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Luo P, Huang JH, Lv JM, Wang GQ, Hu D, Gao H. Biosynthesis of fungal terpenoids. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:748-783. [PMID: 38265076 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00052d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Covering: up to August 2023Terpenoids, which are widely distributed in animals, plants, and microorganisms, are a large group of natural products with diverse structures and various biological activities. They have made great contributions to human health as therapeutic agents, such as the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel and anti-malarial agent artemisinin. Accordingly, the biosynthesis of this important class of natural products has been extensively studied, which generally involves two major steps: hydrocarbon skeleton construction by terpenoid cyclases and skeleton modification by tailoring enzymes. Additionally, fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) serve as an important source for the discovery of terpenoids. With the rapid development of sequencing technology and bioinformatics approaches, genome mining has emerged as one of the most effective strategies to discover novel terpenoids from fungi. To date, numerous terpenoid cyclases, including typical class I and class II terpenoid cyclases as well as emerging UbiA-type terpenoid cyclases, have been identified, together with a variety of tailoring enzymes, including cytochrome P450 enzymes, flavin-dependent monooxygenases, and acyltransferases. In this review, our aim is to comprehensively present all fungal terpenoid cyclases identified up to August 2023, with a focus on newly discovered terpenoid cyclases, especially the emerging UbiA-type terpenoid cyclases, and their related tailoring enzymes from 2015 to August 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Luo
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jia-Hua Huang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jian-Ming Lv
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Gao-Qian Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Dan Hu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Hao Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Cong Z, Yin Q, Tian K, Mukoma NJ, Ouyang L, Hsiang T, Zhang L, Jiang L, Liu X. Genome Mining of Fungal Unique Trichodiene Synthase-like Sesquiterpene Synthases. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:350. [PMID: 38786705 PMCID: PMC11122449 DOI: 10.3390/jof10050350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpenoids served as an important source for natural product drug discovery. Although genome mining approaches have revealed numerous novel sesquiterpenoids and biosynthetic enzymes, the comprehensive landscape of fungal sesquiterpene synthases (STSs) remains elusive. In this study, 123 previously reported fungal STSs were subjected to phylogenetic analysis, resulting in the identification of a fungi-specific STS family known as trichodiene synthase-like sesquiterpene synthases (TDTSs). Subsequently, the application of hidden Markov models allowed the discovery of 517 TDTSs from our in-house fungi genome library of over 400 sequenced genomes, and these TDTSs were defined into 79 families based on a sequence similarity network. Based on the novelty of protein sequences and the completeness of their biosynthetic gene clusters, 23 TDTS genes were selected for heterologous expression in Aspergillus oryzae. In total, 10 TDTSs were active and collectively produced 12 mono- and sesquiterpenes, resulting in the identification of the first chamipinene synthase, as well as the first fungi-derived cedrene, sabinene, and camphene synthases. Additionally, with the guidance of functionally characterized TDTSs, we found that TDTSs in Family 1 could produce bridged-cyclic sesquiterpenes, while those in Family 2 could synthesize spiro- and bridged-cyclic sesquiterpenes. Our research presents a new avenue for the genome mining of fungal sesquiterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanren Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science of Technology, Shanghai 200237, China (N.J.M.)
| | - Qiang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science of Technology, Shanghai 200237, China (N.J.M.)
| | - Kunhong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science of Technology, Shanghai 200237, China (N.J.M.)
| | - Njeru Joe Mukoma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science of Technology, Shanghai 200237, China (N.J.M.)
| | - Liming Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science of Technology, Shanghai 200237, China (N.J.M.)
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science of Technology, Shanghai 200237, China (N.J.M.)
| | - Lan Jiang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science of Technology, Shanghai 200237, China (N.J.M.)
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3
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Park SC, Steffan BN, Yun Lim F, Gupta R, Ayaloglu Butun F, Chen H, Ye R, Decker T, Wu CC, Kelleher NL, Woo Bok J, Keller NP. Terpenoid balance in Aspergillus nidulans unveiled by heterologous squalene synthase expression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk7416. [PMID: 38381828 PMCID: PMC10881027 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk7416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi produce numerous uncharacterized natural products (NPs) that are often challenging to characterize because of cryptic expression in laboratory conditions. Previously, we have successfully isolated novel NPs by expressing fungal artificial chromosomes (FACs) from a variety of fungal species into Aspergillus nidulans. Here, we demonstrate a twist to FAC utility wherein heterologous expression of a Pseudogymnoascus destructans FAC in A. nidulans altered endogenous terpene biosynthetic pathways. In contrast to wild type, the FAC transformant produced increased levels of squalene and aspernidine type compounds, including three new nidulenes (1- 2, and 5), and lost nearly all ability to synthesize the major A. nidulans characteristic terpene, austinol. Deletion of a squalene synthase gene in the FAC restored wild-type chemical profiles. The altered squalene to farnesyl pyrophosphate ratio leading to synthesis of nidulenes and aspernidines at the expense of farnesyl pyrophosphate-derived austinols provides unexpected insight into routes of terpene synthesis in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Chul Park
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Breanne N. Steffan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Fang Yun Lim
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Raveena Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Rosa Ye
- Intact Genomics Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Neil L. Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jin Woo Bok
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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4
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Lin C, Feng XL, Liu Y, Li ZC, Li XZ, Qi J. Bioinformatic Analysis of Secondary Metabolite Biosynthetic Potential in Pathogenic Fusarium. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:850. [PMID: 37623621 PMCID: PMC10455296 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium species are among the filamentous fungi with the most pronounced impact on agricultural production and human health. The mycotoxins produced by pathogenic Fusarium not only attack various plants including crops, causing various plant diseases that lead to reduced yields and even death, but also penetrate into the food chain of humans and animals to cause food poisoning and consequent health hazards. Although sporadic studies have revealed some of the biosynthetic pathways of Fusarium toxins, they are insufficient to satisfy the need for a comprehensive understanding of Fusarium toxin production. In this study, we focused on 35 serious pathogenic Fusarium species with available genomes and systematically analyzed the ubiquity of the distribution of identified Fusarium- and non-Fusarium-derived fungal toxin biosynthesis gene clusters (BGCs) in these species through the mining of core genes and the comparative analysis of corresponding BGCs. Additionally, novel sesterterpene synthases and PKS_NRPS clusters were discovered and analyzed. This work is the first to systematically analyze the distribution of related mycotoxin biosynthesis in pathogenic Fusarium species. These findings enhance the knowledge of mycotoxin production and provide a theoretical grounding for the prevention of fungal toxin production using biotechnological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xi-long Feng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Zhao-chen Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xiu-Zhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Jianzhao Qi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
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5
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Abstract
Covering: 2015 to 2022Fungal terpenoids are of large structural diversity and often exhibit interesting biological activities. Recent work has focused on two main aspects: (1) the discovery and understanding of unknown biosynthetic genes and pathways, and (2) the usage of already known biosynthetic genes in the construction of high yielding production strains. Both aspects will be covered in this review article that aims to summarise the most important work of the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yin
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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6
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Zhang W, Meng Q, Wu J, Cheng W, Liu D, Huang J, Fan A, Xu J, Lin W. Acorane sesquiterpenes from the deep-sea derived Penicillium bilaiae fungus with anti-neuroinflammatory effects. Front Chem 2022; 10:1036212. [PMID: 36505743 PMCID: PMC9727179 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1036212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acorane-type sesquiterpenes comprise a unique class of natural products with a range of pharmaceutical effects. Genome sequencing and gene annotation, along with qRT-PCR detection, demonstrate that the deep-sea derived Penicillium bilaiae F-28 fungus shows potential to produce acorane sesquiterpenes. Chromatographic manipulation resulted in the isolation of 20 acorane sesquiterpenes from the large-scale fermented fungal strain. Their structures were established by the interpretation of spectroscopic data, together with X-ray diffraction, chemical conversion, and ECD data for configurational assignments. A total of 18 new sesquiterpenes, namely, bilaiaeacorenols A-R (1-18), were identified. Bilaiaeacorenols A and B represent structurally unique tricyclic acoranes. Compound 18 exhibited efficient reduction against NO production in LPS-induced BV-2 macrophages in a dose-dependent manner, and it abolished LPS-induced NF-κB in the nucleus of BV-2 microglial cells. In addition, marked reductions of iNOS and COX-2 in protein and mRNA levels were observed. This study extends the chemical diversity of acorane-type sesquiterpenoids and suggests that compound 18 is a promising lead for anti-neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Ocean Research, Peking University, Beijing, China,School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Qingyu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Ocean Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingshuai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Ocean Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Ocean Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Ocean Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Ocean Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Aili Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Ocean Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China,*Correspondence: Jing Xu, ; Wenhan Lin,
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Institute of Ocean Research, Peking University, Beijing, China,Ningbo Institute of Marine Medicines, Peking University, Ningbo, China,*Correspondence: Jing Xu, ; Wenhan Lin,
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7
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Wen YH, Chen TJ, Jiang LY, Li L, Guo M, Peng Y, Chen JJ, Pei F, Yang JL, Wang RS, Gong T, Zhu P. Unusual (2 R,6 R)-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane ring construction in fungal α- trans-bergamotene biosynthesis. iScience 2022; 25:104030. [PMID: 35345459 PMCID: PMC8956814 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bergamotenes are bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane sesquiterpenes found abundantly in plants and fungi. Known bergamotene derivatives all possess (2S,6S)-bergamotene backbone. In this study, two (+)-α-trans-bergamotene derivatives (1 and 2) with unusual (2R,6R) configuration were isolated and elucidated from marine fungus Nectria sp. HLS206. The first (+)-α-trans-bergamotene synthase NsBERS was characterized using genome mining and heterologous expression-based strategies. Based on homology search, we characterized another (+)-α-trans-bergamotene synthase LsBERS from Lachnellula suecica and an (+)-α-bisabolol synthase BcBOS from Botrytis cinerea. We proposed that the cyclization mechanism of (+)-α-trans-bergamotene involved endo-anti cyclization of left-handed helix farnesyl pyrophosphate by (6R)-bisabolyl cation, which was supported by molecular docking. The biosynthesis-based volatiles (3–6) produced by heterologous fungal expression systems elicited significant electroantennographic responses of Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera frugiperda, respectively, suggesting their potential in biocontrol of these pests. This work enriches diversity of sesquiterpenoids and fungal sesquiterpene synthases, providing insight into the enzymatic mechanism of formation of enantiomeric sesquiterpenes. Bergamotene derivatives with unusual (2R,6R) configurations from marine fungus (+)-α-trans-bergamotene synthase NsBERS as a gateway to identify LsBERS and BcBOS The endo-anti cyclization of left-handed helix FPP involving (6R)-bisabolyl cation Volatiles elicited significant EAG responses suggesting their biocontrol potential
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hua Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products; CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Tian-Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products; CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Long-Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products; CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products; CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Mengbo Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products; CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing-Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products; CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Fei Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products; CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jin-Ling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products; CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Rui-Shan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products; CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ting Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products; CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Ping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products; CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Corresponding author
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8
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Atanasoff-Kardjalieff AK, Studt L. Secondary Metabolite Gene Regulation in Mycotoxigenic Fusarium Species: A Focus on Chromatin. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:96. [PMID: 35202124 PMCID: PMC8880415 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium is a species-rich group of mycotoxigenic plant pathogens that ranks as one of the most economically important fungal genera in the world. During growth and infection, they are able to produce a vast spectrum of low-molecular-weight compounds, so-called secondary metabolites (SMs). SMs often comprise toxic compounds (i.e., mycotoxins) that contaminate precious food and feed sources and cause adverse health effects in humans and livestock. In this context, understanding the regulation of their biosynthesis is crucial for the development of cropping strategies that aim at minimizing mycotoxin contamination in the field. Nevertheless, currently, only a fraction of SMs have been identified, and even fewer are considered for regular monitoring by regulatory authorities. Limitations to exploit their full chemical potential arise from the fact that the genes involved in their biosynthesis are often silent under standard laboratory conditions and only induced upon specific stimuli mimicking natural conditions in which biosynthesis of the respective SM becomes advantageous for the producer. This implies a complex regulatory network. Several components of these gene networks have been studied in the past, thereby greatly advancing the understanding of SM gene regulation and mycotoxin biosynthesis in general. This review aims at summarizing the latest advances in SM research in these notorious plant pathogens with a focus on chromatin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lena Studt
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria;
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Nichea MJ, Proctor RH, Probyn CE, Palacios SA, Cendoya E, Sulyok M, Chulze SN, Torres AM, Ramirez ML. Fusarium chaquense, sp. nov, a novel type A trichothecene-producing species from native grasses in a wetland ecosystem in Argentina. Mycologia 2021; 114:46-62. [PMID: 34871141 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.1987102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Chaco wetland is among the most biologically diverse regions in Argentina. In collections of fungi from asymptomatic native grasses (Poaceae) from the wetlands, we identified isolates of Fusarium that were morphologically similar to F. armeniacum, but distinct from it by their production of abundant microconidia. All the isolates had identical, or nearly identical, partial sequences of TEF1 and RPB2. But they were distinct from reference sequences from F. armeniacum and Fusarium species closely related to it. Phylogenetic analysis of 34 full-length housekeeping gene sequences retrieved from whole genome sequences of three Chaco wetland isolates, 29 genes resolved the isolates as an exclusive clade within the F. sambucinum species complex. Based on results of the morphological and phylogenetic analysis, we concluded that the Chaco wetland isolates are a distinct and novel species, herein described as Fusarium chaquense, sp. nov., which is closely related to F. armeniacum. F. chaquense in culture can produce the trichothecenes T-2 and HT-2 toxin, neosolaniol, diacetoxyscirpenol, and monoacetoxyscirpenol, as well as beauvericin and the pigment aurofusarin. Genome sequence analysis also revealed the presence of three previously described loci required for trichothecene biosynthesis. This research represents the first study of Fusarium in a natural ecosystem in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Nichea
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Córdoba, 5800, Argentina
| | - Robert H Proctor
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1815 N University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604
| | - Crystal E Probyn
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1815 N University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604
| | - Sofía A Palacios
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Córdoba, 5800, Argentina
| | - Eugenia Cendoya
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Córdoba, 5800, Argentina
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, Tulln, 3430, Austria
| | - Sofía N Chulze
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Córdoba, 5800, Argentina
| | - Adriana M Torres
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Córdoba, 5800, Argentina
| | - María L Ramirez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Córdoba, 5800, Argentina
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10
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Draft Genome Sequence of Fusarium equiseti K3, a Fungal Species Isolated from Hexachlorocyclohexane-Contaminated Soil. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:e0088521. [PMID: 34817210 PMCID: PMC8612084 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00885-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the draft genome sequence of Fusarium equiseti strain K3, a fungus isolated from a hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)-contaminated soil (Kitengela, Kenya). The 37.88-Mb draft genome sequence consists of 206 contigs, 12,311 predicted protein-coding sequences, and 261 tRNA sequences. This genome sequence contributes to our understanding of fungal-bacterial interactions during hexachlorocyclohexane degradation.
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11
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Zhu J, Liu L, Wu M, Xia G, Lin P, Zi J. Characterization of a Sesquiterpene Synthase Catalyzing Formation of Cedrol and Two Diastereoisomers of Tricho-Acorenol from Euphorbia fischeriana. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:1780-1786. [PMID: 34014675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A sesquiterpene synthase gene was identified from the transcriptome of Euphorbia fischeriana Steud, and the function of its product EfTPS12 was characterized by in vitro biochemical experiments and synthetic biology approaches. EfTPS12 catalyzed conversion of farnesyl diphosphate into three products, including cedrol (1) and eupho-acorenols A (2) and B (3) (two diastereoisomers of tricho-acorenol), thereby being named EfCAS herein. The structures of 2 and 3 were determined by spectroscopic methods and comparison of experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism spectra. EfCAS is the first example of a plant-derived sesquiterpene synthase that is capable of synthesizing acorane-type alcohols. This study also documents that synthetic biology approaches enable large-scale preparation of volatile terpenes and thereby substantially facilitate characterization of corresponding terpene synthases and elucidation of the structures of their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxun Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Maobo Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiyang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining 810007, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiachen Zi
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
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12
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Witte TE, Villeneuve N, Boddy CN, Overy DP. Accessory Chromosome-Acquired Secondary Metabolism in Plant Pathogenic Fungi: The Evolution of Biotrophs Into Host-Specific Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:664276. [PMID: 33968000 PMCID: PMC8102738 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.664276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Accessory chromosomes are strain- or pathotype-specific chromosomes that exist in addition to the core chromosomes of a species and are generally not considered essential to the survival of the organism. Among pathogenic fungal species, accessory chromosomes harbor pathogenicity or virulence factor genes, several of which are known to encode for secondary metabolites that are involved in plant tissue invasion. Accessory chromosomes are of particular interest due to their capacity for horizontal transfer between strains and their dynamic "crosstalk" with core chromosomes. This review focuses exclusively on secondary metabolism (including mycotoxin biosynthesis) associated with accessory chromosomes in filamentous fungi and the role accessory chromosomes play in the evolution of secondary metabolite gene clusters. Untargeted metabolomics profiling in conjunction with genome sequencing provides an effective means of linking secondary metabolite products with their respective biosynthetic gene clusters that reside on accessory chromosomes. While the majority of literature describing accessory chromosome-associated toxin biosynthesis comes from studies of Alternaria pathotypes, the recent discovery of accessory chromosome-associated biosynthetic genes in Fusarium species offer fresh insights into the evolution of biosynthetic enzymes such as non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), polyketide synthases (PKSs) and regulatory mechanisms governing their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Witte
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nicolas Villeneuve
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher N. Boddy
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - David P. Overy
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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13
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Gargouri S, Balmas V, Burgess L, Paulitz T, Laraba I, Kim HS, Proctor RH, Busman M, Felker FC, Murray T, O'Donnell K. An endophyte of Macrochloa tenacissima (esparto or needle grass) from Tunisia is a novel species in the Fusarium redolens species complex. Mycologia 2020; 112:792-807. [PMID: 32552568 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1767493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report on the morphological, molecular, and chemical characterization of a novel Fusarium species recovered from the roots and rhizosphere of Macrochloa tenacissima (halfa, esparto, or needle grass) in central Tunisia. Formally described here as F. spartum, this species is a member of the Fusarium redolens species complex but differs from the other two species within the complex, F. redolens and F. hostae, by its endophytic association with M. tenacissima and its genealogical exclusivity based on multilocus phylogenetic analyses. To assess their sexual reproductive mode, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was designed and used to screen the three strains of F. spartum, 51 of F. redolens, and 14 of F. hostae for mating type (MAT) idiomorph. Genetic architecture of the MAT locus in the former two species suggests that if they reproduce sexually, it is via obligate outcrossing. By comparison, results of the PCR assay indicated that 13/14 of the F. hostae strains possessed MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 idiomorphs and thus might be self-fertile or homothallic. However, when the F. hostae strains were selfed, 11 failed to produce perithecia and one only produced several small abortive perithecia. Cirrhi with ascospores, however, were only produced by 8/28 and 4/84 of the variable size perithecia, respectively, of F. hostae NRRL 29888 and 29890. The potential for the three F. redolens clade species to produce mycotoxins, pigments, and phytohormones was assessed by screening whole genome sequence data and by analyzing extracts on cracked maize kernel cultures via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Gargouri
- Laboratoire de Protection des végétaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie, Université de Carthage , Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari , Sassari, Italy
| | - Lester Burgess
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney , Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Timothy Paulitz
- Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service , US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington 99164-6430
| | - Imane Laraba
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service , US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999
| | - Hye-Seon Kim
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service , US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service , US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999
| | - Mark Busman
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service , US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999
| | - Frederick C Felker
- Functional Food Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service , US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999
| | - Timothy Murray
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164-6430
| | - Kerry O'Donnell
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service , US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3999
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Li Z, Howell K, Fang Z, Zhang P. Sesquiterpenes in grapes and wines: Occurrence, biosynthesis, functionality, and influence of winemaking processes. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 19:247-281. [PMID: 33319521 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Grapes are an important global horticultural product, and are mainly used for winemaking. Typically, grapes and wines are rich in various phytochemicals, including phenolics, terpenes, pyrazines, and benzenoids, with different compounds responsible for different nutritional and sensory properties. Among these compounds, sesquiterpenes, a subcategory of the terpenes, are attracting increasing interest as they affect aroma and have potential health benefits. The characteristics of sesquiterpenes in grapes and wines in terms of classification, biosynthesis pathway, and active functions have not been extensively reviewed. This paper summarizes 97 different sesquiterpenes reported in grapes and wines and reviews their biosynthesis pathways and relevant bio-regulation mechanisms. This review further discusses the functionalities of these sesquiterpenes including their aroma contribution to grapes and wines and potential health benefits, as well as how winemaking processes affect sesquiterpene concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhan Li
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate Howell
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhongxiang Fang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pangzhen Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Nielsen MR, Sondergaard TE, Giese H, Sørensen JL. Advances in linking polyketides and non-ribosomal peptides to their biosynthetic gene clusters in Fusarium. Curr Genet 2019; 65:1263-1280. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-00998-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Schmidt R, Durling MB, de Jager V, Menezes RC, Nordkvist E, Svatoš A, Dubey M, Lauterbach L, Dickschat JS, Karlsson M, Garbeva P. Deciphering the genome and secondary metabolome of the plant pathogen Fusarium culmorum. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 94:4990469. [PMID: 29718180 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium culmorum is one of the most important fungal plant pathogens that causes diseases on a wide diversity of cereal and non-cereal crops. We report herein for the first time the genome sequence of F. culmorum strain PV and its associated secondary metabolome that plays a role in the interaction with other microorganisms and contributes to its pathogenicity on plants. The genome revealed the presence of two terpene synthases, trichodiene and longiborneol synthase, which generate an array of volatile terpenes. Furthermore, we identified two gene clusters, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, which encode for the production of mycotoxins. Linking the production of mycotoxins with in vitro bioassays, we found high virulence of F. culmorum PV on maize, barley and wheat. By using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we confirmed several compounds important for the behaviour and lifestyle of F. culmorum. This research sets the basis for future studies in microbe-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Schmidt
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10,6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mikael B Durling
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Victor de Jager
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10,6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Riya C Menezes
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Aleš Svatoš
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mukesh Dubey
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lukas Lauterbach
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10,6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10,6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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17
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Yuan Y, Litzenburger M, Cheng S, Bian G, Hu B, Yan P, Cai Y, Deng Z, Bernhardt R, Liu T. Sesquiterpenoids Produced by Combining Two Sesquiterpene Cyclases with Promiscuous Myxobacterial CYP260B1. Chembiochem 2019; 20:677-682. [PMID: 30484946 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes represent a class of important terpenoids with high structural diversity and a wide range of applications. The cyclized core skeletons are generated by sesquiterpene cyclases, and the structural diversity is further increased by a series of modification steps. Cytochromes P450 (P450s) are a class of monooxygenases and one of the main contributors to the structural diversity of natural products. Some of these P450s show a broad substrate range and might be promising candidates for the implementation of cascade reactions. In this study, a combinatorial biosynthesis approach was utilized by the combination of a promiscuous myxobacterial P450 (CYP260B1) with two sesquiterpene cyclases (FgJ01056, FgJ09920) of filamentous fungi. Two oxygenated products, culmorin and culmorone, and a new compound, koraidiol, were successfully generated and characterized. This approach suggests the potential use of noncognate P450s to produce novel oxygenated terpenoids, or to generate a novel biosynthetic route for known terpenoids by a combinatorial biosynthesis strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China
| | - Martin Litzenburger
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Shu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China
| | - Guangkai Bian
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China
| | - Ben Hu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China
| | - Pan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yousheng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tiangang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China.,Hubei Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, 430075, P.R. China
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18
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Flynn CM, Broz K, Jonkers W, Schmidt-Dannert C, Kistler HC. Expression of the Fusarium graminearum terpenome and involvement of the endoplasmic reticulum-derived toxisome. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 124:78-87. [PMID: 30664933 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The sesquiterpenoid deoxynivalenol (DON) is an important trichothecene mycotoxin produced by the cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. DON is synthesized in specialized subcellular structures called toxisomes. The first step in DON synthesis is catalyzed by the sesquiterpene synthase (STS), Tri5 (trichodiene synthase), resulting in the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to produce the sesquiterpene trichodiene. Tri5 is one of eight putative STSs in the F. graminearum genome. To better understand the F. graminearum terpenome, the volatile and soluble fractions of fungal cultures were sampled. Stringent regulation of sesquiterpene accumulation was observed. When grown in trichothecene induction medium, the fungus produces trichothecenes as well as several volatile non-trichothecene related sesquiterpenes, whereas no volatile terpenes were detected when grown in non-inducing medium. Surprisingly, a Δtri5 deletion strain grown in inducing conditions not only ceased accumulation of trichothecenes, but also failed to produce the non-trichothecene related sesquiterpenes. To test whether Tri5 from F. graminearum may be a promiscuous STS directly producing all observed sesquiterpenes, Tri5 was cloned and expressed in E. coli and shown to produce primarily trichodiene in addition to minor, related cyclization products. Therefore, while Tri5 expression in F. graminearum is necessary for non-trichothecene sesquiterpene biosynthesis, direct catalysis by Tri5 does not explain the sesquiterpene deficient phenotype observed in the Δtri5 strain. To test whether Tri5 protein, separate from its enzymatic activity, may be required for non-trichothecene synthesis, the Tri5 locus was replaced with an enzymatically inactive, but structurally unaffected tri5N225D S229T allele. This allele restores non-trichothecene synthesis but not trichothecene synthesis. The tri5N225D S229T allele also restores toxisome structure which is lacking in the Δtri5 deletion strain. Our results indicate that the Tri5 protein, but not its enzymatic activity, is also required for the synthesis of non-trichothecene related sesquiterpenes and the formation of toxisomes. Toxisomes thus not only may be important for DON synthesis, but also for the synthesis of other sesquiterpene mycotoxins such as culmorin by F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Flynn
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Karen Broz
- USDA ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Claudia Schmidt-Dannert
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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19
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Zhang PL, Wang G, Xu FQ, Liu JS, Wang JT, Zhang R, Liu HT, Hu JM, Wang GK, Wu PY. Aspergilolide, a steroid lactone produced by an endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp. MBL1612 isolated from Paeonia ostii. Nat Prod Res 2018; 33:2133-2138. [PMID: 30822136 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1488706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Liang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Qing Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei, P. R. China
- Phytochemistry and Plant Resource in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Song Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Ju-Tao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Tao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Jiang-Miao Hu
- Phytochemistry and Plant Resource in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Kai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Yun Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei, P. R. China
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20
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Hoogendoorn K, Barra L, Waalwijk C, Dickschat JS, van der Lee TAJ, Medema MH. Evolution and Diversity of Biosynthetic Gene Clusters in Fusarium. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1158. [PMID: 29922257 PMCID: PMC5996196 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi in the Fusarium genus cause severe damage to crops, resulting in great financial losses and health hazards. Specialized metabolites synthesized by these fungi are known to play key roles in the infection process, and to provide survival advantages inside and outside the host. However, systematic studies of the evolution of specialized metabolite-coding potential across Fusarium have been scarce. Here, we apply a combination of bioinformatic approaches to identify biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) across publicly available genomes from Fusarium, to group them into annotated families and to study gain/loss events of BGC families throughout the history of the genus. Comparison with MIBiG reference BGCs allowed assignment of 29 gene cluster families (GCFs) to pathways responsible for the production of known compounds, while for 57 GCFs, the molecular products remain unknown. Comparative analysis of BGC repertoires using ancestral state reconstruction raised several new hypotheses on how BGCs contribute to Fusarium pathogenicity or host specificity, sometimes surprisingly so: for example, a gene cluster for the biosynthesis of hexadehydro-astechrome was identified in the genome of the biocontrol strain Fusarium oxysporum Fo47, while being absent in that of the tomato pathogen F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. Several BGCs were also identified on supernumerary chromosomes; heterologous expression of genes for three terpene synthases encoded on the Fusarium poae supernumerary chromosome and subsequent GC/MS analysis showed that these genes are functional and encode enzymes that each are able to synthesize koraiol; this observed functional redundancy supports the hypothesis that localization of copies of BGCs on supernumerary chromosomes provides freedom for evolutionary innovations to occur, while the original function remains conserved. Altogether, this systematic overview of biosynthetic diversity in Fusarium paves the way for targeted natural product discovery based on automated identification of species-specific pathways as well as for connecting species ecology to the taxonomic distributions of BGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Hoogendoorn
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Biointeractions and Plant Health, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Lena Barra
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Theo A J van der Lee
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marnix H Medema
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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21
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Sesquiterpene Synthase-3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Synthase Fusion Protein Responsible for Hirsutene Biosynthesis in Stereum hirsutum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.00036-18. [PMID: 29625976 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00036-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The wood-rotting mushroom Stereum hirsutum is a known producer of a large number of namesake hirsutenoids, many with important bioactivities. Hirsutenoids form a structurally diverse and distinct class of sesquiterpenoids. No genes involved in hirsutenoid biosynthesis have yet been identified or their enzymes characterized. Here, we describe the cloning and functional characterization of a hirsutene synthase as an unexpected fusion protein of a sesquiterpene synthase (STS) with a C-terminal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA) synthase (HMGS) domain. Both the full-length fusion protein and truncated STS domain are highly product-specific 1,11-cyclizing STS enzymes with kinetic properties typical of STSs. Complementation studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae confirmed that the HMGS domain is also functional in vivo Phylogenetic analysis shows that the hirsutene synthase domain does not form a clade with other previously characterized sesquiterpene synthases from Basidiomycota. Comparative gene structure analysis of this hirsutene synthase with characterized fungal enzymes reveals a significantly higher intron density, suggesting that this enzyme may be acquired by horizontal gene transfer. In contrast, the HMGS domain is clearly related to other fungal homologs. This STS-HMGS fusion protein is part of a biosynthetic gene cluster that includes P450s and oxidases that are expressed and could be cloned from cDNA. Finally, this unusual fusion of a terpene synthase to an HMGS domain, which is not generally recognized as a key regulatory enzyme of the mevalonate isoprenoid precursor pathway, led to the identification of additional HMGS duplications in many fungal genomes, including the localization of HMGSs in other predicted sesquiterpenoid biosynthetic gene clusters.IMPORTANCE Hirsutenoids represent a structurally diverse class of bioactive sesquiterpenoids isolated from fungi. Identification of their biosynthetic pathways will provide access to this chemodiversity for the discovery and synthesis of molecules with new bioactivities. The identification and successful cloning of the previously elusive hirsutene synthase from the S. hirsutum provide important insights and strategies for biosynthetic gene discovery in Basidiomycota. The finding of a terpene synthase-HMGS fusion, the discovery of other sesquiterpenoid biosynthetic gene clusters with dedicated HMGS genes, and HMGS gene duplications in fungal genomes give new importance to the role of HMGS as a key regulatory enzyme in isoprenoid and sterol biosynthesis that should be exploited for metabolic engineering.
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Three previously unrecognised classes of biosynthetic enzymes revealed during the production of xenovulene A. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1963. [PMID: 29773797 PMCID: PMC5958101 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenovulene A is a complex fungal meroterpenoid, produced by the organism hitherto known as Acremonium strictum IMI 501407, for which limited biosynthetic evidence exists. Here, we generate a draft genome and show that the producing organism is previously unknown and should be renamed as Sarocladium schorii. A biosynthetic gene cluster is discovered which bears resemblance to those involved in the biosynthesis of fungal tropolones, with additional genes of unknown function. Heterologous reconstruction of the entire pathway in Aspergillus oryzae allows the chemical steps of biosynthesis to be dissected. The pathway shows very limited similarity to the biosynthesis of other fungal meroterpenoids. The pathway features: the initial formation of tropolone intermediates; the likely involvement of a hetero Diels–Alder enzyme; a terpene cyclase with no significant sequence homology to any known terpene cyclase and two enzymes catalysing oxidative-ring contractions. Xenovulene A is a fungal compound that has the potential to be used as an antidepressant. Here, the authors unravel the pathway leading to its formation in fungi and discover a new class of enzymes, which accounts for some unusual chemistry in the synthesis of xenovulene.
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23
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Dickschat JS, Celik E, Brock NL. Volatiles from three genome sequenced fungi from the genus Aspergillus. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:900-910. [PMID: 29765471 PMCID: PMC5942377 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The volatiles emitted by agar plate cultures of three genome sequenced fungal strains from the genus Aspergillus were analysed by GC-MS. All three strains produced terpenes for which a biosynthetic relationship is discussed. The obtained data were also correlated to genetic information about the encoded terpene synthases for each strain. Besides terpenes, a series of aromatic compounds and volatiles derived from fatty acid and branched amino acid metabolism were identified. Some of these compounds have not been described as fungal metabolites before. For the compound ethyl (E)-hept-4-enoate known from cantaloupe a structural revision to the Z stereoisomer is proposed. Ethyl (Z)-hept-4-enoate also occurs in Aspergillus clavatus and was identified by synthesis of an authentic standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ersin Celik
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Nelson L Brock
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany (former address)
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24
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Bian G, Hou A, Yuan Y, Hu B, Cheng S, Ye Z, Di Y, Deng Z, Liu T. Metabolic Engineering-Based Rapid Characterization of a Sesquiterpene Cyclase and the Skeletons of Fusariumdiene and Fusagramineol from Fusarium graminearum. Org Lett 2018. [PMID: 29513542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The potential power of sesquiterpene synthase FgJ03939 from Fusarium graminearum was fully exploited in a farnesyl diphosphate-overexpressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae chassis to produce the novel sesquiterpenes fusariumdiene (1), epi-fusagramineol (2), and fusagramineol (3) with 5/7 bicyclic and 5/6/3 tricyclic ring systems, respectively, as well as five known sesquiterpenes (4-8). The structure of the unusual skeletons was characterized, and an absolute configuration was proposed. A mechanism for the biosynthesis of 1-8 was also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangkai Bian
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430071 , P. R. China
| | - Anwei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430071 , P. R. China
| | - Yujie Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430071 , P. R. China
| | - Ben Hu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430071 , P. R. China
| | - Shu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430071 , P. R. China
| | - Ziling Ye
- J1 Biotech Co., Ltd. , Wuhan 430075 , P. R. China
| | - Yingtong Di
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , P. R. China.,Hubei Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Microbiology , Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan 430075 , P. R. China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430071 , P. R. China.,Hubei Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Microbiology , Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan 430075 , P. R. China
| | - Tiangang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430071 , P. R. China.,Hubei Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Microbiology , Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan 430075 , P. R. China
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25
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Mitsuhashi T, Rinkel J, Okada M, Abe I, Dickschat JS. Mechanistic Characterization of Two Chimeric Sesterterpene Synthases fromPenicillium. Chemistry 2017; 23:10053-10057. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Mitsuhashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science; University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Jan Rinkel
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Masahiro Okada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science; University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science; University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
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26
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Niehaus EM, Schumacher J, Burkhardt I, Rabe P, Spitzer E, Münsterkötter M, Güldener U, Sieber CMK, Dickschat JS, Tudzynski B. The GATA-Type Transcription Factor Csm1 Regulates Conidiation and Secondary Metabolism in Fusarium fujikuroi. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1175. [PMID: 28694801 PMCID: PMC5483468 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GATA-type transcription factors (TFs) such as the nitrogen regulators AreA and AreB, or the light-responsive TFs WC-1 and WC-2, play global roles in fungal growth and development. The conserved GATA TF NsdD is known as an activator of sexual development and key repressor of conidiation in Aspergillus nidulans, and as light-regulated repressor of macroconidia formation in Botrytis cinerea. In the present study, we functionally characterized the NsdD ortholog in Fusarium fujikuroi, named Csm1. Deletion of this gene resulted in elevated microconidia formation in the wild-type (WT) and restoration of conidiation in the non-sporulating velvet mutant Δvel1 demonstrating that Csm1 also plays a role as repressor of conidiation in F. fujikuroi. Furthermore, biosynthesis of the PKS-derived red pigments, bikaverin and fusarubins, is de-regulated under otherwise repressing conditions. Cross-species complementation of the Δcsm1 mutant with the B. cinerea ortholog LTF1 led to full restoration of WT-like growth, conidiation and pigment formation. In contrast, the F. fujikuroi CSM1 rescued only the defects in growth, the tolerance to H2O2 and virulence, but did not restore the light-dependent differentiation when expressed in the B. cinerea Δltf1 mutant. Microarray analysis comparing the expression profiles of the F. fujikuroi WT and the Δcsm1 mutant under different nitrogen conditions revealed a strong impact of this GATA TF on 19 of the 47 gene clusters in the genome of F. fujikuroi. One of the up-regulated silent gene clusters is the one containing the sesquiterpene cyclase-encoding key gene STC1. Heterologous expression of STC1 in Escherichia coli enabled us to identify the product as the volatile bioactive compound (-)-germacrene D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Niehaus
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Julia Schumacher
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Immo Burkhardt
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Patrick Rabe
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Eduard Spitzer
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Martin Münsterkötter
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Department of Genome-Oriented Bioinformatics, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | | | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterMünster, Germany
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms University of Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
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28
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Abstract
Covering: up to January 2017This review gives a comprehensive overview of the production of fungal volatiles, including the history of the discovery of the first compounds and their distribution in the various investigated strains, species and genera, as unravelled by modern analytical methods. Biosynthetic aspects and the accumulated knowledge about the bioactivity and biological functions of fungal volatiles are also covered. A total number of 325 compounds is presented in this review, with 247 cited references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen S Dickschat
- University of Bonn, Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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29
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Janevska S, Arndt B, Baumann L, Apken LH, Mauriz Marques LM, Humpf HU, Tudzynski B. Establishment of the Inducible Tet-On System for the Activation of the Silent Trichosetin Gene Cluster in Fusarium fujikuroi. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9040126. [PMID: 28379186 PMCID: PMC5408200 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9040126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The PKS-NRPS-derived tetramic acid equisetin and its N-desmethyl derivative trichosetin exhibit remarkable biological activities against a variety of organisms, including plants and bacteria, e.g., Staphylococcus aureus. The equisetin biosynthetic gene cluster was first described in Fusarium heterosporum, a species distantly related to the notorious rice pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi. Here we present the activation and characterization of a homologous, but silent, gene cluster in F. fujikuroi. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that this cluster does not contain the equisetin N-methyltransferase gene eqxD and consequently, trichosetin was isolated as final product. The adaption of the inducible, tetracycline-dependent Tet-on promoter system from Aspergillus niger achieved a controlled overproduction of this toxic metabolite and a functional characterization of each cluster gene in F. fujikuroi. Overexpression of one of the two cluster-specific transcription factor (TF) genes, TF22, led to an activation of the three biosynthetic cluster genes, including the PKS-NRPS key gene. In contrast, overexpression of TF23, encoding a second Zn(II)2Cys6 TF, did not activate adjacent cluster genes. Instead, TF23 was induced by the final product trichosetin and was required for expression of the transporter-encoding gene MFS-T. TF23 and MFS-T likely act in consort and contribute to detoxification of trichosetin and therefore, self-protection of the producing fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Janevska
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
| | - Birgit Arndt
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Leonie Baumann
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
| | - Lisa Helene Apken
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
| | - Lucas Maciel Mauriz Marques
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
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30
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Niehaus EM, Münsterkötter M, Proctor RH, Brown DW, Sharon A, Idan Y, Oren-Young L, Sieber CM, Novák O, Pěnčík A, Tarkowská D, Hromadová K, Freeman S, Maymon M, Elazar M, Youssef SA, El-Shabrawy ESM, Shalaby ABA, Houterman P, Brock NL, Burkhardt I, Tsavkelova EA, Dickschat JS, Galuszka P, Güldener U, Tudzynski B. Comparative "Omics" of the Fusarium fujikuroi Species Complex Highlights Differences in Genetic Potential and Metabolite Synthesis. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:3574-3599. [PMID: 28040774 PMCID: PMC5203792 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFC) cause a wide spectrum of often devastating diseases on diverse agricultural crops, including coffee, fig, mango, maize, rice, and sugarcane. Although species within the FFC are difficult to distinguish by morphology, and their genes often share 90% sequence similarity, they can differ in host plant specificity and life style. FFC species can also produce structurally diverse secondary metabolites (SMs), including the mycotoxins fumonisins, fusarins, fusaric acid, and beauvericin, and the phytohormones gibberellins, auxins, and cytokinins. The spectrum of SMs produced can differ among closely related species, suggesting that SMs might be determinants of host specificity. To date, genomes of only a limited number of FFC species have been sequenced. Here, we provide draft genome sequences of three more members of the FFC: a single isolate of F. mangiferae, the cause of mango malformation, and two isolates of F. proliferatum, one a pathogen of maize and the other an orchid endophyte. We compared these genomes to publicly available genome sequences of three other FFC species. The comparisons revealed species-specific and isolate-specific differences in the composition and expression (in vitro and in planta) of genes involved in SM production including those for phytohormome biosynthesis. Such differences have the potential to impact host specificity and, as in the case of F. proliferatum, the pathogenic versus endophytic life style.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Niehaus
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Münsterkötter
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Robert H Proctor
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois
| | - Daren W Brown
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois
| | - Amir Sharon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yifat Idan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liat Oren-Young
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Christian M Sieber
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, University of California, Walnut Creek, Berkeley, California
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Hromadová
- Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Stanley Freeman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Marcel Maymon
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Meirav Elazar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Sahar A Youssef
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | | | | | - Petra Houterman
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Plant Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nelson L Brock
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Germany
| | - Immo Burkhardt
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Germany
| | - Elena A Tsavkelova
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Germany
| | - Petr Galuszka
- Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Department of Genome-oriented Bioinformatics, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 3, Freising, Germany
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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31
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Janevska S, Arndt B, Niehaus EM, Burkhardt I, Rösler SM, Brock NL, Humpf HU, Dickschat JS, Tudzynski B. Gibepyrone Biosynthesis in the Rice Pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi Is Facilitated by a Small Polyketide Synthase Gene Cluster. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:27403-27420. [PMID: 27856636 PMCID: PMC5207165 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.753053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2H-pyran-2-one gibepyrone A and its oxidized derivatives gibepyrones B-F have been isolated from the rice pathogenic fungus Fusarium fujikuroi already more than 20 years ago. However, these products have not been linked to the respective biosynthetic genes, and therefore, their biosynthesis has not yet been analyzed on a molecular level. Feeding experiments with isotopically labeled precursors clearly supported a polyketide origin for the formal monoterpenoid gibepyrone A, whereas the terpenoid pathway could be excluded. Targeted gene deletion verified that the F. fujikuroi polyketide synthase PKS13, designated Gpy1, is responsible for gibepyrone A biosynthesis. Next to Gpy1, the ATP-binding cassette transporter Gpy2 is encoded by the gibepyrone gene cluster. Gpy2 was shown to have only a minor impact on the actual efflux of gibepyrone A out of the cell. Instead, we obtained evidence that Gpy2 is involved in gene regulation as it represses GPY1 gene expression. Thus, GPY1 was up-regulated and gibepyrone A production was enhanced both extra- and intracellularly in Δgpy2 mutants. Furthermore, expression of GPY genes is strictly repressed by members of the fungus-specific velvet complex, Vel1, Vel2, and Lae1, whereas Sge1, a major regulator of secondary metabolism in F. fujikuroi, affects gibepyrone biosynthesis in a positive manner. The gibepyrone A derivatives gibepyrones B and D were shown to be produced by cluster-independent P450 monooxygenases, probably to protect the fungus from the toxic product. In contrast, the formation of gibepyrones E and F from gibepyrone A is a spontaneous process and independent of enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Janevska
- From the Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143 Münster
| | - Birgit Arndt
- the Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, D-48149 Münster, and
| | - Eva-Maria Niehaus
- From the Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143 Münster
| | - Immo Burkhardt
- the Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah M Rösler
- From the Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143 Münster
- the Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, D-48149 Münster, and
| | - Nelson L Brock
- the Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- the Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, D-48149 Münster, and
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- the Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- From the Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143 Münster,
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32
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Studt L, Rösler SM, Burkhardt I, Arndt B, Freitag M, Humpf HU, Dickschat JS, Tudzynski B. Knock-down of the methyltransferase Kmt6 relieves H3K27me3 and results in induction of cryptic and otherwise silent secondary metabolite gene clusters in Fusarium fujikuroi. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:4037-4054. [PMID: 27348741 PMCID: PMC5118082 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi produce a vast array of secondary metabolites (SMs) and some play a role in agriculture or pharmacology. Sequencing of the rice pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi revealed the presence of far more SM-encoding genes than known products. SM production is energy-consuming and thus tightly regulated, leaving the majority of SM gene clusters silent under laboratory conditions. One important regulatory layer in SM biosynthesis involves histone modifications that render the underlying genes either silent or poised for transcription. Here, we show that the majority of the putative SM gene clusters in F. fujikuroi are located within facultative heterochromatin marked by trimethylated lysine 27 on histone 3 (H3K27me3). Kmt6, the methyltransferase responsible for establishing this histone mark, appears to be essential in this fungus, and knock-down of Kmt6 in the KMT6kd strain shows a drastic phenotype affecting fungal growth and development. Transcription of four so far cryptic and otherwise silent putative SM gene clusters was induced in the KMT6kd strain, in which decreased expression of KMT6 is accompanied by reduced H3K27me3 levels at the respective gene loci and accumulation of novel metabolites. One of the four putative SM gene clusters, named STC5, was analysed in more detail thereby revealing a novel sesquiterpene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Studt
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany,Corresponding author: L. Studt, Division of Microbial Genetics and Pathogen Interaction, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Campus-Tulln, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Austria, , phone: (+43) 1 / 47654-6722
| | - Sarah M. Rösler
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany,Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Immo Burkhardt
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Birgit Arndt
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Freitag
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331 Oregon, United States of America
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
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Eneh LK, Saijo H, Borg-Karlson AK, Lindh JM, Rajarao GK. Cedrol, a malaria mosquito oviposition attractant is produced by fungi isolated from rhizomes of the grass Cyperus rotundus. Malar J 2016; 15:478. [PMID: 27639972 PMCID: PMC5027114 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cedrol, a sesquiterpene alcohol, is the first identified oviposition attractant for African malaria vectors. Finding the natural source of this compound might help to elucidate why Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis prefer to lay eggs in habitats containing it. Previous studies suggest that cedrol may be a fungal metabolite and the essential oil of grass rhizomes have been described to contain a high amount of different sesquiterpenes. Results Rhizomes of the grass Cyperus rotundus were collected in a natural malaria mosquito breeding site. Two fungi were isolated from an aqueous infusion with these rhizomes. They were identified as Fusarium falciforme and a species in the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex. Volatile compounds were collected from the headspace above fungal cultures on Tenax traps which were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS). Cedrol and a cedrol isomer were detected in the headspace above the F. fujikuroi culture, while only cedrol was detected above the F. falciforme culture. Conclusion Cedrol an oviposition attractant for African malaria vectors is produced by two fungi species isolated from grass rhizomes collected from a natural mosquito breeding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda K Eneh
- Chemical Ecology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hiromi Saijo
- Chemical Ecology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Forest Products Group, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Anna-Karin Borg-Karlson
- Chemical Ecology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny M Lindh
- Chemical Ecology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Gunaratna Kuttuva Rajarao
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Buchvaldt Amby D, Manczak T, Petersen MA, Sundelin T, Weitzel C, Grajewski M, Simonsen HT, Jensen B. Role of the Colletotrichum acutatum sesquiterpene synthase CaTPS in the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenoids. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2016; 162:1773-1783. [PMID: 27553953 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Colletotrichum acutatum is a major fungal pathogen of fruit crops, which causes severe yield losses in strawberry production. A potential key factor in plant-pathogen interactions is fungal sesquiterpenoids which have mycotoxic and phytotoxic activities. The first committed step in sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis is performed by sesquiterpene synthases (TPS). Only a few TPSs have been functionally characterized from filamentous fungi and none from the genus Colletotrichum. Despite being an important fungal pathogen to agriculture, it is poorly understood at the molecular and chemical levels. The terpenoid biochemistry in Coll. acutatum strain SA 0-1 was studied and one Coll. acutatum TPS (CaTPS) was successfully cloned and characterized in yeast. CaTPS catalyses the biosynthesis of multiple sesquiterpenoids. The two major products are β-caryophyllene and an unidentified sesquiterpenoid along with α-humulene as one of the minor sesquiterpenoid products. These products were also secreted by the fungus in strawberry fruit medium along with several other sesquiterpenoids indicating other TPSs are active during in vitro growth. β-Caryophyllene and α-humulene are known cytotoxic products important for ecological interactions and are produced by SA 0-1. Interestingly, a gene expression analysis using quantitative real-time PCR revealed a significant increase in expression of CaTPS during strawberry fruit infection, thus indicating that it could be involved in fruit infection. This is, we believe, the first characterization of TPS in Colletotrichum spp. and terpenoid profiles of Coll. acutatum, which could facilitate studies on the role of terpenoids in the ecology of Coll. acutatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Buchvaldt Amby
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tom Manczak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mikael Agerlin Petersen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Sundelin
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Corinna Weitzel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Maciej Grajewski
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Toft Simonsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Birgit Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Burkhardt I, Siemon T, Henrot M, Studt L, Rösler S, Tudzynski B, Christmann M, Dickschat JS. Mechanistic Characterisation of Two Sesquiterpene Cyclases from the Plant Pathogenic FungusFusarium fujikuroi. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8748-51. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Immo Burkhardt
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Thomas Siemon
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Organische Chemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Matthias Henrot
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Organische Chemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Lena Studt
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Schlossplatz 8 48143 Münster Germany
- Institut für Angewandte Genetik und Zellbiologie; Universität für Bodenkultur Wien; Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24/I 3430 Tulln an der Donau Austria
| | - Sarah Rösler
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Schlossplatz 8 48143 Münster Germany
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Schlossplatz 8 48143 Münster Germany
| | - Mathias Christmann
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Organische Chemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
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36
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Burkhardt I, Siemon T, Henrot M, Studt L, Rösler S, Tudzynski B, Christmann M, Dickschat JS. Mechanistische Charakterisierung von zwei Sesquiterpen-Cyclasen aus dem phytopathogenen PilzFusarium fujikuroi. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Immo Burkhardt
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Deutschland
| | - Thomas Siemon
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Organische Chemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Matthias Henrot
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Organische Chemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Lena Studt
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Schlossplatz 8 48143 Münster Deutschland
- Institut für Angewandte Genetik und Zellbiologie; Universität für Bodenkultur Wien; Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24/I 3430 Tulln an der Donau Österreich
| | - Sarah Rösler
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Schlossplatz 8 48143 Münster Deutschland
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Schlossplatz 8 48143 Münster Deutschland
| | - Mathias Christmann
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Organische Chemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Deutschland
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Genome mining of the sordarin biosynthetic gene cluster from Sordaria araneosa Cain ATCC 36386: characterization of cycloaraneosene synthase and GDP-6-deoxyaltrose transferase. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 69:541-8. [PMID: 27072286 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sordarin is a glycoside antibiotic with a unique tetracyclic diterpene aglycone structure called sordaricin. To understand its intriguing biosynthetic pathway that may include a Diels-Alder-type [4+2]cycloaddition, genome mining of the gene cluster from the draft genome sequence of the producer strain, Sordaria araneosa Cain ATCC 36386, was carried out. A contiguous 67 kb gene cluster consisting of 20 open reading frames encoding a putative diterpene cyclase, a glycosyltransferase, a type I polyketide synthase, and six cytochrome P450 monooxygenases were identified. In vitro enzymatic analysis of the putative diterpene cyclase SdnA showed that it catalyzes the transformation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to cycloaraneosene, a known biosynthetic intermediate of sordarin. Furthermore, a putative glycosyltransferase SdnJ was found to catalyze the glycosylation of sordaricin in the presence of GDP-6-deoxy-d-altrose to give 4'-O-demethylsordarin. These results suggest that the identified sdn gene cluster is responsible for the biosynthesis of sordarin. Based on the isolated potential biosynthetic intermediates and bioinformatics analysis, a plausible biosynthetic pathway for sordarin is proposed.
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Genome of Diaporthe sp. provides insights into the potential inter-phylum transfer of a fungal sesquiterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:1050-1063. [PMID: 27521636 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fungi have highly active secondary metabolic pathways which enable them to produce a wealth of sesquiterpenoids that are bioactive. One example is Δ6-protoilludene, the precursor to the cytotoxic illudins, which are pharmaceutically relevant as anticancer therapeutics. To date, this valuable sesquiterpene has only been identified in members of the fungal division Basidiomycota. To explore the untapped potential of fungi belonging to the division Ascomycota in producing Δ6-protoilludene, we isolated a fungal endophyte Diaporthe sp. BR109 and show that it produces a diversity of terpenoids including Δ6-protoilludene. Using a genome sequencing and mining approach 17 putative novel sesquiterpene synthases were identified in Diaporthe sp. BR109. A phylogenetic approach was used to predict which gene encodes Δ6-protoilludene synthase, which was then confirmed experimentally. These analyses reveal that the sesquiterpene synthase and its putative sesquiterpene scaffold modifying cytochrome P450(s) may have been acquired by inter-phylum horizontal gene transfer from Basidiomycota to Ascomycota. Bioinformatic analyses indicate that inter-phylum transfer of these minimal sequiterpenoid secondary metabolic pathways may have occurred in other fungi. This work provides insights into the evolution of fungal sesquiterpenoid secondary metabolic pathways in the production of pharmaceutically relevant bioactive natural products.
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Abstract
Fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) are prolific producers of structurally diverse terpenoid compounds. Classes of terpenoids identified in fungi include the sesqui-, di- and triterpenoids. Biosynthetic pathways and enzymes to terpenoids from each of these classes have been described. These typically involve the scaffold generating terpene synthases and cyclases, and scaffold tailoring enzymes such as e.g. cytochrome P450 monoxygenases, NAD(P)+ and flavin dependent oxidoreductases, and various group transferases that generate the final bioactive structures. The biosynthesis of several sesquiterpenoid mycotoxins and bioactive diterpenoids has been well-studied in Ascomycota (e.g. filamentous fungi). Little is known about the terpenoid biosynthetic pathways in Basidiomycota (e.g. mushroom forming fungi), although they produce a huge diversity of terpenoid natural products. Specifically, many trans-humulyl cation derived sesquiterpenoid natural products with potent bioactivities have been isolated. Biosynthetic gene clusters responsible for the production of trans-humulyl cation derived protoilludanes, and other sesquiterpenoids, can be rapidly identified by genome sequencing and bioinformatic methods. Genome mining combined with heterologous biosynthetic pathway refactoring has the potential to facilitate discovery and production of pharmaceutically relevant fungal terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen B Quin
- University of Minnesota, Dept. of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Citron CA, Brock NL, Tudzynski B, Dickschat JS. Labelling studies on the biosynthesis of terpenes in Fusarium fujikuroi. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:5224-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45982a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Schmidt-Dannert C. Biosynthesis of terpenoid natural products in fungi. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 148:19-61. [PMID: 25414054 DOI: 10.1007/10_2014_283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tens of thousands of terpenoid natural products have been isolated from plants and microbial sources. Higher fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) are known to produce an array of well-known terpenoid natural products, including mycotoxins, antibiotics, antitumor compounds, and phytohormones. Except for a few well-studied fungal biosynthetic pathways, the majority of genes and biosynthetic pathways responsible for the biosynthesis of a small number of these secondary metabolites have only been discovered and characterized in the past 5-10 years. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on fungal terpenoid biosynthesis from biochemical, genetic, and genomic viewpoints. Enzymes involved in synthesizing, transferring, and cyclizing the prenyl chains that form the hydrocarbon scaffolds of fungal terpenoid natural products are systematically discussed. Genomic information and functional evidence suggest differences between the terpenome of the two major fungal phyla--the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota--which will be illustrated for each group of terpenoid natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schmidt-Dannert
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minneapolis, MN, 55108, USA,
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Two histone deacetylases, FfHda1 and FfHda2, are important for Fusarium fujikuroi secondary metabolism and virulence. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:7719-34. [PMID: 24096420 PMCID: PMC3837819 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01557-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone modifications are crucial for the regulation of secondary metabolism in various filamentous fungi. Here we studied the involvement of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in secondary metabolism in the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium fujikuroi, a known producer of several secondary metabolites, including phytohormones, pigments, and mycotoxins. Deletion of three Zn(2+)-dependent HDAC-encoding genes, ffhda1, ffhda2, and ffhda4, indicated that FfHda1 and FfHda2 regulate secondary metabolism, whereas FfHda4 is involved in developmental processes but is dispensable for secondary-metabolite production in F. fujikuroi. Single deletions of ffhda1 and ffhda2 resulted not only in an increase or decrease but also in derepression of metabolite biosynthesis under normally repressing conditions. Moreover, double deletion of both the ffhda1 and ffhda2 genes showed additive but also distinct phenotypes with regard to secondary-metabolite biosynthesis, and both genes are required for gibberellic acid (GA)-induced bakanae disease on the preferred host plant rice, as Δffhda1 Δffhda2 mutants resemble the uninfected control plant. Microarray analysis with a Δffhda1 mutant that has lost the major HDAC revealed differential expression of secondary-metabolite gene clusters, which was subsequently verified by a combination of chemical and biological approaches. These results indicate that HDACs are involved not only in gene silencing but also in the activation of some genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation with the Δffhda1 mutant revealed significant alterations in the acetylation state of secondary-metabolite gene clusters compared to the wild type, thereby providing insights into the regulatory mechanism at the chromatin level. Altogether, manipulation of HDAC-encoding genes constitutes a powerful tool to control secondary metabolism in filamentous fungi.
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Wiemann P, Sieber CMK, von Bargen KW, Studt L, Niehaus EM, Espino JJ, Huß K, Michielse CB, Albermann S, Wagner D, Bergner SV, Connolly LR, Fischer A, Reuter G, Kleigrewe K, Bald T, Wingfield BD, Ophir R, Freeman S, Hippler M, Smith KM, Brown DW, Proctor RH, Münsterkötter M, Freitag M, Humpf HU, Güldener U, Tudzynski B. Deciphering the cryptic genome: genome-wide analyses of the rice pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi reveal complex regulation of secondary metabolism and novel metabolites. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003475. [PMID: 23825955 PMCID: PMC3694855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Fusarium fujikuroi causes "bakanae" disease of rice due to its ability to produce gibberellins (GAs), but it is also known for producing harmful mycotoxins. However, the genetic capacity for the whole arsenal of natural compounds and their role in the fungus' interaction with rice remained unknown. Here, we present a high-quality genome sequence of F. fujikuroi that was assembled into 12 scaffolds corresponding to the 12 chromosomes described for the fungus. We used the genome sequence along with ChIP-seq, transcriptome, proteome, and HPLC-FTMS-based metabolome analyses to identify the potential secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters and to examine their regulation in response to nitrogen availability and plant signals. The results indicate that expression of most but not all gene clusters correlate with proteome and ChIP-seq data. Comparison of the F. fujikuroi genome to those of six other fusaria revealed that only a small number of gene clusters are conserved among these species, thus providing new insights into the divergence of secondary metabolism in the genus Fusarium. Noteworthy, GA biosynthetic genes are present in some related species, but GA biosynthesis is limited to F. fujikuroi, suggesting that this provides a selective advantage during infection of the preferred host plant rice. Among the genome sequences analyzed, one cluster that includes a polyketide synthase gene (PKS19) and another that includes a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase gene (NRPS31) are unique to F. fujikuroi. The metabolites derived from these clusters were identified by HPLC-FTMS-based analyses of engineered F. fujikuroi strains overexpressing cluster genes. In planta expression studies suggest a specific role for the PKS19-derived product during rice infection. Thus, our results indicate that combined comparative genomics and genome-wide experimental analyses identified novel genes and secondary metabolites that contribute to the evolutionary success of F. fujikuroi as a rice pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wiemann
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian M. K. Sieber
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Katharina W. von Bargen
- Institute for Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Studt
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute for Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, Münster, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Niehaus
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jose J. Espino
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kathleen Huß
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Caroline B. Michielse
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sabine Albermann
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dominik Wagner
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sonja V. Bergner
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lanelle R. Connolly
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Andreas Fischer
- Institut of Genetics/Developmental Genetics, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Gunter Reuter
- Institut of Genetics/Developmental Genetics, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Karin Kleigrewe
- Institute for Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, Münster, Germany
| | - Till Bald
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Brenda D. Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ron Ophir
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Genomics, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Stanley Freeman
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kristina M. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Daren W. Brown
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Proctor
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Martin Münsterkötter
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Freitag
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute for Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Fungi, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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