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Cox A, Brown KC, Valentovic MA. The E-liquid flavoring vanillin alters energy and autophagic pathways in human proximal tubule (HK-2) epithelial cells. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 394:111003. [PMID: 38608998 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The use of flavored e-liquids in electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) has become very popular in recent years, but effects of these products have not been well characterized outside the lung. In this study, acute exposure to the popular flavoring vanillin (VAN) was performed on human proximal tubule (HK-2) kidney cells. Cells were exposed to 0-1000 μM VAN for 24 or 48 h and cellular stress responses were determined. Mitochondrial viability using MTT assay showed a significant decrease between the control and 1000 μM group by 48 h. Seahorse XFp analysis showed significantly increased basal respiration, ATP production, and proton leak after 24 h exposure. By 48 h exposure, these parameters remained significantly increased in addition to non-mitochondrial respiration and maximal respiration. Glycolytic activity after 24 h exposure showed significant decreases in glycolysis, glycolytic capacity, glycolytic reserve, and non-glycolytic acidification. The autophagy markers microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3 (LC3B-I and LC3B-II) were probed via western blotting. The ratio of LC3B-II/LC3B-I was significantly increased after 24 h exposure to VAN, but by 48 h this ratio significantly decreased. The mitophagy marker PINK1 showed an increasing trend at 24 h, and its downstream target Parkin was significantly increased between the control and 750 μM group only. Finally, the oxidative stress marker 4-HNE was significantly decreased after 48 h exposure to VAN. These results indicate that acute exposure to VAN in the kidney HK-2 model can induce energy and autophagic changes within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Cox
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Research Cluster, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, 25701, USA
| | - Kathleen C Brown
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Research Cluster, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, 25701, USA
| | - Monica A Valentovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Research Cluster, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, 25701, USA.
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Mekawy DM, Sabry D, Sabry RM, Abozeid NF. Silymarin and MSC-exosomes ameliorate thioacetamide-evoked renal fibrosis by inhibiting TGF-β/SMAD pathway in rats. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:529. [PMID: 38637422 PMCID: PMC11026270 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09343-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TGF-β1 and SMAD3 are particularly pathogenic in the progression of renal fibrosis. AIM This study aimed to evaluate the kidney protective potentials of silymarin (SM) and exosomes of mesenchymal stem cells against the nephrotoxin thioacetamide (TAA) in rats. METHODS 32 female rats were randomly assigned into four groups: the control group, the TAA group, the TAA + SM group, and the TAA + Exosomes group. The kidney homogenates from all groups were examined for expression levels of TGF-β receptors I and II using real-time PCR, expression levels of collagen type I and CTGF proteins using ELISA, and the expression levels of nuclear SMAD2/3/4, cytoplasmic SMAD2/3, and cytoplasmic SMAD4 proteins using the western blot technique. RESULTS Compared to the control group, the injection of TAA resulted in a significant increase in serum levels of urea and creatinine, gene expression levels of TβRI and TβRII, protein expression levels of both collagen I and CTGF proteins, cytoplasmic SMAD2/3 complex, and nuclear SMAD2/3/4 (p-value < 0.0001), with significantly decreased levels of the co-SMAD partner, SMAD4 (p-value < 0.0001). Those effects were reversed considerably in both treatment groups, with the superiority of the exosomal treatment regarding the SMAD proteins and the expression levels of the TβRI gene, collagen I, and CTGF proteins returning to near-control values (p-value > 0.05). CONCLUSION Using in vitro and in vivo experimental approaches, the research discovered a reno-protective role of silymarin and exosomes of BM-MSCs after thioacetamide-induced renal fibrosis in rats, with the advantage of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Mohamed Mekawy
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 11956, Egypt
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Egypt
| | - Dina Sabry
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 11956, Egypt
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Egypt
| | - Rania Mohamed Sabry
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 11956, Egypt
| | - Naglaa F Abozeid
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 11956, Egypt.
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Wang Q, Xu J, Li M, Chen Y, Xu Y, Li L, Gong Y, Yang Y. Nrf2 knockout attenuates the astragaloside IV therapeutic effect on kidney fibrosis from liver cancer by regulating pSmad3C/3L pathways. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:1687-1700. [PMID: 37712971 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02711-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Fibrotic kidney injury from hepatocarcinogenesis seriously impacts treatment effect. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), an extract of Astragalus membranaceus, has several pharmacological activities, which are useful in the treatment of edema and fibrosis. Nrf2/HO-1 is a key antioxidant stress pathway and help treatment of kidney injury. Smad3 phosphorylation is implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis. Our previous study clarified that Smad3 is differentially regulated by different phosphorylated forms of Smad3 on hepatocarcinogenesis. Therefore, we investigated the contribution of AS-IV on the therapy of kidney fibrosis from hepatocarcinogenesis. And the focus was on whether the phosphorylation of Smad3 and the regulation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway were involved during AS-IV therapy and whether there is an effect of Nrf2 knockout on the phosphorylation of Smad3. We performed TGF-β1 stimulation on HK-2 cells and intervened with AS-IV. Furtherly, we investigated renal injury of AS-IV on Nrf2 knockout mice during hepatocarcinogenesis and its mechanism of action. On the one hand, in vitro results showed that AS-IV reduced the ROS and α-SMA expression of HK-2 by promoting the expression pSmad3C/p21 of and Nrf2/HO-1 and suppressed the expression of pSmad3L/PAI-1. On the other hand, the in vivo results of histopathological features, serological biomarkers, and oxidative damage indicators showed that Nrf2 knockout aggravated renal injury. Besides, Nrf2 deletion decreased the nephroprotective effect of AS-IV by suppressing the pSmad3C/p21 pathway and promoting the pSmad3L/PAI-1 pathway. The experimental results were as we suspected. And we identify for the first time that Nrf2 deficiency increases renal fibrosis from hepatocarcinogenesis and attenuates the therapeutic effects of AS-IV via regulating pSmad3C/3L signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jiacheng Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yuqing Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yingying Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Lili Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yongfang Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Elbaset MA, Mohamed BMSA, Hessin A, Abd El‐Rahman SS, Esatbeyoglu T, Afifi SM, Fayed HM. Nrf2/HO-1, NF-κB and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways decipher the therapeutic mechanism of pitavastatin in early phase liver fibrosis in rats. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18116. [PMID: 38214394 PMCID: PMC10844702 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a common chronic hepatic disease. This study aimed to investigate the effect of pitavastatin (Pit) against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis. Rats were divided into four groups: (1) control group; (2) TAA group (100 mg/kg, i.p.) three times weekly for 2 weeks; (3 and 4) TAA/Pit-treated group, in which Pit was administered orally (0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks following TAA injections. TAA caused liver damage manifested by elevated serum transaminases, reduced albumin and histological alterations. Hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) was increased, and glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were decreased in TAA-administered rats. TAA upregulated the inflammatory markers NF-κB, NF-κB p65, TNF-α and IL-6. Treatment with Pit ameliorated serum transaminases, elevated serum albumin and prevented histopathological changes in TAA-intoxicated rats. Pit suppressed MDA, NF-κB, NF-κB p65, the inflammatory cytokines and PI3K mRNA in TAA-intoxicated rats. In addition, Pit enhanced hepatic antioxidants and boosted the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA. Moreover, immunohistological studies supported the ability of Pit to reduce liver fibrosis via suppressing p-AKT expression. In conclusion, Pit effectively prevents TAA-induced liver fibrosis by attenuating oxidative stress and the inflammatory response. The hepatoprotective efficacy of Pit was associated with the upregulation of Nrf2/HO-1 and downregulation of NF-κB and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marawan A. Elbaset
- Department of PharmacologyMedical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research CentreGizaEgypt
| | - Bassim M. S. A. Mohamed
- Department of PharmacologyMedical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research CentreGizaEgypt
| | - Alyaa Hessin
- Department of PharmacologyMedical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research CentreGizaEgypt
| | | | - Tuba Esatbeyoglu
- Department of Molecular Food Chemistry and Food Development, Institute of Food Science and Human NutritionGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Sherif M. Afifi
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of Sadat CitySadat CityEgypt
| | - Hany M. Fayed
- Department of PharmacologyMedical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research CentreGizaEgypt
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Zhang H, Xu J. Unveiling thioacetamide-induced toxicity: Multi-organ damage and omitted bone toxicity. Hum Exp Toxicol 2024; 43:9603271241241807. [PMID: 38531387 DOI: 10.1177/09603271241241807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Thioacetamide (TAA), a widely employed hepatotoxic substance, has gained significant traction in the induction of liver failure disease models. Upon administration of TAA to experimental animals, the production of potent oxidative derivatives ensues, culminating in the activation of oxidative stress and subsequent infliction of severe damage upon multiple organs via dissemination through the bloodstream. This review summarized the various organ damages and corresponding mechanistic explanations observed in previous studies using TAA in toxicological animal experiments. The principal pathological consequences arising from TAA exposure encompass oxidative stress, inflammation, lipid peroxidation, fibrosis, apoptosis induction, DNA damage, and osteoclast formation. Recent in vivo and in vitro studies on TAA bone toxicity have confirmed that long-term high-dose use of TAA not only induces liver damage in experimental animals but also accompanies bone damage, which was neglected for a long time. By using TAA to model diseases in experimental animals and controlling TAA dosage, duration of use, and animal exposure environment, we can induce various organ injury models. It should be noted that TAA-induced injuries have a time-dependent effect. Finally, in our daily lives, especially for researchers, we should take precautions to minimize TAA exposure and reduce the probability of related organ injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Zhang
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jian Xu
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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Elbaset MA, Mohamed BMSA, Gad SA, Afifi SM, Esatbeyoglu T, Abdelrahman SS, Fayed HM. Erythropoietin mitigated thioacetamide-induced renal injury via JAK2/STAT5 and AMPK pathway. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14929. [PMID: 37697015 PMCID: PMC10495371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney flushes out toxic substances and metabolic waste products, and homeostasis is maintained owing to the kidney efforts. Unfortunately, kidney disease is one of the illnesses with a poor prognosis and a high death rate. The current investigation was set out to assess erythropoietin (EPO) potential therapeutic benefits against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced kidney injury in rats. EPO treatment improved kidney functions, ameliorated serum urea, creatinine, and malondialdehyde, increased renal levels of reduced glutathione, and slowed the rise of JAK2, STAT5, AMPK, and their phosphorylated forms induced by TAA. EPO treatment also greatly suppressed JAK2, Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases, and The Protein Kinase R-like ER Kinase gene expressions and mitigated the histopathological alterations brought on by TAA toxicity. EPO antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties protected TAA-damaged kidneys. EPO regulates AMPK, JAK2/STAT5, and pro-inflammatory mediator synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marawan A Elbaset
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Bassim M S A Mohamed
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa A Gad
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherif M Afifi
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, 32897, Egypt
| | - Tuba Esatbeyoglu
- Department of Food Development and Food Quality, Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, 30167, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Sahar S Abdelrahman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hany M Fayed
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
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Regnault R, Kouach M, Goossens L, Thuru X, Bailly C, Goossens J. Mono‐ and bis‐edaravone adducts formed in the presence of vanillin in an aqueous solution. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Regnault
- CHU Lille, ULR 7365 ‐ GRITA ‐ Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées Univ. Lille Lille France
| | - Mostafa Kouach
- CHU Lille, ULR 7365 ‐ GRITA ‐ Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées Univ. Lille Lille France
| | - Laurence Goossens
- CHU Lille, ULR 7365 ‐ GRITA ‐ Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées Univ. Lille Lille France
| | - Xavier Thuru
- CHU Lille, CNRS, Inserm, UMR9020 – UMR1277 – Canther – Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies Univ. Lille Lille France
| | | | - Jean‐François Goossens
- CHU Lille, ULR 7365 ‐ GRITA ‐ Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées Univ. Lille Lille France
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