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Montua N, Thye P, Hartwig P, Kühle M, Sewald N. Enzymatic Peptide and Protein Bromination: The BromoTrp Tag. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314961. [PMID: 38009455 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Bio-orthogonal reactions for modification of proteins and unprotected peptides are of high value in chemical biology. The combination of enzymatic halogenation with transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling provides a feasible approach for the modification of proteins and unprotected peptides. By a semirational protein engineering approach, variants of the tryptophan 6-halogenase Thal were identified that enable efficient bromination of peptides with a C-terminal tryptophan residue. The substrate scope was explored using di-, tri-, and tetrapeptide arrays, leading to the identification of an optimized peptide tag we named BromoTrp tag. This tag was introduced into three model proteins. Preparative scale post-translational bromination was possible with only a single cultivation and purification step using the brominating E. coli coexpression system Brocoli. Palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of the bromoarene was achieved with Pd nanoparticle catalysts at 37 °C, highlighting the rich potential of this strategy for bio-orthogonal functionalization and conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Montua
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Paula Thye
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Pia Hartwig
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Matthias Kühle
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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2
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Peh G, Tay T, Tan LL, Tiong E, Bi J, Goh YL, Ye S, Lin F, Tan CJX, Tan YZ, Wong J, Zhao H, Wong FT, Ang EL, Lim YH. Site-selective chlorination of pyrrolic heterocycles by flavin dependent enzyme PrnC. Commun Chem 2024; 7:7. [PMID: 38182798 PMCID: PMC10770391 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Halogenation of pyrrole requires strong electrophilic reagents and often leads to undesired polyhalogenated products. Biocatalytic halogenation is a highly attractive approach given its chemoselectivity and benign reaction conditions. While there are several reports of enzymatic phenol and indole halogenation in organic synthesis, corresponding reports on enzymatic pyrrole halogenation have been lacking. Here we describe the in vitro functional and structural characterization of PrnC, a flavin-dependent halogenase that can act on free-standing pyrroles. Computational modeling and site mutagenesis studies identified three key residues in the catalytic pocket. A moderate resolution map using single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy reveals PrnC to be a dimer. This native PrnC can halogenate a library of structurally diverse pyrrolic heterocycles in a site-selective manner and be applied in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of a chlorinated analog of the agrochemical fungicide Fludioxonil.
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Affiliation(s)
- GuangRong Peh
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Terence Tay
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Lee Ling Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Elaine Tiong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jiawu Bi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yi Ling Goh
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Suming Ye
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Fu Lin
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Cheryl Jia Xin Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Zi Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Disease Intervention Technology Laboratory (DITL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Joel Wong
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Fong Tian Wong
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Ee Lui Ang
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Yee Hwee Lim
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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Montua N, Sewald N. Extended Biocatalytic Halogenation Cascades Involving a Single-Polypeptide Regeneration System for Diffusible FADH 2. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300478. [PMID: 37549375 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Flavin-dependent halogenases have attracted increasing interest for aryl halogenation at unactivated C-H positions because they are characterised by high regioselectivity, while requiring only FADH2 , halide salts, and O2 . Their use in combined crosslinked enzyme aggregates (combiCLEAs) together with an NADH-dependent flavin reductase and an NADH-regeneration system for the preparative halogenation of tryptophan and indole derivatives has been previously described. However, multiple cultivations and protein purification steps are necessary for their production. We present a bifunctional regeneration enzyme for two-step catalytic flavin regeneration using phosphite as an inexpensive sacrificial substrate. This fusion protein proved amenable to co-expression with various flavin-dependent Trp-halogenases and enables carrier-free immobilisation as combiCLEAs from a single cultivation for protein production and the preparative synthesis of halotryptophan. The scalability of this system was demonstrated by fed-batch fermentation in bench-top bioreactors on a 2.5 L scale. Furthermore, the inclusion of a 6-halotryptophan-specific dioxygenase into the co-expression strain further converts the halogenation product to the kynurenine derivative. This reaction cascade enables the one-pot synthesis of l-4-Cl-kynurenine and its brominated analogue on a preparative scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Montua
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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Ashaduzzaman M, Lingkon K, De Silva AJ, Bellizzi JJ. Crystallographic and thermodynamic evidence of negative cooperativity of flavin and tryptophan binding in the flavin-dependent halogenases AbeH and BorH. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.22.554356. [PMID: 37662313 PMCID: PMC10473636 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.22.554356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The flavin-dependent halogenase AbeH produces 5-chlorotryptophan in the biosynthetic pathway of the chlorinated bisindole alkaloid BE-54017. We report that in vitro, AbeH (assisted by the flavin reductase AbeF) can chlorinate and brominate tryptophan as well as other indole derivatives and substrates with phenyl and quinoline groups. We solved the X-ray crystal structures of AbeH alone and complexed with FAD, as well as crystal structures of the tryptophan-6-halogenase BorH alone, in complex with 6-chlorotryptophan, and in complex with FAD and tryptophan. Partitioning of FAD and tryptophan into different chains of BorH and failure to incorporate tryptophan into AbeH/FAD crystals suggested that flavin and tryptophan binding are negatively coupled in both proteins. ITC and fluorescence quenching experiments confirmed the ability of both AbeH and BorH to form binary complexes with FAD or tryptophan and the inability of tryptophan to bind to AbeH/FAD or BorH/FAD complexes. FAD could not bind to BorH/tryptophan complexes, but FAD appears to displace tryptophan from AbeH/tryptophan complexes in an endothermic entropically-driven process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ashaduzzaman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo OH 43606
| | - Kazi Lingkon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo OH 43606
| | - Aravinda J De Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo OH 43606
| | - John J Bellizzi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo OH 43606
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Li EHY, Sana B, Ho T, Ke D, Ghadessy FJ, Duong HA, Seayad J. Indole and azaindole halogenation catalyzed by the RebH enzyme variant 3-LSR utilizing co-purified E. coli reductase. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1032707. [PMID: 36588932 PMCID: PMC9801302 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1032707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocatalytic C-H halogenation is becoming increasingly attractive due to excellent catalyst-controlled selectivity and environmentally benign reaction conditions. Significant efforts have been made on enzymatic halogenation of industrial arenes in a cost-effective manner. Here we report an unprecedented enzymatic halogenation of a panel of industrially important indole, azaindole and anthranilamide derivatives using a thermostable RebH variant without addition of any external flavin reductase enzyme. The reactions were catalyzed by the RebH variant 3-LSR enzyme with the help of a co-purified E. coli reductase identified as alkyl hydroperoxide reductase F (AhpF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Hui Yen Li
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Barindra Sana
- Disease Intervention Technology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Timothy Ho
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ding Ke
- Disease Intervention Technology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Farid J. Ghadessy
- Disease Intervention Technology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore,*Correspondence: Farid J. Ghadessy, ; Hung A. Duong, ; Jayasree Seayad,
| | - Hung A. Duong
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore,*Correspondence: Farid J. Ghadessy, ; Hung A. Duong, ; Jayasree Seayad,
| | - Jayasree Seayad
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore,*Correspondence: Farid J. Ghadessy, ; Hung A. Duong, ; Jayasree Seayad,
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Ma J, Wang X, Hao EJ, Shi Z, Dong ZB. One-Pot Synthesis of 1,2-Disubstituted Indoles from 2-Ethynylanilines and Benzaldehydes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5568-5576. [PMID: 35405075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of a variety of 1,2-disubstituted indoles from 2-ethynylanilines was developed. Using 2-ethynylanilines and benzaldehydes as starting materials, the target products (1,2-disubstituted indoles) were obtained smoothly through condensation, reduction, and subsequent cyclization. Various functional groups attached to the aryl ring of 1,2-disubstituted indoles were well tolerated. The protocol features easy performance, easily available starting materials, good yield, and a broad substrate scope, showing potential synthetic value for the preparation of a variety of biologically or pharmaceutically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Xi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Er-Jun Hao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Zhen Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biologic Resources Protection and Utilization, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Zhi-Bing Dong
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process, Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.,Hubei key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Biologic Resources Protection and Utilization, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi 445000, China
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Qi S, Tan Z, Na Q, Zhang X, Xu M, Zhuang W, Li M, Ying H, Ouyang P, Zhu C. Constructing a multienzyme cascade redox-neutral system for the synthesis of halogenated indoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6016-6019. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00811d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by biocatalytic retrosynthesis, a multienzyme cascade system containing alcohol dehydrogenase, flavin-dependent halogenase and flavin reductase was developed for the synthesis of several halogenated indoles starting from aminoalcohol. This redox-neutral...
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