J.); (B.P.); (B.J.); (J.H.M.)
| | - Jin Hyun Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (W.J.J.); (B.P.); (B.J.); (J.H.M.)
| | - Jae Lee
- School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
| | - Esther G. Chong
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (D.R.C.); (E.G.C.); (M.E.R.); (H.R.M.)
| | - Kiwon Park
- Department of Pharmacy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
| | - Mark E. Reeves
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (D.R.C.); (E.G.C.); (M.E.R.); (H.R.M.)
| | - Penelope Duerksen-Hughes
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine & Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
| | - Hamid R. Mirshahidi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (D.R.C.); (E.G.C.); (M.E.R.); (H.R.M.)
| | - Saied Mirshahidi
- Biospecimen Laboratory, Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine & Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda 92350, CA, USA
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11
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Mortezaee K, Majidpoor J, Kharazinejad E. The impact of hypoxia on tumor-mediated bypassing anti-PD-(L)1 therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114646. [PMID: 37011483 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extending the durability of response is the current focus in cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). However, factors like non-immunogenic tumor microenvironment (TME) along with aberrant angiogenesis and dysregulated metabolic systems are negative contributors. Hypoxia is a key TME condition and a critical promoter of tumor hallmarks. It acts on immune and non-immune cells within TME in order for promoting immune evasion and therapy resistance. Extreme hypoxia is a major promoter of resistance to the programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor therapy. Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) acts as a key mediator of hypoxia and a critical promoter of resistance to the anti-PD-(L)1. Targeting hypoxia or HIF-1 can thus be an effective strategy for reinvigoration of cellular immunity against cancer. Among various strategies presented so far, the key focus is over vascular normalization, which is an approach highly effective for reducing the rate of hypoxia, increasing drug delivery into the tumor area, and boosting the efficacy of anti-PD-(L)1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Infectious Disease Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ebrahim Kharazinejad
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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12
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Dey P, Biswas S, Das R, Chatterjee S, Ghosh U. p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 enhances anticancer activity of PARP inhibitor olaparib in a synergistic way on non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 670:55-62. [PMID: 37276791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.05.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor (PARPi) olaparib gives promising results against various types of cancers in clinical trials. The combination of drugs always increases therapeutic efficacy because of targeting multiple pathways of cancer progression. Our objective was to explore the potential synergistic anticancer activities of olaparib combined with p38 MAPK inhibitor (MAPKi) SB203580 on non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) A549 cells. The effects of the individual compound and their combination on cell survival, DNA damage as detected by γH2AX foci, expression of key proteins in Homologous Recombination (HR) and Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) repair, caspase 3 activation, nuclear fragmentation and telomerase regulation were studied in A549 cells. The results showed that olaparib and SB203580 individually reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner but combined treatment synergistically reduced cell viability. Olaparib combined with SB203580 significantly reduced error-free HR repair via reducing MRE11-RAD50 and promoted error-prone NHEJ repair by increasing Ku70-Ku80 leading to increased DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Notably, the alteration of proteins in HR/NHEJ pathways, DNA damage and induction of apoptosis was significant by combined treatment but not by 1 μM olaparib treatment alone. In addition, combined treatment reduced telomerase activity more than single treatment via reducing telomerase subunits. These data implicated that the anticancer potential of olaparib was significantly increased by combining SB203580 through increasing DNA damage-induced apoptosis and inhibiting telomerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Dey
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, India
| | - Soumyajit Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, India
| | - Rima Das
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, India
| | - Sandipan Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, India
| | - Utpal Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, India.
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13
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Koroknai V, Szász I, Balázs M. Gene Expression Changes in Cytokine and Chemokine Receptors in Association with Melanoma Liver Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108901. [PMID: 37240247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are soluble extracellular proteins that bind to specific receptors and play an integral role in the cell-to-cell signaling network. In addition, they can promote the homing of cancer cells into different organs. We investigated the potential relationship between human hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HHSECs) and several melanoma cell lines for the expression of chemokine and cytokine ligands and receptor expression during the invasion of melanoma cells. In order to identify differences in gene expression related to invasion, we selected invasive and non-invasive subpopulations of cells after co-culturing with HHSECs and identified the gene expression patterns of 88 chemokine/cytokine receptors in all cell lines. Cell lines with stable invasiveness and cell lines with increased invasiveness displayed distinct profiles of receptor genes. Cell lines with increased invasive capacity after culturing with conditioned medium showed a set of receptor genes (CXCR1, IL1RL1, IL1RN, IL3RA, IL8RA, IL11RA, IL15RA, IL17RC, and IL17RD) with significantly different expressions. It is very important to emphasize that we detected significantly higher IL11RA gene expression in primary melanoma tissues with liver metastasis as well, compared to those without metastasis. In addition, we assessed protein expression in endothelial cells before and after co-culturing them with melanoma cell lines by applying chemokine and cytokine proteome arrays. This analysis revealed 15 differentially expressed proteins (including CD31, VCAM-1, ANGPT2, CXCL8, and CCL20) in the hepatic endothelial cells after co-culture with melanoma cells. Our results clearly indicate the interaction between liver endothelial and melanoma cells. Furthermore, we assume that overexpression of the IL11RA gene may play a key role in organ-specific metastasis of primary melanoma cells to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktória Koroknai
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- ELKH-DE Public Health Research Group, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Szász
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- ELKH-DE Public Health Research Group, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Margit Balázs
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- ELKH-DE Public Health Research Group, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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14
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Charehjoo A, Majidpoor J, Mortezaee K. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 in circumventing checkpoint inhibitor responses: Updated. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110032. [PMID: 36933494 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic alterations occur commonly in tumor cells as a way to adapt available energetic sources for their proliferation, survival and resistance. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an intracellular enzyme catalyzing tryptophan degradation into kynurenine. IDO1 expression shows a rise in the stroma of many types of human cancers, and it provides a negative feedback mechanism for cancer evasion from immunosurveillance. Upregulation of IDO1 correlates with cancer aggression, poor prognosis and shortened patient survival. The increased activity of this endogenous checkpoint impairs effector T cell function, increases regulatory T cell (Treg) population and induces immune tolerance, so its inhibition potentiates anti-tumor immune responses and reshapes immunogenic state of tumor microenvironment (TME) presumably through normalizing effector T cell activity. A point is that the expression of this immunoregulatory marker is upregulated after immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy, and that it has inducible effect on expression of other checkpoints. These are indicative of the importance of IDO1 as an attractive immunotherapeutic target and rationalizing combination of IDO1 inhibitors with ICI drugs in patients with advanced solid cancers. In this review, we aimed to discuss about the impact of IDO1 on tumor immune ecosystem, and the IDO1-mediated bypass of ICI therapy. The efficacy of IDO1 inhibitor therapy in combination with ICIs in advanced/metastatic solid tumors is also a focus of this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arian Charehjoo
- Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Cancer and Immunology Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
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15
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Chelerythrine, a novel small molecule targeting IL-2, inhibits melanoma progression by blocking the interaction between IL-2 and its receptor. Life Sci 2023; 320:121559. [PMID: 36893941 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In this study, we investigated the inhibition of IL-2 activity and anticancer efficacy of chelerythrine (CHE), a natural small molecule that targets IL-2 and inhibits CD25 binding, and elucidated the mechanism underlying the action of CHE on immune cells. MAIN METHODS CHE was discovered by competitive binding ELISA and SPR analysis. The effect of CHE on IL-2 activity was evaluated in CTLL-2, HEK-Blue reporter and immune cells, and in ex vivo generation of regulatory T cells (Treg cells). The antitumor activity of CHE was evaluated in B16F10 tumor-bearing C57BL/6 or BALB/c nude mice. KEY FINDINGS We identified that CHE, which acts as an IL-2 inhibitor, selectively inhibits the interaction between IL-2 and IL-2Rα and directly binds to IL-2. CHE inhibited the proliferation and signaling of CTLL-2 cells and suppressed IL-2 activity in HEK-Blue reporter and immune cells. CHE prevented the conversion of naive CD4+ T cells into CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells in response to IL-2. CHE reduced tumor growth in C57BL/6 mice but not in T-cell-deficient mice, upregulated the expression of IFN-γ and cytotoxic molecules, and limited Foxp3 expression. Furthermore, the combination of CHE and a PD-1 inhibitor synergistically increased antitumor activity in melanoma-bearing mice and almost completely regressed the implanted tumors. SIGNIFICANCE We found that CHE, which targets IL-2 and inhibits its binding to CD25, exhibits T cell-mediated antitumor activity and that combination therapy with CHE and PD-1 inhibitor induced synergistic antitumor effects, suggesting that CHE may be a promising anticancer agent for melanoma monotherapy and combination therapy.
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16
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Mortezaee K, Majidpoor J. Anti-PD-(L)1 therapy of non-small cell lung cancer-A summary of clinical trials and current progresses. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14566. [PMID: 36950599 PMCID: PMC10025922 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This review discusses the impact of mono or combination therapy of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, comparing clinical outcomes and safety. Cancer subtype, tumor mutational burden (TMB), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression state and T cell infiltration (TIL) density are considered for interpretations. Besides, current progresses in the field of immunotherapy are discussed. Results Anti-PD-(L)1 is a safe and an effective strategy in patients with advanced/metastatic NSCLC. Clinical responses to nivolumab and pembrolizumab, in particular, are promising. The most desired clinical responses are for patients receiving combination of anti-PD-(L)1 or anti-PD-(L)1/anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) with chemotherapy (taxane and platinum). PD-L1 expression state (PD-L1 ≥ 50%), patient performance state (PS: 0-1 ECOG scale) and effector T cell (Teff) immune signature considerably affect ICI responses. Higher ICI responses are also expected in TMB high but EGFR-/ALK- cancer patients. In regard with safety profile, adverse events (AEs) related to anti-PD-(L)1 are lower compared with that for platinum-based and docetaxel therapy. Toripalimab is the safest among various immunotherapy drugs. Bispecific antibodies against anti-PD-(L)1 with dominant signaling or alternative checkpoints in tumor microenvironment (TME) is the current focus in immunotherapy of cancers like NSCLC. Besides, the contribution of extracellular vesicles (EVs) to immune escape and their implication in cancer diagnosis and therapy is on the eye of current investigations. Conclusion Appropriate biomarker selection will improve therapy outcomes in ICI treated NSCLC patients, particularly in cases under combinatory ICI therapy. Application of bispecific antibodies and EV-based targeted therapy are effective novel strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- Corresponding author.
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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17
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Mortezaee K, Majidpoor J, Najafi S, Tasa D. Bypassing anti-PD-(L)1 therapy: Mechanisms and management strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114150. [PMID: 36577330 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is a major issue of the current era in cancer immunotherapy. Immune evasion is a multi-factorial event, which occurs generally at a base of cold immunity. Despite advances in the field, there are still unsolved challenges about how to combat checkpoint hijacked by tumor cells and what are complementary treatment strategies to render durable anti-tumor outcomes. A point is that anti-programed death-1 receptor (PD-1)/anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is not the solo path of immune escape, and responses in many types of solid tumors to the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are not satisfactory. Thus, seeking mechanisms inter-connecting tumor with its immune ecosystem nearby unravel more about resistance mechanisms so as to develop methods for sustained reinvigoration of immune activity against cancer. In this review, we aimed to discuss about common and specific paths taken by tumor cells to evade immune surveillance, describing novel detection strategies, as well as suggesting some approaches to recover tumor sensitivity to the anti-PD-(L)1 therapy based on the current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Sajad Najafi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Tasa
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Fellowship, Organ Transplantation Group, Massih Daneshvari Educational Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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18
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Mortezaee K, Majidpoor J. Transforming growth factor-β signalling in tumour resistance to the anti-PD-(L)1 therapy: Updated. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:311-321. [PMID: 36625080 PMCID: PMC9889687 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Low frequency of durable responses in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) demands for taking complementary strategies in order to boost immune responses against cancer. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a multi-tasking cytokine that is frequently expressed in tumours and acts as a critical promoter of tumour hallmarks. TGF-β promotes an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME) and defines a bypass mechanism to the ICI therapy. A number of cells within the stroma of tumour are influenced from TGF-β activity. There is also evidence of a relation between TGF-β with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression within TME, and it influences the efficacy of anti-programmed death-1 receptor (PD-1) or anti-PD-L1 therapy. Combination of TGF-β inhibitors with anti-PD(L)1 has come to the promising outcomes, and clinical trials are under way in order to use agents with bifunctional capacity and fusion proteins for bonding TGF-β traps with anti-PD-L1 antibodies aiming at reinvigorating immune responses and promoting persistent responses against advanced stage cancers, especially tumours with immunologically cold ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of MedicineKurdistan University of Medical SciencesSanandajIran
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research CenterGonabad University of Medical SciencesGonabadIran
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19
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Najafi S, Majidpoor J, Mortezaee K. The impact of microbiota on PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy outcomes: A focus on solid tumors. Life Sci 2022; 310:121138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Mortezaee K, Majidpoor J, Najafi S. VISTA immune regulatory effects in bypassing cancer immunotherapy: Updated. Life Sci 2022; 310:121083. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Mortezaee K, Majidpoor J. Extracellular vesicle-based checkpoint regulation and immune state in cancer. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:225. [PMID: 36175741 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01837-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells exploit several mechanisms for hijacking an immunosuppressive tumor ecosystem in order to evade immune surveillance and to progress toward metastasis. Equipment of extracellular vesicles (EVs) with checkpoints is an example of cancer control over anti-tumor responses from immune system. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a checkpoint highly expressed in a tumor at progressive stage. Interactions between PD-L1 with its receptor programmed death-1 receptor (PD-1) expressed on T cells will block the effector function of CD8+ T cells, known as one of the most important defensive cells against cancer. Evaluation of circulatory exosomal PD-L1 can be a prognostic biomarker in tumor diagnosis and responses to the immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy, and can be considered as a tool in clinical practice for exploiting personalized therapy. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is also a checkpoint that its engagement with CD80/CD86 expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells (DCs) hamper the priming phase of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Harvesting EVs from tumor and their modification with desired anti-checkpoint antibodies can be a promising strategy in cancer immunotherapy. The aim of this review is to discuss about EV roles in checkpoint regulation, cancer diagnosis and ICI responses, and to survey possible application of such vesicles in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Infectious Disease Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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22
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Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer stemness and heterogeneity: updated. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:193. [PMID: 36071302 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as a trans-differentiation program and a key process in tumor progression is linked positively with increased expansion of cancer stem cells and cells with stem-like properties. This is mediated through modulation of critical tumorigenic events and is positively correlated with hypoxic conditions in tumor microenvironment. The presence of cells eliciting diverse phenotypical states inside tumor is representative of heterogeneity and higher tumor resistance to therapy. In this review, we aimed to discuss about the current understanding toward EMT, stemness, and heterogeneity in tumors of solid organs, their contribution to the key tumorigenic events along with major signaling pathway involved, and, finally, to suggest some strategies to target these critical events.
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Roles of Interleukin-6-mediated immunometabolic reprogramming in COVID-19 and other viral infection-associated diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:109005. [PMID: 35780641 PMCID: PMC9236983 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a highly pleiotropic glycoprotein factor that can modulate innate and adaptive immunity as well as various aspects of metabolism, including glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation. Recently, the expression and release of IL-6 is shown to be significantly increased in numerous diseases related to virus infection, and this increase is positively correlated with the disease severity. Immunity and metabolism are two highly integrated and interdependent systems, the balance between them plays a pivotal role in maintaining body homeostasis. IL-6-elicited inflammatory response is found to be closely associated with metabolic disorder in patients with viral infection. This brief review summarizes the regulatory role of IL-6 in immunometabolic reprogramming among seven viral infection-associated diseases.
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24
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NK and cells with NK-like activities in cancer immunotherapy-clinical perspectives. Med Oncol 2022; 39:131. [PMID: 35716327 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphoid cells of innate immunity that take important roles in immune surveillance. NK cells are considered as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, and their infiltration into tumor area is related positively with prolonged patient survival. They are defined as CD16+ CD56+ CD3- cells in clinic. NK cells promote cytolytic effects on target cells and induce their apoptosis. Loss of NK cell cytotoxic activity and reduction in the number of activating receptors are the current issues for application of such cells in cellular immunotherapy, which resulted in the diminished long-term effects. The focus of this review is to discuss about the activity of NK cells and cells with NK-like activity including natural killer T (NKT), cytokine-induced killer (CIK) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells in immunotherapy of human solid cancers.
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