1
|
Hu YT, Liu ZW, Zhang TH, Ma YE, He L, Zhang J, Zhou YY, Vidal-Puig A, Pan DJ, Wu F. Cystathionine γ-lyase-derived H 2S negatively regulates thymic egress via allosteric inhibition of sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024:10.1038/s41401-024-01322-8. [PMID: 38914678 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01322-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Thymic egress is a crucial process for thymocyte maturation, strictly regulated by sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (S1PL). Recently, cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), one of the enzymes producing hydrogen sulfide (H2S), has emerged as a vital immune process regulator. However, the molecular connection between CSE, H2S and thymic egress remains largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the regulatory function of CSE in the thymic egress of immune cells. We showed that genetic knockout of CSE or pharmacological inhibition by CSE enzyme inhibitor NSC4056 or D,L-propargylglycine (PAG) significantly enhanced the migration of mature lymphocytes and monocytes from the thymus to the peripheral blood, and this redistribution effect could be reversed by treatment with NaHS, an exogenous donor of H2S. In addition, the CSE-generated H2S significantly increased the levels of S1P in the peripheral blood, thymus and spleen of mice, suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines and rescued pathogen-induced sepsis in cells and in vivo. Notably, H2S or polysulfide inhibited S1PL activity in cells and an in vitro purified enzyme assay. We found that this inhibition relied on a newly identified C203XC205 redox motif adjacent to the enzyme's active site, shedding light on the biochemical mechanism of S1PL regulation. In conclusion, this study uncovers a new function and mechanism for CSE-derived H2S in thymic egress and provides a potential drug target for treating S1P-related immune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- You-Tian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Zhi-Wei Liu
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Tong-Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yu-E Ma
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lei He
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yue-Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Centro de Investigacion Principe Felipe, Valencia, 46012, Spain
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cambridge University Nanjing Centre of Technology and Innovation, Nanjing, 210031, China
| | - De-Jing Pan
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Fang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rustamov J, Roh YS, Hong JT, Yoo HS. GT-11 impairs insulin signaling through modulation of sphingolipid metabolism in C2C12 myotubes. Life Sci 2024; 342:122534. [PMID: 38408637 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Sphingolipids are involved in the regulation of insulin signaling, which is linked to the development of insulin resistance, leading to diabetes mellitus. We aimed to study whether modulation of sphingolipid levels by GT-11 may regulate insulin signaling in C2C12 myotubes. MAIN METHODS We investigated the effects of sphingolipid metabolism on Akt phosphorylation and glucose uptake using C2C12 myotubes. Either GT-11, an inhibitor of dihydroceramide desaturase 1 and S1P lyase, or siRNA targeting Sgpl1, the gene encoding the enzyme, was employed to determine the effect of sphingolipid metabolism modulation on insulin signaling. Western blotting and glucose uptake assays were used to evaluate the effect of treatments on insulin signaling. Sphingolipid metabolites were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). KEY FINDINGS Treatment with GT-11 resulted in decreased Akt phosphorylation and reduced glucose uptake. Silencing the Sgpl1 gene, which encodes S1P lyase, mimicked these findings, suggesting the potential for regulating insulin signaling through S1P lyase modulation. GT-11 modulated sphingolipid metabolism, inducing the accumulation of sphingolipids. Using PF-543 and ARN14974 to inhibit sphingosine kinases and acid ceramidase, respectively, we identified a significant interplay between sphingosine, S1P lyase, and insulin signaling. Treatment with either exogenous sphingosine or palmitic acid inhibited Akt phosphorylation, and reduced S1P lyase activity. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings highlight the importance of close relationship between sphingolipid metabolism and insulin signaling in C2C12 myotubes, pointing to its potential therapeutic relevance for diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javokhir Rustamov
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Roh
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Soo Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cellini B, Pampalone G, Camaioni E, Pariano M, Catalano F, Zelante T, Dindo M, Macchioni L, Di Veroli A, Galarini R, Paoletti F, Davidescu M, Stincardini C, Vascelli G, Bellet MM, Saba J, Giovagnoli S, Giardina G, Romani L, Costantini C. Dual species sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase inhibitors to combine antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities in cystic fibrosis: a feasibility study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22692. [PMID: 38123809 PMCID: PMC10733307 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by respiratory failure due to a vicious cycle of defective Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) function, chronic inflammation and recurrent bacterial and fungal infections. Although the recent introduction of CFTR correctors/potentiators has revolutionized the clinical management of CF patients, resurgence of inflammation and persistence of pathogens still posit a major concern and should be targeted contextually. On the background of a network-based selectivity that allows to target the same enzyme in the host and microbes with different outcomes, we focused on sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) lyase (SPL) of the sphingolipid metabolism as a potential candidate to uniquely induce anti-inflammatory and antifungal activities in CF. As a feasibility study, herein we show that interfering with S1P metabolism improved the immune response in a murine model of CF with aspergillosis while preventing germination of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia. In addition, in an early drug discovery process, we purified human and A. fumigatus SPL, characterized their biochemical and structural properties, and performed an in silico screening to identify potential dual species SPL inhibitors. We identified two hits behaving as competitive inhibitors of pathogen and host SPL, thus paving the way for hit-to-lead and translational studies for the development of drug candidates capable of restraining fungal growth and increasing antifungal resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cellini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le Lucio Severi 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Gioena Pampalone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le Lucio Severi 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Emidio Camaioni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marilena Pariano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le Lucio Severi 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Flavia Catalano
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Zelante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le Lucio Severi 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mirco Dindo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le Lucio Severi 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lara Macchioni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le Lucio Severi 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Di Veroli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Galarini
- Centro Sviluppo e Validazione Metodi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabiola Paoletti
- Centro Sviluppo e Validazione Metodi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Magdalena Davidescu
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le Lucio Severi 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Stincardini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le Lucio Severi 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Vascelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le Lucio Severi 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marina Maria Bellet
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le Lucio Severi 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Julie Saba
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stefano Giovagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giardina
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le Lucio Severi 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudio Costantini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le Lucio Severi 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
ER Stress-Induced Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Lyase Phosphorylation Potentiates the Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100279. [PMID: 36100091 PMCID: PMC9579414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an elaborate signaling network that evolved to maintain proteostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria (mt). These organelles are functionally and physically associated, and consequently, their stress responses are often intertwined. It is unclear how these two adaptive stress responses are coordinated during ER stress. The inositol-requiring enzyme-1 (IRE1), a central ER stress sensor and proximal regulator of the UPRER, harbors dual kinase and endoribonuclease (RNase) activities. IRE1 RNase activity initiates the transcriptional layer of the UPRER, but IRE1’s kinase substrate(s) and their functions are largely unknown. Here, we discovered that sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) lyase (SPL), the enzyme that degrades S1P, is a substrate for the mammalian IRE1 kinase. Our data show that IRE1-dependent SPL phosphorylation inhibits SPL’s enzymatic activity, resulting in increased intracellular S1P levels. S1P has previously been shown to induce the activation of mitochondrial UPR (UPRmt) in nematodes. We determined that IRE1 kinase-dependent S1P induction during ER stress potentiates UPRmt signaling in mammalian cells. Phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eif2α) is recognized as a critical molecular event for UPRmt activation in mammalian cells. Our data further demonstrate that inhibition of the IRE1-SPL axis abrogates the activation of two eif2α kinases, namely double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) and PKR–like ER kinase upon ER stress. These findings show that the IRE1-SPL axis plays a central role in coordinating the adaptive responses of ER and mitochondria to ER stress in mammalian cells.
Collapse
|
5
|
Tse BCY, Ireland RA, Lee JY, Marsh-Wakefield F, Kok LF, Don AS, Byrne SN. Exposure to Systemic Immunosuppressive Ultraviolet Radiation Alters T Cell Recirculation through Sphingosine-1-Phosphate. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2278-2287. [PMID: 34561229 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Systemic suppression of adaptive immune responses is a major way in which UV radiation contributes to skin cancer development. Immune suppression is also likely to explain how UV protects from some autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. However, the mechanisms underlying UV-mediated systemic immune suppression are not well understood. Exposure of C57BL/6 mice to doses of UV known to suppress systemic autoimmunity led to the accumulation of cells within the skin-draining lymph nodes and away from non-skin-draining lymph nodes. Transfer of CD45.1+ cells from nonirradiated donors into CD45.2+ UV-irradiated recipients resulted in preferential accumulation of donor naive T cells and a decrease in activated T cells within skin-draining lymph nodes. A single dose of immune-suppressive UV was all that was required to cause a redistribution of naive and central memory T cells from peripheral blood to the skin-draining lymph nodes. Specifically, CD69-independent increases in sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor 1-negative naive and central memory T cells occurred in these lymph nodes. Mass spectrometry analysis showed UV-mediated activation of sphingosine kinase 1 activity, resulting in an increase in S1P levels within the lymph nodes. Topical application of a sphingosine kinase inhibitor on the skin prior to UV irradiation eliminated the UV-induced increase in lymph node S1P and T cell numbers. Thus, exposure to immunosuppressive UV disrupts T cell recirculation by manipulating the S1P pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benita C Y Tse
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rachael A Ireland
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Jun Yup Lee
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Felix Marsh-Wakefield
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lai Fong Kok
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony S Don
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Scott N Byrne
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; .,Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; and
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Newton J, Palladino END, Weigel C, Maceyka M, Gräler MH, Senkal CE, Enriz RD, Marvanova P, Jampilek J, Lima S, Milstien S, Spiegel S. Targeting defective sphingosine kinase 1 in Niemann-Pick type C disease with an activator mitigates cholesterol accumulation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9121-9133. [PMID: 32385114 PMCID: PMC7335787 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is a lysosomal storage disorder arising from mutations in the cholesterol-trafficking protein NPC1 (95%) or NPC2 (5%). These mutations result in accumulation of low-density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol in late endosomes/lysosomes, disruption of endocytic trafficking, and stalled autophagic flux. Additionally, NPC disease results in sphingolipid accumulation, yet it is unique among the sphingolipidoses because of the absence of mutations in the enzymes responsible for sphingolipid degradation. In this work, we examined the cause for sphingosine and sphingolipid accumulation in multiple cellular models of NPC disease and observed that the activity of sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1), one of the two isoenzymes that phosphorylate sphingoid bases, was markedly reduced in both NPC1 mutant and NPC1 knockout cells. Conversely, SphK1 inhibition with the isotype-specific inhibitor SK1-I in WT cells induced accumulation of cholesterol and reduced cholesterol esterification. Of note, a novel SphK1 activator (SK1-A) that we have characterized decreased sphingoid base and complex sphingolipid accumulation and ameliorated autophagic defects in both NPC1 mutant and NPC1 knockout cells. Remarkably, in these cells, SK1-A also reduced cholesterol accumulation and increased cholesterol ester formation. Our results indicate that a SphK1 activator rescues aberrant cholesterol and sphingolipid storage and trafficking in NPC1 mutant cells. These observations highlight a previously unknown link between SphK1 activity, NPC1, and cholesterol trafficking and metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Newton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
| | - Elisa N D Palladino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Cynthia Weigel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Maceyka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Markus H Gräler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), and Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Can E Senkal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ricardo D Enriz
- Facultad de Quimica, Bioquimica, y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO-CONICET), San Luis, Argentina
| | - Pavlina Marvanova
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Jampilek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Santiago Lima
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Sheldon Milstien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Karuppuchamy T, Tyler CJ, Lundborg LR, Pérez-Jeldres T, Kimball AK, Clambey ET, Jedlicka P, Rivera-Nieves J. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Lyase Inhibition Alters the S1P Gradient and Ameliorates Crohn's-Like Ileitis by Suppressing Thymocyte Maturation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 26:216-228. [PMID: 31807751 PMCID: PMC6943703 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphocytes recirculate from tissues to blood following the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) gradient (low in tissues, high in blood), maintained by synthetic and degradative enzymes, among which the S1P lyase (SPL) irreversibly degrades S1P. The role of SPL in the intestine, both during homeostasis and IBD, is poorly understood. We hypothesized that modulation of tissue S1P levels might be advantageous over S1P receptor (S1PR) agonists (eg, fingolimod, ozanimod, etrasimod), as without S1PR engagement there might be less likelihood of potential off-target effects. METHODS First we examined SPL mRNA transcripts and SPL localization in tissues by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. The in vivo effects of the SPL inhibitors 4-deoxypyridoxine hydrochloride (30 mg/L) and 2-acetyl-4 (tetrahydroxybutyl)imidazole (50 mg/L) were assessed through their oral administration to adult TNF∆ARE mice, which spontaneously develop Crohn's-like chronic ileitis. The effect of SPL inhibition on circulating and tissue lymphocytes, transcriptional regulation of proinflammatory cytokines, and on the histological severity of ileitis was additionally examined. Tissue S1P levels were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Mechanistically, the potential effects of high S1P tissue levels on intestinal leukocyte apoptosis were assessed via terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling assay and annexin 5 staining. Finally, we examined the ability of T cells to home to the intestine, along with the effects of SPL inhibition on cellular subsets within immune compartments via flow and mass cytometry. RESULTS S1P lyase was ubiquitously expressed. In the gut, immunohistochemistry predominantly localized it to small intestinal epithelia, although the lamina propria leukocyte fraction had higher mRNA transcripts. Inhibition of SPL markedly increased local intestinal S1P levels, induced peripheral lymphopenia, downregulated proinflammatory cytokines, and attenuated chronic ileitis in mice. SPL inhibition reduced T and myeloid cells in secondary lymphoid tissues and the intestine and decreased naïve T-cell recruitment. The anti-inflammatory activity of SPL inhibition was not mediated by leukocyte apoptosis, nor by interference with the homing of lymphocytes to the intestine, and was independent of its peripheral lymphopenic effect. However, SPL inhibition promoted thymic atrophy and depleted late immature T cells (CD4+CD8+ double positive), with accumulation of mature CD4+CD8- and CD4-CD8+ single-positive cells. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of the S1P lyase alters the S1P gradient and attenuates chronic ileitis via central immunosuppression. SPL inhibition could represent a potential way to tame an overactive immune response during IBD and other T-cell-mediated chronic inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thangaraj Karuppuchamy
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christopher J Tyler
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Luke R Lundborg
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tamara Pérez-Jeldres
- Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Hospital San Borja Arriarán, Santiago, Chile
| | - Abigail K Kimball
- Department of Anesthesiology Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pathology, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Eric T Clambey
- Department of Anesthesiology Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pathology, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul Jedlicka
- Department of Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jesús Rivera-Nieves
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Gastroenterology Section, San Diego VA Medical Center, La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sanllehí P, Casasampere M, Abad JL, Fabriàs G, López O, Bujons J, Casas J, Delgado A. The first fluorogenic sensor for sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase activity in intact cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:5441-5444. [PMID: 28462976 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01659j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
New fluorogenic sensors with suitable kinetic parameters and sensitivity have been developed for the determination of sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase activity in cell lysates. The probe RBM148 can be efficiently loaded into cationic liposomes and used to determine S1PL activity in intact cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pol Sanllehí
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Research Unit on Bioactive Molecules (RUBAM), Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Jordi Girona 18 26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lum KM, Sato Y, Beyer BA, Plaisted WC, Anglin JL, Lairson LL, Cravatt BF. Mapping Protein Targets of Bioactive Small Molecules Using Lipid-Based Chemical Proteomics. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2671-2681. [PMID: 28930429 PMCID: PMC5650530 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipids play critical roles in cell biology, often through direct interactions with proteins. We recently described the use of photoreactive lipid probes combined with quantitative mass spectrometry to globally map lipid-protein interactions, and the effects of drugs on these interactions, in cells. Here, we investigate the broader potential of lipid-based chemical proteomic probes for determining the cellular targets of biologically active small molecules, including natural product derivatives and repurposed drugs of ill-defined mechanisms. We identify the prostaglandin-regulatory enzyme PTGR2 as a target of the antidiabetic hops derivative KDT501 and show that miconazole-an antifungal drug that attenuates disease severity in preclinical models of multiple sclerosis-inhibits SGPL1, an enzyme that degrades the signaling lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate, drug analogues of which are used to treat multiple sclerosis in humans. Our findings highlight the versatility of lipid-based chemical proteomics probes for mapping small molecule-protein interactions in human cells to gain mechanistic understanding of bioactive compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M. Lum
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Sato
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brittney A. Beyer
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Justin L. Anglin
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Luke L. Lairson
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bruemmer K, Walvoord RR, Brewer TF, Burgos-Barragan G, Wit N, Pontel LB, Patel KJ, Chang CJ. Development of a General Aza-Cope Reaction Trigger Applied to Fluorescence Imaging of Formaldehyde in Living Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5338-5350. [PMID: 28375637 PMCID: PMC5501373 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is a reactive signaling molecule that is continuously produced through a number of central biological pathways spanning epigenetics to one-carbon metabolism. On the other hand, aberrant, elevated levels of FA are implicated in disease states ranging from asthma to neurodegenerative disorders. In this context, fluorescence-based probes for FA imaging are emerging as potentially powerful chemical tools to help disentangle the complexities of FA homeostasis and its physiological and pathological contributions. Currently available FA indicators require direct modification of the fluorophore backbone through complex synthetic considerations to enable FA detection, often limiting the generalization of designs to other fluorophore classes. To address this challenge, we now present the rational, iterative development of a general reaction-based trigger utilizing 2-aza-Cope reactivity for selective and sensitive detection of FA in living systems. Specifically, we developed a homoallylamine functionality that can undergo a subsequent self-immolative β-elimination, creating a FA-responsive trigger that is capable of masking a phenol on a fluorophore or any other potential chemical scaffold for related imaging and/or therapeutic applications. We demonstrate the utility of this trigger by creating a series of fluorescent probes for FA with excitation and emission wavelengths that span the UV to visible spectral regions through caging of a variety of dye units. In particular, Formaldehyde Probe 573 (FAP573), based on a resorufin scaffold, is the most red-shifted and FA sensitive in this series in terms of signal-to-noise responses and enables identification of alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (ADH5) as an enzyme that regulates FA metabolism in living cells. The results provide a starting point for the broader use of 2-aza-Cope reactivity for probing and manipulating FA biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin
J. Bruemmer
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ryan R. Walvoord
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Thomas F. Brewer
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Niek Wit
- MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas B. Pontel
- MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Ketan J. Patel
- MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
- Department
of Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Chang
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
McLean CJ, Marles-Wright J, Custodio R, Lowther J, Kennedy AJ, Pollock J, Clarke DJ, Brown AR, Campopiano DJ. Characterization of homologous sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase isoforms in the bacterial pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:137-150. [PMID: 27784725 PMCID: PMC5234717 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m071258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SLs) are ubiquitous elements in eukaryotic membranes and are also found in some bacterial and viral species. As well as playing an integral structural role, SLs also act as potent signaling molecules involved in numerous cellular pathways and have been linked to many human diseases. A central SL signaling molecule is sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), whose breakdown is catalyzed by S1P lyase (S1PL), a pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of S1P to (2E)-hexadecenal (2E-HEX) and phosphoethanolamine. Here, we show that the pathogenic bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei K96243, encodes two homologous proteins (S1PL2021 and S1PL2025) that display moderate sequence identity to known eukaryotic and prokaryotic S1PLs. Using an established MS-based methodology, we show that recombinant S1PL2021 is catalytically active. We also used recombinant human fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase to develop a spectrophotometric enzyme-coupled assay to detect 2E-HEX formation and measure the kinetic constants of the two B. pseudomallei S1PL isoforms. Furthermore, we determined the X-ray crystal structure of the PLP-bound form of S1PL2021 at 2.1 Å resolution revealing that the enzyme displays a conserved structural fold and active site architecture comparable with known S1PLs. The combined data suggest that B. pseudomallei has the potential to degrade host SLs in a S1PL-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J McLean
- EastChem School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Marles-Wright
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael Custodio
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Lowther
- EastChem School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J Kennedy
- EastChem School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Pollock
- EastChem School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - David J Clarke
- EastChem School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R Brown
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic J Campopiano
- EastChem School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sanllehí P, Abad JL, Casas J, Bujons J, Delgado A. Bacterial versus human sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (S1PL) in the design of potential S1PL inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4381-4389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
13
|
Sanllehí P, Abad JL, Bujons J, Casas J, Delgado A. Studies on the inhibition of sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase by stabilized reaction intermediates and stereodefined azido phosphates. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:905-915. [PMID: 27543882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Two kinds of inhibitors of the PLP-dependent enzyme sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase have been designed and tested on the bacterial (StS1PL) and the human (hS1PL) enzymes. Amino phosphates 1, 12, and 32, mimicking the intermediate aldimines of the catalytic process, were weak inhibitors on both enzyme sources. On the other hand, a series of stereodefined azido phosphates, resulting from the replacement of the amino group of the natural substrates with an azido group, afforded competitive inhibitors in the low micromolar range on both enzyme sources. This similar behavior represents an experimental evidence of the reported structural similarities for both enzymes at their active site level. Interestingly, the anti-isomers of the non-natural enantiomeric series where the most potent inhibitors on hS1PL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pol Sanllehí
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Research Unit on Bioactive Molecules (RUBAM), Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain; University of Barcelona (UB), Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Unit of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Associated Unit to CSIC), Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José-Luís Abad
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Research Unit on Bioactive Molecules (RUBAM), Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Bujons
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modelling, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Casas
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Research Unit on Bioactive Molecules (RUBAM), Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Delgado
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Research Unit on Bioactive Molecules (RUBAM), Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain; University of Barcelona (UB), Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Unit of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Associated Unit to CSIC), Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Argiriadi MA, Banach D, Radziejewska E, Marchie S, DiMauro J, Dinges J, Dominguez E, Hutchins C, Judge RA, Queeney K, Wallace G, Harris CM. Creation of a S1P Lyase bacterial surrogate for structure-based drug design. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2293-6. [PMID: 27013389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
S1P Lyase (SPL) has been described as a drug target in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. It plays an important role in maintaining intracellular levels of S1P thereby affecting T cell egress from lymphoid tissues. Several groups have already published approaches to inhibit S1P Lyase with small molecules, which in turn increase endogenous S1P concentrations resulting in immunosuppression. The use of structural biology has previously aided SPL inhibitor design. Novel construct design is at times necessary to provide a reagent for protein crystallography. Here we present a chimeric bacterial protein scaffold used for protein X-ray structures in the presence of early small molecule inhibitors. Mutations were introduced to the bacterial SPL from Symbiobacterium thermophilum which mimic the human enzyme. As a result, two mutant StSPL crystal structures resolved to 2.8Å and 2.2Å resolutions were solved and provide initial structural hypotheses for an isoxazole chemical series, whose optimization is discussed in the accompanying paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Argiriadi
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - David Banach
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | - Susan Marchie
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jennifer DiMauro
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jurgen Dinges
- AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Eric Dominguez
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | | | - Kara Queeney
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Grier Wallace
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Legionella pneumophila S1P-lyase targets host sphingolipid metabolism and restrains autophagy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1901-6. [PMID: 26831115 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1522067113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential component of innate immunity, enabling the detection and elimination of intracellular pathogens. Legionella pneumophila, an intracellular pathogen that can cause a severe pneumonia in humans, is able to modulate autophagy through the action of effector proteins that are translocated into the host cell by the pathogen's Dot/Icm type IV secretion system. Many of these effectors share structural and sequence similarity with eukaryotic proteins. Indeed, phylogenetic analyses have indicated their acquisition by horizontal gene transfer from a eukaryotic host. Here we report that L. pneumophila translocates the effector protein sphingosine-1 phosphate lyase (LpSpl) to target the host sphingosine biosynthesis and to curtail autophagy. Our structural characterization of LpSpl and its comparison with human SPL reveals high structural conservation, thus supporting prior phylogenetic analysis. We show that LpSpl possesses S1P lyase activity that was abrogated by mutation of the catalytic site residues. L. pneumophila triggers the reduction of several sphingolipids critical for macrophage function in an LpSpl-dependent and -independent manner. LpSpl activity alone was sufficient to prevent an increase in sphingosine levels in infected host cells and to inhibit autophagy during macrophage infection. LpSpl was required for efficient infection of A/J mice, highlighting an important virulence role for this effector. Thus, we have uncovered a previously unidentified mechanism used by intracellular pathogens to inhibit autophagy, namely the disruption of host sphingolipid biosynthesis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Didonna A, Isobe N, Caillier SJ, Li KH, Burlingame AL, Hauser SL, Baranzini SE, Patsopoulos NA, Oksenberg JR. A non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism associated with multiple sclerosis risk affects the EVI5 interactome. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:7151-8. [PMID: 26433934 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent progress in the characterization of genetic loci associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) risk, the ubiquitous linkage disequilibrium operating across the genome has stalled efforts to distinguish causative variants from proxy single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Here, we have identified through fine mapping and meta-analysis EVI5 as the most plausible disease risk gene within the 1p22.1 locus. We further show that an exonic SNP associated with risk induces changes in superficial hydrophobicity patterns of the coiled-coil domain of EVI5, which, in turns, affects the EVI5 interactome. Immunoprecipitation of wild-type and mutated EVI5 followed by mass spectrometry generated a roster of disease-specific interactors functionally linked to lipid metabolism. Among the exclusive binding partners of the risk variant, we describe the novel interaction with sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase (SGPL1)-a key enzyme for the creation of the sphingosine-1 phosphate gradient, which is relevant to the pathogenic process and therapeutic management of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kathy H Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | | | - Nikolaos A Patsopoulos
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Institute for the Neurosciences and Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02142, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Suh JH, Eltanawy A, Rangan A, Saba JD. A facile stable-isotope dilution method for determination of sphingosine phosphate lyase activity. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 194:101-9. [PMID: 26408264 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A new technique for quantifying sphingosine phosphate lyase activity in biological samples is described. In this procedure, 2-hydrazinoquinoline is used to convert (2E)-hexadecenal into the corresponding hydrazone derivative to improve ionization efficiency and selectivity of detection. Combined utilization of liquid chromatographic separation and multiple reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry allows for simultaneous quantification of the substrate S1P and product (2E)-hexadecenal. Incorporation of (2E)- d5-hexadecenal as an internal standard improves detection accuracy and precision. A simple one-step derivatization procedure eliminates the need for further extractions. Limits of quantification for (2E)-hexadecenal and sphingosine-1-phosphate are 100 and 50fmol, respectively. The assay displays a wide dynamic detection range useful for detection of low basal sphingosine phosphate lyase activity in wild type cells, SPL-overexpressing cell lines, and wild type mouse tissues. Compared to current methods, the capacity for simultaneous detection of sphingosine-1-phosphate and (2E)-hexadecenal greatly improves the accuracy of results and shows excellent sensitivity and specificity for sphingosine phosphate lyase activity detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung H Suh
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, United States
| | - Abeer Eltanawy
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, United States
| | - Apoorva Rangan
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, United States
| | - Julie D Saba
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Testai FD, Xu HL, Kilkus J, Suryadevara V, Gorshkova I, Berdyshev E, Pelligrino DA, Dawson G. Changes in the metabolism of sphingolipids after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:796-805. [PMID: 25597763 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We previously described how ceramide (Cer), a mediator of cell death, increases in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients. This study investigates the alterations of biochemical pathways involved in Cer homeostasis in SAH. Cer, dihydroceramide (DHC), sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and the activities of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase), neutral sphingomyelinase (NSMase), sphingomyelinase synthase (SMS), S1P-lyase, and glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) were determined in the CSF of SAH subjects and in brain homogenate of SAH rats. Compared with controls (n = 8), SAH patients (n = 26) had higher ASMase activity (10.0 ± 3.5 IF/µl· min vs. 15.0 ± 4.6 IF/µl • min; P = 0.009) and elevated levels of Cer (11.4 ± 8.8 pmol/ml vs. 33.3 ± 48.3 pmol/ml; P = 0.001) and DHC (1.3 ± 1.1 pmol/ml vs. 3.8 ± 3.4 pmol/ml; P = 0.001) in the CSF. The activities of GCS, NSMase, and SMS in the CSF were undetectable. Brain homogenates from SAH animals had increased ASMase activity (control: 9.7 ± 1.2 IF/µg • min; SAH: 16.8 ± 1.6 IF/µg • min; P < 0.05) and Cer levels (control: 3,422 ± 26 fmol/nmol of total lipid P; SAH: 7,073 ± 2,467 fmol/nmol of total lipid P; P < 0.05) compared with controls. In addition, SAH was associated with a reduction of 60% in S1P levels, a 40% increase in S1P-lyase activity, and a twofold increase in the activity of GCS. In comparison, NSMase and SMS activities were similar to controls and SMS activities similar to controls. In conclusion, our results show an activation of ASMase, S1P-lyase, and GCS resulting in a shift in the production of protective (S1P) in favor of deleterious (Cer) sphingolipids after SAH. Additional studies are needed to determine the effect of modulators of the pathways described here in SAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando D Testai
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Testai FD, Kilkus JP, Berdyshev E, Gorshkova I, Natarajan V, Dawson G. Multiple sphingolipid abnormalities following cerebral microendothelial hypoxia. J Neurochem 2014; 131:530-40. [PMID: 25060904 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia has been previously shown to inhibit the dihydroceramide (DHC) desaturase, leading to the accumulation of DHC. In this study, we used metabolic labeling with [3H]-palmitate, HPLC/MS/MS analysis, and specific inhibitors to show numerous sphingolipid changes after oxygen deprivation in cerebral microendothelial cells. The increased DHC, particularly long-chain forms, was observed in both whole cells and detergent-resistant membranes. This was reversed by reoxygenation and blocked by the de novo sphingolipid synthesis inhibitor myriocin, but not by the neutral sphingomyelinase inhibitor GW-4869. Furthermore, oxygen deprivation of microendothelial cells increased levels of dihydro-sphingosine (DH-Sph), DH-sphingosine1-phosphate (DH-S1P), DH-sphingomyelin (DH-SM), DH-glucosylceramide (DH-GlcCer), and S1P levels. In vitro assays revealed no changes in the activity of sphingomyelinases or sphingomyelin synthase, but resulted in reduced S1P lyase activity and 40% increase in glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) activity, which was reversed by reoxygenation. Inhibition of the de novo sphingolipid pathway (myriocin) or GCS (EtPoD4) induced endothelial barrier dysfunction and increased caspase 3-mediated cell death in response to hypoxia. Our findings suggest that hypoxia induces synthesis of S1P and multiple dihydro-sphingolipids, including DHC, DH-SM, DH-GlcCer, DH-Sph and DH-S1P, which may be involved in ameliorating the effects of stroke . Progressive hypoxia leads to the accumulation of several dihydrosphingolipids in cerebral microendothelial cells. Hypoxia also increases sphingosine-1-phosphate and the activity of glucosylceramide (Glc-Cer) synthase. These changes reverse by inhibiting the de novo sphingolipid synthesis, which worsens hypoxia-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction and apoptosis, suggesting that the identified sphingolipids may be vasculoprotective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando D Testai
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mezzar S, de Schryver E, Van Veldhoven PP. RP-HPLC-fluorescence analysis of aliphatic aldehydes: application to aldehyde-generating enzymes HACL1 and SGPL1. J Lipid Res 2013; 55:573-82. [PMID: 24323699 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d044230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain aldehydes are commonly produced in various processes, such as peroxisomal α-oxidation of long-chain 3-methyl-branched and 2-hydroxy fatty acids and microsomal breakdown of phosphorylated sphingoid bases. The enzymes involved in the aldehyde-generating steps of these processes are 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase (HACL1) and sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SGPL1), respectively. In the present work, nonradioactive assays for these enzymes were developed employing the Hantzsch reaction. Tridecanal (C13-al) and heptadecanal (C17-al) were selected as model compounds and cyclohexane-1,3-dione as 1,3-diketone, and the fluorescent derivatives were analyzed by reversed phase (RP)-HPLC. Assay mixture composition, as well as pH and heating, were optimized for C13-al and C17-al. Under optimized conditions, these aldehydes could be quantified in picomolar range and different long-chain aldehyde derivatives were well resolved with a linear gradient elution by RP-HPLC. Aldehydes generated by recombinant enzymes could easily be detected via this method. Moreover, the assay allowed to document activity or deficiency in tissue homogenates and fibroblast lysates without an extraction step. In conclusion, a simple, quick, and cheap assay for the study of HACL1 and SGPL1 activities was developed, without relying on expensive mass spectrometric detectors or radioactive substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Mezzar
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li X, Gao X, Shi W, Ma H. Design strategies for water-soluble small molecular chromogenic and fluorogenic probes. Chem Rev 2013; 114:590-659. [PMID: 24024656 DOI: 10.1021/cr300508p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1188] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lee YM, Lim C, Lee HS, Shin YK, Shin KO, Lee YM, Kim S. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Polyyne-Containing Sphingoid Base Probe as a Chemical Tool. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1324-31. [DOI: 10.1021/bc300684q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Mi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu,
Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Chaemin Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu,
Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Hun Seok Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu,
Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Young Kee Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu,
Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Kyong-Oh Shin
- College
of Pharmacy and MRC, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Yong-Moon Lee
- College
of Pharmacy and MRC, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu,
Seoul 151-742, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Brizuela L, Ader I, Mazerolles C, Bocquet M, Malavaud B, Cuvillier O. First evidence of sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase protein expression and activity downregulation in human neoplasm: implication for resistance to therapeutics in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:1841-51. [PMID: 22784711 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report of sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase (SPL) protein expression and enzymatic activity in human neoplasm. This enzyme drives irreversible degradation of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive lipid associated with resistance to therapeutics in various cancers, including prostate adenocarcinoma. In fresh human prostatectomy specimens, a remarkable decrease in SPL enzymatic activity was found in tumor samples, as compared with normal adjacent tissues. A significant relationship between loss of SPL expression and higher Gleason score was confirmed in tissue microarray (TMA) analysis. Moreover, SPL protein expression and activity were inversely correlated with those of sphingosine kinase-1 (SphK1), the enzyme producing S1P. SPL and SphK1 expressions were independently predictive of aggressive cancer on TMA, supporting the relevance of S1P in prostate cancer. In human C4-2B and PC-3 cell lines, silencing SPL enhanced survival after irradiation or chemotherapy by decreasing expression of proteins involved in sensing and repairing DNA damage or apoptosis, respectively. In contrast, enforced expression of SPL sensitized cancer cells to irradiation or docetaxel by tilting the ceramide/S1P balance toward cell death. Interestingly, the S1P degradation products failed to sensitize to chemo- and radiotherapy, supporting the crucial role of ceramide/S1P balance in cancer. Of note, the combination of SPL enforced expression with a SphK1 silencing strategy by further decreasing S1P content made prostate cancer cells even more sensitive to anticancer therapies, suggesting that a dual strategy aimed at stimulating SPL, and inhibiting SphK1 could represent a future approach to sensitize cancer cells to cancer treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Brizuela
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Reina E, Camacho L, Casas J, Van Veldhoven PP, Fabrias G. Determination of sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase activity by gas chromatography coupled to electron impact mass spectrometry. Chem Phys Lipids 2012; 165:225-31. [PMID: 22265672 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SGPL1) is the last enzyme in the catabolism of sphingolipids. It catalyzes the retroaldolic cleavage of long chain base phosphates into phosphoethanolamine and a fatty aldehyde. In this article we report on an easy and sensitive procedure to determine SPL activity. The assays uses C17-sphinganine-1-phosphate as substrate and the aldehyde product, pentadecanal, is quantified as its pentafluorobenzyloxime derivative by GC/MS. Derivatization of pentadecanal is performed as a one-step reaction, and the oxime product is directly injected for GC/MS analysis without any further purification. Acquisition in selected ion monitoring mode allows very high sensitivity, with a limit of detection of 281fmol. The assay is linear with both protein concentration and incubation time up to 20μg and 40min, respectively. The K(m) value obtained (6μM) is similar to that for the natural substrate sphingosine-1-phosphate. Using this method, FTY720 and deoxypyridoxine phosphate inhibited SPL with similar potencies to those reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ester Reina
- Dept. of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kinetic delay of cyclization/elimination-coupled enzyme assays: Analysis and solution. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1069-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
26
|
Bourquin F, Riezman H, Capitani G, Grütter MG. Structure and function of sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase, a key enzyme of sphingolipid metabolism. Structure 2010; 18:1054-65. [PMID: 20696404 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SPL), a key enzyme of sphingolipid metabolism, catalyzes the irreversible degradation of sphingoid base phosphates. Its main substrate sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) acts both extracellularly, by binding G protein-coupled receptors of the lysophospholipid receptor family, and inside the cell, as a second messenger. There, S1P takes part in regulating various cellular processes and its levels are tightly regulated. SPL is a pivotal enzyme regulating S1P intracellular concentrations and a promising drug target for the design of immunosuppressants. We structurally and functionally characterized yeast SPL (Dpl1p) and its first prokaryotic homolog, from Symbiobacterium thermophilum. The Dpl1p structure served as a basis for a very reliable model of Homo sapiens SPL. The above results, together with in vitro and in vivo studies of SPL mutants, reveal which residues are involved in activity and substrate binding and pave the way to studies aimed at controlling the activity of this pivotal enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Bourquin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bagdanoff JT, Donoviel MS, Nouraldeen A, Carlsen M, Jessop TC, Tarver J, Aleem S, Dong L, Zhang H, Boteju L, Hazelwood J, Yan J, Bednarz M, Layek S, Owusu IB, Gopinathan S, Moran L, Lai Z, Kramer J, Kimball SD, Yalamanchili P, Heydorn WE, Frazier KS, Brooks B, Brown P, Wilson A, Sonnenburg WK, Main A, Carson KG, Oravecz T, Augeri DJ. Inhibition of sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: discovery of (E)-1-(4-((1R,2S,3R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)ethanone oxime (LX2931) and (1R,2S,3R)-1-(2-(isoxazol-3-yl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (LX2932). J Med Chem 2010; 53:8650-62. [PMID: 21090716 DOI: 10.1021/jm101183p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase (S1PL) has been characterized as a novel target for the treatment of autoimmune disorders using genetic and pharmacological methods. Medicinal chemistry efforts targeting S1PL by direct in vivo evaluation of synthetic analogues of 2-acetyl-4(5)-(1(R),2(S),3(R),4-tetrahydroxybutyl)-imidazole (THI, 1) led to the discovery of 2 (LX2931) and 4 (LX2932). The immunological phenotypes observed in S1PL deficient mice were recapitulated by oral administration of 2 or 4. Oral dosing of 2 or 4 yielded a dose-dependent decrease in circulating lymphocyte numbers in multiple species and showed a therapeutic effect in rodent models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Phase I clinical trials indicated that 2, the first clinically studied inhibitor of S1PL, produced a dose-dependent and reversible reduction of circulating lymphocytes and was well tolerated at dose levels of up to 180 mg daily. Phase II evaluation of 2 in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis is currently underway.
Collapse
|
28
|
Fluorescent small-molecule probes of biochemistry at the plasma membrane. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2010; 14:57-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
29
|
Serra M, Saba JD. Sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase, a key regulator of sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling and function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 50:349-62. [PMID: 19914275 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2009.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Serra
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609-1673, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|